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1.Sources of Vibration

Vibration, which is commonly referred to as noise, can be segregated into three main categories:
seismic (ground) vibrations, acoustic vibrations, and forces applied directly to the load on the
working surface. Seismic vibrations include all sources that make the floor under the
experimental setup vibrate. Common seismic vibration sources are foot traffic, vehicular traffic,
wind blowing the building, and building ventilation fans, to name a few. Many of the sources
that generate seismic vibrations also generate acoustic vibrations. The difference is that acoustic
vibrations are a measure of the effects of air pressure variations on the experiment. The final
contributor to vibration is forces applied directly to the load on the working surface; these are
vibration sources that are directly coupled mechanically to the experimental setup but not
transmitted through the table supports. Examples include vibrations resulting from a moving
positioning stage with a sample on top of it or the vibrations transmitted to the working surface
via vacuum system tubing.

Vibration Characteristics

Vibrations can be classified as either random or periodic. Periodic noise obviously includes the
constant vibrations caused by a continuously running vacuum system, but it also includes the
vibrations caused by the fans of an air handling system that turn on and off based on the
temperature of the room. Random vibrations are classified as vibrations from unpredictable
sources like wind blowing a building or a jack hammer crew digging up a water main in the
street. In addition, it is important to know the frequency and amplitude of the vibrations.
Typically, the frequency of the vibrations will range from 4-100 Hz.

Many sources of noise contribute via more than one mechanism to the overall vibration of the
experimental setup. For example, a vacuum pump located on the floor beside the experimental
setup creates seismic vibrations in the floor as well as acoustic vibrations. Both of these channels
of vibration should be considered when analyzing noise sources. However, since mechanical
coupling efficiency is typically higher than coupling from acoustic sources, the largest
contributions to overall noise are generally due to seismic vibrations and forces directly applied
to the load. Hence, placing the vacuum pump on a vibration absorbing pad may provide the
necessary reduction in vibration to make its contribution to the overall noise insignificant when
compared to other sources.
ã. The main source of rotor vibration are;

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