Endoparasites

[edit]Protozoan organisms
Common name of organism Latin name Diagnostic Source/ Transmission
Body parts affected Prevalence
or disease (sorted) specimen (Reservoir/ Vector)
contact lenses cleaned
Acanthamoeba Acanthamoeba eye, brain culture worldwide
with tap water
Babesia B.
New York, Martha's Vineyard,
divergens, B. Giemsa-stained
Babesiosis red blood cells Nantucket (different species have tick bites
bigemina, B. equi,B. thin blood smear
worldwide distribution)
microfti, B. duncani
Balantidiasis Balantidium coli intestinalmucosa stool
direct
eating food contaminated
microscopy of
Blastocystosis Blastocystis intestinal 2 - 20% of population [1] with feces from an
stool (PCR, anti
infected human or animal
body)
Coccidia Cryptosporidium intestines stool widespread
Dientamoeba ingesting water or food
Dientamoebiasis intestines stool up to 10% in industrialized countries
fragilis contaminated with feces
areas with poor sanitation, high
Entamoeba
Amoebiasis Intestines stool population density and tropical fecal-oral transmission
histolytica
regions
ingestion of dormant cysts
Giardia Giardia lamblia lumen of thesmall intestine stool widespread in fecal contaminated
water or food
epithelial cells ofsmall worldwide - less common
Isosporiasis Isospora belli stool fecal oral route
intestines thanToxoplasma orCryptosporidium
visual
identification of Visceral leishmaniasis-
Phlebotomus - bite of
lesion or Worldwide;Cutaneous
cutaneous,mucocutaneous, several species of
Leishmaniasis Leishmania microscopic leishmaniasis - Old
or visceral nocturnal phlebotomus
stain with World;Mucocutaneous
sandflies
Leishman's or leishmaniasis - New World
Giemsa's stain
Nasal insufflation of
contaminated warm fresh
Primary amoebic
Naegleria fowleri brain culture rare but deadly water, poorly
meningoencephalitis(PAM) [2][3]
chlorinated swimming
pools, hot springs, soil
Plasmodium
falciparum (80% of
cases),Plasmodium Anopheles mosquito, bites
Malaria red blood cells, liver Blood film tropical - 250 million cases/year
vivax,Plasmodium at night
ovale,Plasmodium
malariae
nasal mucosa came into
Rhinosporidium reservoir water contact with infected
Rhinosporidiosis nose,nasopharynx India and Sri Lanka
seeberi and soil material through bathing
in common ponds
ingestion of
uncooked/undercooked
pork/lamb/goat with
Toxoplasmabradyzoites,
ingestion of raw milk with
Toxoplasmosis -Parasitic widespread - up to one third of all
Toxoplasma gondii eyes, brain, heart, liver blood andPCR Toxoplasma tachyzoites,
pneumonia humans
ingestion of contaminated
water food or soil
withoocysts in cat feces
that is more than one day
old
microscopic
Trichomonas female urogenital tract sexually transmitted
Trichomoniasis examination of 7.4 million Americans
vaginalis (males asymptomatic) infection
genital swab
microscopic
examination
Trypanosoma blood lymph and central of chancrefluid,
Sleeping sickness 50,000 to 70,000 people tsetse fly, bites at night
brucei nervous systems lymph node
aspirates, blood,
bone marrow
Chagas disease Trypanosoma cruzi colon, esophagus, heart, Giemsa stain- Mexico, Central America, South Triatoma/Reduviidae -
nerves, muscle and blood blood America - 16-18 million Insect Vector, bites at
 night
[edit]Helminths organisms (worms)
Common name of organism Body parts
Latin name (sorted) Diagnostic specimen Prevalence Transmission/Vector
or disease affected
Ancylostoma common in tropical,
lungs, small penetration of skin by L3
Ancylostomiasis/Hookworm duodenale,Necator stool warm, moist
intestine, blood larva
americanus climates
ingestion of raw fish, squid,
Anisakiasis [4] Anisakis allergic reaction biopsy incidental host
cuttlefish, octopus
Intestines, liver,
appendix, common in tropical
Roundworm - Parasitic Ascaris sp. Ascaris
pancreas, stool and subtropical
pneumonia lumbricoides
lungs,Löffler's regions
syndrome
Intestines, liver,
Roundworm -Baylisascariasis Baylisascaris procyonis rare: North America stool from raccoons
lungs, brain
Brugia malayi, Brugia tropical regions of
lymph nodes blood samples Arthropods
timori Asia
Tapeworm - Tapeworm
Cestoda intestine stool rare
infection
Clonorchis
Clonorchiasis sinensis;Clonorchis
viverrini
Dicrocoelium dendriticum gall bladder rare ingestion of ants
kidneys
Ingestion of undercooked or
Dioctophyme renalis infection Dioctophyme renale (typically the Urine Worldwide
raw freshwater fish
right)
Europe, Japan, ingestion of raw fresh water
Diphyllobothriasis - tapeworm Diphyllobothrium latum intestines, blood stool (microscope)
Uganda, Peru, Chile fish
subcutaneous
Guinea worm -Dracunculiasis Dracunculus medinensis skin blister/ulcer Sudan
tissues, muscle
as intermediate host,
Echinococcus ingestion of material
granulosus,Echinococcus liver, lungs, imaging ofhydatid cystsin the liver, Mediterranean contaminated by feces from
Echinococcosis - tapeworm
multilocularis, E. vogeli,E. kidney, spleen lungs, kidney and spleen countries a carnivore; asdefinite host,
oligarthrus ingestion of uncooked meat
(offal) from a herbivore
ingestion of raw fish,
Echinostoma echinatum small intestine Far East
mollusks, snails
Enterobius
widespread;
Pinworm - Enterobiasis vermicularis,Enterobius intestines, anus stool; tape test aroundanus
temperate regions
gregorii
Fasciola
hepatica in Europe,
Africa, Australia,
the Americas and
Fasciola hepatica,Fasciola liver, gall Oceania; Fasciola
Liver fluke - Fasciolosis [5] stool freshwater snails
gigantica bladder gigantica only in
Africa and Asia, 2.4
million people
infected by both
species
ingestion of infested water
Fasciolopsiasis - intestinal East Asia - 10
Fasciolopsis buski intestines stool or vomitus (microscope) plants or water (intermediate
fluke [6] million people
host:amphibic snails)
ingestion of raw or
Gnathostoma subcutaneous undercooked meat (e.g.,
rare - Southeast
Gnathostomiasis [7] spinigerum,Gnathostoma tissues (under physical examination freshwater fish, chicken,
Asia
hispidum the skin) snails, frogs, pigs) or
contaminated water
ingestion of material
Hymenolepis
contaminated by flour
Hymenolepiasis[8] nana,Hymenolepis
beetles, meal worms,
diminuta
cockroaches
rain forest of West
Loa loa filariasis, Calabar Connective blood Tabanidae - horse fly, bites in
Loa loa filaria Africa - 12-13
swellings tissue, lungs, eye (Giemsa,haematoxylin,eosin stain) the day
million people
subcutaneous
Mansonelliasis, Filariasis Mansonella streptocerca insect
layer of skin
 Siberia, Manchuria,
Metagonimiasis - intestinal ingestion of undercooked or
Metagonimus yokogawai stool Balkan states,
fluke salted fish
Israel, Spain
Africa, Yemen,
Onchocerca Central and South Simulium/Black fly, bite
River blindness skin, eye, tissue bloodless skin snip
volvulus,Onchocerciasis America near cool, during the day
fast flowing rivers
Opisthorchis
viverrini,Opisthorchis 1.5 million people consuming infected raw,
Chinese Liver Fluke bile duct
felineus,Clonorchis in Russia slightly salted or frozen fish
sinensis
Paragonimus
westermani;Paragonimus
ingestion of raw or
africanus;Paragonimus
undercooked freshwater
Paragonimiasis, Lung Fluke caliensis;Paragonimus lungs sputum, feces East Asia
crabs crayfishes or other
kellicotti;Paragonimus
crustaceans
skrjabini;Paragonimus
uterobilateralis
Africa, Caribbean,
Schistosomiasis - bilharzia, eastern South skin exposure to water
bilharziosis or snail fever (all Schistosoma sp. America, east Asia, contaminated with infected
types) Middle East - 200 fresh water snails
million people
Africa, Caribbean, skin exposure to water
intestine, liver,
South America, contaminated with
intestinal schistosomiasis Schistosoma mansoni spleen, lungs, stool
Asia, Middle East - infected Biomphalariafresh
skin
83 million people water snails
kidney, bladder, skin exposure to water
urinary schistosomiasis Schistosoma haematobium ureters, lungs, urine Africa, Middle East contaminated with
skin infected Bulinus sp. snails
skin exposure to water
intestine, liver,
Schistosomiasis bySchistosom China, East Asia, contaminated with
Schistosoma japonicum spleen, lungs, stool
a japonicum Philippines infected Oncomelaniasp.
skin
snails
skin exposure to water
contaminated with
Asian intestinal schistosomiasis Schistosoma mekongi - South East Asia
infected Neotricula aperta -
fresh water snails
ingestion of material
Spirometra contaminated with infected
Sparganosis
erinaceieuropaei dog or cat feces
(humans: dead-end host)
Intestines, lungs,
Strongyloidiasis - Parasitic
Strongyloides stercoralis skin (Larva stool, blood skin penetration
pneumonia
currens)
worldwide ingestion of undercooked
Beef tapeworm Taenia saginata Intestines stool
distribution beef
ingestion of undercooked
Pork tapeworm Taenia solium
pork
liver, brain, eyes
(Toxocara pica, unwashed food
Toxocara canis, Toxocara canis -Visceral worldwide contamined with Toxocara
Toxocariasis blood, ocular examination
cati larva distribution eggs, undercooked livers of
migrans,Ocular chicken
larva migrans)
more common in
developing
Trichinella muscle,
countries due to
spiralis,Trichinella periorbital ingestion of undercooked
Trichinosis blood improved feeding
britovi,Trichinella region, small pork
practices in
nelsoni,Trichinella nativa intestine
developed
countries.
skin exposure to
Trichobilharzia
Swimmer's itch contaminated water (snails
regenti,Schistosomatidae
and vertebrates)
accidental ingestion of eggs
in dry goods such as beans,
Trichuris large intestine,
Whipworm stool (eggs) common worldwide rice, and various grains or
trichiura,Trichuris vulpis anus
soil contaminated with
human feces
ElephantiasisLymphatic lymphatic thick blood smears stained Tropical and
Wuchereria bancrofti mosquito, bites at night
filariasis system withhematoxylin. subtropical
[edit]Other organisms
Common name of
Body parts Diagnostic
organism or
Latin name (sorted) Prevalence Transmission/Vector
affected specimen
disease

parasitic worm Archiacanthocephala

ingestion of raw or undercooked lymph

physical
Halzoun Syndrome Linguatula serrata nasopharynx Mid East nodes (e.g., meat from infected camels and
examination
buffalos)
dead or living
Myiasis Oestroidea,Calliphoridae,Sarcophagidae
tissue
Subcutaneous physical Central and South
Chigoe flea Tunga penetrans
tissue examination America
Subcutaneous physical Central and South
Human Botfly Dermatobia hominis Mosquitoes and biting flies
tissue examination America
physical Amazon River Urinating in waters inhabited by the fish
Candiru Trichomycteridae Urethra
examination Basin without proper protection

[edit]Ectoparasites

Common name of Body parts

organism or disease
Bedbug
Head louse -Pediculosis
Body louse - Pediculosis
Crab louse -Pediculosis
Demodex -Demodicosis
Scabies
Screwworm,Cochliomyia
Latin name (sorted) Diagnostic specimen Prevalence Transmission/Vector
affected
Cimicidae Cimex
skin visual Worldwide sharing of clothing and bedding
lectularius
visual identification
Pediculus humanus hair follicles Common worldwide head-to-head contact
under magnification
visual identification skin-to-skin contact such as sexual
Pediculus humanus
under magnification Worldwide activity and via sharing clothing or
corporis
(Vagabond's disease) bedding
skin-to-skin contact such as sexual
pubic area, visual identification
Phthirus pubis Worldwide activity and via sharing clothing or
eyelashes under magnification
bedding
Demodex eyebrow, Microscopy of eyelash
Pandemic, worldwide prolonged skin-to-skin contact
folliculorum/brevis/canis eyelashes or eyebrow hair follicle
skin-to-skin contact such as sexual
microscopy of surface
Sarcoptes scabiei skin Worldwide activity and via sharing clothing or
scrapings
bedding
North America
skin and
Cochliomyia hominivorax visual (eradicated), Central direct contact with fly
wounds
America, North Africa

[edit]See also

 List of human parasitic diseases

[edit]References

1. ^ Amin OM (2002). "Seasonal prevalence of intestinal parasites in the United States during 2000". Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 66 (6): 799–

803.PMID 12224595.

2. ^ Cogo PE, Scaglia M, Gatti S, Rossetti F, Alaggio R, Laverda AM, et al. Fatal Naegleria fowleri Meningoencephalitis, Italy Emerging

Infectious Diseases [serial on the Internet]. 2004 Oct; accessed Jan 2009

3. ^ Bennett, Nicholas John State University of New York Upstate Medical University Domachowske, Joseph; Khan, Asad A Louisiana

State University Health Science Center; King, John W; Cross, J Thomas Naegleria eMedicine; accessed Jan 2009

4. ^ Anisakiasis

5. ^ Yılmaza, Hasan; Gödekmerdan, Ahmet Human fasciolosis in Van province, Turkey doi:10.1016/j.actatropica.2004.04.009

6. ^ Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Fasciolopsiasis

7. ^ Tolan, Robert W Gnathostomiasis eMedicine, updated Feb 2008

 8. ^ Tolan, Robert W Jr Hymenolepiasis eMedicine; updated Feb 2008

[edit]