‫بسم هللا الرحمن الرحيم‬

.First of all … this lec. Is the first one after mid exam ●
to be honest there are some announcements about dental
anatomy mid exam which we have already examined… then the
Dr. discussed modification in oral histology and oral physiology
exam marks which we know them
In dental anatomy and occlusion material there will be 10
..marks for carving teeth, quizzes and our note books

Actually, our lec. Started here

.believe me this very interesting lec
. This lec. Will be about dentinogenesis and dentin

dentinogenesis

Slide #1

.dentinogenesis : process in which dentin is formed

?When does this process start
dentinogenesis starts after the tooth germ has reached bell
stage…so we conclude that after tooth germ has reached bell
.stage there will be first formation of hard tissue
so there's no hard tissue formation before bell stage ( ya3ni
.there's no hard tissue formation in bud and cap stage)
BUT we know that bell stage is divided into two stages; early
and late one ..So when does hard tissue formation
?( dentinogenesis) take place exactly

.The answer 2nd or late stage of bell stage

There is a similarity between amelogenesis and

..…dentinogenesis

Both of them initiate formation at cusp tips or incisal edges…

..then proceed along the margin of the tooth

… And also there are differences

Dentinogenesis is continuous process through our life, but

amelogenesis has starting and ending points…it starts after
Dentinogenesis an Dentinogenesis ends when the enamel is full
matured and completed… but in Dentinogenesis there's
different case … as long as there's vitality in dental pulp,
Dentinogenesis is continuous… that means Dentinogenesis

:Will stop in this two cases

-.Losing of the tooth

-.Root canal treatment( removing of dental pulp

…There's an important information

Before Dentinogenesis takes place, enamel organ should be

fully formed and the morphogenesis of the tooth must be
finished …. Ya3ni the 3-D shape of the crown must be formed
.before dentin formation

Slide #4
We know that ameloblasts are development of IEE ( internal
enamel epithelium) and there's interaction between IEE and
. peripheral cells of dental papilla

?What is the importance of this interaction in dentinogenesis

By this interaction Dentinogenesis starts and then it

(Dentinogenesis) induces amelogenesis and this emphasize that
Dentinogenesis precedes amelogenesis (Dentinogenesis firstly
.then amelogenesis takes place)

Note

… Tooth pulp is the development of dental papilla

Because of building dentin up … dental papilla regresses in size ( I think

because Dentinogenesis is based on the interaction between dental
papilla and IEE) then the remaining part of dental papilla after regression
..is dental pulp

.So … Dental pulp is the development of dental papilla

As a general rule … in all mammals, amelogenesis has starting and

. ending points EXCEPT in rodents; amelogenesis is continuous in incisors

Again and again….there still differences between amelogenesis and

Dentinogenesis …. As we know that amelogenesis is divided into two
: phases

.secretory stage: where organic matrix is laid down-1

.maturation stage: maturation of pre-mature enamel -2

Maturation means absorption of organic matrix , so there will be no
spaces left …then these spaces will be filled by more minerals … so
.mature enamel is seen here

? is this process ( maturation ) involved in dentinogenesis ?

.The answer is NO

..This is general description of this process and the details as following

… According to minerlization of both amelogenesis and dentinogenesis

.In amelognensis ; this process ( mineralization ) is done immediately

That means when organic matrix is laid down then it will immediately
calcified intiately, but in dentinogenesis calcification process will be after
24 hrs. of laying down of organic matrix so it's not immediate so.. firstly
, organic matrix laid down then after 24 hrs. it will be calcified and so on

And this will lead to form layers in dentin and something else which is
.called * pre-dentin
.pre-dentin: new layers that has been laid down but not minerlizied yet

After 24 hrs. of formation of pre-dentin, this layer will be minerlizied and

another pre-dentin layer will be formed that emphasized that
dentinoglenesis doesn't have maturation ( you conclude that maturation
process in amelogenesis involves in immediate minerlization of organic
matrix so there is no pre-enamel because laying down of organic matrix
and minerlization are done immediately, but there is pre-dentin because
of these two processes are not done immediately)

Cells that form dentin are called odontoblast cells … their origin is from
neuralm crest cells which are ectomesenchymal cells and they are
named so because of their migration from ectoderm layer to mesoderm
layer in head region( cephalic end)

So peripheral region of ectomesenchymal cells (neural crest cells)

.differentiate to be odontoblasts

So odontoblast cells are development of neural crest cellsand these cells

.are ectomesenchymal in origin
:epithelial mesenchymal interaction*
an interaction between epithelial component of the tooth (enamel
organ or IEE) and mesenchymal component of the tooth (dental papilla)

we said previously that to start dentinogenesis there must be an "

.interaction between IEE and dental papilla

Slide # 4

.Contact with oral epithelium essential for odontoblastic differentiation

?Can dentinogenesis take place without this interaction ?

Actually, there will be no tooth formation without this interaction this

…actually is imphasized by this experiment

If dental papilla is isolated alone and put in tissue culture there will be
no tooth formation and if this done to enamel organ the result is the
.…same

Ya3ni in simple words..interaction between IEE and ( part of enamel

organ ) and peripheral part of dental papilla ( part of mesenchyme)is
.important to both dentinogenesis and enamel matrix

-
Basement membrane of IEE seems to be important for -
.odontoblasts differentiation as it undergoes time limited changes
BM is membrane that separates between IEE and dental papilla …
when this mem. Is disappeared it allow for the interaction to be
.done
?Do you remember the mechanism of amelogenesis
BM separates between IEEand pre-odontoblast cells , but when
secretion of enamel takes place the BM disappeares in maturation
.stage then appear again in transitional stage
. When BM disappeares it allow the translation of signals
There will be an involvement ofg rowth factors ;
……………TGF,IGF
NO need to memorize them just you have to know that growth "
.factors are impotant in this interaction
Slide # 5

This slide summarizes this interaction

…Please follow me in this slide
In #1 there are two cells ( yellow and blue one)

This is IEE cells…. Pointed on the low columnar cells and this is
peripheral dental papilla cells .as you notice here this peripheral
dental papilla cells starts to divide into two cells ; one of them still
in contact and the other one goes deep to the core and the other
one goes deep to the core of dental papilla as you see in # 3
may you ask your self.. what is the stimulation that stimulates ?
?this division
The stimulation is signals transplated from IEE to peripheral cells
of dental papilla stimulate them to divide into two cells ; one of as
we said remains in contact ( pre-odontoblast) and the other goes
…deeply
… Guys.. I want to imphasize the principle of interaction
Interaction process is two-wayed process ……….. the first way is
signals from IEE to peripheral cells of dental papilla induce them
to differentiate into pre-odontoblast , the other way that pre-
… odontoblast cells send signals to IEE to be ameloblast
.…I think the idea of this interaction is fully understood now
??when does pre-odontoblast become odonto blast??
.When they start to form dentin
 The first part of dentine is formed…. So the first layer of dentine is
formed…as you see in #5, after the first layer of dentine is
.formed ,ameloblast start to secrete enamel… #6
When cells start to form dentin they move from their original
place and keeps process as an extension, this extension is
odontoblastic process , so these cells as they go away from
dentine layers (which they produce )they left process as you see in
.# 6 and # 7
As you notice that initially there will be more than one
odontoblastic process , but later on then all combine to be one
.process

Q&A
?What the purpose of division as you said in # 3

But in healthy
Dr. Ashraf emphasized that this Q.is important … there are
people who
few undifferentiated cells that go deeply in the
they take care
core of the dental papilla these cells will
differentiate into odontoblasts and lay down new about the
dentine layers when the tooth is subjected to injury health of their
so having these undifferentiated cells in the pulp teeth and there
prevent caries( for example ) from reaching into is no caries they
.the pulp by forming new dentine layers conserve these
un
differentiated
cells because there is no need to form new-dentine layer
Slide # 6

:Please follow me in this slide A,B,C and D sections

:This is summary of what happened
.A" section: enamel organ, IEE and dental pulp
"
B" section: as you see there are somed differentiation into pre- "
odontoblast and this differentiation as you know is caused by
.signals from IEE
C" section: here you can conclude that pre-odontoblast "
differentiate into odontoblast and these cells start to form first
.layer of dentine and that will induce ameloblast to secret enamel
.So here we have both of ameloblasts and odontoblasts
D" section: odontoblast cells lay down a layer of dentine, then "
…ameloblast lay down a layer of enamel…so on
…… SO … layer of dentine then layer of enamel
As you notice here as this process pregress ( forming of enamel
and dentine layers) proceeds , both of ameloblasts and
.odontoblasts become further from each other

Slide # 7
.………Cytodifferentiation of odontoblasts
-Differentiation cells are found at peripheral of dental papilla
Upon division the daughter cells in contact wit BM become pre--
odotoblast and the other cells seek deeply and become
.undifferentiated untill there is need to be differentiated
-.Pre-odontoblasts become odontoblast
Differentiation starts at the cusp( incisal) edges then to the -
.margin of the tooth
Slide # 8
This slide demonostrates the changes that indicates activation and
. differentiation
-:At the first I want to give some notes
Cytodifferentiation of cells is same as histodifferentiation of cells
which means internal changes within the cells which lead to
.differentiation
-Hypertrophy: increasing in the size
-.Basically locate nuclei :nuclei are away from BM
:Cells hypertrophy and nuclei located basically
The cells get increasind in their size and nuchei located basically -
( as in ameloblasts too)because these cells are going to form
vesicles, so the nuclei get further away from BM to form enough
space for vesicles formation in the cytoplasm which will be
.secreted
Golgi complex become pronounced above the nuclei and the -
complex is an evidence that the cells are active in theprotein
.synthesis
RER ( rough endoplasmic reticulum ) increases in size and flattens-
.parallel to long axis of the cell
Mitochondria : its presence is important because there is need to -
.get energy for building protein up
Redistribution of intracellular skeleton : cells becomr elongated -
)?( so the intracellular skeleton will be disapper

Slide # 9
.This slide is the comp. of the previous one
Small sell process extend toward BM of IEE , that indicates that -
dentin has tubules, but enamel not….. that means that dentine is
more permeable than enamel, so Why caries is faster in dentine
?than in enamel
Because dentin is porous because of the presence of these -
tubules ( odontoblstic process are in these tubules ) where enamel
.is more solid than dentin because it doesn't have these tubules
As we said previously " number of processes is reduces and only -
"one will be dominates
Tight / gap junction and desmosomes exist between -
odontoblastic, also they are linked with sub odontoblastic cells ( as
.in ameloblasts they are linked desmosomes)

Slide # 10
deposition of dentin matrix.
The first part of dentine which deposits is called dentine matrix -
( organic material)
?what are the components of organic materials in dentine ?
Basically, collagen is the basic component of organic material and
the other components are phosphoprotein, proteoglycan,
.glycoprotein( sialoprotein), lipid, serum-derived proteins and GFs
But in the enamel…… the major component material is -
amelogenin and non-amelogenin….. that means that proteins that
.are secreted from enamel and dentin is different

Slide # 11

.Collafen is the organic material of dentine, bone and cementum

note: there are more than one type of collagen I, V ,VI and small
.amount of type III, and it me be found or not
: the major component of organic matrix is
collagen I
dentin phosphoprotein(DPP) which has an important role in
.mineralization and this process will not take place without DPP

note

Soft dentine is one of the oral diseases, in which dentine is easly

lost due to absence of DPP , so dentine will not fully mineralised,
an example of these diseases id dentinogenesis imperfecta in
which dentin isn't fully mineralised due to absence of DPP, so
. dentine will be mainly organic matrix

Slide # 11

.Dentine collagen is similar to collagen of bone and tendon

. Aminoacids like; glycan, alanine and proline make this collagen
If you look at one collagen fiber you notice that this collagen
striated into bands , and there will be 40-70 Ǻ between each two
. bands
Protein fibrils are microcomponent of fibers which varing in
lenghth up to 700Ǻ, and they indeterminate thickness and
they welded togother into bundles ( fibers) means that one
fiber is composed from more than one fibril and they act as
one matrix ( frame work for calcification )
NOTE: fibrils are important in calcification because they act
.as framework to put calcium on
slide # 12

:deposition of dentine matrix

the first layer of dentine which deposits underneath directly is -
called mantle dentine and the rest of dentine is called
circumpulpal ( mantle dentine and circumpulpal ) have different
. structures and composition
fibers of collagen lay prependicularly to DEG ( dentino-enamel -
junction)
deposition of circumpulpal is regular incremental patter that -
means layer by layer
collgen I ( as we said this is the major collagen in dentine) is -
. released from the process ( not the body) of odontoblasts
NOTE: DPP is so important in mineralization , so it will be -
.realeased from the first part of process of odontoblasts
The Dr. emphasized that the secretion of DPP from the first part of
odontoblast process not from the body because if it is secreted
from the body it will not be able to reach pre-odontoblast,
. because these pre-odontoblast cells near the first part of process
Don't be confused … we said that odontogenesis is continous
process and it does not have maturation so always there will be
pre-odontoblasts cells because minerlization process isn't
.immediately occur
" don’t' woory about korff's fiber" they're not include -
Slide # 14

Deposition of dentine matrix

The first part of dentine which is formed is pre-dentine which isn't
mineralized , it will be mineralized later on after 24 hrs. Dr. ashraf
.…… gave us an example which represent odontogenesis
Imagine that a worker has to build a wall in every day he built a
layer which when you see it still soft without soldification …………if
you come again in the next day ( 24 hrs.) you notice that the layer
which you see yesterday was a solid and there is another soft
layer… and so on

So any time… the last part of dentin is soft and unmineralized untill
.24hrs

When the last formed layer of dentine is lost that indicates that the
dentin is vital, but when all dentin is odontoblast that means that this
tooth undergoes pulpectomy ( removing of pulp) when pulpectomy
.occurred the last layer is minerlized

…I think that the following notes are important *

As dentinogenesis occures and continous the pulp becomes
smaller and smaller because building dentine up and increasing
..in its size affect the pulp by reducing its size
SO YOU AS ADENTIST if you asked to do canal root treatement
to one of these two patients; old man or young one? Who will
?choose and why
Of course you will do this to the young man because his canal
… is bigger than in the old man
So root canal treatement in old man will be hard because you
…have to be accurate when using the file
If dentine formation as same as enamel formation ( imagine)
the root canal treatement will be the same in young and old
.patients
Slide # 14
jj
Matrix deposition precedes mineralization…. And the difference
in time is 24hrs. in which this layer is called pre-dentine… and
after 24hrs. there will be new layer…. What is the thickness of
.this new layer? It is 4 µm

Dentin has short-term rhythm and long-term line, like enamel

.which has incremental lines and striae, respectively

: dentin could reduce or increase in the formation *

Reducing in the formation: the rate of dentin formation will be -

decreased for example in the baby… when the baby is born he
has already tooth formation (deciduous tooth formation) but
because of environmental changes the dentine will be
.decreased

And the illness will affect too… even if when he is embryo and
.his mother is patient

Increasing in formation: when the tooth is subjective to injury

for example when the pulp is injured there will be increasing in
..dentin formation … instead of 4µm it will be 6 or 7 µm

Slide# 15 Kl;l;

This is an example of calcifying dentine..you could see pre-

dentine which is an unmineralized dentine which is secreted by
odontoblast cells which have granules which are associated
with collagen formation and already we know that the nuclei of
. these cells( odontoblast cells) are located away from dentin
Slide # 16

Serum Ca+2 is taken up by odontoblast and accumulates in the

distal body of the process so it will be deposits in the site of
.seretion

Under the control of DPP, Ca+2 deposits into a template

formed by collagen I fibrils to build up as crystalline mineral ..
the fibrils are already found…and DPP enzyme stimulate
.secretion of Ca+2 on these fibrils

DPP is absent in dentinogenesis imperfect… as we said this

disease Is occurred when DPP enzyme is absent so the dentin
will be soft and isn't fully mineralized because this enzyme
.stimulates secretion of Ca+2

So the teeth will be as same level as gum in dentinogenesis

slide # 17

The role of DPP (dentino-phosphoprotein)

transport ions to mineralized front-

location of nucleation to specific regions of collagen -
fibril surface ( determines the location of
.calcification)
stabilization of the formed crystals ..mineralization -
process of dentin isn't haphazard….mineralization in
both enamel and dentin form crystals…. But crystals
.…in enamel will be bigger than in dentine
There are other protein that have a simple rule not
:major as in DPP are
.osteonectin -
.osteopontin -
.bone sialoprotein -
.proteoglycan chondroitin sulphate 4 and 6 -
This topic is undergoes investigation BUT DPP rule is
.obvious

Slide # 18
Matrix vesicle mineralization : the mechanism in
which mantle dentin( FIRST LAYER FORMED) is
mineralized " THIS MECHANISM IS NOT INCLUDED
" IN THE EXAM

Just you have to know that matrix vesicle mineralization is

.limited to mantle dentin

The mechanism is: the nucleation sites ( calcopheretis) increase

in their sizes to fuse with each other…. Mineralization in dentin
isn't as in enamel… in dentin the mineralization is in the form of
globules (calcopherites) as they increase in their size they will
be fuse with each other but they may fail in fusion so it will
form intra-globular dentine which is located in peripheral
.dentin

.……Ok… YOU JUST HAVE TO KNOW

.matrix vesicle mineralization is limited to mantle dentine -

mineralization of dentin is in the form of -

globules( calcopherites) they increase in size and fuse togother
and when they fail to fuse togother they form intra-globular
.dentine

failure of fusion of calcopherites together will form intra- -

globular dentine
I am wondering why the Dr. asked us not to memorize them (
then he said that you have to know them…so guys please
) memorize it

Slide # 19

This is an example of cacopherites ( first sites of mineralization

process )you can see more than one …. Then grow in size and
.then fuse togother and they may fail in their fusion

:Important note

Mineralization front in enamel is as straight line, but in dentine

it's irregular because of the presence of globules in this
process… ya3ni at the junction line between dentine and pre-
.dentin the isn't soft

DON'T WORRY ABOUT SLIDE # 20

SLIDE # 21

:FORMATION OF ROOT DENTIN

Dentin in the root is similar to dentin in the crown… but there's

one difference in the peripheral dentin ya3ni in the outer layer
.of dentine

First collagen isn't deposited immediately against the basal

.lamina

Root sheath epithelium fills the space with an amorphous

ground substance and a fine febrile non collagenous matrix
( don't worry about this now…. We will take about it later on on
details )
I said that the only difference between dentine in root and ***
in crown is in the peripheral part……in the peripheral part of
root dentine there's an outer most layer of hyaline cartilage
then underneath of it there's*granular layer of tomes….there's
another difference in this peripheral part which is in CDJ
( cement-dentin junction ) the initial deposition of collagen
.fibers occur parallel not perpendicular as in DEJ

granular layer of tomes: the 2nd layer after the hyaline *

: layer, this layer is formed due to
presence of radicular odontoblast (odontoblast in root) -1
which have several fine branches so the dentin which will
.be formed will be different
failure of calcopherites fusion that forms inter-globular -2
.dentine
Calcopherites are smaller and inter-globular area more -
.numerous than those of coronal dentine
.Slower rate of formation than in coronal dentine

Slide # 22
We know that dentine have tubules …. Within these
tubules there are odontoblastic processes
Peritubular dentine: dentine surrounds the tubules and -
.form their walls
Inter-tubular dentine: dentine between the tubules and -
.it's different from peritubular dentine
:In peritubular dentine
-Small crystals in an amorphous matrix
Product of odontoblasts and plasma proteins that have -
.diffused along the cell membrane
With age progression these tubules will decrease in size
specially near root apices until tubular occlusion ..Why
??? ?these tubules decrease in their size
Dentine and pre-dentin are formed continuously in -1
.the inner part of pulp
Odontoblast cells form dentine in the wall of these -2
.tubules so these factors affect their size

:Note

as we know old people are less affected by caries than

others and if they have caries it will not extend and
spread as rapid as in young people because dentine
.will be less porous
caries : in the carious tooth the tubules will be -3
.decrease in size to prevent the spread of bacteria
In forensic dentistry which is one of our Dr. specialism
the researcher could guess some features of the
person from his tooth ☺ when they make section to
the root tip and note that this tooth has occlused
.tubules that means that this person is an old man
Slide # 23
:There are two types of dentine
.Primary dentin: which forms before root completion
.Secondary dentine: which forms after root completion
For example….the root completion of first mandibular
Molar is occurs after 10 yrs. Any dentine that has been
formed before 10 yrs. Is primary dentine and after 10
.yrs. is secondary
Because of sec. dentine formation pulp will be reduced
in size and that will lead to crowd the odontoblasts at
the peripheral part of pulp … so some of the
.odontoblasts will dead or dysfunctional
So … primary dentine is formed when the cells are
healthy and not crowded… but secondary dentine is
formed when the cells are crowded and it lead to
regress pulp so… dentine that forms by sec. dentine
.will be less qualified
And there's another point which is the direction of
tubules will be changed( when an odontoblast cell form
dentin in a specific line then when it becomes crowded
the direction of this line will be changed )
Slide # 24
Formation of tertiary dentine
If you remember when I classified dentine … tertiary
dentine isn't mentioned because it is just formed when
the tooth has an injury.. so healthy people who take
care about their teeth will not have this dentine … so if
someone has caries tertiary dentine will be formed
When the rate of building dentine is more than
destruction rate, caries will be came over
If the rate of destruction is more than building rate
there will be pulp necrosis
Less severe stimuli will lead to tertiary dentine
formation

:Important note
Do you remember when we discussed about formation
of odontoblast? When we said that there will be part
of the undifferentiated cells go deeply in the pulp
?core
Tertiary dentine will be formed by these cells when
there is need to …. BUT these cells don't have
phosphophoryn so mineralization which is done by
.…these cells will be weak

Then Dr. Ashraf started new lecture which is about

: dentin

dentine

Slide #2

Dentine form the bulkof the tooth is covered by enamel in the -

. crown and by cementum in root

consists of large no. of small parallel tubules in a mineralized -

.collagen matrix

tubules consist of odontoblastic processes and dentinal fluid -

.
Slide # 3

:Physical properties
.dentine is pale yellow in color not white as in enamel -

dentine is harder than bone and cementum but is softer than -

.enamel

dentine is permeable because of the presence of dentinal -

tubules so it allow the fluids to move … because of this point
caries in dentin will progresses very fast in dentine but it's
.slower in enamel

permeability depends on the size and number of tubules ;the -

.more number of tubules the more permeable dentine

Consistency is similar to cartilage.. it bends when it decalcified -

.…dentin has some elasticity so it support enamel

Do you remember when we said that enamel is hard and brittle

? y3ni enamel will not fracture easily … that because of the
.presence of elastic dentin

Y3ni it has grade of elasticity if force is subjected to dentin it

.will bend a little

Imagine that dentine is soft and is not calcified!!!! What -

?? will happen
Dentine will be soft and it will look like as in dentiogenesis -
… imperfecta

Slide # 4

:Chemical properties of dentin

: This table will demonstrates the percent of

- inorganic - Organic - water -

by weight - 70% - 20% - 10% -
By volume - 50% - 30% - 20% -

? What is the importance of these percents

If we did calcification to dentine ( y3ni removing of inorganic

material) what will happen? Organic material and water will
remain by 30% so decalcified dentin is visible under microscope
unlike decalcified enamel which will look like as space because
…in enamel the inorganic material is 96% not 70%as in dentine

.…I think this is very important note

Inorganic material in dentine is made up of hydroxyapatite -

crystals found between collagen fibers which are smaller than
.hydroxyapatite crystals in enamel

Organic material is composed of collagen fibers by 90% which -

.…………are impeded in amorphous ground substance

The Dr. assumes that we know that any component of

connective tissue is composed of fibers, ground substance and
…cells

Ground substance of dentin is amorphous… and the fibers are -

primarily collagen fibers tybe I and small amount of 3rd and 5th
.types

Collagen fibers run parallel to pulp surface and they are not in -
.. bundles as in large collagen fibers
Fibers are larger and more closely packed in mineralized dentine than in
.pre-dentine
.Finally these are quiz Qs. Which is given at the end of the lec

amelogenesis Immediate mineralization

Starts at cusp tips and incisal edges
Involves maturation
dentinogenesis Starts at cusp tips and incisal edges
Has unmineralised front
Continuous

.Special thanks to my sister

.Done by : Mays Jaradat
.