B.A./B.Sc.

1st Year (General Geography)

Paper A: Marks : 50
Introduction to Geography
Unit I Introduction
1. The nature of Geography:
2. A brief historical overview of geography as a discipline.
3. Objectives and relevance.
4. Various Branches of Physical & Human Geography.
5. Place of Geography in the classification of Sciences.
6. Geography and other disciplines.
7. Dualism in Geography:
i. Regional/Systematic,
ii. Physical/Human,
iii. Historical/Contemporary

Un it II Man & Environment:

1. Geography as the study of Environment
2. Man-Environment relationship
3. Definition, Scope and significance of Ecology
4. Concepts and broad types of eco-system.

Unit III Methodology:

1. Cartography-Maps definition, Types and elements
2. Mapping techniques; Isopleth, Choropleth and Choroschemetic.
3. Quantitative Techniques and their relevance in Chorochromatic
Geography.
4. Field work –
a. Geomorphic field survey-Meaning, significance and procedure.
b. Socio-economic field survey-Meaning, significance and procedure.

Unit IV Modern Techniques:

1. Airborne and Space borne Remote Sensing
2. Introduction to Remote sensing as a tool for data generation and mapping;
3. Computer Cartography, Introduction & Relevance.
4. Application of Remote Sensing in Geomorphology, Land use and natural
hazards.
Suggested Readings:
1. Abler, Ronald. F.et al. Geography’s Inner Wrods: Pervasive themes in
contemporary American. Geography; Routledge, New Jersey, 1992.
2. Dikshit R D : The Arts and Science of Geography. Integrated Readings,
Prentice Hall of India, New Delhi, 1994.
3. Dikshit R D : Geographical Thought –A contextual History of Ideas. Prentice
Hall of India, New Delhi, 2000.
4. Dohrs, F.E and Sommers, L.W (eds.) Introduction to
5. Geography, Thomas V. Crowell Co., New York, 1967.
6. Hartshorne, Richard: Perspectives on the Nature of Geography, Rand
McNally and Co., Chicago, 1959.
7. Harvey, David: Explanation in Geography, Edward – Arnold, London, 1972.
8. Holt –Jensen, A : Geography; Its History and Concepts, Longmans, 1980.
9. Husain, Majid: Evolution of Geographical Thought, Rawat Publications,
Jaipur, 1984.
10. James, P E : All Possible Worlds: A Historys of Geographical Ideas, Sachin
Publication, Jaipur, 1980.
11. Johnston,- R J and Claval, P (eds): Geography since the World War, Croom
Helm, London /Bernes and Nobler, N J, 1984.
12. Jones, P A : Fieldwork in Geography, Longmans, 1968. 12. Lownsburg, J F
and Aldrich, F T: Introduction to
13. Geographical Methods and Techniques, Charles Marrill, Columbus, 1979.
.1~1;
 B.A./B.Sc. 1st Year (General Geography)

Paper B: Marks : 50
Physical Geography (Elements of Geomorphology)

Unit I The Tectonic System:

1. Structure of Earths Interior-
a. Seismo-logical evidence;
b. Zooning of Earth.
2. Wegner’s theory of Continental Drift.
3. Concept of Seafloor spreading.
4. Concept of Plate Tectonics;
5. Earth movements-Orgenic and Epeirogenic;
6. Isostasy, (Concepts of Airy and Pratt)

Unit II Materials of the Earth’s Crust:

1. Minerals & Rocks.
2. Classification of rocks.
3. Origin and characteristics of rocks.
4. Classification of igneous rocks on the basis of texture, mineralogical and
chemical composition.
5. Classification of sedimentary rocks on the basis of genesis, agencies, and
texture.
6. Classification of metamorphic rocks on the basis of agents and texture.
7. Geological Time scale;

Unit III Factors Affecting the Earth’s surface features:

1. Exogenetic and indogenetic processes.
2. Earthquakes- origin, types, measurement, Distribution and Environmental
implications.
3. Volcanoes-origin, types, distribution and effects of volcanic activity.
4. Weathering
a. Factors, and
b. Types – physical, chemical, biochemical, biological.
5. Importance of weathering
6. Mass Movement
a. Factors and
b. Classification.
Unit IV Agents of Denudation:
1. Running water- erosion, transportation and deposition, Erosional and
depositional fluvial landforms.
2. Wind- geomorphic work (erosion, transportation, and deposition) and
resultant Aeolian landforms.
3. Glaciers- Gemorphic work and resultant landoforms.
4. Ground water- Geomorphic work, karst topography, ideal conditions for the
development of karst topography landforms in karst area;
5. Concept of cycle of erosion by Davis.

Suggested Readings:
1. Dayal, P.A.: Test Book of Geomorphology, Shukla Book Depot, patna, 1996.
2. Dury, G.H.: the face of the earth, Pengui, 1980.
3. Monkhouse, F.J.: principles of Physical Geography, Hodder and Stoughton,
London, 1960.
4. Pitty. A.: Introduction to Geomorphology, Methuen, London, 1974.
5. Singh, S.: Geomorphology, Prayag Pustakalaya, Allahabad, 1998.
6. Sparks B.N.: Geomorphology, Prayag Pustakalaya, Allahabad, 1998.
 B.A./B.Sc. 1st Year (General Geography)

Practical –I: (Cartography & Surveying)

Unit I
Essentials of Map- Scale, Projection, Direction, & Connotation.
Scales- Definition & types.
Representation of Scales by Statement method, Representative fraction method
and Graphical method.
Construction of Scales – Plain, Diagonal, Comparative and vernier.
Advantages and disadvantages of each type of scale.

Unit II
1. Methods of showing relief (Hachures, Shading, Contours and Layer Tints).
2. Contours-definition and importance.
3. Representation of different landforms by contours.
4. Drawing of profile, serial and longitudinal profiles, superimposed, composite
and projected profiles.

Unit III
1. Relevance of statistical diagram in climatic data.
2. Representation of temperature, pressure and rainfall data by
a. line graphs and b. Bar graphs.
3. Drawing of climographs and hythergraph and their interpretation & relevance.
4. Weather maps of India published by Indian Meterological Department for July
and January.
5. Interpretation of Weather maps.

Unit IV
1. Basic principles of land surveying.
2. Chain and tape survey –Meaning and scope, accessories, procedure and
precautions. Field exercises.
3. Plain table survey- definition, accessories and procedure and precautions.
Radial method of plain table survey.
Suggested Readings:
1. Mishsra, R.P. and Ramesh, A., Fundamentals of Cartography, Mcmillan Co.,
New Delhi, 1986.
2. Pal, S.K., Statistics for Geographers- Techniques and Applications, Concept,
New Delhi, 1998.
3. Robinson, A.H et al., Elements of Cartography, John Wiley & Sons, U.S.A.,
1995.
4. Sarkar, A.K., Practical Geography: A Systematic Approach, Oriental
Longman, Calcutta, 1997.
5. Singh, R.L and Dutt, P.K., Elements of Practical Geography, Kalyani
Publishers New Delhi, 1979.