NC Programming

Programming 1
Programming
For the Fanuc 0T controller
Axes convention
X Axis
Z Axis
Absolute and Incremental co-ordinates

In the absolute programming, the end point of a motion is programmed with reference to the program zero
point. In incremental programming, the end point is specified with reference to the current tool position.
N2
50
20 N1
Z
0,0 30 50
Absolute traverse to N1, then to N2

X20.0 Z50.0
X50.0 Z30.0
Absolute traverse to N1, incremental to N2

X20.0 Z50.0
U30.0 W-20.0
Cadem Manufacturing Technology Center CNC Turning

Programming 1
Programming
For the Fanuc 0M controller
Axes convention
The tool can be moved to any position in a 3 dimensional cartesian co-ordinate system.
The Z axis is along the spindle axis. The X and Y axes are perpendicular to Z.
VMC (Vertical Machining Center)
+
+Z
Z
- +Y
Y +
X -X +X
- -
+
-Y
-Z
Cadem Manufacturing Technology Center CNC Milling

Programming 2
HMC (Horizontal Machining Center)
-
X
-
+ - Z
+
Y
Z
Part
X
Machine table

Programming 3
List of G-codes
G-code Function
G00 Positioning rapid traverse
G01 Linear interpolation (feed)
G02 Circular interpolation CW
G03 Circular interpolation CCW
G04 Dwell
G20 Inch unit
G21 Metric unit
G28 Automatic zero return
G30 2nd reference point return
G40 Tool nose radius compensation cancel
G41 Tool nose radius compensation left
G42 Tool nose radius compensation right
G43 Tool length compensation
G52 Local co-ordinate system
G54 Work co-ordinate system 1 selection
G74 Left hand tapping cycle
G76 Fine boring cycle
G80 Canned cycle cancel
G81 Drilling cycle
G82 Drilling cycle with dwell
G83 Peck drilling cycle / deep drill
G84 Tapping cycle
G85 Boring / Reaming cycle
G86 Boring cycle
G87 Back boring cycle
G90 Absolute command
G91 Incremental command
G94 Feed per minute
G95 Feed per revolution
G98 Return to initial point in canned cycle
G99 Return to R point in canned cycle

Programming 4
List of M codes
M codes vary from machine to machine depending on the functions available on it. They are decided by the
manufacturer of the machine. The M codes listed below are the common ones.
M-codes Function
M00 Optional program stop automatic
M01 Optional program stop request
M02 Program end
M03 Spindle ON clock wise (CW)
M04 Spindle ON counter clock wise (CCW)
M05 Spindle stop
M06 Tool change
M07 Mist coolant ON (coolant 1 ON)
M08 Flood coolant ON (coolant 2 ON)
M09 Coolant OFF
M19 Spindle orientation
M30 End of program, Reset to start
M98 Sub program call
M99 Sub program end
There are other M-codes for functions like gear change, pallet change, pallet clamp / unclamp, door open /
close etc.
Absolute and Incremental co-ordinates

In the absolute programming , the end point of a motion is programmed with reference to the program zero
point. In incremental programming, the end point is specified with reference to the current tool position.
N2
50
20 N1
X
0,0 30 50
Absolute traverse to N1, then to N2

G90 X20.0 Z50.0
X50.0 Z30.0
Absolute traverse to N1, incremental to N2

G90 X20.0 Z50.0
G91 X-20. Y30

Programming 5
G00 Rapid traverse

When the tool being positioned at a point preparatory to a cutting motion, to save time it is moved along a
straight line at Rapid traverse, at a fixed traverse rate which is pre-programmed into the machine's control
system. Typical rapid traverse rates are 10 to 25 m /min., but can be as high as 80 m/min.
Format
N_ G00 X__ Y__Z__
G01 Linear interpolation (feed traverse)

The tool moves along a straight line in one or two axis simultaneously at a programmed linear speed, the feed
rate.
Format
N__ G01 X__ Y__Z__ F__
Feed
Feed
Part
Part

Programming 6
G02/03 Circular interpolation
Format
N__ G02/03 X__ Y__Z__ I__ J__K__ F__ using the arc center
OR
N__ G02/03 X__ Y__Z__ R__ F__ using the arc radius
G02 moves along a CW arc

G03 moves along a CCW arc
Arc center
The arc center is specified by addresses I, J and K. I, J and K are the X, Y and Z co-ordinates of the arc
center with reference to the arc start point.
Arc start
Y
Arc end
-I
-J
Arc center
I = X coord. of center - X coord. of start point

J = Y coord. of center - Y coord. of start point
K = Z coord. of center - Z coord. of start point
I, J and K must be written with their signs.
Arc radius

Programming 7
The radius is specified with address R.
Arc start
Y Arc end Arc radius
Arc center
X
Block format
N__ G02 X__Y__ Z__ R__ F__
N__ G03 X__Y__ Z__ R__ F__
Cutter radius compensation (CRC)

G40 Tool nose radius compensation Cancel
G41 Tool nose radius compensation Left
G42 Tool nose radius compensation Right
G41 G41
G42 G42
Block format

Programming 8
N__ G01 G41/42 X__ Y__ D__ F__

Feed rate mm/min
CRC offset number
CRC start co-ordinates absolute
CRC command code
Linear interpolation command code
Necessity of using CRC
• Difficult to calculate cutter center co-ordinates

• If cutter center co-ordinates are used
Same diameter of cutter is required to be used
Cutter wear can not compensated
Program Zero
Tool length compensation (G43)

Different tools of different lengths are used in machining any part. The lengths of the tools are not
considered in the part program. They are entered in the machine’s memory, and are considered automatically
for each motion in the program depending on the tool that is being used. The tool lengths in the Z direction
are called the Tool length offsets.

Programming 9
Gauge line
Length offset Length offset

Length offset
Length offset
Face milling cutter
T-slot milling cutter
Boring tool
Back boring tool
Part
Setting work co-ordinate system (G54 - G59)


Programming 10
Work co-ordinate system 3

selection
Work co-ordinate
system 1 selection
Work co-ordinate
system 2 selection Machine table

Work co-ordinate system 4 selection
selection
selection
Canned cycles
Canned or fixed cycles are programming aids that simplify programming. Canned cycles combine many
programming operations and are designed to shorten the program length, minimize mathematical
calculations, and use minimal tool motions.
Examples : drilling, peck drilling, tapping, boring, back spot facing.
G81 Drilling cycle
G82 Drilling cycle with dwell (Counter bore cycle)
G83 Peck drilling cycle / deep drill
G84 Right hand tapping cycle
G85 Boring / Reaming cycle
G86 Boring cycle
G87 Back boring cycle
G74 Left hand tapping cycle
G76 Fine boring cycle

Programming 11
Drilling cycle (G81)

With G98 return to initial point With G99 return to R point
Initial Rapid Feed Rapid Feed

point
R point / Safe height R point / Safe height
Format
N__ G98/99 G81 R__ Z__ F__

Infeed feed rate mm/min
Final depth
Safe height / R point
Drilling cycle code
Return position code
Block number

Programming 12
Counter bore cycle (G82)

Initial Rapid Feed Rapid Feed

point
Dwell at bottom Dwell at bottom
P P
Format
N__ G98/99 G82 R__ Z__ P__ F__

Dwell at bottom
Final depth
Counter bore drilling cycle code
Block number

Programming 13
Peck drill cycle (G83)

With G98 return to initial point
Initial
Rapid Feed
point

Peck depth
Final depth
With G99 return to R point

Initial Rapid Feed
point

Peck depth
Final depth
Format
N__ G98/99 G83 R__ Z__ Q__ F__
Peck depth
Final depth
Peck drilling cycle code
Block number

Programming 14
Tapping cycle (G84)

Right hand tapping
Initial Rapid Feed Initial Rapid Feed

point point
Spindle CW Spindle CW
Retract feed rate Retract feed rate

equals infeed feed equals infeed feed
rate rate
Final depth Final depth
Spindle CCW Spindle CCW
Feedrate = Spindle RPM x Pitch
Format
N__ G98/99 G84 R__ Z__ F__

Infeed / retract feed rate mm/min
Final depth
Right hand tapping cycle code
Block number
Spindle direction in RH tapping

CW during infeed
CCW during outfeed

Programming 15
Reaming cycle (G85)

Rapid Feed Rapid Feed
Initial Initial
point point
Format
N__ G98/99 G85 R__ Z__ F__

Final depth
Reaming cycle code
Block number

Programming 16
Boring cycle (G86)

Initial
point
Spindle stop Spindle stop
Format
N__ G98/99 G86 R__ Z__ F__

Final depth
Boring cycle code
Block number

Programming 17
Back boring cycle (G87)
Spindle orientation
Initial point
Bore axis
Lateral shift
Final depth
Spindle CW Safe height / R point
Format
N__ G98 G87 R__ Z__ Q__ F__
Lateral shift
Final depth
Back boring cycle code
Block number

Programming 18
Tapping cycle (G74)

Left hand tapping
With G98 return initial point With G99 return R point
Initial Rapid Feed Initial Rapid Feed

point point
Spindle CCW Spindle CCW
Retract feed rate Retract feed rate

equals infeed feed equals infeed feed
rate rate
Feedrate = Spindle RPM x Pitch
Format
N__ G98/99 G74 R__ Z__ F__

Final depth
Left hand tapping cycle code
Block number
Spindle direction in LH tapping

CCW during infeed
CW during outfeed
Fine boring cycle (G76)

Programming 19
Fine boring cycle (G76)

Initial Initial
point point
Lateral shift Lateral shift
Dwell at Dwell at
bottom bottom
Lateral shift Lateral shift
Spindle Orientation Spindle Orientation
Format
N__ G98 G76 R__ Z__ Q__ F__
Lateral shift
Final depth
Fine boring cycle code
Block number

Programming 20
Verifying NC programs
Safety priorities
Safety priorities must be followed when verifying programs.
Operator safety - priority 1

Safety of the person operating the machine
Machine tool safety - priority 2

Prevention of damage to the machine
Workpiece safety - priority 3

Prevention of part rejection
Typical errors
Syntax errors
Errors which prevent the machine controller from executing a command. E.g., writing G101 instead of G01
Motion errors
Machine does not generate an error, so these are difficult to diagnose.
E.g., Writing X instead of Z; wrong co-ordinates; reversing CW and CCW commands; improper
incremental/absolute mode selection.
Omission errors
Omitting decimal points, forgetting to program feed rates, forgetting to turn on the coolant
Setup errors
Wrongly measured work offset and tool offsets, or correct measurement and wrong entry
Program verification procedures

A new program is checked by executing it in some or all of the verification modes.
Dry run with Machine lock

Used for checking syntax errors. Motion errors are not checked.
• Set Machine lock ON and Dry run ON.

• Set feed rate override switch to maximum to execute the cycle fast.
• The spindle rotates, the turret indexes and the display changes as per program, but axes do not move.
• Tool and work offsets need not be set.

Programming 21
Dry run with air cutting

Used for checking motion errors and correctness of spindle direction. Since execution is at dry run feed,
difference between rapid and feed motions is not known. Collisions cannot be checked.
• Set the tool offsets. Set the work offset so that all motions occur away from work holding devices like
the chuck.. Do not load a part.
• Set Machine lock OFF and Dry run ON. All machine functions and motions are active.
• Set feed rate override switch to minimum for safety.
Normal cycle with air cutting

Used for checking collisions.
• Set all functions for normal machine execution.
• For safety, when in doubt set the feed rate override switch to minimum.
• Carefully watch for motions which result in tool colliding with the part or work holding device.
Single block execution

Used for checking motion errors and part dimensional accuracy.
• Set the work offset normally, and load a part.
• Set the tool offsets to leave excess stock on the part.
• Check the Distance to go value to detect potential motion errors.
• Check all dimensions. For critical dimensions alter the tool offsets and rerun the tool again to check
whether the dimension is within tolerance. Repeat till tolerance is achieved.

Programming 2
Radius and diameter programming

X co-ordinates can be Radius or Diameter values.
100
50
B
Dia 100
Dia 50
Tool traverse from A to B Tool traverse from A to B

in Radius mode in Diameter mode
N2 X25. N2 X50.
N3 Z-50. N3 Z-50.
N4 X50. N4 X100.
N5 Z-100. N5 Z-100.

Programming 3
List of G-codes
G-code Function
G00 Positioning rapid traverse
G01 Linear interpolation (feed)
G02 Circular interpolation CW
G03 Circular interpolation CCW
G04 Dwell
G20 Inch unit
G21 Metric unit
G28 Automatic zero return
G30 2nd reference point return
G32 / G33 Thread cutting (single motion)
G40 Tool nose radius compensation cancel
G41 Tool nose radius compensation left
G42 Tool nose radius compensation right
G50 / G92 Local co-ordinate system setting, max. spindle speed setting
G70 Finishing cycle
G71 Stock removal in turning
G72 Stock removal in facing
G73 Pattern repeating
G74 Peck drilling on Z axis / Face grooving
G75 Peck drilling on X axis / Int-Ext grooving
G76 Multiple threading cycle
G94 / G98 Feed per minute
G95 / G99 Feed per revolution
G96 Constant surface speed control
G97 Constant surface speed control cancel
List of M codes
M codes vary from machine to machine depending on the functions available on it and the manufacturer of
the machine decides them. The M codes listed below are the common ones.
M-codes Function
M00 Optional program stop automatic
M01 Optional program stop request
M02 Program end
M03 Spindle ON clock wise (CW)
M04 Spindle ON counter clock wise (CCW)
M05 Spindle stop
M06 Tool change
M07 Mist coolant ON (coolant 1 ON)
M08 Flood coolant ON (coolant 2 ON)
M09 Coolant OFF
M30 End of program, Reset to start
M98 Sub program call
M99 Sub program end
There are other M-codes for functions like gear change, tail stock quill in/out, chuck clamp/unclamp, chip
conveyor forward/backward, door open / close etc.

Programming 4
G00 Rapid traverse

When the tool being positioned at a point preparatory to a cutting motion, to save time it is moved along a
straight line at Rapid traverse, at a fixed traverse rate which is pre-programmed into the machine's control
system. Typical rapid traverse rates are 10 to 25 m /min., but can be as high as 80 m/min.
Format
N_ G00 X_ Z_
Rapid traverse
G01 Linear interpolation (feed traverse)

The tool moves along a straight line in one or two axis simultaneously at a programmed linear speed, the feed
rate.
Format
N__ G01 X__ Z__ F__
Feed motion

Programming 5
G02/03 Circular interpolation
CW arc CCW arc
Format
N__ G02/03 X__ Z__ I__ K__ F__ using the arc center
OR
N__ G02/03 X__ Z__ R__ F__ using the arc radius
G02 moves along a CW arc

G03 moves along a CCW arc
Arc center
The arc center is specified by addresses I and K. I and K are the X and Z co-ordinates of the arc center with
reference to the arc start point.
Arc start
X
Arc end
-K
-I
Arc center
Z
I =(X coord. of center - X coord. of start point)/2

K = Z coord. of center - Z coord. of start point
I and K must be written with their signs.

Programming 6
Arc radius
The radius is specified with address R.
Arc start
X Arc end Arc radius
Arc center
Z
N__ G02 X__ Z__ R__ F__
N__ G03 X__ Z__ R__ F__
If the radius is used, only arcs of less than 180 deg. can be programmed in a block. An arc with included
angle greater than 180 deg. must be specified in two blocks.
Tool nose radius compensation

G40 Tool nose radius compensation Cancel
G41 Tool nose radius compensation Left
G42 Tool nose radius compensation Right
Right side G42
Left side G41
Right side G42 X axis
Left side G41
Z axis

Programming 7
Theoretical tool tip (TTT)

The Theoretical Tool Tip is the point on the tool that is used as the reference point for determining tool
offsets. When a motion is commanded, the TTT point on the tool moves to the commanded point. The path
of the TTT point (point A in the figure) normally will not match with the co-ordinates in the program.
To get an accurate contour during machining, the TTT point must move in such a manner that the nose
radius is tangential to the contour.
Effect of tool nose radius on the part

1. If tool nose radius compensation is not used for the motion from P1 to P2, excess cutting occurs as shown
in the figure.
2. If tool nose radius compensation is not used for motion from P2 to P3, material is left out as shown in the
figure.

Programming 8
Direction of immaginary tool nose

Imaginary tool nose number (Type No) must be set in advance (before tool index) as well as offset values.
Z
Z
X
X
Type No. 1 Type No. 2
Type No. 3 Type No. 4
Z
Z
X
X
Z
X
Type No. 5 X
Type No. 6
X Type No. 7 Type No. 8

Programming 9
The direction of the imaginary tool nose viewed from the tool nose center is determined by the direction of
the tool during cutting.
Internal / External tools
2 1
3 4
Neutral tools
7 5

Programming 10
Thread cutting motion G32
G32
Thread cutting is done by moving the tool along the thread repeatedly at different depths tiil the final thread
profile is formed. Each cut must start at the same angular position on the part. The spindle has an encoder,
which generates a pulse at exactly the same angular position in every revolution. When a threading motion is
programmed, the linear motion of the tool starts when this pulse is detected. This ensures that every cut starts
at the same angular position.
Thread cutting must be done at constant spindle speed.
Block format
N__ G32 X__ Z__ F__
X, Z are the end point of the thread and F is the pitch of the thread.
The controller calculates feed rate through the following relationship

Feed rate = Pitch x Spindle speed
Each threading cut involves 4 motions: 1 threading motion and 3 rapid traverse motions. Since a thread
normally requires multiple cuts, G32 results in a long program and is not normally used. The G76 canned
cycle is normally used for threading.

Programming 11
Canned cycles
A canned cycle simplifies a program by using a few blocks containing G-codes functions to specify the
machining operations usually specified in several blocks.
Turning Cycle - G71

Format
G71 U (d) R (e)
G71 P (n) Q(n) U(u) W(w) F(f) S(s) T(t)
N (n) _ _ _ _
_______
_______
N (n)_ _ _ _
d = Depth of cut
e = Retract amount
n = Number of the first block of the shape
n = Number of the last last block of the shape
u = Finishing allowance in X
w =Finishing allowance in Z
f = Feed rate
s = Spimdle speed
t = Tool number
Facing Cycle - G72

Format
G71 U (d) R (e)
G71 P (n) Q(n) U(u) W(w) F(f) S(s) T(t)
N (n) _ _ _ _
_______
_______
N (n) _ _ _ _
d = Depth of cut
e = Retract amount
n = Number of the first block of the shape
n = Number of the last last block of the shape
w =Finishing allowance in Z
f = Feed rate
s = Spindle speed
t = Tool number

Programming 12
Multipass Turning Cycle - G73

Format
G73 U (i) W (k) R (d)
G73 P (n) Q (n) U (u) W (w) F (f) S(s) T (t)
N (n)_ _ _ _ _
________
________
N (n)_ _ _ _ _
i = Relief in the X axes direction

k = Relief in the Z axis direction
d = Number of cuts
n = Number of first block of the shape
n = Number of the last block of the shape
w = Finishing allowance in Z
f = Feed rate
s = Spimdle speed
t = Tool number
Axial Drilling Cycle -G74

Format
G74R (e)
G74X (U)_ Z (W)_ P(i) Q (k) R(d) F(f)
e = Retract amount
X = X component of point B
U = Incremental amount from A to B
Z = Z component of point C
W = Increment amount from A to C
i = Movement amount in X direction
k = Depth of cut in Z direction
d = Relief Amount of the tool at the cutting bottom
f = Feed rate

Programming 13
Radial Grooving Cycle - G75

Format
G75R (e)
G75X (U)_ Z (W)_ P(i) Q (k) R(d) F(f)
e = Retract amount
X = X component of point B
U = Incremental amount from A to B
Z = Z component of point C
W = Increment amount from A to C
i = Movement amount in X direction
k = Depth of cut in Z direction
d = Relief Amount of the tool at the cutting bottom
f = Feed rate
Thread Cutting Cycle - G76

G76p (m) (r) (a) (d min) R (d)
G76X (u) Z (W)_ R(i) P (k) Q(∆d) F(L)
Format
m = No.of idle passes
r = Chamfering amount
a = Angle of tool tip
d min = Minimum thread depth
d = Finishing Allowance
i = Taper value
k = Height of thread
∆d = Depth of cut in first cut
L = Lead of thread

Programming 14
Verifying NC programs
Safety priorities
Safety priorities must be followed when verifying programs.
Operator safety - priority 1

Safety of the person operating the machine
Machine tool safety - priority 2

Prevention of damage to the machine
Workpiece safety - priority 3

Prevention of part rejection
Typical errors
Syntax errors
This prevents the machine controller from executing a command. E.g., writing G101 instead of G01
Motion errors
Machine does not generate an error, so these are difficult to diagnose.
E.g., Writing X instead of Z; wrong co-ordinates; reversing CW and CCW commands; improper
incremental/absolute mode selection.
Omission errors
Omitting decimal points, forgetting to program feed rates, forgetting to turn on the coolant
Setup errors
Wrongly measured work offset and tool offsets, or correct measurement and wrong entry
Program verification procedures

A new program is checked by executing it in some or all of the verification modes.
Dry run with Machine lock

Used for checking syntax errors. Motion errors are not checked.
• Set Machine lock ON and Dry run ON.

• Set feed rate override switch to maximum to execute the cycle fast.
• The spindle rotates, the turret indexes and the display changes as per program, but axes do not move.
• Tool and work offsets need not be set.

Programming 15
Dry run with air cutting

Used for checking motion errors and correctness of spindle direction. Since execution is at dry run feed,
difference between rapid and feed motions is not known. Collisions cannot be checked.
• Set Machine lock OFF and Dry run ON. All machine functions and motions are active.
• Set feed rate override switch to minimum for safety.
Normal cycle with air cutting

Used for checking collisions.
• Carefully watch for motions which result in tool colliding with the part or work holding device.
Single block execution

Used for checking motion errors and part dimensional accuracy.
• Set the work offset normally, and load a part.
• Set the tool offsets to leave excess stock on the part.
• Check the Distance to go value to detect potential motion errors.
• Check all dimensions. For critical dimensions alter the tool offsets and rerun the tool again to check
whether the dimension is within tolerance. Repeat till tolerance is achieved.

NC Programming

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Programming 1

Absolute and Incremental co-ordinates

Absolute traverse to N1, then to N2

Absolute traverse to N1, incremental to N2

Cadem Manufacturing Technology Center CNC Turning

VMC (Vertical Machining Center)

Cadem Manufacturing Technology Center CNC Milling

HMC (Horizontal Machining Center)

Cadem Manufacturing Technology Center CNC Milling

Cadem Manufacturing Technology Center CNC Milling

Absolute and Incremental co-ordinates

Absolute traverse to N1, then to N2

Absolute traverse to N1, incremental to N2

Cadem Manufacturing Technology Center CNC Milling

G00 Rapid traverse

G01 Linear interpolation (feed traverse)

Cadem Manufacturing Technology Center CNC Milling

G02/03 Circular interpolation

G02 moves along a CW arc

I = X coord. of center - X coord. of start point

Cadem Manufacturing Technology Center CNC Milling

The radius is specified with address R.

Cutter radius compensation (CRC)

Cadem Manufacturing Technology Center CNC Milling

N__ G01 G41/42 X__ Y__ D__ F__

Necessity of using CRC

• Difficult to calculate cutter center co-ordinates

Tool length compensation (G43)

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Length offset Length offset

Back boring tool

Setting work co-ordinate system (G54 - G59)

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Work co-ordinate system 3

Work co-ordinate system 6

G81 Drilling cycle

G82 Drilling cycle with dwell (Counter bore cycle)

G83 Peck drilling cycle / deep drill

G84 Right hand tapping cycle

G85 Boring / Reaming cycle

G86 Boring cycle

G87 Back boring cycle

G74 Left hand tapping cycle

G76 Fine boring cycle

Cadem Manufacturing Technology Center CNC Milling

Drilling cycle (G81)

Initial Rapid Feed Rapid Feed

R point / Safe height R point / Safe height

N__ G98/99 G81 R__ Z__ F__

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Counter bore cycle (G82)

Initial Rapid Feed Rapid Feed

R point / Safe height R point / Safe height

Dwell at bottom Dwell at bottom

N__ G98/99 G82 R__ Z__ P__ F__

Cadem Manufacturing Technology Center CNC Milling

Peck drill cycle (G83)

Safe height / R point

With G99 return to R point

Safe height / R point

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Tapping cycle (G84)

With G98 return to initial point With G99 return to R point

Initial Rapid Feed Initial Rapid Feed

N G01 G41/42 X Y D F__

N G98/99 G81 R Z F

N G98/99 G82 R Z P F__

N G98/99 G84 R Z F

N G98/99 G85 R Z F

N G98/99 G86 R Z F

N G98/99 G74 R Z F