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Refractory Period
If enough electrical impulses come from other
neurons, the sum of the depolarizing current
(positive ions) minus the hyperpolarizing current
(negative ions) crosses some threshold (usually
~ -40mV). Then sodium (Na+) channels open,
the membrane because more depolarized.
Eventually, opens potassium channels and that
repolarizes the membrane.!
K!
Na!
Action Potential Properties!
Refractory Period: After a neuron has fired an
action potential it pauses to recharge itself to fire
again.!
Synaptic
Gap
Neurotransmitters bind to the receptors of the
receiving neuron in a key-lock mechanism.!
Reuptake!
Neurotransmitters in
the synapse are
reabsorbed into the
sending neurons
through the process of
reuptake. This process
applies brakes on
neurotransmitter
action.!
Lots of Different Neurotransmitters!
Endorphins!
Curare!
BOTOX!
An example of an!
Antagonist.!
It causes paralysis!
by blocking the neurotransmitter Ach
(acetylcholine) from release from the
sending neuron.!
It is a poison just like Curare.!
Nervous System: Consists of all the nerve cells. !
It is the body#s fast, electrochemical
communication system and has 2 parts!
Central Peripheral
Nervous Nervous
System System (PNS): !
(CNS): ! The sensory and
The brain & motor neurons
spinal cord! that connect the
CNS to the rest
of the body.!
Kinds of Neurons!
Sensory Neuron
(Bipolar)
Motor Neurons carry outgoing information from the
CNS to muscles and glands. !
Motor Neuron
(Multipolar)
Interneuron Neuron
(Unipolar)
Central Nervous System:$
Spinal Cord and Reflexes!
Simple Reflex
Peripheral Nervous System!
Somatic Nervous System: The division of the
peripheral nervous system that controls the body#s
skeletal muscles.!
Parasympathetic Nervous
System: division of the ANS that
calms the body, conserving its
energy.!
The Endocrine System!
The body#s “slow”
chemical
communication
system.
Communication is
carried out by
hormones
synthesized by
glands and
transported via the
blood.!
Hormones!
Chemicals synthesized by the endocrine glands
and secreted in the bloodstream. Hormones, a
general term, affect the brain and many other
tissues of the body. They are a way for one part of
the body to %talk# to another part.!
There are many different kinds of hormones:
stimulate/inhibit growth, mood swings, activate/
inhibit the immune system, regulate metabolism,
hunger, fight or flight response, etc.!
For example, epinephrine (adrenaline) increases
heart rate, blood pressure, blood sugar and
feelings of excitement during emergency
situations.!
What do these people have in common?!
They were accused of taking performance boosting
hormones, like testosterone and human growth
hormone.!
Testosterone is a sex hormone, aka a sex steroid.!
Not all hormones are steroids and not all steroids are
sex hormones. Cortisol, for example, is a steroid
(fight or flight response), but not a sex related one. !
Hormone Replacement Therapy!
•" “She#s just hormonal.” Wrong.!
•" Everybody is hormonal. Every body runs on
hormones all the time. Without hormones
%talking,# the body isn#t running — whether a man
or a woman, just dead.!
•" Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) –
estrogen/progesterone (female sex hormones)
are given to increase the amounts of these
hormones in women whose levels have dropped
due to age or surgery. Affect many systems,
including PMS symptoms and calcium in bones.!
Non-sex related hormones!
•" Thyroid gland – in throat, makes hormones
change your ability to handle hot and cold, level
of energy, body weight and calcium levels.!
•" Vitamin D is also a hormone that affects calcium.
It works on the liver, the parathyroid gland and
the gut to increase the movement of calcium into
the body.!
•" Pituitary gland – base of brain, makes growth
hormone, endorphin and thyroid stimulating
hormone.!
Stress Hormones $
(e.g., cortisol, norepinephrine)!
•" Critical for the fight or flight response.!
•" But, long term activation of stress hormones increases your
risk for significant health problems including heart disease,
depression, inability to sleep, digestive problems, obesity,
memory loss, skin conditions. !
300+ Score: Significant risk of illness; Score of 150-299: Moderate risk of illness
Identifying and Managing Chronic Stress!
Effects of stress on Effects of stress on Effects of stress on
your body your thoughts/ your behavior
feelings
Headache Anxiety Overeating
Back Pain Restlessness Undereating
Chest Pain Worrying Angry outbursts
Heart Disease Irritability Drug or alcohol abuse
Heart Palpitations Depression Increased smoking
High blood pressure Sadness Social withdrawal
Decreased immunity Anger Crying Spells
Upset Stomach Forgetfulness Relationship Conflicts
Sleep Problems Lack of Focus
Stress Management Strategies
Eating a healthy diet and getting regular exercise and plenty of sleep
Practicing relaxation techniques (e.g., Meditation, Yoga, Tai Chi) From the
Fostering healthy friendships Mayo Clinic
Having a sense of humor
Seeking professional counseling when needed
Pituitary Gland!
The size of a pea, but
called the “master gland”
because it regulates
activity in all other glands.
It secrets hormones
needed for growth &
reproduction (e.g., human
growth hormone). !
Over secretion of human growth hormone in
children can cause gigantism.!
Under secretion during childhood -> dwarfism.!
Under secretion in adults can cause lethargy & loss
of sexual ability.!
Adrenal Glands!
Adrenal glands consist of adrenal medulla and
adrenal cortex. Medulla secretes hormones
(epinephrine, norepinephrine and cortisol) during
stress, and adrenal cortex regulates salt and
carbohydrate metabolism to give you fuel to respond
to the stress.!
Insulin: a hormone
produced in the
pancreas.
Not enough insulin
leads to diabetes
PSYCH 101: Reminders!
Exam 1 is on Tues, Sept 28th (Modules 1-6). This is
one week from Tuesday.!