Experiment No. 7: Acids, Bases, and Salts TCD1, Group 7 & 8, Mr. Geoffrey C.

Li
Aguilar, Tammy
Barol, Allana Marie March 24, 2010
Guevarra, Kenneth
Ramos, Diego Louise

I. Abstract

This experiments aims to recognize these properties through series of tests so that we can identify the
substances. Through the conduction of the experiment, we are able to understand the nature of acids, bases, and salts
and also how differentiate them from each other and also from other substances.
Many tests were done on some sample substances to determine whether they are acids, base, or salt. These
tests include congo red, litmus paper, phenolphthalein, pH paper, and the conductivity test. Through those tests, we were
able to identify the substances as acids, bases, salts, or none of those by observing their results. We were also given
more perspective on how the substances' chemical properties are manifested in solutions.

II. Keywords: Acid, Base, Salt, Electrolyte, pH

III. Introduction

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 used to test the researchers until the
Acids, bases, mixture. This 4. Preparation unknown acid turned
and salts are procedure was of 0.1 M into a permanent light
familiarly known for repeated by using 1 NaOH from – pink color. This
their sour, bitter, and M HOAc in place of available process was done
salty tastes, HCl. concentratio three times and
respectively. But n of NaOH recorded as data to
aside from their taste, calculate the molarity
these substances 2. Conductivity The volume of the unknown acid
have differences in Test of NaOH from solution.
chemical available
composition. It is Each solution concentration needed
these chemical was tested of it to prepare 100 mL of V. Results
differences that give conductivity using a 0.1 M NaOH was
acids, bases, and conductivity determined. The 1. Electrolytes
salts their apparatus. The measured volume to Through analysis of
characteristic remarks given for from procedure A the test results, the
chemical properties. each solution were was dilute to 100.00 following table was
One of their chemical either non- mL distilled water in a derived:
properties is their conductive, weak volumetric flask.
ability to ionize in conductor, or strong Solution Strength
solution to become conductor. 5. Titration of
electrolytes. This and an Acid with NaOH Strong Base
the other a Base NH4Cl Weak Acid (Salt)
characteristics of the 3. Preparation HCL Strong Acid
substances will be of 1 M NaOH The
measured and using NaOH researchers obtained HC2H3O2 Weak Acid
identified through pellets a buret in which to NaCl None (Salt)
specialized tests and place the Base C2H6O None
they will be further Firstly, the solution and cleaned
discussed as the researchers it with soap and C12H22O11 None
paper progresses. calculated the mass water. Then it was H2O None
of Sodium Hydroxide rinsed three times HOAc + Weak Base
IV. Experimental (NaOH) required to with 3 mL parts of NaOH (Salt)
procure 100.00 mL of 0.1M NaOH to avoid HCl + NaOH None (Salt)
1M NaOH, which was contamination of the
1. Electrolytes considered Base with water. The Figure 1: Table showing
hygroscopic, buret was filled with acidity/basicity and
Five drops of meaning that it 0.1M NaOH and electrolyte strength of the
the following 1.0 M absorbs moisture so removed the air tested solutions
solutions were tested that weighing should space near the nose
with litmus paper, be done quickly. to avoid inaccuracies 2. Preparation of 1
congo red, and Using the equation in measurement. It M NaOH using
phenolphthalein: for finding molarity, it was set to zero NaOH pellets
NaOH, NH4Cl, HCl, was calculated that reading and clamped
HC2H3O2, NaCl, approximately 4 to an iron stand. 10 Calculations:
C2H6O, C12H22O11. grams of NaOH mL of an unknown
Five drops of distilled pellets were required acid supplied by the Volume of solution =
water were also to obtain 1M NaOH in professor was 100mL
subjected to the 100 mL distilled transferred to an M NaOH = 1M
same tests. The pH water. The calculated Erlenmeyer Flask. 50 MW NaOH:
of each solution was mass was weighed mL of distilled water Na = 23
obtained using pH and dissolved in 50 and 3 drops of O = 16
paper. mL of distilled water. phenolphthalein was H = 1
Equal Finally the solution added in the flask to -----
volumes, specifically was transferred to a dilute the solution 40g/mol
1 ml of 1 M HCl and 1 100 mL volumetric and as an indicator of
M NaOH were mixed flask and diluted to the end point. Molarity = mole
in a test tube. The the highest reading Titration was initiated L sol’n
same indicators were with distilled water. by one of the

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 = mass Molarity of 0.08 M salts/ionic water. Taking the
NaOH/ 40g/mole unknown acid compounds. simplified version of
NaOH = 1M solution this equilibrium:
100mL The indicators used
(1L / 1000mL) were litmus paper,
Mass (g) NaOH = Figure 2: Table showing pH paper,
results from three trials of
(40g/mole) (0.1 mole) titration. phenolphthalein, The un-ionized litmus
= 4g and congo red. is red, whereas the
NaOH Average Molarity of ion is blue.
unknown acid Indicators are
solution: 0.080 M halochromic
compounds added in
3. Preparation of Calculations: small amounts to
0.1 M NaOH from solutions to Approximate pH
available determine their pH. range for color
MA = MBVB
concentration of The indicator change: 4.5 – 8.3
VA
NaOH changes color when Color of acid form:
Calculations: exposed to acidic or red
MA = (0.1) (0.0063)
basic solutions Color of base form:
0.01
M1 = Moar blue
concentration of Since color change Phenolphthalein
stock solution = 1M VI. Discussion often accompanies
NaOH chemical change, you Phenolphthalein is
V1 = volume of stock might suspect that a another commonly
Acid is a substance used indicator for
solution needed = ? that produces H+ (aq) chemical reaction is
M2 = Moar responsible for titrations, and is
ions in aqueous another weak acid.
concentration of solutions. Strong indicator action. This
solution to be acids ionize indeed is the case.
prepared = 0.1M completely or almost The indicator reaction
NaOH completely in dilute is pH dependent
V2= volume of aqueous solutions; because it involves
solution to be weak acids ionize Approximate pH
either the release or
prepared = 100mL only slowly. range for color
capture of hydrogen
ions: change: 8.03- 10.0
M1 V1 = M2V2 Base is a substance Color of acid form:
V1 = M2V2 = (0.1M) that produces OH- HIn H+ + In- clear
(100mL) = 10mL 1M (aq) ions in aqueous Color of base form:
NaOH solutions. Strong where "HIn" and "In" pink
M1 bases are soluble in stand for the indicator
molecule with and In this case, the weak
1M water and are
without an attached acid is colorless and
dissociated its ion is bright pink.
completely. Weak hydrogen ion.
4. Titration of an Adding extra
Acid with a base bases ionize only hydrogen ions shifts
slowly. Litmus paper
the position of
Litmus is a weak equilibrium to the left,
Salt is a compound acid. It has a and turns the
TRIAL that contains a cation seriously complicated indicator colorless.
No. 1 other than H+ and an molecule which we Adding hydroxide
Volume of 8 mL anion other than OH- will simplify to HLit. ions removes the
0.10 M NaOH or O2-. The "H" is the proton hydrogen ions from
which can be given the equilibrium, which
Aqueous solution of away to something tips to the right to
Volume of 10 mL both strong acids and else. The "Lit" is the replace them -
unknown acid strong bases conduct rest of the weak acid turning the indicator
solution electricity because molecule. pink.
they are
There will be an Congo Red
ionized/dissociated
equilibrium
completely. The Congo red is a
established when this
same goes for secondary diazo dye.
acid dissolves in
It is water soluble,
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yielding a red 1 will then be used in molarity of an
colloidal solution; its pH = log the titration process. unknown acid and
solubility is better in ------- = - log [H+] Titration is a phenolphthalein as
organic solvents such procedure for the indicator. As long
as ethanol. [H+] carrying out a as the acid is in
chemical reaction excess, the solution
It is a between two in the flask remains
measure of the solutions by the colorless. When the
acidity or basicity of a controlled addition acid has been
Approximate pH solution. It is defined (from a buret) of one neutralized, an
range for color as the cologarithm of solution to the other. additional drop of
change: 3.0 - 5.2 the activity of The solution that is NaOH(aq) causes the
Color of acid form: dissolved hydrogen added in a controlled solution to become
blue ions (H+). Hydrogen fashion through a slightly basic. The
Color of base form: ion activity buret in a titration phenolphthalein
red coefficients cannot be reaction is called the indicator turns a light
For part A measured titrant. It is the pink. The first lasting
Electrolytes, the experimentally, so solution with the appearance of the
different reagents they are based on known concentration. pink color is taken to
were tested using the theoretical The solution with the be the equivalence
following instruments: calculations. The pH unknown point of the titration.
phenolphthalein, scale is not an concentration is In preparing
congo red, pH paper, absolute scale; it is called the analyte, titration reactions, it is
litmus paper and relative to a set of which is placed in a important to wash the
conductivity standard solutions container such as an buret with the
apparatus. Through whose pH is Erlenmeyer Flask solution to be used to
these indicators, established by together with the avoid contamination
properties like acidity, international indicator. Titration of the unknown
conductivity, the agreement. data can be used to solution or ensure the
strength and establish the purity of the solution
weakness of acid/ Stock molarities of solutions with the known
base and the solutions are or to provide other concentration. Also,
electrolyte property concentrated information about the the M1V1= M2V2
were obtained. solutions (of active or composition of formula is used to
inert substances) samples being determine the molar
For 0.1 M sodium used as a analyzed. concentration of the
hydroxide, the red convenience to The point unknown solution
litmus paper turned prepare solutions of where both of the given the molar
blue, and the blue lesser concentration. reactants have concentration of the
litmus paper turned In case of the completely reacted is known solution and
red, indicating that experiment, the stock called the the volumes of both
the reagent is basic. solution is the equivalence point. In the known and
Its pH is 13, and prepared 1M NaOH a titration, some unknown solutions.
through the from the computed means of signalling
conductivity 4g mass of NaOH when the equivalence
apparatus, it was pellets. The NaOH point is reached is VII. Guide
identified that it is a pellets were weighed needed. Such Questions &
strong base. using watch glass substances are called Answers
since they are indicators. The point
pH is defined hygroscopic, where the indicator
meaning they attract changes color is the Calculate the pH of
as the logarithm of
the reciprocal of the moisture from air and end point of the the following
molar concentration liquefy. In order to titration reaction. To
prevent loss of mass, be able to fully solutions:
of the hydrogen ions
(also the negative watch glass is used understand the a. 0.001M HCl
logarithm of the molar over paper tare. The concept of since HCl is a
concentration of the 1M NaOH stock equivalence and end strong acid, it
hydrogen ion). solution is then used points, consider the dissociates
Mathematically, it is to prepare 0.1M 0.1 M NaOH used to completely thus [HCl]
written: NaOH solution which determine the = [H+]
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 d. 0.02M HCOOH poorly in dilute Wikipedia:
pH = - log [H+] solution (Ka = 1.8 x aqueous solutions. http://en.wikipedia.or
= - log (0.001M) 10-4) g/wiki/Congo_red
=3 HCOOH is a weak Non-electrolytes exist
acid. It does not as molecules in Litmus. Retrieved
b. 0.005M NaOH dissociate completely aqueous solutions, from Wikipedia:
since NaOH is a and such solutions do http://en.wikipedia.or
strong base, it HCOOH ↔ H+ + not conduct electric g/wiki/Litmus
dissociates HCOO- current.
completely thus i 0.02M pH. Retrieved from
[NaOH] = [OH-] c -x +x Electric current is Wikipedia:
+x carried through http://en.wikipedia.or
pOH = - log [OH-] e 0.02-x x aqueous solution by g/wiki/pH
= - log (0.005M) x the movement of
= 2.30 ions. The strength of Phenolphthalein.
Ka = [H+] [HCOO-] = an electrolyte Retrieved from
pH + pOH = 14 x2 = 1.8 x 10-4 depends on the Wikipedia:
pH = 14 – pOH [HCOOH] number of ions in http://en.wikipedia.or
= 14 – 2.30 0.02 –x solution and also on g/wiki/Phenolphthalei
= 11.70 the charges of these n
Cannot round off ions.
c. 0.10M NH4OH since 0.02/(1.8 x 10-4)
solution (Kb = 1.8 x < 1000, It recommended for
10-5) future experiments to
NH4OH is a weak x2 + 1.8x10-4 – determine what I hereby certify that
base. It does not 3.6x10-6 = 0 causes acids and I have given
dissociate x = 1.81x10-3 M = [H+] bases to become substantial
completely. “strong” or “weak.” It contributions to this
pH = - log [H+] = can also improve by report.
NH4OH ↔ NH + 4
+
-log(1.81x10-3 M) = determining how a
OH- 2.74 salt is classified as
i 0.10M acidic, basic, or _________________
c -x +x neutral when given its _______________
+x molecular formula. Aguilar, Tammy
e 0.10-x x VIII. Conclusion and
x Recommendations IX. References _________________
_______________
Kb = [NH4+] [OH-] = x2 Electrolytes are Acids, Bases, and Barol, Allana Marie
= 1.8 x 10-5 compounds that Salts. Retrieved from
[NH 4OH] ionize or dissociate Journey to Science: _________________
0.10 –x into their constituent http://www.sciencebyj _______________
ions to produce ones.com/acids_base Guevarra, Kenneth
Rounding off since aqueous solutions s_salts.htm
0.10/(1.8 x 10-5) > that conduct an _________________
1000, electric current. Congo Red. _______________
x2 = 1.8 x 10-5 Retrieved from Ramos, Diego Louise
0.10 Strong electrolytes
x = 1.34 x 10-3 M = are ionized or
[OH-] dissociated
completely or very
pOH = - log [OH-] nearly completely, in
= - log (1.34 x dilute aqueous
10-3 M) solutions. Strong
= 2.87 electrolytes include
pH = 14 – pOH = 14 strong acids, strong
– 2.87 = 11.13 bases and strong
salts.

Weak electrolytes
conduct electricity
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