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St Margaret¶s Secondary School
Humanities Department
Geography
Secondary 3 Express
E-Learning
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NAME/Index No: Shrabonti__________________ Marks /20

CLASS: 3e3________________________ Parent¶s Signature:

Date: 22 February 2011

Duration: 45 minutes

1. Describe the type of eruption given off by Mount Bromo. [3]

2. Identify the type of volcano that Mount Bromo is. [1]

Mount Bromo is an active composite volcano built up by many layers

(strata) of hardened lava, tephra, pumice, and volcanic ash

3. Name three other active volcanoes in Java, Indonesia. [3]

They are Mount Merapi, Mount Semeru and Mount Kelud

4. What is the characteristic shape of this type of volcano mentioned in

question no.(2) and why does that shape occur? [5]

Composite volcanoes are slowly built up by the repeated eruption of lava

flows, pyroclastic flows and ash, forming a cone shape with steep sides
and a crater at the top. During the formation of a composite volcano, a
violent eruption first occurs, hurling volcanic bombs, cinders, and ash out
of the vent. Then a quiet eruption occurs, producing a lava flow that covers
the rock particles. After many alternating eruptions, a large cone-shaped
mountain forms. The most famous composite volcanoes are Mount
Vesuvius near Naples and Mount Etna in Sicily, both in Italy.

5. How can volcanic eruptions become natural disasters? [3]

 Landslides are also very common with volcanoes. The terrible shaking of
an eruption causes the loose debris on the side of the mountain to rapidly
fall down its steep flank. However, debris avalanches may also be caused
by earthquakes or heavy rainfall. Mount St. Helens eruption caused the
largest volcano landslide in recorded history, while Mount Rainier have
had at least five large avalanches within the past 6,00 years. Such
massive landslides result in a complete burial of surrounding cities and the
obliteration of wildlife and such.

6. Describe the consequences of volcanic eruptions. [5]

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The commonly-known threat a volcano can present is the flow of super-heated
rock known as lava. This lava causes fires and will destroy everything in its path.
The lava will cool and form new rock called basalt. Basalt is rich in minerals and
elements and decays into rich, fertile soil. However, this does not occur on a
regular basis. More often ash, pumice and pyroclastic flows are produced. Also,
a volcanic eruption promotes chemical reactions that alter chlorine and nitrogen.
This is combined with chlorofluorocarbon pollution and generates chlorine
monoxide, which destroys ozone.c