Q.1 why do foods taste sour and bitter?

ans. the sour and bitter tastes of food are due to acids and bases, respectively,
present in them.

Q.2 if someone in the family is suffering from a problem of acidity after

overeating, which of the following would you suggest as a remedy- lemon juice,
vinegar or baking soda solution? why?
ans. i would suggest baking soda solution as a remedy because baking soda, being
basic, will nullify the effect of acid in the stomach.

Q.3 what will be the colour when litmus, turmeric, phenolphthalein and methyl
orange are kept in acids, bases or water?
ans.
LITMU TURMERIC PHENOLPHTA METHYL
S LEIN ORANGE
ACID RED YELLOW COLOURLESS RED
BASE BLUE REDDISH PINK YELLOW
BROWN
WATE PURPL YELLOW COLOURLESS ORANGE
R E

Q.4 give 2 examples of natural and synthetic indicators each.

ans. natural indicators – litmus, turmeric
synthetic indicators – phenolphthalein, methyl orange

Q.5 what happens when to the stain of yellow curry on a white cloth when the
cloth is scrubbed with soap? what happens when it is washed with plenty of water?
ans. - the stain of yellow curry on a white cloth becomes reddish-brown when soap,
which is basic in nature, is scrubbed on it, as bases turn turmeric reddish brown.
-it again turns yellow when the cloth is washed with plenty of water, as the
soap gets washed away.

Q.6 what are olfactory indicators? give examples.

ans. substances which give one type of odour in acids and another type of odour in
bases are called olfactory indicators. they are used to identify whether a solution is
acid or base. for example – vanilla essence, onion, clove oil.

Q.7 what happens when metals react with acid?

ans. generally, the metals which are more reactive than hydrogen, react with acid to
form salt and hydrogen gas, while those which are less reactive than hydrogen, don’t
react with acids.

Q.8 what happens when metals react with bases?

ans. metals react with bases to form salts and hydrogen. but such reactions are not
possible for all metals.

Q.9 how do metal carbonates and metal hydrogencarbonates react with acids?
ans. metal carbonates and metal hydrogencarbonates react with acids to form
corresponding salt, carbon dioxide and water.
Q.10 what is neutralisation reaction?
ans. the reaction between an acid and a base to give a salt and water is known as
neutralisation reaction.

Q.11 what physical change is observed when dilute hydrochloric acid is added to
copper oxide? what are the products formed?
ans. -the colour of the solution becomes blue-green and the copper oxide dissolves.
- the products formed are copper(II) chloride (blue-green) and water.

Q.12 what happens when metal oxides react with acid?

ans. metal oxides react with acids to form salt and water.

Q.13 why are metal oxides called basic oxides?

ans. since metallic oxides react with acids to give salts and water, similar to the
reaction of a base with an acid, metallic oxides are said to be basic oxides.

Q.14 what happens when carbon dioxide reacts with calcium hydroxide?
ans. carbon dioxide reacts with calcium hydroxide to form calcium carbonate and
water.

Q.15 give a general equation for the reaction of a non-metallic oxide with base.
ans. non-metallic oxide + base ----> salt + water.

Q.16 why are non-metallic oxides called acidic oxides?

ans. since non-metallic oxides react with bases to give salts and water, similar to
the reaction of an acid with a base, non-metallic oxides are said to be acidic oxides.

Q.17 which gas is generally liberated when acids react with metals?
Ans. hydrogen

Q.18 are all compounds having hydrogen acidic? How can you prove?
ans. - no, all compounds having hydrogen are not acidic.
- To prove this, pass electric current through the solution of the given
compound. Complete the circuit with a bulb. If the bulb glows then the
substance is acidic.
- This is because acids are ionic compounds where H+ is the cation. So acids
conduct electricity. But substances such as glucose, alcohol, etc don’t
conduct electricity. So they are not acids.

Q.19 do acids produce ions only in aqueous solution? If yes, why? If no, why not?
ans. -yes, acids produce ions only in aqueous solution.
- This is because in the aqueous solution, the water molecules dissociate the
hydrogen (H+) ions to form hydronium (H3O+) ions, giving out the anion
of the corresponding substance.
- This ionisation is not possible in the absence of water.

Q.20 what are alkalis?

Ans. alkalis are bases which are soluble in water.

Q.21 do bases produce ions only in aqueous solution? If yes, why? If no, why not?
ans. -yes, bases produce ions only in aqueous solution.
- This is because in the aqueous solution, the water molecules dissociate the
hydroxide (OH )‫ ־‬ions.
- This ionisation is not possible in the absence of water.

Q.22 is dilution of acid or base endothermic or exothermic?

Ans. the process of dilution of acid or a base is highly exothermic.

Q.23 how are acids diluted?

Ans. the acid is added slowly to water with constant stirring.

Q.24 why is acid added to water during dilution, and not the vice-versa?
ans. - the reaction of acid and water is highly exothermic.
- If water is added to the acid, the heat produce on the surface may cause the
mixture to splash out and cause burns. The glass container may also break
due to excessive local heating.
- But when acid is added to water, the heat gets uniformly distributed in the
water, and the heat per volume decreases. So always acid is added to
water, and not the vice-versa.

Q.25 what is dilution?

Ans. mixing an acid or base with water to decrease the concentration of ions per
unit volume is called dilution.

Q.26 what is a universal indicator?

Ans. a universal indicator is a mixture of several indicators, which shows different
colours at different concentrations of hydrogen ions in a solution. It is used to
measure the pH of a solution.

Q.27 what is pH scale?

Ans. pH scale is a scale for measuring hydrogen ion concentration in a solution.

Q.28 derive pH.

Ans. p in pH stands for ‘potenz’ in German, meaning power. So pH stands for
power of hydrogen.

Q.29 what is the range of a pH scale?

Ans. on the pH scale we can measure pH from 0 (very acidic) to 14 (very alkaline).

Q.30 how is pH dependent on hydronium ion concentration?

ans. Higher the hydronium ion concentration, lower is the pH value.

Q.31 how is pH dependent on hydroxide ion concentration?

ans. Higher the hydroxide ion concentration, higher is the pH value.

Q.32 what is the pH of a neutral solution?

ans. 7

Q.33 what is the pH of gastric juice, lemon juice, pure water, blood, milk of
magnesia and sodium hydroxide?
ans.
substance pH colour of pH paper
gastric juice 1.2 red
lemon juice 2.2 dark orange
pure water 7.4 green
blood 7,4 green
milk of magnesia 10 greenish blue
sodium hydroxide 14 dark blue

Q.34 in what pH range does our body work?

Ans. 7.0 to 7.8

Q.35 when is rain called acid rain?

Ans. when pH of rain water is less than 5.6, it is called acid rain.

Q.36 how do acid rains affect aquatic life?

Ans. when acid rain flows into the rivers, it lowers the pH of the river water, which
has an adverse effect on the survival of aquatic life.

Q.37 what happens during indigestion or acidity? How is it cured?

ans. - during indigestion, the stomach produces too much acid and this causes pain
and irritation.
- to get rid of this pain, people use bases called antacids such as Magnesium
hydroxide (milk of magnesia), which neutralise the excess acid produced in the
stomach.

Q.38 explain how is tooth decay caused.

ans. - bacteria present in the mouth produce acids by degradation of sugar and food
particles remaining in the mouth after eating.
- This reduces the pH in our mouth.
- When the pH in our mouth is below 5.5, the tooth enamel (made up of
calcium phosphate) is corroded. This causes tooth decay.

Q.39 how is tooth decay prevented?

Ans. the best way to prevent tooth decay is to clean the mouth after eating food.
Using toothpastes, which are generally basic, for cleaning the teeth can
neutralise the excess acid and prevent tooth decay.

Q.40 why does it pain when a bee stings? How can we get relief from it?
ans. - bee-sting leaves an acid which causes pain and irritation.
- Use of a mild base like baking soda on the stung area gives relief.

Q.41 why do stinging hair of nettle leaves cause pain?

Ans. stinging hair of nettle leaves inject methanoic acid causing burning pain.

Q.42 what is the importance of pH in everyday life?

ans.
1. Plants and animals are pH sensitive. Our body works with the pH range of 7.0
to 7.8. Flow of acid rains in rivers disturbs the survival of aquatic life.
 2. Each type of plant requires a specific range of pH in soil for its optimum
growth.
3. The acidity caused in the stomach is due to increase of hydrochloric acid. This
is cured by reducing the pH using antacids.
4. The decrease in pH below 5.5 in our mouth causes tooth decay. It is prevented
by using toothpastes which are basic.
5. Some animals and plants, like honey-bee and nettle leaves, inject acids which
cause pain and irritation. Bases are applied to provide relief.

Q.43 name some naturally occurring acids.

ans.
natural source acid
vinegar acetic acid
orange citric acid
tamarind tartaric acid
tomato oxalic acid
sour milk (curd) lactic acid
lemon citric acid
ant sting methanoic acid
nettle sting methanoic acid

Q. 44 which salts are acidic, which are basic and which are neutral? Give examples.
ans. 1) salts of a strong acid and a strong base are neutral. e.g., sodium chloride
2) Salts of a strong acid and a weak base are acidic. e.g., calcium chloride.
3) Salts of a weak acid and a strong base are basic. e.g., sodium carbonate.

Q. 45 how is sodium chloride formed?

Ans. sodium chloride is formed by the combination of hydrochloric acid and
sodium hydroxide.

Q. 46 what is rock salt?

Ans. rock salt refers to the large crystals of salt found naturally on earth which are
generally brown due to impurities.

Q. 47 how were beds of rock salt formed?

Ans. beds of rock salts were formed when seas of bygone ages dried up.

Q. 48 to mining of which substance is the mining of coal similar?

Ans. rock salt is mined like a coal.

Q. 49 what are the uses of common salt?

ans. 1) common salt (sodium chloride) is an important raw material for various
materials of daily use, such as sodium hydroxide, baking soda, washing soda,
bleaching powder and many more.
2) It is used in food items to make them tasty.

Q. 50 what is the other name for aqueous sodium chlorine?

Ans. brine

Q. 51 what is chlor-alkali process? Why is it called so?

Ans. when electricity is passed through an aqueous solution of sodium chloride
(called brine), it decomposes to form sodium hydroxide. This process is called the
chlor-alkali process because of the products formed chlor for chlorine and alkali for
sodium hydroxide.

Q. 52 which gas is given off at anode and which is given off at cathode in the chlor-
alkali process? Where is sodium hydroxide solution formed?
ans. -chlorine gas is given off at the anode, and hydrogen gas at the cathode.
-sodium hydroxide solution is formed near the cathode.

Q. 53 what are the uses of the products formed in the chlor alkali process?
ans. 1) hydrogen is used in fuels, margarine, ammonia for fertilisers.
2) Chlorine is used for water treatment, in swimming pools, PVC,
disinfectants, CFCs, and pesticides.
3) Sodium hydroxide is used in de-greasing metals, soaps and detergents,
paper making, artificial fibres, etc.
4) Hydrochloric acid formed by the combination of hydrogen and chlorine gas
is used for cleaning steel, in ammonium chloride, medicines, and cosmetics.
5) Bleach prepared from chlorine and sodium hydroxide is used for household
bleaches, bleaching fabric, etc.

Q. 54 how is bleaching powder produced?

Ans. bleaching powder is produced by the action of chlorine on dry slaked lime.

Q. 55 what are the uses of bleaching powder?

Ans. bleaching powder is used-
1) for bleaching cotton and linen in the textile industry, for bleaching wood
pulp in paper factories and for bleaching washed clothes in laundry
2) as an oxidising agent in many chemical industries; and
3) For disinfecting drinking water to make it free of germs.

Q. 56 what is another name of hydrogencarbonate?

Ans. baking soda

Q. 57 is baking soda basic, acidic or neutral?

Ans. basic (non corrosive base)

Q. 58 what are the uses of baking soda?

ans.
1. For making baking powder, which is a mixture of baking soda and a mild
edible acid such as tartaric acid. When baking powder is heated or mixed in
water, carbon dioxide is produced which causes bread or cake to rise making
them soft and spongy.
2. Sodium hydrogencarbonate (baking soda) is also an ingredient in antacids.
3. It is also used in soda-acid fire extinguishers.

Q. 59 what is another name for crystalline form of sodium carbonate?

Ans. washing soda

Q. 60 how is washing soda obtained?

ans. -first by heating baking soda, sodium carbonate is obtained.
- Recrystallisation of sodium carbonate gives washing soda.

Q. 61 what are the uses of washing soda?

ans.
1. Washing soda is used in glass, soap and paper industries.
2. It is used in manufacture of sodium compounds such as borax.
3. Sodium carbonate can be used as a cleaning agent for domestic purposes.
4. It is used for removing permanent hardness of water.

Q. 62 what is water of crystallisation?

Ans. water of crystallisation is the fixed number of water molecules present in one
formula unit of a salt.

Q. 63 name 3 substances which possess water of crystallisation.

ans.
1. copper sulphate crystals
2. gypsum
3. washing soda

Q. 64 name 3 substances in their hydrated (crystalline) form and anhydrous form.

ans.
hydrated form anhydrous form
washing soda anhydrous sodium carbonate
gypsum anhydrous calcium sulphate (dead burnt
plaster)
copper sulphate crystals anhydrous copper sulphate

Q. 65 what is gypsum?
Ans. gypsum is the crystalline form of calcium sulphate containing 2 water
molecules as water of crystallisation.

Q. 66 what is Plaster of Paris?

ans. Plaster of Paris is another name for calcium sulphate hemihydrate, which is a
white powder which doctors use as plaster for supporting fractured bones in the right
position.

Q. 67 how is plaster of paris prepared?

ans. on heating gypsum at 373 K, it loses water molecules and becomes calcium
sulphate hemihydrate, which is commonly called Plaster of Paris.

Q. 68 how can you get back gypsum from Plaster of Paris?

ans. Plaster of Paris, on mixing with water, changes to gypsum once again giving a
hard solid mass.
Q. 69 why only half a water molecule is shown to be attached as water of
crystallisation?
ans. it is written in this form because two formula units of CaSO4 share one
molecule of water.

Q. 70 What are the uses of Plaster of Paris?

ans.
1. for supporting fractured bones in the right position
2. for making toys and materials for decoration
3. for making surfaces smooth.