(Connected Speech and Intonation 10 stress slates, particulny ifthe sills in question i one of Aperies of such sabes Clery, the larger the number of phonetic fegments the spaker must articulate in the more or less fined Amount of time berwen stressed sylables, the more pressing it is hot those segments require a ite articulation as possible; reduc Mon in length and in deviton from the neutral postion both save cultory tine. ‘reduction i the amount of articulation required is aso at Work in the seco ofthese phenomena, consonant assimilation, ike the plas fa thing, fr instance. This soften pronounced as Heo), witha dental stop atthe end ofthe word it.The alveolar Hop in this word has shite its place of articulation in anticipation the following dental sound that iit as assimilate tothe fl. Jwing sound in terms of place of articulation. Silay, the pase fat may (depending on one’s accent be articulated ket, the phrase fam asLexpmaen, We have already seen examples thi kind of asimiltion within words, But it occuy acre word nares in corectd speech fo. We have alo sen cases within words where nas stops assim In place of articulation ta fllowing consonant this hap regularly across word boundaries as well. The pase fn pn {soften pronounced as (emambouln) in which the lve rusals in ten and pv assimilate in place of articulation to the wing bilabial ops. Similarly, n the phrase tn Kinds, often gunced as [Pen}atna, the alveolar nas in fen assimilates to folowing stop and becomes velar. Arwsher common sor of assimilation in place of articulation ‘hen as] ora 2} occurs a the end’ of one word and is swe by an fi or aU a the beginning ofthe ext as in the miss yu. In eases ke this, ts very common forthe ave: frcatve to assimilate partially tothe following palatal sound, become palatoalveolr asin uf A similar Kind of stil cur when at] rfl atthe end of one word is followed by i or | tthe beginning ofthe eas ht you often pronounce In this case the alveolar stop [and the plata approximant ve ast were, ‘coalesced’ ino a palatoalveoarafiate. This of coalescenc therefore enals assimilation both for pice of lotion and ee manner of articulation. 40.1. Reduction, Lenition, Assimilation and Eision We have sid that English is stestined, and tht the mone ies nerenng beter vo seed Saye high ine ht ts poste wo have many mare tena spables, alfa he tse sable ‘Se me orf nly seh i ea on wae Pepa osimpliin varios was nh econ TERE i otowing sors of sinpiatn: vowel con ream, cenonat eon ac ally, he on Secon of consnans ad vos ‘Pijy vowel reduction, we mean a reduction inthe eng cf sa its quality. Vowel seal companied bya change qual ln crety common in English. Take te STU ane eesti fat word being untesd vey ee reed wiser lol rather than the fll diphthong Ey evenbe pronounced simply witha sch. Sacha wrap redrton ech av ever more Hl he Pele fms parte sxquens of nsresed slab 6 Prete raat ec, The most common form o ome {econ es why ofl wow sles ana te eng yom the nel poston seep nuing is ao the sere of al he owe TO Son ene to sy that vowels shold redeConnected Speech ond Intonation By consonant tention, we mean a diminution in the degree of contrition of @ consonant and/or the voicing of voiced Consonant, and/or the length of tae the constriction is held. An "sample's the proces of app American English, in which // nd // are realize as [a voiced alveolar ap (r tap) between Ss tresed and an unstressed vowel asin eng an bting ber] Since the voiced alveolar ap ls ke a shor (2, the fap rues 8 shorter lure than either /1/ or/and thus consis 2 sng fm arcalatory dane. The voiing of // to [constitutes a Kind of ssimuason, and thu an articulatory saving: the stop is assimilated invoking to the surrounding vowels ‘A common type of consonantalleniton i the reduction of ‘onl stops to gota stop, asin puts right when pronounced as Iputzan2. Since glottal stops roqire no oral articulation, the {Ogu is ree, during the articulation ofthe lot stopTo assume its poston for the follossing segment and this means a saving in articulatory time and efor In many varies of English, redue- tion of voicles stops to gota stop is commen in coda postion, ‘articular in unstressed syllables, asin sentences sucha I dt exe that sed gone, where the function word tha is frequentiy Pronounced a [921 especially if the following word begins with ‘consonant. Accents of English vary considerably with respect 1 the range of sites where reduction is possible and With respect © the range of stops which are subject fo reduction /t/ generally seems to be more widely subject to reduction than /p/ or ‘The mast esteme frm of lention i complete elsan of segments \sohich is alrendy evident in the phrase le is, discussed above). “This happens with both conuonans and vowels Take the phrase the sath mont in slain, sat would be [0], but he dental fica jv tends not o be pronounced at ll inthe phrase the sth mnt, ‘which is typically pronounced a [Qosksmand). Where casters ‘fconsonants arse through the combination of words into phrases, they ae frequently reduced inthis way. An example is the phrase ‘raph ete pronounced as [ksbool withthe final stop in rsp ‘led. Hision f consonants is also common in words of «Bon lexical category, as we have alrndy seen. Words sich a and, hae tat fate een pronounced with ede consonants asin Bill and Toy alana, should re gone (JudagenD, exp of or Capoe%D, ne ‘Connected Speech ond Tntnation labifeation of consonant, asin super, ‘orn the pronunciation of and Sr Athe romuncation of nda nl sin Bl and ley promos tend not lor for macnn et Tuga fr usin a ore ohne en = Wo pea sh be ted pa out acho buts pil Engh lumer cmos soe ipl withthe vowel in the fit syne wie nese “Seed phe mln oh ene Se sce areca as imately ona the tytn ot Ei 102 Insertion of [)Caonecteé Speech ond Intoration Connect Speech and Intonation ‘more than one way Is whee the phenomenon has arisen. But there analysing the phonological satus of non-rhotic accents we will have to conser the altematives. Let begin by compring some RP and SSE (Scotch Standard English) words: the tern ‘Htc’ (a dere) refers to. Rather, i refers to the press ‘nce of ome kind of articulation any Kind) in hymns, es one ting to say that rhotity and non-hatily are phono- local propre of accents, But whats the nature ofthat one logical istoction? We have assumed that itis diferent (Ulin RPand ss ‘lyme, whereas in nonthotic accent, tay not. But has ose bing the only analysis. Lat us try to argue forthe potion we ha 7 $s adopted. It isclar enough that in the SSE data above the phonease ees er ee ‘1's preset inthe phonological orn ofeach f te ror mash txt) bel femes present asin /s/ (ram), ks (ca) and ens) ee esata iemernien in hotc ace, the plow segment /s/ may appear in bth (@) (hak) uk) beck ‘onsets and coias But what of mon-shotc scents? Alle havent Nexen RRB nt Hshed hus fri tha the phonetic segment i has a dstnbutins te © teal feal air ‘otc accents which fer from ts ctbtion in nom tha acces (@ Grol Gmual moor et us conser two hypotheses. Under the ft the one we ane hee a sone a ‘lope le ws call hypothesis A forthe moment, we ca thet eo reotet a an the Phoneme /1/ may not appear in rhymes inthe phonologial foray () tp'sal pall pred ( vaskl vex) verge © (ted) —fbaad) bind (my Wed) ead) card ‘of morphemes (thus the difference between the accent a difes {tevin phonoacts). This plausible enough cl hat languages have many arbitrary, languagespecic, phonolactc consis of this sot For instance in English, /9/ may not appent in neat oh (say not soperin hymes (while hold Und and Peaketedy end ae welHormed /ath/ isnt for instance) Tear ply trary fot about English: other languages impone no such oe, nt (mat aes of Arabic for instance, allow 7 in hve, ‘el many languages allow // in ons) So, under byputhene A 14} ike Ph/, may not appear in rhymes: This teste lat Ue Phonological forms ofthe oot morphernes in (emt) above do ot contain an /2/. The morphemes a and candor intone ive in non-thote accents, /e9/ and /kad/ respectively, under this analysis Consier, however, the following data from & now shote cont RP tis lear that SSE has iin places whore RP doesnot, We might say that there are two such laces: before a consonant (as in (0) sd wordy in (0, Howevs, bth aces have ‘worn (asin (a) and (B) an after a consonant (sin) (GA simpler way of expressing the distribution of in thee scents iss weave soe to refer to syllable strate in RP, ay appear i onsets as in (a)-(A, ut notin coda (a i (e)1), wheres, ‘SE, [i may appear in beh onsets and cadas Is impertant to Baar in mind thatthe term ‘hot’ i this context doesnot rele o the [end of articulations found in rote acces, such as the alveolar tal othe tap I a6 apposed to the approximant [As can be sen rom the data above the two accents ae na diferente with © G@) fmol ear than) hearing respect othe kind of articulation they have. And even if SE cone (Ch: eal aged cnbeomm deca Sistenly had, say, [lather than [that ind of fact snot what (© Irwol moor fenastal mooring