Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
PERMEABILITY TESTS
q= kiA
VII-2
the constant-head test, except that the head of water is not maintained
constant but is permitted to fall within the upper part of the specimen
container or in a standpipe directly connected to the specimen. The quan-
-
VII-4
3. CONSTANT-HEAD PERMEABILITY TEST WITH PERMEAMETER
CYLINDER. 2. Use, The constant-head permeability test with the
permeameter cylinder shall in general be used for determining the per-
meability of remolded samples of coarse-grained soils such as clean
sands and gravels having a permeability greater than about 10 X 10N4 cm
per sec.
Thcrmomefer -
. p\,
9 2” Munomtftr Bourd
/ Munomrfer Board
- Y-hermomtfrr
F1lfer Moferlol
WIYP Scrctn
VII- 5
Piezometer taps along the side of the permeameter within limits to be oc-
cupied by the sample are advantageous in that the head loss within the
sample is always measured across a fixed distance and rapid determina-
tion of hydraulic gradient can be made.
bu orated metal or plastic disks and circular wire
screens, 35 to *100 mesh, cut for a close fit inside the permeameter.
(3) Glass tubing, rubber or plastic tubing, stoppers, screw
clamps, etc., necessary to make connections as shown in Figure 3a.
(4) Filter materials such as Ottawa sand, coarse sand, and
gravel of various gradations.
(5) A device for maintaining a constant-head water supply.
(6) Deaired distilled? water. Tapwater contains dissolved
air and gases which separate from solution in the initial layers of a test
specimen of soil in the orm of small bubbles. These bubbles reduce the
ermeability of the soil by decreasing the void space available for the
ow of water. for removing dissolved air
rom water is by it at reduced pres-
sures. e only with small quantities of water.
reshly distilled water also has a very negligible amount of air, Large
quantities 0 deaired distilled water may be prepared and retained for
subsequent use by spraying distilled water in a fine stream into a con-
tainer from which the air has been evacuated (see Fig. 4). Permeability
tests on saturated specimens should show no significant decrease in
permeability with time if properly deaired distilled water is used. How-
ever, if such a decrease in permeability occurs during a test, then a pre-
filter, consisting of a layer of the same material as the test specimen,
should be used between the deaired distilled water reservoir and the test
specimen to remove the air remaining in solution.$
VII- 6
SUPPLY
WATER SPRAY
DEAIRED DISTILLED
- - - - - - W A T E R RESkRVOlR
- - - - - -
- - - - - -
- - - - e
- - - -
- - -
- -
VACUUMWATERTRAP
-. D R A I N C O C K A N D V A C U U M
RELEASE
(7) - .
anometer board with tubing leading from the piezom- ..a LA
eter taps. I pieeometer taps are not provided, equi merit to measure
the distance between the constant-head source and tailwater is required.
device, a watch or clock with second hand,
ted cylinder) 100 -ml capacity.
ade thermometer, range 0 to 50 C, accurate
to 0.1 c,
kw alance, sensitive to 0.1 g.
(12) Oven {‘see Appendix I, WA7cE CONTENT - GENE
VII-7
(13) Scale, graduated in centimeters.
C, Placement and Saturation of Specimen. Placement and satura-
-
tion Of the specimen shall be done in the following steps:
(1) Record all identifying information for the specimen, such
as project, boring number, sample number, or other pertinent data, on a
data sheet (Plate VII-i is a suggested form),
(2) Oven-dry the specimen. Allow it to cool and weigh to the
nearest 0.1 g. Record the oven-dry weight of material on the data sheet
opposite W s. The amount of material should be sufficient to provide a
ecimen in the permeameter having a minimum length of about one to two
times the diameter of the specimen.
(3) lace a wire screen, with openings small enough to retain
the specimen, over a perforated disk near the bottom of the permeameter
above the inlet. The screen openings should be approximately equal to the
0 percent size of the specimen.
I
) Allow deaired distilled water to enter the water inlet of the
permeameter to a height of about 1/2 in. above the bottom of the screen,
care that no air bubbles are trapped under the screen.
(5) Mix the material thoroughly and place in the permeameter
to avoid segregation. The material should be dropped just at the water
surface, keeping the water surface about a/2 in. above the top of the soil
placement. A funnel or a special spoon as shown in Figure 5 is
convenient for this purpose.
(6) The placement procedure outlined above will result in a
saturated specimen of uniform density although in a relatively loose condo-
*
tion. o produce a higher density in the specimen, the sides of the perme-
ameter containing the soil sample are tapped uniformly along its circum-
ference and length with a rubber mallet to produce an increase in density;
however, extreme caution should be exercised so that fines are not put into
suspension and segregated within the sample. As an alternative to this pro-
cedure, the specimen may be placed in the in the dry using a funnel Or
VII-8
spoon which permits the material If_
= ?
to fall a constant height. The de-
sired density may be achieved by
vibrating the specimen to obtain a
specimen of predetermined height.
Compacting the ecimen in layers
is not recomme as a film of
may be forme at the surface
y e r which might I
ty r e s u l t s .
en
ly a vacuum ‘I*0 CONNECTING
.
WIRE
e specimen and per-
enter the evacuated
ough the base of the
VII-9
at a series of different void ratios, produced by increasing the amount of
b
VII-10
permeability, then the computed permeability is probably reliable. If there
is a slight decrease in the permeability, then the permeability computed
from the initial.measurements, rather than the average, should be reported,
so long as a plot of permeability versus time shows that the initial measure-
ments are consistent with the subsequent measurements; a difference in
permeability may result from a change in density caused by inadvertent
jarring of the specimen in the permeameter, If there is any substantial de-
crease of the permeability with time, a prefilter should be used between the
water reservoir and the permeameter (see paragraph 3b(6)). The criterion
for judgin whether a change in the computed permeability is “substantial”
depends on the desired accuracy of the coefficient of permeability.
(7) If desired, reduce the void
void ratio
ratio as previously
previously described
described
eat the constant-head test,
The computations consist of the followin
the test void ratios in accordance with Appendix
EE OF s A-
ined in
in accord-
accord-
ance with A
rmeability, k, by
k, by ‘means
‘means of
the followin
QxLxRT
k20 =
where k = coefficient of permeability, cm per set at 20
20 c
C
20
L, or difference in piezometer
VII-11
Table VII-1
Temerature
-_3eprees
A..- <' C 8
i+i 1.'"35 $29
CO 1.523 1.717 1.711 1.705 1,699 1.694 1.698 1.692 1.6~6 1.670
::: 1.6~1
1.66'~ 1.659
l.605 1.654 1.601 1.648
1.595 1.643
1.590 1.638 1.595 1.580
1.632 l&q'1.5751,6221.y-a 1,616 1.565
4.0 1.540 1.555 1.550 1.5h5 1.5Lco 1.535 1.531 1.526 1,521 1.516
2:: 1.465
1.5;1 1.61
1.y 1.493
1.452 1.41~8
1.502 1.457 IL.498 1.4m
l.ti3 1.481+
1,439 1,479 1.435 1.4751,430 1.470 1.426
VII-12
f. Presentation of Results. The coefficient of permeability shall
be reported in units with coefficients of 1.0, 1 X 10v4, and 1 X 10d9 cm per
sec. The void ratio of the specimen shall be reported with all values of k.
The coefficient of permeability, k, is logarithmically dependent upon the
void ratio of-the soil. Where k is determined at several void ratios, the
test results shall be presented on a semilogarithmic chart as shown in
Figure 6 in which k is plotted on the abscissa -_ --- _-__ -------- Ilor,arithmir
\--b------ sc;r~l~b
----- - -1-1, 2nd the
w--v w--w
0.4
1 10 100 1000
VII-1.3