Changed with the DEMO VERSION of CAD-KAS PDF-Editor

Changed (http://www.cadkas.com).
with the DEMO VERSION of CAD-KAS PDF-Editor
Changed (http://www.cadkas.com).
with the DEMO VERSION of CAD-KAS

Carrier Sense Multiple Access

Every station senses the carrier before

transmitting. If the station detects carrier it defers
transmission

Carrier sense attempts to avoid collision by
testing the signal strength in the vicinity of the
transmitter
 Capture occurs when a receiver is in the reception range of
two transmitting stations but is able to cleanly receive signal
from the closer station
 Interference occurs when a receiver is in the range of one
transmitting station and slightly out-of-range of another
transmitting station, but is unable to cleanly receive the
closer station’s signal
 A collision occurs when a receiver is in the reception range of
two transmitting stations, and is unable to cleanly receive
signal from either station

Problems with CSMA Problems with CSMA

Hidden Station Problem Exposed Station Problem

A B C D E A B C D E

•C transmits to D
•B wants to transmit to A, but it refrains for fear of collision
•A transmits to B
•C cannot hear A, and transmits data to B
Changed with the DEMO VERSION of CAD-KAS PDF-Editor
Changed (http://www.cadkas.com).
with the DEMO VERSION of CAD-KAS PDF-Editor
Changed (http://www.cadkas.com).
with the DEMO VERSION of CAD-KAS

Collision Avoidance Protocol Collision Avoidance Protocol

Range of S1 Range of S2
Range of S1 Range of S2
S3
S3

S5 S1 RTS S2 S6 S5 S1 CTS S2 S6

S4 S4

(b) S2 responds by sending a Clear To Send to S1. Any station hearing CTS
(a) S1 sends a Request To Send (RTS) to S2. Any station hearing the RTS must remain silent for the duration of a data frame which follows CTS
must remain silent long enough for S2 to send CTS back to S1

IEEE 802.11 - MAC Architecture

The Basic CSMA/CA Procedure

S1 sends RTS to S2 including the The MAC sublayer is responsible for channel allocation procedures, PDU
S1 S2
length of proposed data. addressing, frame formatting, error checking, fragmentation and reassembly.
RTS

S2 replies with CTS also Application Application
TCP TCP
including the data length. CTS
IP IP
LLC LLC LLC

Any station overhearing an RTS 802.11MAC 802.11MAC 802.3MAC 802.3MAC
Data 802.11 PHY 802.11 PHY 802.3 PHY 802.3 PHY
defers all transmissions until
after the CTS.

Any station overhearing a CTS Required for
defers for the length of the The transmission medium can contention-free
ACK for speedy recovery operate in the contention mode Used for contention
expected data transmission. from errors
services services and basis for
exclusively, or can alternate

On receiving the CTS, station S1 PCF
between contention period (CP) Point Coordination
Function (PCF)
immediately sends its data. and contention free period (CFP). MAC
Extent Distributed Coordination Function (DCF)
Changed with the DEMO VERSION of CAD-KAS PDF-Editor
Changed (http://www.cadkas.com).
with the DEMO VERSION of CAD-KAS PDF-Editor
Changed (http://www.cadkas.com).
with the DEMO VERSION of CAD-KAS

802.11 Architecture – Basic Building Architecture: Extended Service Set

Blocks (ESS)

STA IEEE 802.X

STA
An independent BSS STA Portal
AP
STA
Distribution System (DS)

STA

A Basic Service Set (BSS) is a set of stations that
communicate with on another.
 An Independent BSS (IBSS) is a BSS when all the station in the
BSS are mobile stations and there is no connection to a wire
network. All stations communicate directly with one another. There
is no relay function in an IBSS
 Infrastructure BSS. When a BSS includes an access point (AP), the
BSS is no longer independent and is called an infrastructure BSS,
but referred to simply as a BSS. In an infrastructure BSS, all MSs
communicate with one another via the AP. The AP provides both the
connection to the wired LAN, if any, and the local relay function for
the BSS.
AP
STA
STA

Extended Service Set: Multiple BSSs that are integrated together using AP
and distribution system. The distribution system (DS) is the mechanism by
which one AP communicates with another to exchange frames for stations in
their BSSs, forward frames to follow MSs from one BSS to another, and
exchange frames with wired networks, if any.

An ESS is a set of infrastructure BSSs, where the APs communicate among
themselves to forward traffic from MSs from one BSS to another.

To the outside world, the ESS and all its MSs appears to be a single MAC-
layer network where all stations are physically stationary.

Examples Usage of the Services MAC Layer

Octets:
f 2 2 6 6 6 2 6 0-2312 4
Frame Duration Sequence Frame
a Control Con. ID
Address1 Address2 Address3
Control
Address4
Body
CRC

AP3
c
Protocol Last Power More
AP1 Version
Type Subtype To DS From DS
Fragment
Retry
Mgt Data
WEP Order

b e 2 2 4 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

Bits:
AP2 Standard IEEE 802.11 frame format
d
a) Authenticate and associate with AP1
Duration field indicates the amount of time after the
b) Pre-authenticate with AP2 end of the present frame the channel will be allocated
c) Reassociate with AP2 for successful transmission of the data or
d) Disassociate with AP1 management frame.
e) AP2 may disassociate with all stations (out of service)
Type: control, data, management (scanning)
f) Authenticate and associate with AP3

Subtype: RTS, CTS
Changed with the DEMO VERSION of CAD-KAS PDF-Editor
Changed (http://www.cadkas.com).
with the DEMO VERSION of CAD-KAS PDF-Editor
Changed (http://www.cadkas.com).
with the DEMO VERSION of CAD-KAS

Distributed Coordination Function

Frame Format
(DCF)
The frame contains 4 addresses. The interpretation of these
depends on the setting of ToDS and FromDS bits:
DCF supports contention services. Each station
 ToDS = 0; FromDS = 0  ToDS = 0; FromDS = 1 with an MSDU (MAC layer Service Data Unit)
From STA to STA within a BSS From an AP to a destination STA queued for transmission must contend for access to
 Address1=Destination as well  Address1=Destination as well the channel and, once the MSDU is transmitted,
as receiver as receiver must recontend for access to the channel for all
 Address2=Source as well as  Address2=AP that transmits
transmitter the frame
subsequent frames.
 ToDS = 1; FromDS = 0  Address3=Source of MAC
DCF is based on Carrier Sense Multiple Access
From STA to another STA via AP frame with Collision Avoidance (CSMA/CA).
 Address1=AP that receives  ToDS = 1; FromDS = 1

Carrier is sensed at both the air interface (physical
the frame Between 2 Access Points
 Address2=Source as well as  Address1=Receiver AP
carrier sensing), the MAC sublayer (virtual carrier
transmitter  Address2=Sender sensing)
 Address3=Ultimate  Address3=Destination STA
destination  Address4= Source STA

DCF: Carrier Sensing DCF: Priority

Physical carrier sensing detects the presence of
other STAs by analyzing all detected frames,
and also detects activities in the channel via
relative signal strength from other sources.

Virtual carrier sensing is done by sending
duration information in the header of RTS, CTS,
and data frames.

The channel is marked busy if either the
physical or virtual carrier sensing mechanisms
indicate the channel is busy.

Priority access to the wireless medium is
controlled through the used of interframe space
(IFS) time intervals between transmission of
frames.
 Short IFS (SIFS - smallest/highest priority)
 Point Coordination Function IFS (PIFS)
 Distributed Coordination Function IFS (DIFS -
largest/lowest priority)
Changed with the DEMO VERSION of CAD-KAS PDF-Editor
Changed (http://www.cadkas.com).
with the DEMO VERSION of CAD-KAS PDF-Editor
Changed (http://www.cadkas.com).
with the DEMO VERSION of CAD-KAS

Transmission of an MPDU without RTS/CTS(1) Transmission of an MPDU without RTS/CTS (2)

DIFS
DIFS Source Data
Source Data
SIFS
SIFS
Destination ACK
Destination ACK
DIFS

DIFS Other NAV

Other
NAV
Defer Access

When a station senses the channel is idle, the station waits
for a DIFS period and samples the channel again. If the
channel is still idle, the station transmits an MPDU
(Medium Protocol Data Unit)

The receiving station calculates the checksum and
determines whether the packet is received correctly.
Backoff after defer
Defer Access
Backoff after defer

Upon receipt of a correct packet, the receiving station
waits for a SIFS interval and transmits an ACK frame
back to the source station.

When the data is transmitted, the duration field is used to
let all stations in the BSS know how long the medium will
be busy. All stations hearing the data frame adjust their
NAV (Net Allocation Vector) based on the duration field
value, which includes the SIFS interval and the ACK.

Transmission of an MPDU using Transmission of an MPDU using

RTS/CTS [1] RTS/CTS [2] – [For further reading]
SIFS
DIFS
The RTS control frame is first transmitted by the source
Source RTS Data station (after successfully contending for the channel)
SIFS
SIFS
with a data or management frame queued for
transmission to a specified destination.
Destination CTS ACK

All stations in the BSS, hearing the RTS packet, read the
DIFS
duration field and set their NAVs accordingly.
Other NAV (RTS)
NAV (CTS)

The destination station responds to the RTS with a CTS
NAV (data) Backoff packet after an SIFS idle period has elapsed.
Defer Access started
Stations hearing the CTS packet look at the duration
field and again update their NAVs

The RTS (20 bytes) and CTS (14 bytes) control

Upon successful reception of the CTS, the source station
frames are used by a station to reserve channel is virtually assured that the medium reserved for the
bandwidth prior to the transmission of an MPDU transmission of its MPDU.
and to minimize the amount of bandwidth wasted
Note that stations are capable of updating their NAVs
when collisions occur. based on both RTS and CTS, which helps to combat the
hidden terminal problem.
Changed with the DEMO VERSION of CAD-KAS PDF-Editor
Changed (http://www.cadkas.com).
with the DEMO VERSION of CAD-KAS PDF-Editor
Changed (http://www.cadkas.com).
with the DEMO VERSION of CAD-KAS

Collision Avoidance – Random Backoff

Point Coordination Function (PCF)
Procedure

Slot_Time = IFS interval, different for each physical implementation.
The PCF is required to coexist with the DCF.

If a station with a frame to transmit initially senses the channel to be
The PCF is an optional capability, which is
busy; then the station waits until the channel becomes idle for a DIFS
period, and then computes a random backoff time (an integer value
connection-oriented, and provides contention-
that corresponds to a number of Slot_Times.) free (CF) frame transfer.

Initially, the station computes a backoff time in the range 0-7. After
PCF relies on the point coordinator (PC) to
the medium becomes idle after DIFS period, stations decrement their
backoff time until the medium becomes busy again OR the timer perform polling.
reaches zero.

The function of the PC is performed by the

If the timer has not reached zero and the medium becomes busy, the
station freezes its timer Access Point (AP or base station) within each

When the timer finally decremented to zero, the station transmit its BSS.
frame.

If two or more stations decrement to zero at the same time, a collision
will occur, and each station will have to generate a new backoff time
in the range 0-15.

PCF: Point Coordination Function [1] Point Coordination Function [2]

Stations capable of operating in the CF
The CFP repetition interval (CFP_Rate) is used
period (CFP) are known as CF-aware to determine the frequency with which the CFP
stations. occurs.

The method by which polling tables are
Within a repetition interval, a portion of the
maintained and the polling sequence is time is allocated to contention-free traffic, and
determined, is left to the implementor. the remainder is provided for contention-based
CFP repetition interval CFP repetition interval traffic.
CFP CP CFP CP
The CFP repetition interval is initiated by a
B PCF DCF B PCF DCF
beacon frame (B frame).
 B is used for synchronization and timing.
NAV NAV  B is transmitted by the AP.
Changed with the DEMO VERSION of CAD-KAS PDF-Editor
Changed (http://www.cadkas.com).
with the DEMO VERSION of CAD-KAS PDF-Editor
Changed (http://www.cadkas.com).
with the DEMO VERSION of CAD-KAS

PCF: PC-to-station transmission [1] PCF: PC-to-station transmission [2]

Contention free period
At the beginning of each CFP repetition interval, all
PIFS
stations in the BSS update their NAV to the maximum
SIFS SIFS SIFS
length of the CFP.
Source B D1 + Poll D2 + ACK+ Poll D3 + Poll CF-End
U1 + ACK U2 + ACK U3 + ACK
During the CFP. The only time stations are permitted to
PIFS SIFS SIFS SIFS
transmit is in response to a poll from the PC or from an
ACK a SIFS interval after receipt of an MPDU.
NAV
At the start of CFP, the PC (Point Control) senses the
medium. If the medium remains idle for a PIFS interval,
the PC transmits a beacon frame to initiate the CFP.

PCF: PC-to-station transmission [3] PCF: PC-to-station transmission [4]

If the PC transmits a CF-Poll (no data) frame and

The PC starts CF transmission a SIFS after the beacon the station does not have a data frame to transmit,
frame by sending a CF-Poll (no data), Data, or Data + the station sends a Null Function (no data) frame
CF-Poll frame. back to the PC.

If a CF-aware station receives a CF-Poll (no data) frame
If the PC fails to receive an ACK for a transmitted
from the PC, the STA can respond to the PC after a SIFS data frame, the PC waits for a PIFS interval and
idle period, with a CF-ACK (no data) or a Data + CF- continues transmitting to the next station in the
ACK frame. polling list.

If the PC receives a Data + CF-ACK frame from a
After receiving the poll from the PC, the station
station, the PC can send a Data + CF-ACK + CF-Poll may choose to transmit a frame to another station in
frame to a different station, where the CF-ACK portion the BSS.
of the frame is used to acknowledge receipt of the
previous data frame.
Changed with the DEMO VERSION of CAD-KAS PDF-Editor
Changed (http://www.cadkas.com).
with the DEMO VERSION of CAD-KAS PDF-Editor
PCF: PC-to-station transmission [5]

When the destination station receives the frame, an
ACK is returned to the source station, and the PC
waits a PIFS interval following the ACK frame
before transmitting any additional frames.

The PC may also choose to transmit a frame to a
non-CF-aware station. Upon successful receipt of
the frame, the station would wait a SIFS interval
and reply with a standard ACK frame.

Fragmentation and reassembly are also
accommodated. Reassembly is the responsibility of
the destination station.
Wireless Personal Area Network- Bluetooth
Changed (http://www.cadkas.com).
with the DEMO VERSION of CAD-KAS
Roaming: Moving between access
points

A station decides that the current link quality to its AP
is too poor. It then starts scanning for another AP.

Scanning: Active scanning and passive scanning

The station then selects the best AP for roaming and
sends an association request to the selected access point.

The new AP answers with an associate response.

The new AP inform the DS. The DS updates its
database. The DS can also inform the old AP that the
station is no longer within its BSS.
Multiple Access Scheme

Bluetooth is based on Frequency Hop Spread
Spectrum (FHSS) or also called FH-CDMA (Code
Division Multiple Access).

It operates in the 2.45 GHz band, hops over a set of
79 hop carriers (23 hops for France, Spain and Japan)
spaced 1 MHz apart. 1600 hops per second.

Time between hops = dwell time = 625 microsecond.

A large number of pseudo-random hopping
sequences have been defined.

All devices using the same hopping sequence with
the same phase form a piconet

The particular sequence is determined by the unit
that controls the FH channel, the master.
Changed with the DEMO VERSION of CAD-KAS PDF-Editor
Changed (http://www.cadkas.com).
with the DEMO VERSION of CAD-KAS PDF-Editor
Changed (http://www.cadkas.com).
with the DEMO VERSION of CAD-KAS

Master – Slave Relationship Link Definition

A FH Bluetooth channel is associated with a piconet Bluetooth offers 2 types of services:

which consists of one device that acts as master, and all
SCO: Synchronous connection-oriented link: symmetrical, point-to-
other devices (up to 7) act as slaves. point circuit switched connection between a master and a single

A channel in a piconet is totally controlled by the master slave. The link is established by reservation of duplex slots at regular
through polling. The master is the initializing unit that intervals.
sets up connection to one or more slave. Any unit can be
ACL: Asynchronous connectionless link: packet switched, point-to-
the master of a piconet point using polling. The ACL link is a point-to-multipoint link
between the master and all the slaves on the piconet. The ACL link

The Bluetooth device address (BD_ADDR) of the master
can use all the remaining slots on the channel not used for SCO links.
specifies the frequency-hop sequence and the Channel
Access Code (CAC). Its system clock determines the
SCO
PHASE in the hopping sequence and sets the timing Data
Link Manager
FIFO Link Controller Radio
FIFO
ACL

MAC layer –Packet Format MAC layer – Packet Format

MSB
72 54 0-2745 bits 72 54 0-2745 bits

Packet Packet Access code Packet header Payload

Access code Packet header Payload
1
4 64 4
PREAMBLE SYNC WORD TRAILER 3 4 1 1 1 8

AM_ADDR Type Flow ARQN SEQN HEC

Channel Access Code (CAC) : identifies a piconet and is
contained in all packets over a piconet channel (include ID of the
master)
Device Access Code (DAC): for signalling process, paging and
page response (during Paging)
Inquiry Access Code (IAC): 2 types:
General IAC (GIAC), same for all devices, used to determine
which other devices are in the range (during Inquiry)
Dedicated IAC (DIAC), used within a selected group of devices.
AM_ADDR : Active Member Address: 1 master and 7 slaves
Type: 16 link types can be defined
Flow: flow control over ACL link, FLOW=0 => stop trans. temporarily
SEQN: bit sequence number
ARQN: Automatic Repeat Request Number. ARQN=0 means an error
occurred and the packet is retransmitted as the next one.
HEC: header error checksum, using Forward error correction (FEC)
Changed with the DEMO VERSION of CAD-KAS PDF-Editor
Changed (http://www.cadkas.com).
Packet types [for reading only]

ID: fixed 68 bits, contains a DAC or
an IAC.

NULL: 128 bits, contains no
payload, receiver to inform sender
the status of last transmission,
memory

POLL: requires ACK from the
receiver, used by sender to poll and
slave to respond.

FHS: used for frequency hop sync
when a piconet has not been set up
or when changed. 144 info bits + 16
CRC bits. Includes device address
and current time of sender.

DM1 packets support control
messages for each type of
connection. One slot.
A state diagram for establishing point-
to-point piconet
Unconnected
Page
Connecting
states
Active
Low power PARK
Modes
Releasing AM_ADDR Keep AM_ADDR
with the DEMO VERSION of CAD-KAS PDF-Editor

SCO: for voice transmission,
no CRC, not retransmitted
upon error

HV1: high quality voice.
Fixed size payload of 240 bits.
10 bytes of info protected by a
1/3-FEC, No CRC

HV2 20 bytes of info,
protected by 2/3-FEC.
Payload = 240 bits

HV3 30 bytes of info. No FEC

DV: data voice, combination
of data and voice information
Standby
Detach
Inquiry
Connection
HOLD SNIFF
Changed (http://www.cadkas.com).
with the DEMO VERSION of CAD-KAS
Connection Establishment-
What makes one device a master

Any unit can become a master.

The master is defined as the device that
initiates the establishment of the piconet,
and slaves are the devices that enter the
piconet at the request of a potential
master (p-master).

In other words, the master had initiated
the connection via a page, and the slave
had answered the page.
How do units find each other, and how
do they make connection?

Every device, that is not currently participating in a
piconet and not switched off, is in a standby mode.

A device enters the inquiry mode if it wants either
to establish a piconet or to be discovered
 To establish a piconet: It scans for other devices within the
radio range. It starts the inquiry procedure by sending an inquiry
access code (IAC) that is common to all Bluetooth devices. The
IAC is broadcast over 32 so-called wake-up carriers in turn.
 To be discovered: The device enters the inquiry mode
periodically to search for the IAC messages on the wake-up
carriers. It responds to the inquiry by returning a packet
containing its device address and timing information required by
the master to initiate a connection. From then on, the device
acts as slave
Changed with the DEMO VERSION of CAD-KAS PDF-Editor
Changed (http://www.cadkas.com).
with the DEMO VERSION of CAD-KAS PDF-Editor
Changed (http://www.cadkas.com).
with the DEMO VERSION of CAD-KAS

Simplified explanation of the

INQUIRY PROCESS

If the inquiry is successful, a device enters the
page mode. p-master 32 hop freq. seq p-master 32-hop freq. seq

During the page state two different roles are
defined. P-master can cycle through the whole 32-hop sequence on 10ms
 The master calculates special hopping sequences (based on the time
device addresses received) to contact each device individually. p-slave
The message contains the master’s ID as well as its clock.
 The slaves answer and synchronize with the master’s clock, i.e., time
start with the hopping sequence defined by the master. As soon (a)
as a device synchronize to the hopping sequence of the piconet P-slave listens at a particular frequency hop
it enters the connection state.

The connection state comprises of the active state
and the low power states: sniff, hold, and park. All
devices being active must have the 3-bit active 11.5 ms (b)
member address (AM_ADDR).

Networking Bluetooth Protocol Stack

A group of piconets forms a scatternet

vCard/vCal WAE

Each piconet has only one master, all devices in a
OBEX WAP AT
piconet has to know the identity of the master and Command
TCS BIN SDP

synchronized with its hopping sequence. UDP TCP

A device can participate in other piconets as in the IP

scatternet, but can be a master in only one piconet. PPP

Before leaving one piconet, a slave informs the current RFCOMM
Audio
master that it will be unavailable for a certain amount L2CAP
of time.
Host Controller Interface

As soon as a master leaves a piconet, all traffic within LMP

this piconet is suspended until the master returns.

Baseband

Bluetooth Radio
Changed with the DEMO VERSION of CAD-KAS PDF-Editor
Changed (http://www.cadkas.com).
with the DEMO VERSION of CAD-KAS PDF-Editor
Bluetooth Protocol Stack
 Baseband and Radio: enables the physical RF link between
units forming a piconet, provides SCO and ACL links.
 Link Manager Protocol (LMP): setting up the link between
devices, including security
 Logical Link Control and Adaptation Protocol (L2CAP)
adapts upper layer protocols over baseband.
 Service Discovery Protocol (SDP) for querying device info
and service characteristics.
 RFCOMM emulates RS-232 protocol
 Telephone Control protocol-Binary (TCS BIN) defines the
call control signalling for speech and data calls.
 Telephone Control - AT Commands for controlling mobile
phone and modem
Profiles
Bluetooth specified many profiles in addition to the core
protocols to provide compatibility among devices offering
the same services. Without the profiles too many
parameters in Bluetooth would make interoperation
between devices from different manufacturers almost
impossible.

Each application is described by a profile (separate set of protocols
and procedures)

Following basic profiles have been specified: generic access, service
discovery, cordless telephony, intercom, serial port, headset, dial-up
networking, fax, LAN access, generic object exchange, object push, file
transfer, and synchronization.

Additional profiles: advanced audio distribution, PAN, audio video
remote control, basic printing, basic imaging, extended service
discovery, hand-free, etc.
Changed (http://www.cadkas.com).
with the DEMO VERSION of CAD-KAS
Bluetooth Protocol Stack

PPP is designed to run over RFCOMM to establish point-
to-point connections.

TCP/UDP/IP

OBEX Protocol: a session protocol for exchanging objects
in a simple and spontaneous manner. It provides the same
basic functionality as HTTP but lighter.

Wireless Application Protocol (WAP) is a framework for
bringing Internet content and telephone services to digital
cellular phones and other wireless terminals. WAP
protocol stack consists of Application Layer (WAE),
Session Layer (WSP), Transaction Layer (WTP), Security
Layer (WTLS), Transport Layer (WTP) on top of GSM, IS-
136, CDMA, etc.
What is ZigBee?

ZigBee relies upon the robust IEEE 802.15.4 PHY/MAC to
provide reliable data transfer in noisy, interference-rich
environments

ZigBee layers on top of 15.4 with Mesh Networking,
Security, and Applications control
 Infrequent, low rate and small packet data
 Supports peer-to-peer, star and mesh networks
 Security systems, smoke alarms

ZigBee Alliance: Consortium of >150 companies. An organization
with a mission to define reliable, cost effective, low-power,
wirelessly networked, monitoring and control products based on an
open global standard

The alliance provides interoperability, certification testing, and
branding.
Changed with the DEMO VERSION of CAD-KAS PDF-Editor
Changed (http://www.cadkas.com).
with the DEMO VERSION of CAD-KAS PDF-Editor
Changed (http://www.cadkas.com).
with the DEMO VERSION of CAD-KAS

Where Does ZigBee Fit? Protocol Stack Features

ZigBee
Faster Wireless
Video
Applications
 Based upon the APPLICATION/PROFILES ZigBee

international IEEE
UWB
APPLICATION FRAMEWORK
802.11g
Wireless Data
Applications
802.15.4 standard
802.11a

IEEE STD 802.15.4® NETWORK/SECURTIY
Peak Data Rate

IrDA
Wi-Fi® LAYERS ZigBee
Wireless
802.11b  Designed by Alliance
MAC LAYER Platform
Sensors 2.5G/3G
Motorola, Philips and IEEE
Bluetooth™ other companies PHY LAYER

Application
Slowe

Wireless
ZigBee™
Networking
r

ZigBee Platform Stack

Closer Range Farther Silicon
Sources: WRH + Co

Matt Maupin

ZigBee/802.15.4 Technology: Radio Frequency Identification (RFID)

General Characteristics

Data rates of 250 kbps , 20 kbps and 40kpbs.

Star or Peer-to-Peer or Mesh operations.

Support for low latency devices.

CSMA-CA channel access.

Dynamic device addressing.

Low power consumption.

Using Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum CDMA

16 channels in the 2.4GHz ISM band, 10
channels in the 915MHz ISM band and one
channel in the European 868MHz band. Source: Scientific American