Xiangqi

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

Xiangqi (Chinese: 象棋; pinyin: xiàngqí; Wade-Giles: hsiang-ch'i; (

Xiangqi
listen)), is a two-player Chinese game in a family of strategic board
games of which Western chess, Japanese shogi, and the more similar
Korean janggi are also members. The character 象 xiàng here has the
meaning "image" or "representational", hence Xiangqi can be literally
translated as "representational chess". The game, however, is commonly
called Chinese chess in the West.

The ancestry of xiangqi is disputed with some historians contending that

it originated from Liubo and others stating that it is a relative of the 6th
century Indian game of chaturanga (see History below). It is one of the
most popular board games of the chaturanga family in the world,
especially in Asia. Distinctive features of xiangqi include the unique
movement of the pao ("cannon") piece, a rule prohibiting the generals
(similar to chess kings) from facing each other directly, and the river and
palace board features, which restrict the movement of some pieces.

Contents

1 Rules of the game
The board of Xiangqi, with all the pieces lining along

1.1 Board
each side of the board.

1.2 Pieces

1.2.1 General Players: 2

1.2.2 Advisor Age range: Any

1.2.3 Elephant
Setup time: < 2 minutes

1.2.4 Horse

1.2.5 Chariot standard "home plays":~1

1.2.6 Cannon
hour
Playing time:

1.2.7 Soldier

1.2.8 Approximate relative values of the pieces
blitz games:~10 minutes

1.3 Ending the game Rules complexity: Medium

2 Notation Strategy depth: High

2.1 Notational system 1

2.2 Notational system 2
Random chance: None

3 Gameplay and strategy Skills required: Tactics, Strategy

3.1 Openings

4 History

5 Xiangqi tournaments and leagues

6 Rankings

7 Xiangqi and computers

8 See also

9 Books

10 External links

11 Notes

Rules of the game

Board

Xiangqi is played on a board that is 9 lines wide by 10 lines long. In a manner similar to
the game go, the pieces are played on the intersections, which are known as points. The
vertical lines are known as files, while the horizontal lines are known as ranks.

Centered at the first through third ranks of the board is a square zone also mirrored in the opponent's territory. The three point by
three point zone is demarcated by two diagonal lines connecting opposite corners and intersecting at the center point. This area is
known as 宮 gōng ( listen), the palace or fortress.
Dividing the two opposing sides (between the fifth and sixth rows) is 河 hé, the river.
The river is often marked with the phrases 楚河 chǔ hé ( listen), meaning "Chu River",
and 漢界 (in Traditional Chinese) or 汉界 (in Simplified Chinese) hàn jiè ( listen),
meaning "Han border", a reference to the Chu-Han War. Although the river provides a
visual division between the two sides, only a few pieces are affected by its presence:
soldiers are promoted after crossing, and elephants cannot cross the river.

The starting points of the soldiers and cannons are marked with a small cross.

Pieces

The two players take command of pieces on either side of the river. One player's pieces
are usually painted red (or, less commonly, white), and the other player's pieces are
usually painted black (or, less commonly, blue or green). Which player moves first has
varied throughout history, and also varies from one part to another of China. Some
xiangqi books state that the black side moves first; others state that the red side moves
first. Also, some books may refer to the two sides as north and south; which direction
corresponds to which color also varies from source to source.
Xiangqi is a common pastime among
Beijing residents.
Modern xiangqi pieces are represented by disks marked with a Chinese character
identifying the piece and painted in a color identifying to which player the piece belongs.
Modern pieces are usually made with plastic, though some sets use pieces made of wood, and more expensive sets may use
pieces made of jade. In more ancient times, many sets were simple unpainted woodcarvings; thus, to distinguish between the
pieces of the two sides, most corresponding pieces use characters that are similar but vary slightly between the two sides.

General

The generals are labeled with the Chinese character

將 (trad.) / 将 (simp.) jiàng ( listen) (general) on
the black side and 帥 (trad.) / 帅 (simp.) shuài (
listen) (marshal) on the red side. These pieces are
equivalent to the kings of Western chess. Legend has
it that originally the pieces were known as emperors,
but when an emperor of China heard about the game, he executed two players
for "killing" or "capturing" the emperor piece. Future players called them
generals instead.

The general starts the game at the midpoint of the back edge (within the palace).
The general may move one point either vertically or horizontally, though unlike
the king of Western chess, the general may not move diagonally. The general
General and advisors
cannot leave the palace under any circumstances; thus, the general can only
move to and stay on the 9 points within the palace.

When a general is threatened by an enemy piece, the general is said to be "in check." When the general is in check and unable to
escape check on the player's move, it is said to be checkmated, and the player loses the game. A player also loses when his
general is not in check, but he can make no legal move that doesn't put the general in check; a stalemate rule does not exist.

Furthermore, in a rule often forgotten by new players of the game, a player cannot make any move that would leave the two
generals facing one another on the same file with no other pieces placed in between. In other words, a clear line of sight can
never exist between the two generals. This is a very important feature of the game, as the general often plays a role in enforcing
checkmate, especially when many of the other pieces have been taken and the board is wide open. Indeed, checkmate remains
possible as long as a player retains the general and any single piece, even a soldier, that can cross the river.

Advisor

The advisors (also known as guards or ministers, and less commonly as assistants, mandarins, or
warriors) are labeled 士 shì ( listen) (gentleman) for black and 仕 shì ( listen) (scholar) for red.
They represent civilian government officials. While their origin is probably the same as that of the
queen in western chess, their powers are so different that they cannot be said to be equivalent to
queens.
The advisors start on either side of the general. They move one point diagonally and may not leave the palace. This effectively
means they can only move to and stay on five of the points within the palace. Although their limited movement may cause some
to consider them the weakest pieces, they are invaluable for protecting the general, which is indeed their primary function.

Elephant

The elephants are labeled 象 xiàng (elephant) for black and 相 xiàng (minister) for red. They are
located next to the advisors and are the equivalent of the bishop of Western chess. These pieces move
exactly two points diagonally, and may not jump over intervening pieces. They may not cross the
river; thus, they serve as defensive pieces. The rules restricting their movement mean that there are
only seven possible points on the board to which they can move.

The Chinese characters for "minister" and "elephant" are homonyms ( listen) and both have alternative meanings as
"appearance" or "image".

Horse

The horses are labeled 馬 mǎ ( listen) for

Green moves are legal; red ones are illegal
because another piece is obstructing the
movement of the horse
diagram on the left illustrates the horse's movement.
black and 傌 mà ( listen) for red in sets
marked with Traditional Chinese characters and
马 mǎ ( listen) for both black and red in sets
marked with Simplified Chinese characters.
They begin the game next to the elephants. The
horse is similar to the knight in Western chess.
It moves one point vertically or horizontally and
then one point diagonally away from its former
position. It is important to note that the horse
does not jump, as does the knight in Western
chess. Thus, if there were a piece lying on a The red horse may take the
point one point away horizontally or vertically black horse, but the black
from the horse, then the horse's path of horse cannot take the red
horse because its movement
movement is blocked and it is unable to move in
is obstructed by another piece
that direction. Note, however, that a piece two
points away horizontally or vertically or a piece
a single point away diagonally would not impede the movement of the horse. The

Since horses can be blocked, it is sometimes possible to trap the opponent's horse. It is possible for one player's horse to attack
the opponent's horse while the opponent's horse is blocked from attacking, as seen in the diagram on the right.

Chariot

The chariots are labelled 車 for black and 俥 for red in sets marked with Traditional Chinese
characters and 车 for both black and red in sets marked with Simplified Chinese characters. All three
of these characters are pronounced as jū ( listen). Capturing and moving in a straight line either
horizontally or vertically, the chariot moves and captures exactly like the rook in Western chess. The
chariots begin the game on the points at the corners of the board. It is considered to be the strongest
piece in the game.

Cannon

The cannons are labeled 包 bāo ( listen) or 砲 pào ( listen) for black and 包 bāo or 炮 pào ( listen) for red. Before
firearms were invented, the word meant catapult, referring to a giant catapult used to throw a boulder. The name being
similar to English "pow" (a common onomatopoeia for the sound a gun or cannon makes), is likeliest coincidence. The cannon
has no equivalent in Western chess.
 Each player has two cannons. The cannons start on the row behind the soldiers, two points in front of
the horses. Cannons move like the chariots, horizontally and vertically, but capture by jumping
exactly one piece (whether it is friendly or enemy); it cannot capture while jumping more than one
piece, or without jumping a piece. When capturing, the cannon is moved to the point of the captured
piece. The piece over which the cannon jumps is called the bao tai = "cannon platform". Any number
of unoccupied spaces may exist between the cannon and the cannon platform, or between the cannon
platform and the piece to be captured, including no spaces (the pieces being adjacent) in both cases. Cannons are powerful at the
beginning of the game when platforms are plentiful, but lose value rapidly with attrition.

Soldier

Each side has five soldiers, labeled 卒 zú ( listen) for black and 兵 bīng ( listen) for red; they are
similar to the pawns of Western chess. Soldiers are placed on alternating points, one row back from
the edge of the river. They move, and capture (unlike pawns in Western chess) by advancing one
point. Once they have crossed the river, they may also move (and capture) one point horizontally.
Unlike Western chess, soldiers may not move two points on their first move, and there is no en
passant rule. Also unlike Western chess, when soldiers reach the enemy's edge of the board they are
not promoted, nor may they retreat; however, they may still move sideways.

Approximate relative values of the pieces

Piece Point(s)
Soldier before crossing the river 1
Soldier after crossing the river 2
Advisor 2
Elephant 2
Horse 4-5
Cannon 4-5
Chariot 9

It is to be noted that these are advisory values and that the piece values do not take into account positional advantages. Often a
piece is more powerful at a certain intersection as compared to another intersection. The chariot at the corner in the beginning of
the game is not very useful, but it can be moved to points where it affects the game much more. Also, the value of a cannon
drops as the game goes on due to having fewer hurdles for use in capturing, while the value of the horse increases slightly due to
fewer obstructions. It should be pointed out that often times, players will value a cannon on or exceeding the level of a chariot
due to its unique attack style. The same can be applied to the horse.

Ending the game

The game ends when one player successfully checkmates the other player
— that is, when one player successfully threatens the opposing general
with a piece and the player with the threatened general has no legal moves
which would prevent the general from being threatened.

In Chinese, to say check, one says 將 (trad.) / 将 (simp.) jiāng ( listen),

and to say checkmate, one says 將軍 (trad.) / 将军 (simp.) jiāngjūn (
listen).

In Western chess, if a player's king is not in check and the player has no
legal moves available, the game ends in stalemate and a draw. This is not
the case in xiangqi; in xiangqi, the player who has no legal moves loses the
game. "Jiāngjūn!"

In Western chess, perpetual check or an excessive number of repetitions of

position can result in a draw. This is not the case in xiangqi, wherein if a position is being repeated:

The side that perpetually checks with one piece or several pieces will be ruled to lose under any circumstances unless he
stops the perpetual checking.

The side that perpetually chases with one piece will be ruled to lose under any circumstances unless he stops the perpetual
chasing.

If one side perpetually checks and the other side perpetually chases, the perpetually checking side has to stop or be ruled
to lose.

When neither side violates the rules and both persist in not making an alternate move, the game can be ruled as a draw.

When both sides violate the same rule at the same time and both persist in not making an alternate move, the game can be
ruled as a draw.

Notation
Notational system 1

The book The Chess of China[1] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xiangqi#endnote_ChessOfChina) describes a notational system of absolute
positional references in which the ranks of the board are numbered 1 to 10 from closest to farthest away, followed by a digit 1 to
9 for files from right to left. Both values are relative to the moving player. Moves are then indicated as follows:

[piece name] ([former rank][former file])-[new rank][new file]

Thus, the most common opening in the game would be written as:

1. 炮 (32)–35, 馬 (18)–37

Notational system 2

A notational system partially described in A Manual of Chinese Chess[2] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xiangqi#endnote_Manual) and used
by several computer software implementations describes positions in relative terms as follows:

[single-letter piece abbreviation][former file][operator indicating direction of

movement][new file, or in the case of purely vertical movement, new rank]

The file numbers are counted from each player's right to each player's left.

The initials are as follows:

Piece Initial(s)
Advisor A
Cannon C
Chariot R (for Rook, because using C would conflict with the letter for Cannon)
Elephant E
General G or K (for King)
Horse H
Soldier S or P (for Pawn)

Direction of movement is indicated via an operator symbol. A plus sign is used to indicate forward movement. A minus sign or
hyphen is used to indicate backwards movement. A dot or period or equal sign is used to indicate horizontal or lateral movement.
If a piece (such as the horse or elephant) simultaneously moves both vertically and horizontally, then the plus or minus sign is
used rather than the period.

Thus, the most common opening in the game would be written as:

1. C2.5 H8+7

Gameplay and strategy

Xiangqi plays faster than Western chess for several reasons. First, the barrier of pawns is
reduced dramatically. Second, the cannons jump to capture, making them a long-range threat
early in the game. In addition, since the general is confined to only moving within the palace, it can be checkmated more easily
unless it is protected by other pieces.
While in Western chess, the battle between opposing sides is concentrated in the middle few
rows for the bulk of the game, this is not the case in xiangqi. The board is bigger than the
Western chessboard while the number of pieces is the same (resulting in less crowding), and
there are not as many powerful pieces with long-range moves. Because of this, it can take time
to move one's army of pieces from place to place on the board, and there is a tendency for the
battle to focus on a particular area of the board. There is no real concept of a struggle for
control of the center, as in Western chess.

Usually, the soldiers do not support each other, so the concept of pawn structure does not play
such a heavy role as in Western chess.

Defensively, a common configuration is to leave the general at his starting position, deploy
one advisor and one elephant on the two points directly in front of the general, and to leave the
other advisor and the other elephant in their starting positions, to the side of the general. In this
setup, the paired-up advisors and elephants support each other, and the general is immune from
attacks by cannons. However, with the loss of a single advisor or elephant, the general
becomes vulnerable to cannons, and this setup may need to be abandoned. The defender may
move advisors or elephants away from the general, or even sacrifice them intentionally, to
ward off attack by a cannon.
The long-range threat of the
The two chariots are not normally lined up together in Chinese chess, as they are the most cannon
powerful piece and in doing so, a player risks the chances of losing at least one chariot to an
inferior piece of the enemy. Depending on the situation, it may be advantageous to position a
chariot at one of the corners of the enemy's side of the board, where it is very difficult to dislodge, and threatens the enemy
general.

It is more common to use the cannons independently to control particular ranks and files.

Openings

Since (unlike in Western chess) the left and right flank of the starting setup are symmetrical and therefore equivalent, it is
customary to always make the first move from the right flank. Starting on the left flank is considered to be needlessly confusing.

The most common opening is to move the cannon to the central column, an opening known as 當頭炮 (trad.) / 当头炮 (simp.)
dāng tóu pào:

1. C2.5

The most common reply is to advance the horse on the same flank:

1. ... H8+7

This move-and-response is known by the rhyme 當頭炮，馬來跳 (trad.) / 当头炮，马来跳 (simp.) dāng tóu pào, mǎ lái tiào (
listen).

This is usually followed by the most common second move, 出车 (trad.) chū jū In which the first player moves a chariot forward
one space (usually the right one).

The most common reply is to move the right advisor diagonally. 上士 (trad.) shàng shì This is to prevent a series of events that
leads to the first player quickly checkmating the second.

Less common first moves include:

moving an elephant to the central column

advancing the soldier on the third or seventh file

moving a chariot forward by one space

General advice for the opening includes rapid development of at least one chariot, because it is the most powerful piece and the
only long-range piece besides the cannon. The opening is not as much a struggle for control of the center as openings are in
Western chess. It may not be a bad move to develop one horse to the edge of the board, for example, to avoid being blocked by
one of one's own pawns that cannot advance. Usually, at least one horse should be moved to the middle.
History
Chinese chess has a long history. Though its precise origins have not yet been definitely confirmed, our earliest indications
reveal the game may have been played as early as the 4th century BC, by Meng Changjun for example. (See chess in early
literature or timeline of chess.) Judging by its rules, we can conclude that the origin of Chinese chess was apparently closely
related to military strategists in ancient China.

The word xiàngqí's meaning "figure game" can also be treated as meaning "constellation game". It is believed by western
civilizations xiàngqí is derived from chess, originating in India and adapted in China to use the board of a pre-existing Chinese
game that had the same name and different rules. Sometimes the xiàngqí board's "river" is called the "heavenly river", which
may mean the Milky Way; that previous xiàngqí game may have been based on movements of sky objects.

During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, wars were fought for years running. A new chess game
was patterned after the array of troops. This was the earliest form of Chinese chess.

Because some remnants of Chinese silk have been dated in Egypt as early as 1070 BC (see Silk Road) and because of the
astounding similarities between xiangqi and an ancient "game" board portrayed in the tomb of Egyptian Queen Nefertari (see
origins of chess) the two ancient countries could possibly have influenced one another in the creation of both games. Nefertari's
"game" may have provided early inventors with a fundamental model upon which xiangqi and other ancient chess variants are
patterned. The ancient Chinese game of Liubo may also have had an influence as well. Assuming our present day historical
records to be accurate, both Nefertari's "game" and Liubo are approximately a thousand years older than xiangqi.

During the Wei, Jin and Northern and Southern Dynasties, a kind of chess game was popular among the people. It laid a
foundation for the finalized pattern of Chinese chess. In ancient times, both highbrows and lowbrows enjoyed Chinese chess.

During the reign of Suzong of the Tang Dynasty, Prime Minister Niu Sengru wrote a fictional story about chess. That occurred
during the Baoying period, so it was named Baoying chess. Baoying chess had six pieces. He wrote about the rules of the chess.
Baoying chess produced a significant influence on the chess in subsequent years.

Three forms of chess took shape after the Song Dynasty. One of them consisted of 32 pieces. They were played on a chessboard
with 9 vertical lines and 9 horizontal lines. Popular in those days was a chessboard without a river borderline; the Korean game
of janggi is derived from this earlier riverless version. The river borderline was added later, and this form of the game has lasted
to the present day.

With the economic and cultural development during the Qing Dynasty, Chinese chess entered a new stage. Many different
schools of chess circles and chess players came into prominence. With the popularization of Chinese chess, many books and
manuals on the techniques of playing chess were published. They played an important role in popularizing Chinese chess and
improving the techniques of play in modern times.

Xiangqi tournaments and leagues

In Europe and Asia there are significantly more xiangqi leagues and clubs than in the United States. Each European nation
generally has its own governing league; for example, in Britain xiangqi is regulated by the United Kingdom Chinese Chess
Association. Asian countries also have nationwide leagues, such as the Malaysia Chinese Chess Association in Malaysia.

In addition, there are also several international federations and tournaments. For example, the Chinese Xiangqi Association hosts
several tournaments every year, including the Yin Li and Ram Cup Tournaments[3]
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xiangqi#endnote_Tournaments). There is also an Asian Xiangqi Federation[4]
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xiangqi#endnote_Asian) and a World Xiangqi Federation[5] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xiangqi#endnote_World),
which hosts tournaments and competitions bi-annually, though most are limited to players from member nations.

Xiangqi has spread from Asia into the United States, where it has gained increasing popularity. However, there remains no
official league or nationwide club for xiangqi in the U.S.[6] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xiangqi#endnote_US), and xiangqi is mainly
played recreationally or at local clubs, usually located in Chinatowns.

Rankings
The Asian Xiangqi Federation and its corresponding member associations also rank players in a number format similar to the
rankings of chess. The best player in China, according to the 2005 Chinese National Ratings, is Lv Qin with a rating of 2649[7]
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xiangqi#endnote_2649). In addition,
the Asian Xiangqi Federation also bestows the title of grandmaster to
select individuals around the world who have excelled at xiangqi or have made special contributions to the game. Though there
are no specific criteria for becoming a grandmaster, the list of grandmasters is limited to fewer than a hundred people[8]
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xiangqi#endnote_100people).

Xiangqi and computers

As of 2005, the world's best human xiangqi players remain better than the world's best computer players.

The game-tree complexity of xiangqi is approximately 10150, so it is projected that a human top player will be defeated before
2010[9] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xiangqi#endnote_Complexity).

See also

Go (board game)

Shogi

Janggi

Books

Leventhal, Dennis A. The Chess of China. Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China: Mei Ya, 1978.

Sloan, Sam. Chinese Chess for Beginners 1989 ISBN 0923891110

Wilkes, Charles Fred. A Manual of Chinese Chess. 1952.

External links

Xiangqi at BrainKing.com (http://brainking.com/) Play Xiangqi online (free)

Computer Chinese Chess (.pdf) (http://www.csie.ndhu.edu.tw/~sjyen/Papers/2004CCC.pdf) (Yen, Chen, Yang, Hsu) —
review

Introduction to Chinese Chess (http://home1.gte.net/res1bup4/chess_intro.htm)

An Introduction to Xiangqi for Chess Players (http://www.crockford.com/chess/xiangqi.html)

Chinese Chess | Zillions Of Games (http://www.zillions-of-games.com/cgi-bin/zilligames/submissions.cgi/83214?
do=show;id=179)

Qianhong (http://www.jcraner.com/qianhong/index.html): Chinese Chess for Windows

World Chinese Chess Federation (http://wxf.hypermart.net/eg/)

Club Xiangqi: An Online Chinese Chess Game (http://www.clubxiangqi.com/)

Xiangqi: Chinese Chess (http://www.chessvariants.org/xiangqi.html) at ChessVariants.com

Chinese Chess for Game Courier (http://play.chessvariants.org/pbm/presets/chinese_chess.html) - Play Chinese Chess
with others online

Coffee Chinese Chess (http://play.chessvariants.org/coffeecc/index.php) - Xiangqi Java applet

Notes
1. ^ Leventhal, Dennis A. The Chess of China. Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China: Mei Ya, 1978. (getCITED.org listing
(http://www.getcited.org/pub/101996662))
2. ^ Wilkes, Charles Fred. A Manual of Chinese Chess. 1952.
3. ^ From rec.games.chinese-chess FAQ #21 (http://www.chessvariants.com/chinfaq.html#question20) “What are some of
the top tournaments in the world?”
4. ^ Asian Xiangqi Federation (http://www.asianxiangqi.org/) homepage includes English translations of Asian tournament
results, rules, etc.
5. ^ World Xiangqi Federation homepage (http://wxf.hypermart.net/eg/).
6. ^ From rec.games.chinese-chess FAQ #20 (http://www.chessvariants.com/chinfaq.html#question20)
7. ^ [10] (http://chess.ourgame.com/info/info.asp).
8. ^ rec.games.chinese-chess FAQ lists the International Grandmasters by country
(http://www.chessvariants.com/chinfaq.html).
9. ^ Yen, Chen, Yang, Hsu, 2004, Computer Chinese Chess (http://www.csie.ndhu.edu.tw/~sjyen/Papers/2004CCC.pdf).

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