Course Antenna Engineering Wir Aopert Micro Strip 01

3.
Antenna Concepts and Analysis
• Wire Antennas
• Aperture Antennas
• Microstrip Antennas
Course Antenna Engineering

Dirk Heberling 1
3.1 Wire Antennas
• Dipole Antennas and Derivates
• Antenna Matching and Balancing
• Loop Antennas
• Yagi-Uda Antennas
• Helix Antennas and Broadband
Antennas
• Mobile Phone Antennas
Dirk Heberling 2
Wire antennas 1
• Oldest antenna form
• Most prevalent antenna form
• Nearly any imaginable antenna shape
and configuration
• Simple concept
• Easy construction
• Inexpensive

Dirk Heberling 3
Wire antennas 2
• Many analytical solutions have been
presented
• Modern numerical solutions
- Simple concepts, e.g. Method of
Moments (MoM)
- Easy application to computers
- Usable for many wire configurations
• High accuracy of simple theory
Dirk Heberling 4
Example of a
wire antennas
Base station antenna for GSM

Dirk Heberling 5
Straight Wire Dipole 1
for L < λ /2
current distribution Maximum current

⎛ ⎛L ⎞⎞ L
I ( z ) = I m sin ⎜ k ⎜ − z ⎟ ⎟ ,
at the terminals:
z ≤
⎝ ⎝2 ⎠⎠ 2 ⎛ L⎞
I ( z = 0 ) = I m sin ⎜ k ⎟
⎝ 2⎠
Dirk Heberling Source: W.L. Stutzman, G.A. Thiele: Antenna Theory and Design, Wiley, New York, 1981 6
Straight Wire Dipole 2
current distribution for various centre-fed dipoles

Straight Wire Dipole
farfield pattern 1
L
The radiation integral: f (θ ) = ∫ I ( z ' )e − jkz ' cosθ dz '

2
L
−
2
⎛ kL ⎞ ⎛ kL ⎞
leads to the far-zone − jkr cos ⎜ cos θ ⎟ − cos ⎜ ⎟
electric field: Eθ jη
e
Im ⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠
2π r sin θ
for L = λ/2:
⎛π ⎞
cos ⎜ cos θ ⎟
F (θ ) = ⎝2 ⎠
sin θ
farfield pattern 2
for L = λ:
cos (π cos θ ) + 1
F (θ ) =
2sin θ
for L = 3λ/2:
⎛ 3π ⎞
cos ⎜ cos θ ⎟
F (θ ) = 0.7148 ⎝ 2 ⎠
sin θ

farfield pattern 3
Radiation pattern for L = 1.25λ

Dirk Heberling Source: C. A. Balanis, Antenna Theory, 2nd Ed. Wiley, New York, 1997 10
Input impedance 1
with the radiated power Pr:
2
⎧ ⎛ kL ⎞ ⎛ kL ⎞ ⎫
2π π ⎪⎪ cos ⎜ cos θ ⎟ − cos ⎜ ⎟⎪
1 I m2 ⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎪ r 2 sin θ dθ dφ
Pr = ∫∫ η 2
⎨ ⎬
2η ( 2π r ) sin θ
2
0 0 ⎪ ⎪
⎪⎩ ⎪⎭
the radiation resistance Rr gives:
2 Pr
Rr = 2 for L = λ/2: Rr = 73Ω
Im
Dirk Heberling 11
Input impedance 2
for L = λ/2: Z in = 73 + j 42.5Ω

Input impedance 3
Input resistance
Length L
Rin (Ω)
Approximations for 0<L<λ/4 20π2(L/λ)2
the input impedance: λ/4<L< λ/2 24.7(π L/λ)2.4
λ/2<L< 0.637λ 11.14(π L/λ)4.1713
Dirk Heberling Source: C. A. Balanis, Antenna Theory, 2nd Ed. Wiley, New York, 1997
Straight Wire Dipole, shortening by thick wires
Resonant
L/2a Shortening
length L
5000 0.49λ 2%
50 0.475λ 5%
0.455λ
Course Antenna Engineering Source: W.L. Stutzman, G.A. Thiele: Antenna
Dirk Heberling Theory and Design, Wiley, New York, 1981 10 9% 14
Folded Dipole Antenna 1
Transmission Antenna
line mode mode

Folded Dipole Antenna 2
Folded dipole Dipole

1 1
PF = Z in I F2 PD = Z in I D2
2 2
in the antenna mode

1 for L = λ/2
IF = ID
2 Z in = 4 Z D 280Ω

Antenna Matching and Feeding
Two primary feeding considerations:

• Matching between transmission line and antenna
• Excitation of the current distribution on the antenna

Antenna Matching 1 Ways of matching:
• Discrete matching
Reflected and transmitted power network
in relation to VSWR • λ/4-line transformer
• Tuning devices like
stubs etc.
Important point:
• Good matching not
always necessary
• High voltages can arise
on the feeding line with
high power applications
Dirk Heberling 18
Antenna Matching 2
Change of input impedance: Off-centre feeding of
a full wave dipole
⎡ ⎛L ⎞⎤
I in = I m sin ⎢ β ⎜ − zin ⎟ ⎥
⎣ ⎝2 ⎠⎦
I m2
Rin = 2 Rrm
I in
Antenna Matching 3
The T-Match
for l' λ /4
Z in (1 + α ) Z a
2
α current division factor

between the wires
for equal radii conductors
Z in 4 Z a

Antenna Balancing 1
balanced currents I1 = I2
Example:
Cross section of a coaxial
transmission line feeding a
unbalanced currents I1 > I2 dipole at its centre
The Balun
BALanced to UNbalanced Coax-fed
dipole
Sleeve
balun-fed
dipole
Cross section of a sleeve balun
Split
coax Equivalent
balun circuit
Wire antennas above imperfect ground
Elevation pattern of a vertical short dipole

at the surface of the ground plane
IL e − jkr
Eθ = jωμ sin θ ( e jkh cosθ + ΓV e − jkh cosθ ) and ε ′ = ε r − j
σ
4π r ωε o
typical: ε r = 15
with Γ = ε r′ cosθ − ε ′ − sin 2 θ
V
ε ′ cosθ + ε ′ − sin θ 2 σ = 10−3 − 3 ⋅ 10−2 1
Ωm 2
Course Antenna Engineeringr
Loop Antennas
⎛ 2π ⎞ ⎛ kS ⎞
2 2
The radiation resistance ⎛ S ⎞
Rr = η ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ 31,171⎜ 2 ⎟
of a small loop is ⎝ 3 ⎠⎝ λ ⎠ ⎝λ ⎠
Increase of the loop resistance by:
2
⎛ S ⎞
Several turns of number n Rr 31,171 ⎜ n 2 ⎟
⎝ λ ⎠
2
Introduction of a ferrite core ⎛ S ⎞
Rr 31,171 ⎜ n μeff 2 ⎟
of effective permeability μeff ⎝ λ ⎠

Typical μeff: 100 - 10,000
Dirk Heberling 24
Square Loop Antennas 1
For the one-wavelength

square loop antenna:
λ
I1 = I 2 = − xˆ I 0 cos ( kx ′) x′ ≤
8
λ
I 4 = − I 3 = yˆ I 0 sin ( ky ′) y′ ≤
8
Dirk Heberling 25
Square Loop Antennas 2
xz-plane
xy-plane
Principle plane patterns

for one-wavelength yz-plane
square loop antenna
Source: W.L. Stutzman, G.A.
Course Antenna Engineering Thiele: Antenna Theory and
Dirk Heberling Design, Wiley, New York, 1981 26
Square Loop Antenna, Input Impedance

Circular Loop, Equivalent Circuit
Rr = radiation resistance
RL = loss resistance of loop conductor
Z in = Rin + jX in = ( Rr + RL ) + j ( X A + X i )
XA = external inductive reactance = ω LA
Xi = internal high-frequency reactance = ω Li

Yagi-Uda Antenna 1
Up to now,
all arrays examined have had all elements active, requiring a direct
connection to each element.
Simplification of an antenna array if only a few elements are fed directly.

Such an array is referred to as a parasitic array.
A parasitic linear array of parallel dipoles is called a

Yagi-Uda antenna
or
Yagi-Uda array
or
Yagi
Course Antenna Engineering First published by Shintaro Uda 1926

Dirk Heberling 29
Example of a Yagi-Antenna
Yagi-Antenna for TV and Radio reception

Dirk Heberling 30
Yagi-Uda Antenna 2
Consider a driver element that is a half-wave dipole and a parasitic
element very close to it
Field incident to a parasitic element is:
Eincident = Edriver
tangential to
with 0 = Eincident + E parasite the parasite
then E parasite = − Eincident = − Edriver

Yagi-Uda Antenna 3
Driver of length 0.4781λ
Parasite of length 0.49λ
Driver of length 0.4781λ
Parasite of length 0.45λ

Yagi-Uda Antenna 4
Three-element Yagi-Uda antenna H-plane
E-plane
- Driver of length 0.4781λ

- Reflector of length 0.49λ
- Director of length 0.45λ
Yagi-Uda Antenna 5
Configuration of a general
Yagi-Uda antenna

Yagi-Uda Antenna 6
Radiation pattern of a six-element Yagi-Uda antenna for TV Channel 15
H-plane E-plane
Broadband Antennas 1
An antenna with wide bandwidth is referred to as a
Broadband antenna
The term „broadband“ is a relative measure of the
bandwidth and varies with the circumstances
With fU and fL the upper and lower frequency of

operation and fC the centre frequency
Bandwidth as a percent fU − f L Bandwidth defined fU

× 100
of the centre frequency fC as a ratio fL
If the impedance and the pattern of an antenna do not change

significantly over about an octave (fU/fL=2) or more, we classify it as a
Dirk Heberling
broadband antenna 36
Broadband Antennas 2
• Broadband antennas
– Helical antennas
– Biconical antennas
– Discone monopole
• Frequency independent antennas

– Spiral antennas
– Log-periodic antennas

Dirk Heberling 37
Helical Antennas
D = diameter of the helix

C = circumference of the helix = π D
S = spacing between turns
−1 S
α = pitch angle = tan
C
L = total length = NS
L0 = length of one turn = S +C
2 2

Helical Antennas, Normal Mode
Helical antenna Equivalent model Radiation pattern
for NL0 λ Eθ 2S λ
AR = = 2 2
Farfield consists of dipole Eφ π D
field ED and loop field EL
Course Antenna Engineering Circular polarization for C = 2 S λ
Helical Antennas, Axial Mode
Typical farfield pattern

Axial (endfire) mode of helix
with:
- Circumference in 3 C 4
< <
the range of 4 λ 3 Left-hand sensed helix
λ
- Spacing about S
4
- Pitch angle usually 12° ≤ α ≤ 14°
Course Antenna Engineering Right-hand sensed helix
Log-Periodic Dipole Array (LPDA)
A log-periodic antenna is an antenna having a structural geometry such
that its impedance and radiation characteristics repeat periodically as the
logarithm of frequency
Construction details of
the LPDA
Log-Periodic Dipole Array 2
A wedge of enclosed angle α bounds the dipole lengths!
L1 Ln Ln +1 LN
with ="= = "=
R1 Rn Rn +1 RN
Rn +1 Ln +1
the scale factor τ is given by: τ= = <1
Rn Ln
dn
and the spacing factor σ is defined as: σ=
2 Ln

Dirk Heberling 42
Example
of a
LPDA

Example of a LPDA
Farfield Pattern

Dirk Heberling 44
Example of a LPDA
Farfield Pattern

Dirk Heberling 45
Example of a LPDA
Farfield Pattern

Dirk Heberling 46
Example of a LPDA
Farfield Pattern

Dirk Heberling 47
Example of a LPDA
Farfield Pattern

Dirk Heberling 48
Example of a LPDA
Farfield Pattern

Dirk Heberling 49
Antennas for Mobiles 1
Basic antenna types
Loop Antenna
Sleeve-Dipole
Inverted-F Antenna
Helical Antenna

Dirk Heberling 50
Antennas for Mobiles 2
Influence of the human body on the

electromagnetic field

Dirk Heberling 51
Antennas for Mobiles
the loop-antenna
Example of a printed Realisation forms Equivalent circuit and

loop antenna of loop antennas matching circuit

Dirk Heberling 52
the sleeve-dipole
Current distribution
Principle of a sleeve dipole
on a cellular phone
Dirk Heberling 53
the helical antenna
Model of a helical antenna Operational modes

Dirk Heberling 54
the inverted-F antenna
λ/4-Monopole
-Monopol
InvertedL-Antenne
InvertedL-Antenna
Examples of
Inverted-F Antennas
InvertedF-Antenne (IFA)
InvertedF-Antenna
PlanareInvertedF-Anenne(PIFA)
Planar InvertedF-Antenna (PIFA)

Dirk Heberling 55
Miniaturization
Shortening and loading of antennas
a) Introduction of an inductance
b) Surrounding by dielectric or magnetic materials
c) Introduction of a capacitance
Dirk Heberling 56
Antennas for Mobiles, an Example 1
CONCEPT-Model of a CONCEPT-Model
cellular phone with an
Z
of a cellular phone at
Y
helical antenna
X the user
Z
Y
Z
Z Y
Y
X
X
Calculated radiation patterns at 450 MHz

Dirk Heberling 57
Simulated nearfield behaviour
CONCEPT-Model Calculated magnetic nearfield at

of the mobile phone 450 MHz (cut plane through the device)
Dirk Heberling 58
Optimised Antenna: EID-Antenna
L Overall efficiency
P rad (with user)

η=
P rad (without user)
lelektr =λ0/2
EID-Antenna:
• Concentration of the nearfield in the feeding point
• Electrical decoupled from the casing
Optimised nearfield distribution
Principle of the EID-Antenna

Optimised overall efficiency
Dirk Heberling 59
CONCEPT: Nearfield Characteristics
Mobile phone with

EID-antenna
Cellular phone with
helical antenna
Calculated magnetic nearfield at
f = 450 MHz (cut plane through the device)
Dirk Heberling 60
CONCEPT: Farfield @ 450 MHz
Z
Y Z
Y
X
X
Mobile phone with Mobile phone with

helical antenna EID-antenna
with user with user
Z
Z
Y Y
X X

η = 38 % η = 84 %
Dirk Heberling 61
Measurement: Farfield @ 450 MHz
y
Handy,
Mobilefreistehend
Phone, without user
φ=90° Handy
Mobilemit EID am
Phone, Benutzer
with EID and user
Handy
Mobilemit Helixwith
Phone, am Benutzer
helix and user
y 90
2
dB
135 -2 45
φ=180° φ=0°
x
-6
φ in °
-10
φ=270°
-14 -10 -6 -2 2
180 0
x
Measurement Situation
225 315
Measured horizontal
270

farfield characteristic
Dirk Heberling 62
Development Trends
Ö Integrated Antennas
Ö Dualband- and Multiband-Antennas
Ö Antenna Interaction

Dirk Heberling 63
Integrated Antenna Technology
1. Metallic patch 2. 3D-MID-Antennas 3. Ceramic Antennas
• very popular • difficult fabrication • antenna design difficult

• good electrical properties • flexible antenna design • small size
• easy fabrication • electric properties depend • difficult fabrication
• mech. fixation necessary on the material
Dirk Heberling 64
Dualband Helical Antenna
0
GSM
1800
DCS
dB
-5
S11
-10 Return Loss (S11)
-15
free space
talking position
Double Helical Antenna
-20
0,8 1 1,2 1,4 1,6 1,8 GHz 2
f

Dirk Heberling 65
Interaction with the Head

Dirk Heberling 66

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3.

Antenna Concepts and Analysis

Course Antenna Engineering

Course Antenna Engineering

Course Antenna Engineering

current distribution Maximum current

current distribution for various centre-fed dipoles

The radiation integral: f (θ ) = ∫ I ( z ' )e − jkz ' cosθ dz '

Course Antenna Engineering

Radiation pattern for L = 1.25λ

the radiation resistance Rr gives:

for L = λ/2: Z in = 73 + j 42.5Ω

Course Antenna Engineering

Folded dipole Dipole

in the antenna mode

Course Antenna Engineering

Two primary feeding considerations:

Course Antenna Engineering

α current division factor

for equal radii conductors

Course Antenna Engineering

Elevation pattern of a vertical short dipole

Increase of the loop resistance by:

Course Antenna Engineering

For the one-wavelength

Principle plane patterns

Course Antenna Engineering

Course Antenna Engineering

Simplification of an antenna array if only a few elements are fed directly.

A parasitic linear array of parallel dipoles is called a

Course Antenna Engineering First published by Shintaro Uda 1926

Yagi-Antenna for TV and Radio reception

Course Antenna Engineering

Driver of length 0.4781λ

Parasite of length 0.49λ

Driver of length 0.4781λ

Parasite of length 0.45λ

Course Antenna Engineering

Three-element Yagi-Uda antenna H-plane

- Driver of length 0.4781λ

Course Antenna Engineering

With fU and fL the upper and lower frequency of

Bandwidth as a percent fU − f L Bandwidth defined fU

If the impedance and the pattern of an antenna do not change

• Frequency independent antennas

Course Antenna Engineering

D = diameter of the helix

Course Antenna Engineering

Helical antenna Equivalent model Radiation pattern

Typical farfield pattern

Course Antenna Engineering

Course Antenna Engineering

Course Antenna Engineering

Course Antenna Engineering

Course Antenna Engineering

Course Antenna Engineering

Course Antenna Engineering

Course Antenna Engineering

Course Antenna Engineering

Influence of the human body on the

Course Antenna Engineering

Example of a printed Realisation forms Equivalent circuit and

Course Antenna Engineering