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Tremies are used to place concrete under water for caisson seals, bridge piers, drydock walls. Concrete is placed through a vertical steel pipe with an open, funnel-shaped upper end. A slump of 6 to 9 inches is commonly used, but a slightly higher range may be needed.
Tremies are used to place concrete under water for caisson seals, bridge piers, drydock walls. Concrete is placed through a vertical steel pipe with an open, funnel-shaped upper end. A slump of 6 to 9 inches is commonly used, but a slightly higher range may be needed.
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Tremies are used to place concrete under water for caisson seals, bridge piers, drydock walls. Concrete is placed through a vertical steel pipe with an open, funnel-shaped upper end. A slump of 6 to 9 inches is commonly used, but a slightly higher range may be needed.
Copyright:
Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Verfügbare Formate
Als PDF, TXT herunterladen oder online auf Scribd lesen
Methods for placing high quality concrete under water
BY W. MALISCH
Tremies can be used to place concrete
under water for caisson seals, bridge piers, drydock walls and similar structures.
uccessful placement of concrete under water cement plus pozzolan is 0.45.
S requires careful planning and attention to de-
tail. The concrete must flow readily into place and consolidate under its own weight because vibration might cause surrounding water to mix with the in-place concrete and wash out the cement. All Aggregate maximum size for reinforced placements should be 3⁄4 inch, while use of 11⁄2-inch aggregate is rec- ommended for nonreinforced placements. Rounded ag- gregates are preferred. Fine aggregate content of 45 to 55 percent by volume of total aggregate and entrained air methods of placing concrete under water are designed content of up to about 5 percent are generally desirable. to prevent cement washout and the consequent forma- A slump of 6 to 9 inches is commonly used, but a tion of weakly cemented sand and gravel pockets. slightly higher range may be needed when reinforcing In the tremie process, concrete is placed through a cages restrict the flow or when horizontal flow over long vertical steel pipe with an open, funnel-shaped upper distances is required. Wa t e r- reducing or water- re d u c- end. The lower end of the tremie is kept immersed in ing/retarding admixtures are particularly beneficial in plastic concrete so that freshly placed concrete doesn’t reducing water content to provide a cohesive yet high- come into contact with the water. Direct visual inspec- slump concrete. The use of superplasticizers is not rec- tion of the deposited concrete is usually impossible dur- ommended for massive placements unless slump loss ing the placing operation, so progress of the pour must testing has shown no detrimental effects. It is extremely be monitored by carefully observing the volume of con- important to maintain as high a slump as possible for as crete placed and the rate of rise. long as possible so blockages don’t develop in the trem- ie and so concrete continues to flow freely after exiting Concrete mix proportioning the pipe. Concrete to be placed by the tremie process must flow readily and yet be cohesive enough not to segregate. Rel- Tremie equipment atively rich mixtures are used (at least 600 pounds of ce- Tremie pipe diameter usually ranges from 8 to 12 mentitious material per cubic yard). Pozzolans improve inches. Smaller diameters may cause pipe blockages. For flow characteristics and are generally used in amounts deep placements, sections of the pipe with flanged, gas- up to about 15 percent of the cementitious material keted joints are used so upper sections can be removed weight. The recommended maximum ratio of water to as concreting progresses. the end seal. Concrete flows out and mounds up around the mouth of the pipe, establishing a seal. Initial lifting of the tremie should be done slowly to minimize distur- bance of material surrounding the mouth of the tremie. When using a go-devil and the wet pipe technique to start a pour, the tremie is lifted a maximum of 6 inches to allow water to escape. Concrete is then added slowly to force the go-devil downward. Once the go-devil reaches the mouth of the tremie, the tremie is lifted to allow the go-devil to escape. The tremie shouldn’t be lifted again until a mound is formed and a seal established. After starting, tremies shouldn’t be lifted again until they are embedded 3 to 5 feet. All vertical movements of the tremie pipe must be done slowly and carefully to pre- vent a loss of seal. If loss of seal does occur, the tremie must be brought back to the surface, the end plate must be replaced, and flow restarted. A go-devil must not be Figure 1. To start a pour, the bottom of the tremie pipe is used when restarting a tremie after loss of seal. Water sealed with an attached gasketed plate or with a wooden pushed out by the go-devil will wash cement out of the plug. previously placed concrete. End plates or plugs such as the ones shown in Figure 1 are used when a dry pipe technique is employed for Placing concrete with a tremie starting the tremie pour. As the pipe is lowered to rest Concrete placement should be as continuous as pos- on the bottom, water pressure seals the gasket and the sible through each tremie. Long delays in placement pipe is kept dry. may allow concrete to stiffen and resist flow once place- In very deep placements, buoyancy may be a prob- ment resumes. While interruptions of up to approxi- lem when an end plate is used to seal the pipe before mately 30 minutes may allow restarting without any spe- it’s placed in the water. Use of pipe with thicker walls or cial pro c e d u re s, longer delays must be treated by weighted pipe can overcome buoyancy problems. Al- removing, resealing and restarting the tremie. t e rn a t i ve l y, an open-ended pipe can be set and a go- Tremie pipes must be spaced so that the concrete devil or traveling plug inserted to keep water from pen- doesn’t have to flow too far. Otherwise, segregation will etrating the first concrete placed in the pipe. The plug occur and too much area on the sloping face of the flow- must be tight enough to exclude water from the con- ing concrete will be exposed to water. This latter prob- crete but loose enough to move under the weight of the lem results in weak layers of high water-cement-ratio c o n c re t e. An inflated rubber ball has been used as a paste within the structure. A pipe spacing of 2 or 3 times plug, but at depths greater than about 25 feet the ball the depth of concrete being poured is ideal (Figure 2). may collapse and become ineffective as a seal. Because Usually the spacing will be between 15 and 35 feet but it will regain its shape when it pops back to the surface, tremie concrete has been flowed up to 70 feet in very the lost seal may not be noticed and poor quality con- thick pours. crete may result. The tremie pipe must remain fixed horizontally while concrete is flowing. Ho ri zontal movement of the pipe Starting a tremie placement Tremies started using the end plate, dry pipe technique are filled with concrete in the dry. To minimize segregation caused by dropping concrete in deep placements, a 2- or 3- foot depth of a cement-sand mortar mix can be placed in the tremie first. Then even if the regular tremie mix segre- gates during free fall it will remix in the mortar at the bot- tom. After the tremie pipe is Figure 2. Tremie pipes are spaced so that concrete doesn’t have to flow too far. full it is raised no more than 6 Typical spacing is 2 to 3 times the depth of concrete being placed. inches off the bottom to break will damage the surface of the concrete in place, create crete may be injected below an already set mass of con- additional laitance and possibly lead to loss of seal. Hor- crete. This might raise the mass and cause cracking. izontal distribution of the concrete is accomplished by flow of the concrete after it exits the pipe or by halting Dealing with blockages placement, moving the pipe, reestablishing the seal and Tremie blockages that occur during placement should resuming placement. be cleared with extreme care to prevent loss of seal. The In large placements, two methods have been used to tremie should be quickly raised 6 to 24 inches and then distribute concrete horizontally. In the layer method, the lowered in an attempt to dislodge the blockage. The entire area of placement is concreted simultaneously us- depth of pipe must be watched closely during all such ing a number of tremies. Level of the concrete is kept attempts. If the blockage can’t be jarred loose, the trem- roughly horizontal as it rises. With the advancing slope ie should be removed, cleared, resealed and restarted. method, one portion of the concrete is brought to fin- The best way to prevent blockages from occurring is to ished grade and then the tremies are moved to bring ad- ensure an uninterrupted supply of high-slump, flow- jacent low areas to grade. Work normally pro g re s s e s able concrete and a continuous placing sequence. from one end of a large placement.