00-Conspectus of Planning and Optimization of CDMA 1

ORG000101
Conspectus of Planning and

Optimization of CDMA 1X Network
ISSUE1.0
Mobile Network Curriculum

Development Section
Study objective
It is required that after the course
study, you should:
• Have a general concept about network
planning
• Have an understanding of
characteristics of CDMA network
planning
• Have an understanding of the main
contents of network planning
• Have an understanding of the main
contents of network optimization
Contents of the course
Chapter 1 CDMA 1X Network Planning

Process & Characteristics
Chapter 3 CDMA 1X Network

Optimization
Chapter 1 CDMA 1X Network Planning Process &
Characteristics
l Objectives of network planning
l CDMA 1X Network planning flow
l Difference between network

planning of CDMA and GSM
Objectives of network planning
To
Toestablish
establishthe
thelargest
largestradio
radionetwork
network
both
bothinincapacity
capacityand
andcoverage
coveragewith
withaa
certain
certaincost
costand
andunder
underthe
the
precondition
preconditionof ofmeeting
meetingthe
theQoS
QoSofof
network,
network,andandfurther,
further,adapt
adaptto
tothe
the
future
futurenetwork
networkdevelopment
developmentandand
expansion.
expansion.
Coverage Capacity Quality Cost
Realization of excellent balance of all aspects via network planning

CDMA 1X Network planning flow
Analysis of
traffic coverage
Network optimization Emulation
Installation and
Integration Site survey
System design
Difference of Network Planning Between CDMA
and GSM
CDMA GSM
Planning
Planning Predication
Predication
method Prediction
Prediction
method Emulation
Emulation
Dynamic
Dynamic coverage
coverage is
is
Coverage
Coverage related
related to
to capacity
capacity Static
Static coverage
coverage
and
and interference
interference
Frequency
Frequency Complex,
Complex, key
key
planning Simple, N=1
Simple, N=1
planning technology
technology
Capacity
Capacity Interference
Interference Static
Static capacity
capacity
planning
planning limited
limited
Data
Data service
service Multi-service
Multi-service Voice
Voice service
service
planning
planning and
and high
high speed
speed as
as body
body
Coverage, capacity and quality
l Relationship among coverage, capacity and quality
wThe three factors influence each

other and at the same time inter-
depend on each other. Therefore,
coverage cannot be separated from
capacity and quality for discussion.
wWith the increase network capacity,
the coverage scope will be definitely
reduced, and vice versa.
wTo achieve wider coverage, the total
power of traffic channel can be
properly reduced to increase the
seizure rate of pilot channel, but
this may affect the capacity and the
quality of conversation.
Question
lWhat are the objectives of

networking planning?
lPlease describe the process

of network planning.
lDifferences between network

planning of CDMA and GSM?


Optimization
l Section 1 Coverage Planning
l Section 2 Capacity Planning
l Section 3 Power Planning
l Section 4 Handoff Planning

Link budget model
mode
Electric wave
Service
propagation
requirement
“Soft” phenomenon
of CDMA MS
Radio coverage performance
Radio resource Equipment

management parameter
Link budget model
Transmit-receive
Transmit-receive Feeder loss Antenna Soft
Softhandoff
handoff Interference
Interference Fading
Fading Antenna
Antenna Receive/transmit
Receive/transmit
Feeder loss Antennagain
gain Path
PathLoss
Loss
power
power gain
gain margin
margin margin
margin gain
gain power
power
Forward link
Reverse link
Both forward and reverse links within the coverage area should reach balance
Classification of parameters involved in link budget of CDMA 1X:

òParameter related
òParameter related to
to equipment:
equipment: transmission
transmission power,
power, receiver
receiver
sensitivity, parts and feeder loss, antenna
sensitivity, parts and feeder loss, antenna lossloss
òParameters related
òParameters related toto radio
radio environment:
environment: fast
fast fading
fading margin,
margin,
slow fading margin and cluster loss
slow fading margin and cluster loss
òParameter related
òParameter related to
to CDMA
CDMA technology:
technology: system
system load
load affection,
affection,
soft handoff gain and Eb/Nt
soft handoff gain and Eb/Nt
òParameters related
òParameters related toto service:
service: service
service type,
type, data
data rate,
rate, maximum
maximum
transmission power of each traffic channel
transmission power of each traffic channel
òPropagation model:
òPropagation model: classical -Okumura Hata
classical-Okumura Hata model,etc
model,etc..
Link budget parameters
ØEb/Nt parameter setting of BTS

FER 1% FER 5% FER 5% FER 5% FER 5%
Voice Data Data service Data service Data service
Eb/Nt( dB ) service service ( 38.4kbps ) ( 76.8kbps ) ( 153.6kbps )
( 9.6kbps ) ( 19.2kbps )
Static (0km/h) 3.5 3.4 2.59 2.15 1.54
Walking 5.57 4.11 3.01 2.47 1.98

(3km/h)
Vehicle 6.34 4.96 3.64 3.01 2.51
speed (8km/h)
Vehicle 7.13 5.96 4.78 4.28 3.8

speed
(30km/h)
Vehicle 6.78 5.37 4.26 3.57 2.68
speed
(100km/h)
ØSensitivity of S_BS BTS receiver
3The BTS receiver sensitivity finalizes the minimum receive level required for
the traffic channel to ensure certain call quality.
3S_BS = Eb/Nt －10lg(W/Rb) + 10lg(KT×W) + NF_BS
üEb/Nt Demodulation threshold of BTS receiver can be obtained via link
emulation and on-the-spot survey. It is related to service type, propagation
environment, receiver demodulation performance and configuration
conditions (received diversity of antenna, power control and soft handoff).
üRb data rate (before channel coding)
üKT thermal noise density, equaling to -174dBm/Hz under the condition of
normal temperature
üW spread spectrum bandwidth
üNF_BS receiver noise indices, typical value: 5dB, Huawei’s BTS: 3.2dB
üThe sensitivity can also be affected by interference. Thus the design load
should be added with interference margin in actual application.
ØSensitivity of S_MS MS receiver

3S_MS = Eb/Nt －10lg(W/Rb) + 10lg(KT×W) +NF_MS
NF_MS MS noise index, and the typical value is 8dB
Ø Mf shadow fading margin
System margin
Mf(dB)= NORMSINV(Edge coverage
Probability probability)× r
density
Area
Coverage
probability
Ø Soft handoff gain G_HO and shadow fading margin

ü In link budget, maximum path losses of both forward and
reverse links are calculated. If the MS is located in the cell
edge, gain brought by soft handoff should also be taken into
consideration.
ü During soft handoff, the shadow fading margin satisfying a
certain coverage probability is decreased due to the
existence of independent propagation path, and this gain is
called soft handoff gain, that is, G_HO, in link budget.
Ø MI: Interference margin

ü The CDMA system is a self-interference one. It is closely related
to coverage and capacity, and this is reflected on the introduction
of interference margin to the link budget.
ü For the reverse link, different load levels correspond to different
interference raises. For example, a 3dB interference raise
corresponds to 50% load and a 4dB interference raise
corresponds to 60% load.
ü For the forward link, the relationship between load and the
interference also exists. But it is hard to perform theory
calculation. Thus emulation is required.
ü In the link budget, the value for the interference margin is
finalized by the design capacity of system.
Propagation model
Okumura-Hata model is adopted. The model takes up

city propagation loss as standard. For other cities,
modification should be made on this basis.
Standard formula of path loss median of city:

Lp: Path loss from BTS to MS (dB);
f: Carrier frequency (MHz), Ranging from 150MHZ to 1500MHZ;
hb: Valid antenna height (m), ranging from 30m to 200m;
hm: Valid antenna height of MS (m), ranging from 1m to 10m;
d: Distance between BTS and MS (km);
Ahm: Valid revision factor of migrating antenna (dB), and the
value is finalized by the environment.
Example of link budget for reverse link
IS-95 CDMA2000-1X
Ø City link budget 9.6kbps voice 9.6kbps voice 19.2kbps 38.4kbps 76.8kbps 153.6kbps
Maximum transmission power of traffic channel ( dBm ) 23.00 23.00 23.00 23.00 23.00 23.00
Human body loss ( dB ) 3.00 3.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
EIRP ( dBm ) 20.00 20.00 23.00 23.00 23.00 23.00
Antenna gain of BTS ( dBi ) 15.00 15.00 15.00 15.00 15.00 15.00
Feeder loss ( dB ) 1.97 1.97 1.97 1.97 1.97 1.97
Receiver noise ( dB ) 3.20 3.2 3.20 3.20 3.20 3.20
Eb/Nt required for demodulation ( dB ) 5.80 5.00 3.40 2.59 2.15 1.54
Cell load 50% 50% 50% 50% 50% 50%
Interference margin ( dB ) 3.01 3.01 3.01 3.01 3.01 3.01
Receiver sensitivity ( dBm ) -124.18 -127.50 -124.77 -122.57 -120.00 -117.74
Fast fading margin ( dB ) 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50
Soft handoff gain ( dB ) 3.70 3.70 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Shadow fading standard deviation ( dB ) 8 8 8 8 8 8
Required area coverage probability 90% 90% 90% 90% 90% 90%
Corresponding edge coverage probability 75% 75% 75% 75% 75% 75%
Required shadow fading margin ( dB ) 5.5 5.5 5.5 5.5 5.5 5.5
Clutter loss ( dB ) 20 20 20 20 20 20
Allowable propagation loss for required coverage (dB) 133.90 133.82 131.79 129.59 127.02 124.76
MS antenna height ( m ) 1.50 1.50 1.50 1.50 1.50 1.50
BS antenna height ( m ) 30.00 30.00 30.00 30.00 30.00 30.00
Coverage radius ( km ) 1.72 1.84 1.61 1.40 1.18 1.01
Link budget analysis of reverse link
ØComparison of service of different rates between IS-95 and
CDMA2000-1X
IS-95 CDMA2000-1X
Service type 9.6kbps 9.6kbps
19.2 kbps 38.4 kbps 76.8 kbps 153.6 kbps
voice voice
Coverage radius
1.00 1.16 0.99 0.86 0.73 0.63
ratio
• The reason of causing different coverage radii is the difference of service rate
and the difference of demodulation threshold of reverse link
• In comparison with voice service, the maximum allowable path loss and
coverage distance is reduced in data service. And the coverage shrinkage of data
service of different rates is different as well.
• The coverage shrinkage level is slightly increased along with the raise of antenna.
Analysis of link budget of forward link
ØThe increase of forward power of data service, especially the high

speed data, may result in the BTS power becoming the factor limiting
the BTS coverage scope, which in turn causes that the forward
coverage is limited.
ØThe forward coverage is closely related to distribution of BTS and

subscribers of different service rates.
ØIn comparison with the reverse coverage, the affection brought by

the data rate to forward coverage is much greater
ØWhen planning is performed to the area with high requirements of

high speed data, analysis should be made by associating the forward
power distribution. When the forward coverage is limited, then
planning should be made according to the forward coverage distance.
Question
l What are the parameter types involved in

CDMA 1X link budget?

Constitution of interference in CDMA system
I TOT = I own + I other + PN

Ø Iown： Interference from the subscribers of local cell
Ø Iother ： Interference from the subscribers of Neighbor
cells
Ø PN： Receiver noise
Ø Iown 、Iother：the main interference components
Soft capacity attribute of CDMA 1X system
ðSoft capacity attribute of CDMA 1X system
l Soft blocking of air interface
l Factors affecting the uplink load of sector：
è Quantity of the subscriber
è MS interference of Ncell (neighbor cell)
è Setting points of destination FER and Eb/Nt and MS environment
è Allocation ratio of voice service and data service
è Allocation ratio of data rate service, duty ratio and voice
activation factor, etc.
è Power control error.
l Conclusion: The CDMA capacity fluctuates along with the change of
environment
Capacity of CDMA 1X system
ðSystem capacity represented by
throughput adopted
l The foundation for capacity analysis is traffic measurement and calculation. In addition
to the busy hour Erlang used for voice service, more measurements are required for
packet data service subscribers. The traffic per voice service subscriber is measured by
any of two parameters that can be converted to each other. One is BHE (busy hour
Erlang) per voice service subscriber and the other is throughput per voice service
subscriber in bps calculated as follows” Throughput = Traffic strength * data rate *
activation factor”.
S = Av ×ν × α r
l The BHE and Throughput calculation for PSD service should be approached in different
way for the reasons: 1. Different channel assignment scheme for PSD; 2. Different
demands of data rate with different subscribers :
Reverse capacity model of CDMA 1X system
ðReverse capacity model: 1
W β 2σ 2
X 0 − M α ρe 2 (1 + ε )
B cdma = Q( R )
Mα ρ e
2 2 2 β 2σ 2
(1 + ε ′ )
∞ 1 −t 2 / 2
Q( x) = ∫ e dt
x 2π
ρ = e β ( Eb / Nt ) , β = (ln 10) / 10
Reverse capacity of CDMA 1X system
ðReverse capacity at different rates and different moving speeds
Static 3km/h 8km/h 30km/h 100km/h
Mean load of the system 50% 50% 50% 50% 50%
Service blocking rate 2% 2% 2% 2% 2%
Interference factor 0.55 0.55 0.55 0.55 0.55
Basic parameter Second order interference factor 0.086 0.086 0.086 0.086 0.086
Power control covariance (dB) 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5
Sector factor 2.55 2.55 2.55 2.55 2.55
Activation factor Select 0.4 for voice service and 1 for data service
Service demodulation threshold 6.6 7 7.8 9.2 8.8
IS95 voice Throughput of omni-directional BTS 78.5 70.6 56.9 38.7 43.3
(Kbps)
Throughput of directional TRX (Kbps) 66.8 60.0 48.4 32.9 36.8
Service demodulation threshold 5.08 5.57 6.34 7.13 6.78
1X9.6K voice
Throughput of omni-directional BTS 117.2 103.1 84.2 68.2 74.9
(Kbps)
1X19.2K data
(Kbps)
1X38.4K data
(Kbps)
1X76.8K data
(Kbps)
1X153.6Kdata
(Kbps)
ðReverse capacity under trial test condition
Simulation of Nanchang system test
System average load 70%
Soft blocking rate 2%
Interference factor 0.1
Power control variance (dB) 2.5
Activation factor 1
Eb/Nt average value of traffic channel 2.7
Sector factor 2.55
Throughput of traffic channel of 307

omni-directional cell (Kbps)
Throughput of traffic channel 1200 sector 261

(Kbps)
Throughput of three-sector cell S111 BTS 783
(Kbps)
ðAverage reverse throughput of sector carrier
The capacity of the air interface of cdma-1X varies under
different access rates, but the basic capacity can be planned via
combining the traffic model and subscriber ratio
Md=∑KiRi
M=Md.Pd+Mv.Pv
Mv Throughput of voice service of carrier
Md Throughput of data service of carrier
Ki Ratio of different service access rate
Ri Different service access rates
Pd Data subscriber ratio
Pv Voice subscriber ratio
According to the traffic model and subscriber ratio of Zhengzhou

Posts and Telecommunication Design Institute, it can be got that the
carrier capacity of the embedded omni-directional cell is 110kbps,
and that of the embedded 1200 sector is 94kbps.
Forward capacity model
ðForward capacity model:
PGtraf 10− M ( dB) / 10.Pmax ρ sync ρ pag
M ( Pmax ) = [ − ρ pil − − Np ]
K traf .α.ρ traf N m LT ( R) + K f .Pmax PGsync PG pag
l M ( Pmax) : Forward capcity
l Pmax: Maximum allowance power of BTS
l α : Voice activation factor (it is generally 0.4)
l PG traf : Processing gain of traffic channel PG sync: Processing gain of synchronization channel
PG pag : Processing gain of paging channel
ρ traf: Demodulation threshold of traffic channel ρ pil: Demodulation threshold of pilot channel
l
ρ sync: Demodulation threshold of synchronization channel ρ pag : Demodulation threshold of paging channel
l N p :Number of paging channel

l N m :Thermal noise
l L T (R): Attenuation of forward link (corresponding to cell radius actually)
l Ktraf: Subscriber distribution factor
l K f: Forward integrated interference factor (including internal cell and the external cell)
l M (dB) : Demodulation threshold margin
l Conclusion for any embedded cell an be got via the formula: The parameter,which most greatly affects
the forward capacity and which is most flexible, is the subscriber distribution parameter Ktraf
Analysis example of forward capacity
ðAnalysis example of forward capacity of coverage area

Simulation result of certain trial
When the cell radius is comparatively small (corresponding to less path loss: 130) and
the subscribers are distributing evenly within the cell, the forward capacity will be:
Background noise (dBm) -105

Path loss (dB) 130
System interference index 1.4
Subscriber geographical distribution 0.4
index
Maximum transmission power (W) 20
Demodulation threshold of pilot channel -15
(dB)
Demodulation threshold of 6
synchronization channel (dB)
Demodulation threshold of paging 6
channel (dB)
Demodulation threshold of traffic 7
channel (dB)
Throughput of omni-directional site 401
(Kbps)
Throughput of traffic channel of 1200 341
sector (Kbps)
Throughput of three-sector cell S111 1024
BTS (Kbps)
Analysis of soft capacity of CDMA 1X system
p CDMA system has different capacities under difference networking

condition (cellular layout)
p The variance of total capacities of the equipment is not great under the same
environment and networking condition
p The moving speed affects the system capacity greatly Both of the main
components of reverse interference depend on the cell load. But in forward
interference, the multipath interference is the main component in the central
area, and the Ncell interference is the main component on the edge of the
cell
p The capacity of the forward link is finalized by the total transmission power
of cell and allocation of transmission power in the traffic channel and other
supplementary channels (the supplementary channels include pilot, paging
and synchronization channels, etc)
Analysis of soft capacity of CDMA 1X system
pIf the power amplifier cannot provide enough forward power, then the
system capacity will be forward limited. For example, improper cellular
distribution may result in most of the subscribers being located on the
edge of the cell, or severe cross-cell coverage, which in turn causes the
power of forward traffic channel and the soft handoff rate to be too great.
Further, the increase of soft handoff may increase the reverse capacity
but reduce the forward capacity.
pMaximum number of MSs supported by the forward link and reverse link
of CDMA system are different. Generally, the capacity of CDMA system is
finalized by the capacity of the reverse link. The reverse capacity and load
are used for design reference, while emulation is adopted for analysis of
forward capacity.
Analysis of forward/reverse balance of CDMA 1X
system
pIn CDMA system, the coverage and the capacity can be inter-converted.
pIn the planning of data service, the asymmetry feature of the uplink/downlink
(Generally, the ratio between the uplink and the downlink is 1:4) of data service
should be fully utilized to design the cell coverage and capacity.
Through 19.2 38.4 76.8 115.2 153.6 192 230.4 268.8 307.2 345.6 384 422.4 460.8
put kbps kbps kbps kbps kbps kbps kbps kbps kbps kbps kbps kbps kbps
Forward 156.1 153.9 151.1 149.1 147.4 146 144.6 143.2 141.7 140.1 138.1 135.3 128.8
net loss
Downto 2.5 2.17 1.8 1.58 1.42 1.29 1.18 1.08 0.98 0.88 0.77 0.64 0.42
wn
forward
radius
Downto 1.61 1.4 1.18 1.01
wn
reverse
radius
Countrys 45.19 39.01 32.34 28.29 25.25 22.99 20.93 19.06 17.24 15.49 13.55 11.23 7.27
ide
forward
radius
Countrys 28.37 24.49 20.62 17.56
ide
reverse
radius
Question
l Please state your understandings about the

soft capacity of CDMA system

Power Planning
Principle of power planning:
Power of pilot channel: 10-20% of total power
Power of paging channel: pilot -4.5dB (The rate of paging channel is
4800)
Power of synchronization channel: pilot -10dB Guarantee
Power of traffic channel: remnant power correct access
Setting principles of pilot power: and normal
Establish proper cell scope conversation
Allow channel estimation of receiver
Enable the MS to add the cell to handoff active set
Guarantee the power amplification resources needed for the forward
traffic channel within the coverage area.
The above settings are the static ones. But cell breath is a dynamic
allocation modification of pilot and power of traffic channel. The
purpose is to adapt to the dynamic coverage and capacity
variance

Objectives of handoff planning and key points
Objective of handoff planning:

4 Reduce call-drop rate to ensure the required QoS
4 Reduce interference to increase the network
capacity
4 Balance the distribution of traffic load of network
to reduce hot spot congestion
Key points of handoff planning:

üSelect the proper handoff location and avoid locating handoff zone
in the intensive traffic area
üPlan the proper width of handoff area to ensure reasonable soft
handoff ratio
üSelect suitable handoff strategy for different networking
üFinalize the suitable handoff parameter and the Ncell relationship
Review
r Objectives of handoff planning
r Key points of handoff planning



Optimization
System optimization
Objectives of system optimization

.Reasonable
.Reasonableforward
forwardand
andreverse
reversecoverage
coverage
(Plan
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channeland
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traffic
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etc.reasonably)
reasonably)
.Achieve
.Achievethethemaximum
maximumforward
forwardand
andreverse
reverse
voice
voicecapacity
capacityand
anddata
datathroughput
throughput
.Realize
.Realize the
the least
least call-drop
call-drop rate,
rate, blocking
blocking rate
rate
and
andFER
FER
.Accomplish
.Accomplish excellent
excellent soft
soft handoff,
handoff, softer
softer
handoff
handoffand
andhard
hardhandoff
handoffperformance
performance
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Huawei Network Optimization Tools Packet
Drive test data Geographical

analysis
information
Interface
3GTool_PoolTM
Electromagnetic information
environment test
Handling suggestion
for network
adjustment
Planning database
Network running
database
Traffic statistics database
Pilot Pollution Solution
4 Pilots with Ec/Io >

T_ADD
Example 2
Question:
Example 1 •Cross-cell coverage or
missed-out Ncell relationship
may cause that the strong
signal pilot cannot be added to
the active set, which in turn
results in pilot pollution .
Solution:
• Modify the main coverage
direction of the local cell
• Modify the antenna and
power of Ncell to control the
coverage scope
• Modify handoff parameter
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limited.
òò Accordingtotothe
According thedistribution
distributionofofthe
thelocal
localintegrated
integratedservice
servicemodels,
models,different
different
resourceallocation
resource allocationstrategies
strategiescan
canbebeselected:
selected:
Thoseservices,
Those services,nonomatter
matterthe
thevoice
voiceservice
serviceor
ordata
dataservice,
service,which
whichcomes
comesfirst,
first,
willbe
will befirstly
firstlyserved.
served.Voice
Voiceorordata
datawon’t
won’tbebesingly
singlyseparated
separatedforforallocation.
allocation.
Reservepart
Reserve partof
ofresource
resourcefor
forvoice
voiceservice
service
Thisstrategy
This strategycan
canbebeadopted
adoptedififthe
thelocal
localvoice
voiceservice
serviceisisthe
thepreferred
preferredone.
one.
Reversepart
Reverse partof
ofresource
resourcefor
fordata
dataservice
service
Thisstrategy
This strategycan
canbebeadopted
adoptedififthe
theresource
resourcerequired
requiredfor
forthe
thelocal
localdata
dataisis
comparativelyfixed,
comparatively fixed,and
andfurther,
further,the
thepreference
preferenceofofthe
theservice
serviceshould
shouldbe beensured.
ensured.
Optimization Strategy of CDMA Radio Network
Ø During RF optimization, group test (spectrum monitor, basic call test, free-
free-load pilot
test and loaded coverage test) should be firstly performed, and then comes the
optimization of loaded mobile test within the system scope.
Ø Many basic objectives of optimization of both of data service and voice service are the
same.
Ø The optimization of voice service should be guaranteed before the
the data service is put
into large business use. And fine tuning of data service is required
required after business
application.
Ø Balance of the performance of both voice service and data service
service should be ensured.
Optimization strategy of CDMA radio network
p Main optimization parameters: Optimization of RF environment

ØThe optimization is the elementary one of the radio cellular layout.Whether
the cellular layout is successful or not finalizes 85% radio network quality,
and this is especially true for the CDMA radio network.
ØTotal transmission power of each sector
ØAntenna configuration (azimuth, downtilt, height, graphics mode)
ØList of neighbor pilots and the priority sequence
ØSize of search window of neighbor set
ØRatio of soft handoff and hard handoff, and thresholds
o Secondary optimization parameters: Fine tuning of partial performance
ØSize of search window of active set of MS
ØSize of search window of BTS
ØSetting of digital gain of each (sub) channel, that is, power allocation
ØOther algorithm parameters
Main measurement parameters of CDMA 1X
network (voice service)
Ø Coverage
Ø Forward/reverse voice capacity
Ø Call-loss rate
Ø Access (call attempt or being called) failure
rate
Ø Congestion rate of voice call
Ø Call quality FER (1%)
Ø Failure rate of soft handoff
Ø Pilot Ec/Io (-15dB)
Ø Integrated percent of multi-channel soft
handoff (1.5-2 or 35-40%)
Ø transmission power of MS
Ø transmission power of BTS traffic channel
Main measurement parameters of CDMA 1X network
(data service)
Ø Coverage
Ø Average throughput
Ø Delay
Ø Data rate
Ø RLP retransmission rate
Ø FER（5%）
– FER of basic channel of forward link
– FER of supplementary channel of forward link
– FER of basic channel of reverse link
– Pilot Ec/Io (above -15dB)
Ø Integrated percent of multi-channel soft

handoff (1.5-2 or 35-40%)
Ø transmission power of MS
Ø transmission power of traffic channel of BTS
Evaluation of IS-95 network of certain downtown
Basic condition of network

Scale of IS95 network of certain downtown:
Table 1: Scale of IS95 network of certain downtown
Equipment name QTY
CBTS 11
In the existing IS-95 network, except two BTSs in the

downtown (not have been activated), all of the rest nine
BTSs share addresses with the GSM network. The minimum
inter-BTS distance is about 500 meters, and the maximum is
about 3,000 meters. Except a certain BTS, S1/1/1
configuration is uniformly adopted for the rest BTSs, with 283
frequency adopted.
Distribution of Ec/Io
Distribution of Forward FER
RX Distribution
Handoff Branch
Result of case analysis
Through simple analysis of the indices, it can be concluded that

the quality of the IS-95 network of the city zone is ecumenical.
Specific problems are as follows:
1、The sites located in central areas in the downtown are so close
to each other that the design of downtilt and azimuth is
unreasonable, and configuration of pilot power may be
unreasonable as well, thus cross-cell may happen in certain
sectors, which in turn causes that the Ec/Io in some areas is
comparatively low. In the cell where there are crowded with
buildings, the above case will be worsened due to (building)
penetration loss. As a result, the above data parameters cannot
satisfy the requirements of future development of data service in
most of the areas.
2、This low Ec/Io may directly cause high BER of the whole net.
3、Received power of MS in some important sections of the city
zone may be comparatively low.
4、Because the high BTS density in the city zone may cause high
ratio of soft handoff, system resources is wasted, and pilot
pollution is brought as well.
Suggestions For Tilt Adjustment
Channel Height (m) Azimuth(°) Downtilt(°)
Chinese names of Site Channel Antenna Azimuth (°) Original Modified

BTS type (meter) downtilt (°) downtilt
Cehnzhou Er Jian - S1/1/ 201 23 0 3 6
1 1
Cehnzhou Er Jian - 201 23 100 3 8
2
Cehnzhou Er Jian- 201 23 240 3 6
3
Jun Fen Qu-1 S1/1/ 201 25 105 3 10
1
Jun Fen Qu-2 201 25 240 6 10
Jun Fen Qu-3 201 25 340 3 10
Yan Chang-1 S1/1/ 201 33 0 8 10

1
Yan Chang-2 201 33 120 6 10
Yan Chang-3 201 33 240 6 8
Lv You Xue Yuan-1 S1/1/ 201 25 50 3 6

1
Lv You Xue Yuan - 201 25 170 3 3
2
Lv You Xue Yuan - 201 25 300 3 3
3
Review
r Optimization objectives of CDMA 1X network
r Optimization strategies of CDMA 1X network
r Main measurement parameters of CDMA 1X network

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ORG000101

Conspectus of Planning and

Mobile Network Curriculum

Chapter 1 CDMA 1X Network Planning

Chapter 2 CDMA 1X Network Planning

Chapter 3 CDMA 1X Network

l Objectives of network planning

l CDMA 1X Network planning flow

l Difference between network

Coverage Capacity Quality Cost

Realization of excellent balance of all aspects via network planning

l Relationship among coverage, capacity and quality

wThe three factors influence each

lWhat are the objectives of

lPlease describe the process

lDifferences between network

Chapter 1 CDMA 1X Network Planning

Chapter 2 CDMA 1X Network Planning

Chapter 3 CDMA 1X Network

l Section 1 Coverage Planning

l Section 2 Capacity Planning

l Section 3 Power Planning

l Section 4 Handoff Planning

Radio resource Equipment

Classification of parameters involved in link budget of CDMA 1X:

ØEb/Nt parameter setting of BTS

Static (0km/h) 3.5 3.4 2.59 2.15 1.54

Walking 5.57 4.11 3.01 2.47 1.98

Vehicle 7.13 5.96 4.78 4.28 3.8

ØSensitivity of S_MS MS receiver

Ø Soft handoff gain G_HO and shadow fading margin

Ø MI: Interference margin

Okumura-Hata model is adopted. The model takes up

Standard formula of path loss median of city:

ØThe increase of forward power of data service, especially the high

ØThe forward coverage is closely related to distribution of BTS and

ØIn comparison with the reverse coverage, the affection brought by

ØWhen planning is performed to the area with high requirements of

l What are the parameter types involved in

l Section 1 Coverage Planning

l Section 2 Capacity Planning

l Section 3 Power Planning

l Section 4 Handoff Planning

I TOT = I own + I other + PN

System average load 70%

Soft blocking rate 2%

Interference factor 0.1

Power control variance (dB) 2.5

Eb/Nt average value of traffic channel 2.7

Sector factor 2.55

Throughput of traffic channel of 307

Throughput of traffic channel 1200 sector 261

According to the traffic model and subscriber ratio of Zhengzhou

l N p :Number of paging channel

l M (dB) : Demodulation threshold margin

ðAnalysis example of forward capacity of coverage area

Background noise (dBm) -105

p CDMA system has different capacities under difference networking

l Please state your understandings about the

l Section 1 Coverage Planning

l Section 2 Capacity Planning

l Section 3 Power Planning

l Section 4 Handoff Planning