Drake Darrah

Mike Lencioni
Michelle Wexler
Jay Solway
USOFMAZZ REFORM MOVEMENTS THROUGHOUT US HISTORY
Reform Movements Definition:

- Colonial Period (1607) – Revolution: Reform movements during this time frame were limited, as European nations were colonizing the Americas. Reform
movements in the colonies were mainly focused on the idea of survival. It was not until 1650, when people started to settle into colonies and set up colonial
governments, and unrest began to stir. An example could be seen in Bacon’s rebellion where disgruntled pioneers expressed frustration with the coastal elite and
lashed out with violence in attempt to gain change. This reform attempt was crushed although a successful reform movement did occur in 1700-1740’s. This reform
movement was a religious based movement. This religious revival was a response from devout people to the ideas of Enlightenment. This Great Awakening also
more importantly helped instill the spirit of individualism in the colonists, and would put the 13 colonies at odds with its mother country (Great Britain) which
would explode into the American Revolution.

- Founding – 1850: The reform changes during this time were varied for the newborn nation. Reform occurred in the government, as the futile Articles of
Confederation was replaced by the Constitution, and the idea of checks and balances. The Supreme Court also determined it had the right to judicial review. Later
on, the 1840-1850’s saw the birth of labor unions and these organizations were often met with violent opposition. A religious revival also occurred with the Second
Great Awakening, which gave birth to numerous societies dedicated to reforms to save humanity from its sins. The Second Great Awakening would only be one of
the many antebellum reform movements. This would see temperance societies, welfare-state, feminism, education reform, suffrage, and the rising prominence of
the abolition movement. The abolitionists’ determination and the South’s determination to stay a slave faction would spark the events leading up to the Civil War.

- 1850 – 1896: The Civil War would inhibit the reform movements until 1864, although Lincoln did reform the slavery issue by passing an amendment prohibiting
slavery (the 13th Amendment). During the Reconstruction era, the Fifteenth Amendment was passed and enfranchised black people (voting rights). Also due to
increasing immigration and industrialization, many workers found themselves at odds with their employers. This would lead to the first national labor union the
Knights of Labor in 1869, founded by Uriah Stephens, and later Gompers would follow suit with the American Federation of Labor in 1886, which fought for
worker’s rights. Women also ran charitable organizations which sought to improve living standards. Also due to greater supply of production led to a drop of prices,
which farmers fell into trouble as they owed debts, and thus created the populist movement which called for easy money (the movement became popular as
economy strife occurred in 1893-1897), but the populists would more importantly lead to the creation of the Progressive party in the 1900’s.

- 1897 – 1945: This era was bursting with reform movements. The Progressives which owed its existence to the growth of associations and organizations seeking
reform, such as National Woman Suffrage Association, NAACP, and the American Bar Association) who all sought improvements in living standards/rights. Women
gained a huge victory with the 20th amendment (voting rights), and also a short lived victory with the “Prohibition” which was repealed later on. The working class
also gained improvements in working conditions and wages (child labor laws, urban housing, shorter work hours, etc). Robert Lafollette also helped reform the
state government (recall, referendum, and initiative). Theodore Roosevelt also expanded the federal government’s powers in U.S. politics. Later on, the U.S. would
experience the Great Depression which led FDR (Franklin D. Roosevelt to pass many reforms in attempt to address the nation’s economic problems; however,
World War II would spur on economy and inhibit reform movements once again as the focus turned to Europe.

- 1945 – Today: After World War II, attentions turned back to having normal lives; however, reformers were pushing for more rights, none more than the ones in the
civil rights movements. In the 1960’s the civil rights movement finally made big gains, Johnson’s Great Society and Chief Justice Earl Warren helped enforce and
extend favorable rulings for blacks. The Warren Court also helped solidify the “separation between the church and the state” with its ruling against a school
mandated prayer. Young adults also challenged the status quo, they would be instrumental in anti-war demonstrations and pushed for “rebellion against the
establishment” Women also pushed for more equality in colleges, jobs, and more influence in the political sphere. Immigration would also experience its time of
reform, as with the Immigration Act of 1965, discriminatory quotas were eliminated and U.S. experienced a wave of immigration to the United States. In more
present day reform movements can be seen in the conservative resurgence where evangelical Christians gained power, and America experienced a “religious and
moral” revival. It is important to note that reform movements have always existed, some eras have experienced greater spurts of reform than others, and all were
different but all sought the same thing: improvement.

Top 40 Terms:

1) Great Awakening (1730-1740): The sense of religious decline provoked a widespread reform movement to bring a revival of faith. This would be the reaction of
devout people to Enlightenment which emphasized rationalism over emotionalism or spirituality. This implanted in American culture the idea of evangelical
crusades and the emotional appeal of revivalism, and it also helped people believe in the power and right of individualism. (Pages 141-44, 459)

2) Second Great Awakening (1790): A period of religious revival, mainly among Methodists, Presbyterians, and Baptists, which began in New York (the Burned over
District) and sparked an intense period of evangelism. Burned over districts were places where evangelism is so heavily concentrated that there are no more
possible converts. The Second Great Awakening led to antebellum reform s, where reformers were dedicated to rescuing humanity from its worst impulses. (Pages
460-466)

3) Horace Mann (1837): A lawyer who sponsored the creation of a state board of education (Massachusetts), and served as its secretary in 1837 and he was a huge
advocate for early educational reform. He pushed for the first state-supported “normal school” to train the teachers, and a minimum school year of 6 months. He
promoted this public school system as a way to achieve social stability and equal opportunity. (Page 476).

4) Dorothea Dix (1843): A pious Boston schoolteacher who would lead the call for reform for the care of the mentally ill. She, in her crusade for better treatment for
the mentally ill, helped change social attitudes towards the mentally ill. She would also help set the precedent that rehabilitation by education rather isolation was
a better solution. (Pages 481-482, 634)
5) Shakers (1840-1850): A Utopian group which splintered from the Quakers believed that they and all other churches had grown too interested in the world and too
neglectful of their afterlives. The Shakers isolated themselves in communes where work and rewards were shared, and women experienced almost equal rights to
men. These Utopian communities would just be a small part of many targets of reformers, which led reformers to finally focus on the supreme evil: the issue of
human bondage. (Page 485).

6) Seneca Falls Convention (1848): Elizabeth Stanton and Lucretia Mott would hold the first women’s rights convention along with other reformers to publish the
Declaration of Rights and Sentiments of Women, which was modeled after the Declaration of Independence. This would be the first of the many times women
would call for equality of the sexes. (Pages 483-484).

7) The Liberator (1831-1861): William Lloyd Garrison was the editor and founder of this popular abolitionist newspaper. Garrison used this newspaper to fight against
slavery and with his powerful writing style would force the slavery issue to the forefront. This caused the South to ban The Liberator and Congress to finally issue a
gag rule which angered Northerners and had many Northerners join the abolition movement. (Page 557).

8) Susan Anthony/Elizabeth Stanton (1869): These two ladies founded the National Woman Suffrage Association to promote a women’s suffrage amendment to the
Constitution. These people looked upon on the vote as but one among many feminist causes to be promoted v. the American woman Suffrage Association which
focused purely on the right to vote as its first and basic reform. This drive towards women’s suffrage would lead to ratification of the 19 th Amendment in 1920.
(Pages 813-814).

9) Uriah Stephens (1869): A Philadelphia tailor, who founded the Knights of Labor, a union, which organized skilled and unskilled workers from a variety of crafts into
a single union. This organization pushed for improvements for workers due to their poor treatment by their employers. This helped bring about more labor unions
and later on better working conditions for the workers employed by the businesses (Page 765).

10) The Railroad Strike of 1877: The first major interstate strike in American history, which was the result of cutting wages by the major rail lines in the East, but
unorganized direction led to a mob which burned and plundered. This led to the speculation of a worker-based social revolution, and also demonstrated union
strength and the need for tighter organization. (Pages 763-764, 825).

11) Haymarket Affair (1886): riot during the anarchist protest at Haymarket Square in Chicago on May 4, 1886, over violence during McCormick Harvester Company
strike. The deaths of eleven including seven policemen helped bring the demise of the Knights of Labor even though they were not responsible and this also spread
a widespread revulsion of labor groups in general. (Page 767).

12) Samuel Gompers (1881): Founder of the American Federation of Labor, which avoided the political questions, and instead focused on “bread and butter” issues
such as higher wages and shorter workdays. This organization was a combination of trade unions (exclusively of workers within a single trade), which helped AFL
gain more power. The bread and butter approach proved to be more successful than the political approach, and brought about improvements for workers. (Pages
768-769, 776, 87 , 964, 1008)

13) Populists (1890’s): The platform called for generous coinage of silver, government ownership of railroads and telegraphs, a graduated income tax, direct election of
U.S. senators, and shorter workdays. During the hard economic times in 1893, the Populist ideal of “easy money” gained popularity and would run with William
Jennings Bryan in 1896. The representation of ideas of the Populists would later be championed by Progressives. (Pages 843-844, 848).

14) Homestead Strike (1892): Strike at the Homestead Works at Pittsburgh, where unionists faced off with 300 union-busting Pinkerton detectives, leaving 6 workers
and 3 Pinkertons dead. This culminated in the disintegration of the Amalgamated Assosication of Iron and Steel Workers (first steel-workers union), and the local
sympathy for the strikers evaporated due to the violence, and the industrial-union movement was set back for the next forty years. (Page 770).

15) Pullman Strike (1894): Strike against the Pullman Palace car Company in the company town of Pullman, Illinois, on May 11, 1895, by the American Railway Union
under Eugene v. Debs; the strike was crushed by court orders and federal troops 2 months later. Like the Homestead Strike of 1892, this strike would set back the
industrial-union movement. (Pages 770-772).

16) Mother Jones (1837-1930): A labor agitators who was a tireless champion of the working poor and a rabble rouser which used fiery rhetoric to spur support from
crowds and attention from the media. She supported strikers, raised funds, walked picket lines, defied court orders, berated politicians, and spent time in jail. Her
commitment to social justice had her see average wages increase, working conditions improve, and use of child labor decrease. (Pages 772-773).

17) Eugene V. Debs (1897): He converted to socialism while in prison for his role in the Pullman Strike in 1894, and declared that he was running for election, and
partnered with De Leon to form the Socialist Party of America. He would poll 6% of the popular vote (his best) but the socialist party would reach its peak in 1912
and crumbled under disagreements about WWI, and also by desertions to the Communist Party. (Pages 774-775).

18) Industrial Workers of the World (1905): This union promoted the concept of a classless society, and participated in strikes and the greatest triumph would be seen
in the textile strike in Lawrence, Massachusetts, in 1912 which raised wages, overtime pay, and other benefits, but a failed strike in Paterson, New Jersey brought
about its decline. The pertinent part of this organization was that it was the only American union (besides Knights of Labor) to welcome all workers (Asians,
immigrants, blacks, and women) and its commitment to equality. (Pages 775-777)

19) Jane Addams (1860-1930): Founder of Hull House, in Chicago, that provided services such as English lessons for immigrants, day care for working mothers, and
childcare classes for parents, and playgrounds for children. She pushed for improvements of government services in the slums. She championed empowerment and
protection for people, and peace for all. (Pages 812-813, 876).
20) Progressivism (1900-1917): A time of fermenting idealism and sweeping social, economic, and political change. This movement was diverse, but all reformers
shared a common assumption that the complex social ills and tensions generated by the urban-industrial revolution required new responses. Progressives
succeeded in local and national levels and campaigned for change of public attitudes towards education and government regulation. (Pages 890-929).

21) McClure’s (1902-1917): An inexpensive and popular magazine that helped spread articles written by muckrakers such as Lincoln Steffens, in his articles named The
Shame of Cities (1904), and Ida Tarbell, in her articles History of the Standard Oil Company (1904). This helped inform the public about the new urban-industrial
society, which in turn helped bring about reform. (Page 892).

22) Frederick Taylor (1911): The original “efficiency expert,” developed in his book The Principles of Scientific Management, the idea of “Taylorism” which promised to
reduce waste through the careful analysis of labor processes. Taylor’s theory was resented by many workers because they believed employers would make people
work faster than was healthy or fair, but Taylor’s system did bring concrete improvements in productivity. (Page 894).

23) Robert Lafollette (1855-1925): Wisconsin governor who led the way for many Progressive state leaders. Wisconsin implanted plans for direct primary elections,
progressive taxation, and rail regulation. His administrative tactics would lead many states to also adopt the ballot initiative (voters could propose new laws),
referendum (public could vote on new laws), and the recall election (voters could remove officials from office before terms expired). (Page 895, 914, 999)

24) Lewis W. Hine (1874-1940): A photojournalist who worked with the National Child Labor Committee in its movement for laws banning the widespread employment
of young children. His graphic documentation of the evils of child labor helped bring about legislation in most states banning the labor of underage children
(minimum age varied) and limited the hours older children could work at jobs. (Pages 896-897).

25) Theodore Roosevelt (1858-1919): The most prominent Progressive leader and his policies were progressive (i.e used Sherman Antitrust Act against monopolies). He
also tightened food and drug regulations, created national parks, and broadened the government’s power to protect land. Roosevelt helped reduce government
corruption, and expanding of federal powers during the Progressive era. (Pages 898-910)

26) Prohibition (1920-1933): A triumph for the temperance movement, where the goal of national banning of manufacture, sale, or transportation of intoxicating
liquors was banned by the 18th amendment. This “Noble Experiment” was deemed a failure as it stimulated the underground, organized, and widespread crime, and
was brought to an end in 1933. (Pages 974-975).

27) Margaret Sanger: Founder of American Birth Control League in 1921 which changed its name to Planned Parenthood in 1942, distributed birth control information
to people. Sanger believed that women were entitled to control over their lives, and her efforts would succeed as in 1936; a federal court ruled that doctors could
prescribe birth control to women, which had many people view sex as trivial. (Pages 978-979).

28) Marcus Garvey: Garvey preached a message of racial pride and self reliance which appealed to many blacks who were frustrated and embittered with the
hypocrisy of American democracy during postwar economic slump (WWI). Garvey’s movement would be kept alive in the undercurrent of racial nationalism which
would emerge later under the slogan of black power. (Pages 982-983).

29) Banking Act of 1933: This created the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) which guaranteed bank deposits. This was a big deal since people used to lose
all of the money if a bank went bankrupt but that danger was now over.

30) “Alphabet Agencies” (1933-1938): These were known as Roosevelt’s agencies in his attempt to stop the economic decline brought on by the Great Depression.
These “alphabet agencies included just a few such as (AAA, NIRA, WPA, TVA, etc), these alphabet agencies helped bring the U.S. out of its economic slump but
WWII would truly bring the US out of its economic slump. (Pages 1022-1 062).

31) Jackie Robinson (1947): An army veteran and a baseball player in Negro leagues who was the first man to cross the color line into the MLB for the Dodgers.
Robinson’s tenacity would win over many fans and opposing players and also other professional sports began to integrate their respective leagues. (Pages 1153-
1154).

32) Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas (1954): This Supreme Court case was a joint argument by NAACP attorneys addressing state laws mandating
segregation in public schools. Justice Earl Warren declared in his explanation for the verdict that the Court was unanimous in the belief that “in the field of public
education the doctrine of ‘separate but equal’ has no place.’ This helped spur on the civil rights movement for integration in public schools. (Pages 1119-1120).

33) Montgomery Bus Boycott (1955): A boycott of the bus system by the black people who were inspired by Rosa Parks to boycott the bus company until integration of
the buses was achieved. This boycott would finally win a federal case which was initiated against bus segregation, and in 1956, the Supreme Court ruled that the
‘separate but equal doctrine’ was not applicable to the public travel system. (Pages 1221-1222)

34) Little Rock (1957): Arkansas governor refused to allow nine black students into Little Rock’s Central High school and used the National Guard to enforce his policy.
Eisenhower was thus forced to send 1,000 paratroopers to enforce the Civil Rights Act of 1957, and resistance to integration was struck down when state and
federal courts overturned state laws that denied funding to integrated schools. (Pages 1222-1223)

35) The March to Washington (1963): Over 200,000 blacks and whites marched down the Mall in Washington D.C. and Martin Luther King Jr. would give his famous
speech “I have a Dream” speech in front of the Lincoln Memorial. Martin Luther King Jr’s speech would help spur on the new Civil Rights Act (1964) (outlawed
racial discrimination in registration of voters, hiring employees, and in public facilities) and effectively mobilized supporters of desegregation. (Pages 1236-1237,
1246).
 36) Lyndon Johnson (1908-1973): The 36th president of the United States, who helped pass sweeping reforms in America during his administration, which boosted the
civil rights movement, and relief for the impoverished. Lyndon Johnson would help bring important civil rights reforms (Civil Rights Act of 1964, Equal employment
Opportunity Commission and Voting Rights Act of 1965) and helped create support programs for the poor (Project Head Start, VISTA, HUD). (Pages 1136, 1222,
1241-1251, 1261-1262, 1280, 1293).

37) Great Society (1965-1966): Lyndon Johnson’s social agenda which was designed to end poverty and racial injustice in America and would rest upon “abundance
and liberty for all”. This ambitious program would ultimately fail, the short term help to the impoverished (welfare payments not jobs), welfare fraud, and
mismanagement of reform programs had many people resent the cost and the waste of the programs which generated a Republican resurgence. (Pages 1244-
1241, 1262, 1284, 1292, 1293).

38) Black Power (1966): The philosophy that involved black militancy and use of violence to achieve equality for blacks, some joined but many still viewed the
nonviolence the best way. The idea of black power although did help African Americans take greater pride in their racial heritage, and forced King and other
mainstream black leaders to focus attention on the poor inner-city blacks and their lack of legal rights. (Pages 1251-1254, 1269).

39) Free Speech Movement (1964): This was led by Mario Savio, the free-speech movement initially protested with violations of student rights, but quickly changed
into a more general criticism of the modern university and the “depersonalized, unresponsive, bureaucracy” that infected American life. This movement would
inspire many students to protest throughout the country on various issues. (Page 1268).

40) National Organization for Women (1966): This organization initially sought to end discrimination in the workplace, and spearheaded efforts to legalize abortion,
and obtain federal and state support for child-care centers. These efforts would result in Congress passing in 1972, an equal rights amendment. This allowed for
women to receive a greater share of economic and political influence in American society. (Page 1275).

The Top 5 Terms:

1. Progressivism (1900-1917): Progressives would dominate the first two decades of 20th century politics, and were mostly urban middle-class citizens who wanted to
increase governmental role, and maintain a capitalist economy. This reform movement called for governmental help in solving problems in American life
(education, public health, economy, environment, labor, transportation, and politics). Progressives had more success compared to their predecessor, the Populist
Party, due to less regional and class differences, and more economic and political problems compared to the Populist Party. This movement also got support from
journalists who wrote about corporate sins (muckrakers), which helped bring many reforms (i.e. restriction of child labor, reduced work hours, improved work
conditions). Progressive presidents like Theodore Roosevelt, William Taft, and Woodrow Wilson, would help change the structure of the government, and brought
reforms to the social, economic, and to Americans. The Progressive movement would help bring many changes, and gave expanded power to the state and federal
governments, but was brought to an end due to its many successes, and the moral crusade would be dropped by the end of WWI. (Pages 890-929).

2. Theodore Roosevelt (1858-1919): The most prominent Progressive leader of all time. Roosevelt recognized that the problems which reformers were concerned
about would have to be addressed on a national scale. Roosevelt’s passion for reform can be seen in his determination to fulfill his “Square Deal” (conservation of
natural resources, control of corporations, and consumer protection), which led to many legislative reforms, although he did fail in the civil rights reforms area. He
was also the first president who used the Sherman Antitrust Act successfully against monopolies, and repeatedly did so (nickname: “trustbuster”). He helped
regulate food and drug regulations (after The Jungle by Upton Sinclair), creation of national parks, and broadened governmental protection of overdevelopment of
lands. In doing so, he greatly expanded the role and visibility of the presidency and the power of the federal government. (Pages 898-910)

3. Robert Lafollette (1855-1925): A governor of Wisconsin, and also a Progressive leader, was a vocal opponent of railroad trusts, bossism, World War I, and the
League of Nations later on. He led the way for the Progressive state leaders; he implemented plans for direct primary elections, progressive taxation, and rail
regulation. La Follette believed that since the government had many functions, that it required specialists. This “Wisconsin idea” of efficient government was copied
by other governments, and La Follette helped push for reforms such as the direct primary, ballot initiative, and recall election. La Follette set the example for
Progressive state governments, and his ideas still hold importance as they are still implanted as policies even today. (Page 895, 914, 999)

4. Horace Mann (1796-1859): Horace Mann of Massachusetts led the early drive for statewide school systems. He was a lawyer who sponsored the creation of a state
board of education, and went onto sponsor many reforms such as the first “normal school” to train teachers, a state association of teachers, and lengthened the
school year. He repeatedly promoted the public school system as the way to achieve social stability and equal opportunity. Mann also helped create the first
standardized text book to teach from, and have the students use. He helped make education opportunity finally become open to all, regardless their economic
condition, which helped establish the school systems which we have today. He was the major advocate of the early educational reform in America. (Page 476).

5. Lyndon Johnson (1908-1973): An aggressive president who helped bring many reforms to America with the “Johnson treatment.” He helped pass the Civil Rights
Act of 1964, which outlawed discrimination based on person’s race, color, religion, or gender. This legislation was the one of the many acts/bills he forced through
Congress for the civil rights movement. He also waged war on poverty, which created programs that helped underprivileged people become trained to gain better
employment, legal counsel to the poor, and increased federal housing projects. Johnson’s social agenda and reforms did not hurt taxpayers as increased tax
revenues from a quickly expanding economy financed these reforms. Although the increase of government activity and extension of civil rights was met with
opposition and would fall apart due to success and the debate of the Vietnam War. Overall Lyndon Johnson helped pass the most radical changes in federal
government since FDR’s New Deal programs. (Pages 1136, 1222, 1241-1251, 1261-1262, 1280, 1293).

Please note that page numbers have been included if you want to check your Tindall for further reference to any of the key terms
mentioned in this study guide. Please note that Tindall Volume I goes from (1607-1877) and Tindall Volume II goes from (1877-
Present).