1. How many people lived in the United States in 1865?

About 40 million (1870 census).

2. How many men died in the Civil War?

620,000 dead.

3. What political party controlled the Reconstruction process?

The Republican Party.

4. Which constitutional amendment abolished slavery?

The Thirteenth.

5. Which granted blacks citizenship?

The Fourteenth.

6. What was the black literacy rate by 1900?

50%.

7. What led to the limits on the black vote?

The Democrats’ regaining political control of the South.

8. What were the laws prohibiting the hiring away of blacks from their
current employers?
enticement laws

9. What southern crop was processed into cloth in southern textile mills?
cotton

10. What fraction of the territory of the U.S. lay in the West in the late
1800s?
About ½.

11. When was the Transcontinental Railroad completed?

1869.

12. Who gained control of the mining industry, small businesses or big
corporations?
Big corporations.

13. What was the destination of the great cattle drives of the late 1800s?
A railroad station.

14. How much rain did the Great Plains normally get?
Less than 20” per year

15. What state did the Exodusters go to?

 Kansas.

16. How big were “bonanza” farms?

1000+ acres.
1. How many people lived in the United States in 1865?
About 40 million (1870 census).

2. How many men died in the Civil War?

620,000 dead.

3. What political party controlled the Reconstruction process?

The Republican Party.

4. Which constitutional amendment granted black men the right to vote?

The Fifteenth.

5. What was the black literacy rate by 1900?

50%.

6. What southern crop was processed into cloth in southern textile mills?
cotton

7. What fraction of the territory of the U.S. lay in the West in the late 1800s?
About ½.

8. What was the destination of the great cattle drives of the late 1800s?
A railroad station.

9. How much rain did the Great Plains normally get?

Less than 20” per year

10. The Bessemer process converted iron to what? Steel

11. What was one use for the oil from Oil City?
Lighting lamps; lubricating machines; in candles

12. What was oil from Spindletop used for? Machine fuel

13. What protects the private assets owners of a corporation from being
responsible for the corporation’s debts? Limited liability.

14. What were America’s first big businesses? Railroad companies.

15. What percentage of American oil refining did Standard Oil control in the
late 1800s? 90 percent
16. What was America’s first billion-dollar corporation? United States Steel
Corporation

17. Did the Sherman Anti-Trust Act actually break up many trusts in the late
1800s? No.
. Which constitutional amendment abolished slavery?
The Thirteenth

2. What percentage of the southern population was African-American in

1870?
36%.

3. What region and race were the “Exodusters”

Southern African-Americans.

4. What was the main use for the type of oil discovered at Spindletop?
Machine fuel

5. How many workers died from industrial accidents every year in the late
1800s?
35,000.

6. Legal Rule that prevented workers from getting compensation from

employers for injuries on the job: _____________
Fellow servant rule.

7. Percentage of industrial workforce that was female? 25%.

8. Percentage of workforce unionized in 1900: __________. 10%

9. What type of framing made the skyscraper possible? Steel framing.

10. According to Louis Sullivan, form follows __________. function

11. Percentage of U.S. population consisting of immigrants in 1900: 15%.

12. What parts of Europe did immigrants of the late 1800s begin coming
from? southern + eastern

13. Name for tenement building designed to let in more air and light:
______________. dumbbell tenement

14. Victorians believed the key to happiness was __________. virtue.

15. Which families tended to see children as potential sources of income,

immigrant or middle class families? immigrant families
16. Most public school teachers were from what class? middle class

17. Most public school students in the late 1800s were from what type of
family? immigrant

18. What were the two forms of socialism? Gradualism + Marxism

(Communism)

19. The idea that salvation includes a better life on earth was part of what
view? Social Gospel

1. Emigrants to Kansas in the late 1800s were known as EXODUSTERS.

THE SOUTHERN BURDEN

2. How did the birth rate in the South compare to the rest of the country in
the late 1800s:

Southern birth rate was high while it was dropping elsewhere

3. How were rents typically paid in the South?

In pounds of cotton rather than dollars.

4. What share of the crop did sharecroppers normally receive?

A third.

5. Name three factors led to inequality, poverty, and debt peonage among
the South’s small farmers:
1. sharecropping
2. crop liens
3. landlord monopoly on ginning and marketing

6. What were three areas of economic growth in the South in the late 1800s?

railroads
cotton textiles
tobacco

7. What new tobacco product became popular in the late 1800s?

The cigarette
8. Circle the industries that contributed relatively little to the economy of the
New South
lumber and turpentine
iron and steel
tobacco
cotton textiles

9. What three factors help explain Southern poverty?

later industrialization w few experts to help catch up
low spending on education
isolated workforce

LIFE IN THE NEW SOUTH

10.Percentage of African Americans who lived in the South after the Civil
War?
Ninety percent.

11. After the Civil War, white southerners introduced a new system of racial
_____________
that replaced the system of _________________ in place under slavery.

segregation / social control

12. Name three activities that Southern males engaged in:

hunting, cockfighting, drinking, hourse raisings, log rollings

13. Which is NOT true of the Southern Church in the late 1800s
A. Congregations were small and isolated.
B. Congregations by 1870 were segregated by race.
C. There were more male church members than female ones.

14. In Plessy v. Ferguson (1896), the Supreme Court said that racial
segregation was legal so long as the separate facilities were ______________
equal.

15. Segregation of schools led to increased spending on ________students and

decreased spending on _________students.
white
black

16. When were the first “Jim Crow” laws put into place?
Before the Civil War
During the Civil War
 After the Civil War

WESTERN FRONTIERS

BOOM AND BUST IN THE WEST

20. Who had gained control of the cattle industry by the 1890s – and why?
Larger corporations – had enough capital for lands/workers

THE FINAL FRONTIER

21. List three costs associated with farming on the plains:

Windmills/pumping equipment were necessary to draw water from

underground
Fences (barbed wire) were needed to keep out cattle
Expensive machinery was needed

22. List five cities of the West:

San Antonio
El Paso
Los Angeles
Portland
Wichita
Denver
Omaha

23. Name three ways in which the West was linked to the world economy
Texas cattle consumed in U.S. and Europe
Northwest wood used in British ships, French furniture
Plains wheat
Gold/silver used to mint coins around the world
Investment from east and Europe

24. Westerners sense that they had a distinct identity was heightened
because they felt isolated from ___________________________.
the mainstream of industrial America.

25. What was really happening in the west and the south and the entire
world?
the development of a new global industrial system
immigration movement of people from one country to another
migration movement of people within a country
securities stocks; shares of ownership in a company (p. 385)
start-up costs the costs involved in starting a business (as opposed to the
costs of keeping one going) (382)

THE DEVELOPMENT OF INDUSTRIAL SYSTEMS (pp. 378-383)

1. The Bessemer process converted large quantities of _________ into

_________.
iron/steel

2. Name three uses for petroleum before 1900:

kerosene for lighting lamps
oil for lubricating machinery
paraffin for making candles

3. ___________were forerunners of modern research labs.

Invention factories

4. Name two important inventors of the late 1800s:

Edison and George Eastman

5. List three advantages of the corporation over other forms of ownership:

could raise large sums quickly by selling stock shares
could outlive owners
limited liability – owners not personally responsible for debts
separated owners from day-to-day management

6. The industrial labor force was composed of immigrants mostly from

__________
as well as _______ Americans, African Americans, and Mexicans.
Europe/rural

RAILROADS: AMERICA’S FIRST BIG BUSINESS (pp. 383-385)

7. Who first divided the U.S. into four distinct time zones – and when?
Railroad companies, 1883

8. List 2 reasons for saying that railroads were America’s “first big business”:
Required much resources – coal, wood, glass, rubber, brass,
steel
Employed thousands: Pa Railroad alone, nearly 50,000
(vs 800 in Pepperell textile mills of Maine)
Required high level of coordination
Produced first corporate table of organization

9. By 1900:
 Miles of track in operation:
Percent of track owned by six groups of railroads:
200,000/80%

THE GROWTH OF BIG BUSINESS (pp. 385-390)

10. What is the difference between “vertical growth” and growth by

“horizontal combination”?
Vertical growth involves one company gaining control of 2 or more
stages of a business
Horizontal combination involves cooperation between 2 or more
businesses producing the same product

11. Why did heavy industry firms tended to vertically integrate downward –
toward raw materials?
Because their markets(upward) were easily identified and did not
change; profit lay in securing limited raw materials and keeping down
costs.

12. What was America’s first billion-dollar corporation?

United States Steel Corporation

13. A corporate defender – Herbert Spencer, William Graham Sumner

A corporate critic – Henry George, Edward Bellamy, Socialists

14. Did the Sherman Anti-Trust Act result in the breaking apart of trusts in
the late 1800s?
No

THE WORKER’S WORLD/THE SYSTEMS OF LABOR

15. From 1880 to 1900, how many workers were killed each year from
industrial accidents?
35,000

16. What percentage of married women had jobs outside the home in 1900?
5%.

17. How did the real daily wages of American workers change between 1860
and 1890?
They increased by 50%.

18. How did Gompers’ approach to labor unions differ from Terence Powderly
and the Knights of Labor?
Gompers opted for small incremental gains without challenging the
system of capitalism.
He focused on skilled male workers and generally kept out blacks and
women.

19. Percentage of American industrial workers who belonged to unions in

1900:
Less than 10 percent.

20. What legal weapon could businesses use to break strikes?

The injunction – prohibiting workers from striking.
Chapter 20 THE RISE OF AN URBAN ORDER 1870-1900

Vocabulary

Orthodox – Christians forming one of the three main branches

of Christianity (the other two being Catholics and
Protestants)

stratified – clearly divided according to classes

A NEW URBAN AGE

1. By 1910 nearly _____ the population of the United States lived in cities.
half

2. Name two ways that Chicago became an “agent of ecological change”?

Its demand for food caused cultivation of wheat which replaced prairie
grass
White pine of Wisconsin cut down for lumber for houses and furniture
in Chicago.

3. How did the “new immigrants” differ from previous immigrants to the
United States?
They came from Eastern and Southern Europe rather than Northern
and Western Europe
They were mostly nonProtestant: Catholics, Jews, Russian Orthodox

4. What percentage of the U.S. population consisted of immigrants in 1900?

Nearly 15%.

5. How did the pattern of urban settlement change in the late 1900s?
Previously the prosperous lived in the center and the poor on the
outskirts. Now, mass transit made it possible for the prosperous to live on
the outskirts. The poor lived at the industrial center.

6. What two cities were the first to build subways?

 Boston (1895 and 1897) and New York (1904)

7. Match the building type with the building material

Cloudscrapers ______________
___________ steel
cast-iron; skyscrapers

RUNNING AND REFORMING THE CITY

8. Why was there need for change in city government?

Power was fragmented and ineffective.

9. How did bosses help modernize city government?

They united city government and made it perform.

CITY LIFE

10. List two features of the “family economies” of America’s immigrants:

Key decisions made on basis of needs of family not of individual.
Sons often educated; daughters to work
Sons work more often than daughters
Customary for one daughter to remain single to care for siblings or
parents.

11. List two features of middle-class life in the late 1800s

Perhaps 25 percent of urban households had live-inservants
The wife and mother was judged by the state of her home
New consumer products made housework easier.
Children were expected to grow up right through direction from
nurturing mothers.
Victorianism saw women as restrained and modest

12. What was the largest women’s organization by 1900, and what was its
initial focus?
The Women’s Christian Temperance Union/temperance

CITY CULTURE

13. By 1900, how many years did the average American attend school?
Five years.

14. What type of innovative German school was introduced in America in the
late 1800s?
Kindergarten
15. What percentage of college-aged Americans enrolled in colleges and
universities in the late 1800s?
Less than 5 percent.

16. What percentage of college students were women by 1910?

40 percent.

17. How was a department store different from a chain store?

Department stores sold elegant and expensive goods; adopted
lawaway
Chain stores catered to working class –cash only

18. List three sports of the late 1800s:

bicycling, baseball, football, golf, tennis, polo, croquet ,horse racing,
boxing

19. Involvement in sports and entertainment often reflected differences in

______, ______, and ______.
class, gender, and ethnicity

Chapter 21 THE POLITICAL SYSTEM, 1877-1900

THE POLITICS OF PARALYSIS

1. On average, what percent of eligible voters voted in the presidential

elections from 1860 to 1900?
Nearly 80%.

2. Complete the table:

Party Regional Stronghold Political Beliefs

_________ South states rights, ______________

Republicans ______ federal activism for economic

growth,
immigration restriction
________________
English-only schools

Democrats South states rights, limited government

Republicans North federal activism for economic

growth
immigration restriction
 prohibition
English-only schools

3. What federal public assistance program of the late 1800s ladi the
foundation for the modern welfare state?
Union soldier pensions provided by Congress.

4. List three political issues of the late 1800s

spoils system/civil service reform
currency (gold/silver v paper)
protective tariff

5. What was the farmers’ complaint against the railroad companies?

That railroad rates were too high and discriminated against them.

6. The “Granger laws” regulated ___________________________________

rates charged by railroads, grain elevator operators, and other
intermediaries.

7. List three of the Ocala Demands

reduction of tariffs
abolishing national banks
regulation of railroads
coining of silver money
federal income tax
popular election of senators
sub-treasury system (federal warehouses/low interest loans)

8. The political party that formed in 1892 and incorporated a number of

the Farmers’ Alliance’s positions: __________________
People’s, or Populist Party

THE NEW REALIGNMENT

9. How did President Cleveland respond to the depression of 1893-1897?

He said it was not the federal government’s role to support the
people.
He secured repeal of the Sherman Silver Purchase Act of 1890 as
harmful to
business confidence

10. In the “Battle of the Standards”, why did William Jennings Bryan and the
Democrats support “free silver”?
They believed coinage in silver would increase the money
supply, raising deflated prices and making debts easier to pay
off.

11. Why was the election of 1896 so significant?

It began a 30-year period of Republican dominance at the
national level.

12. At whose voting were southern poll taxes and literacy tests aimed?
The voting of African Americans and poor, potentially radical
whites.

13. Which political party dominated the South beginning in the 1890s?
The Democratic Party.

VISIONS OF EMPIRE

14. List three elements of American imperialism in the late 1800s?

The desire to secure access to foreign markets
Protestant missionary activity
Navalism/construction of new naval vessels made of steel

15. Why didn’t President Cleveland agree to annex Hawaii?

Cleveland said he was unwilling to steal territory or annex people
against their consent, particularly nonwhite people.

THE IMPERIAL MOMENT

16. What Spanish territories did the U.S. acquire in the treaty ending the
Spanish-American War?
Cuba, Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Phillipines (the last purchased
for $20 million)

17. How many Philippine civilians died in the Philippine-American War?

Perhaps as many as 200,000.

18. Why is America’s policy regarding China called the “open door” policy?
Because the U.S. advocated keeping China open to trade with all
countries.

19. Was American imperialism built primarily on the acquisition of colonies or

building trade connections?
Building trade connections.

Topics 2-3 New South and the West, 1870-1900 (Chapter 18)
The Black Experience in the New South
Industrialization in the New South
Defining the West (Geographical extent, features)
Economy of the West, 1870-1900 - Railroads
Economy of the West, 1870-1900 – mining
Economy of the West, 1870-1900 – cattle ranching
Life on the Great Plains

Topics 4-5 New Industrial Order, 1870-1900 (Chapter 19)

Bessemer process
Coal industry
Oil industry (Oil City, Spindletop)
corporation
railroads (as first big business)
Andrew Carnegie/J Pierpont Morgan/U.S. Steel
Rockefeller/Standard Oil Company of Ohio
industrial workforce, 1900
workers world: working conditions
problem of industrial accidents/fellow-servant rule
unions (definition, in general)
Pullman Strike
injunction

Topics 6-8 Rise of an Urban Order, 1870-1900 (Chapter 20)

New transportation (trolleys/subways)
Skyscrapers
Louis Sullivan/Wainwright Building
“new immigrants”
tenements
culture of consumption
political machine
urban middle class/middle class family
middle class Victorianism
free love movement
public education
ethno-religious private schools
city’s poor/working class
nativism/laissez-faire capitalism/liberalism
socialism
Social Gospel/Walter Rauschenbusch
Catholic social teaching

Topic 9-10 Political System, 1877-1900 (Chapter 21)

Republicans
Democrats
“political stalemate”
Populist (People’s) Party
Depression of 1893-1897
Realignment, 1893-1900