MUKESH PATEL SCHOOL OF TECHNOLOGY MANAGEMENT AND ENGINEERING

off-campus@shirpur, Bank of Tapi river, NH-3, Shirpur, Dist. Dhule, 425 405 INDIA
 PREFACE
The department of EXTC is proud to present to you ‘the project souvenir’ for the first
batch 2007-2011 of MPSTME Shirpur Campus under SVKM’s NMIMS, Mumbai. I am very
happy that our students and faculty have created the first issue of ‘the project souvenir’.
I congratulate each one of those who have contributed for the same.
A student project is a testimony of the student’s innovation and initiative. The projects,
this year, have been successful in exhibiting creative talent of our students. The
department has learnt a lot from these projects and will keep doing the same in the
years to come.
This is only a humble beginning and we look forward to a more enthusiastic and more
active participation of students and faculty in projects and research. This souvenir
serves as a quick reference for the department.

With warm regards,

Head EXTC
Prof. Shailendra B.
 FOREWARD
It gives me pleasure to write the forward for the representation of work carried by our
students of Electronics and Telecommunication.
The papers and the reports portray the interest and the efforts our students and faculty
are putting forward for the technical innovation. Most of the deliberations are with new
technologies and solutions like Smart-Grid, RFID, GSM and Wireless System. The
automation with these technologies is the need of future products.
The work put up is really appreciable and I wish best for the souvenir and wish you to
continue with same efforts and enthusiasm.
Best Wishes.

In-charge, Associate Dean

Dr. J. S. Umale
 INDEX
ARCHITECTURE FOR SMART GRID BASED CONSUMER END SOLUTION
1 .

A u t h o r s : S h a s h a n k D h a r i w a l , S a n j a y S i n g h , S a m i r C h a t u r v e d i , O m k a r K a r a n d e

M e n t o r : B . S h a i l e n d r a

2. RFID BASED ATTENDENCE SYSTEM

A u t h o r s : A u t h o r : M a n i s h K u m a r , P a n k a j G a n d h i , A r u p A u d d y

M e n t o r : S . S . P a t i l

3. HOME APPLIANCE CONTROL SYSTEM

A u t h o r s : S a u r a b h S h a r m a , A a k a s h A t t r e y , K a n a n M o d i , V r i n d a v a i d , A r p a n S h u k l a ,

S a a h i l B h a t i a

M e n t o r : S . S . P a t i l

4. SESSION INITIATION PROTOCOL

A u t h o r s : C h i r a g J a d a v , A n i s h D a s , D a r s h a n T a m b o

M e n t o r : R . B h a t

5. GSM BASED FAULT IDENTIFICATION SYSTEM

A u t h o r s : P a r a s K h a n d e l w a l , K u m a r S a u r a b h , T u s h a r G a i k a r

M e n t o r : A t u l P a t i l

6. FRONT PANEL DISPLAY OF VEHICLE

A u t h o r s : M a y a n k L a k h a n i , S a g a r M a k a t i , R u c h i t D o s h i

M e n t o r : S a c h i n S o n a w a n e

7. SECURED WIRELESS MESSAGING SYSTEM

A u t h o r : J a t i n P a t e l , M a u l i k N a g r e c h a

M e n t o r : A . G . K h a l o r e

8. LIBRARY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM USING RFID

A u t h o r s : A n k i t A n u r a g , P r i y a n k a P a r e k h , H i m a d r i V y a s

M e n t o r : R . B h a t

9. GSM BASED DATA ACQUISTION SYSTEM

A u t h o r : S a m e e r P r e m a k a r , R a h u l S h r i v a s t a v a , N i r a v M a d h u

M e n t o r : A . G . K h a l o r e

10. SERIAL TO WIRELESS GATEWAY

A u t h o r s : H i m a n s h u K e v a d i y a , A b h i n a v S h a r m a , H e m a n s h u M a n d a l i a

M e n t o r : S . S . P a t i l
11. BIOMETRIC ATTENDENCE SYSTEM
A u t h o r s : D a n i s h R e f a i , S i d d h a r t h U p a d h y a y , A n u r a g C h o u d h a r y

M e n t o r : A t u l p a t i l

12. ARCHITECURE FOR SMART CRID BASED CONSUMER END SOLUTION

A u t h o r s : S h a i l e n d r a B , S a n j a y S i n g h , O m k a r K a r a n d e , S a m i r C h a t u r v e d i , S h a s h a n k

D h a r i w a l , V a r u n M o h a n

13. FUEL CELLS, ENERGY CONSERVATION & POSSIBLE PUBLIC POLICIES FOR
BROADCASTING THE USE OF FUEL CELLS IN INDIA
A u t h o r s : A t u l P a t i l , A j i n k y a C . K u l k a r n i

14. AUTOMATED LEAK DETECTION AND NUMBERING SYSTEM FOR

AUTOMOBILE INDUSTRY
A u t h o r s : M r . R e h a n A h m a d , V . A . K u l k a r n i

15. HYBRID ELECTRIC VEHICLES: STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY IN TRAINS

A u t h o r s : I n d r a j i t S . S o n a w a n e , A j i n k y a C . K u l k a r n i , Y o g e s h B o r s e
 ARCHITECTURE FOR SMART GRID BASED CONSUMER END SOLUTION
Authors: Shashank Dhariwal, Sanjay Singh, Samir Chaturvedi, Omkar Karande
INTRODUCTION:
A smart grid delivers electricity from suppliers
to consumers using two-way digital technology
to control appliances at consumers' homes to
save energy, reduce cost and increase reliability
and transparency. It overlays the electricity
distribution grid with an information and smart
metering system.
A smart grid includes an intelligent monitoring
system that keeps track of all electricity flowing
in the system. It also incorporates the use of
superconductive transmission lines for less
power loss, as well as the capability of
integrating renewable electricity such as solar
and wind. When power is least expensive the
user can allow the smart grid to turn on selected
home appliances such as washing machines or
factory processes that can run at arbitrary
hours. At peak times it could turn off selected
appliances to reduce demand.
Smart grids increase the connectivity,
automation and coordination between the
suppliers, consumers and networks that
perform either long distance transmission or
local distribution tasks.
OBJECTIVES:
1. Self-healing
2. Resist attack
3. High quality power
4. Accommodate generation options
5. Enable electricity market
FEATURES:
1. Load adjustment
2. Demand response support
3. Decentralization of power generation
4. Price signalling to consumers
DOMAIN OF WORKING:
The project focuses on proposing the
architecture for a consumer – end solution to
smart grid implementation. The objective of the
on-going research is to arrive at a system that
can easily be integrated with the current
electricity distribution infrastructure, with
minimal modifications. The system consists of
two entities present on the consumer premises –
a central processing unit called Power Hub and
an intelligent switch, called Slave, to which an
6
appliance needs to be connected. Power Line
Communication has been proposed for inter-
communication within the network. The
proposed scheme consists of two functional
entities. The implementation can serve a wide
range of applications such as restricting
consumer electricity billing through inbuilt
policies, implementing prepaid billing, energy
market transactions, etc.
1. - A Power Hub is an innovative
P o w e r H u b
and advanced utility meter that records a
business or
consumers electricity usage in greater detail
than the conventional analog electricity meters.
Since the inception of electricity deregulation
and market-driven pricing throughout the
world, government regulators have been looking
for a means to match consumption with
generation. Traditional electrical meters only
measure total consumption and as such, provide
no information of when the energy was
consumed. Power Hubs provide an economical
way of measuring this information, allowing
price setting agencies to introduce different
prices for consumption based on the time of day
and the season. Electricity pricing usually peaks
at certain predictable times of the day and the
season. In particular, if generation is
constrained, prices can rise significantly during
these times as more expensive sources of power
are purchased from other jurisdictions or more
costly generation is brought online. It is believed
that billing customers by how much is consumed
and at what time of day will force consumers to
adjust their consumption habits to be more
responsive to market prices. The Advanced
Metering Infrastructure will allow electricity to
be charged according to demand based tariffs.
2. S l - Slave is a smart switch that
a v e
communicates with the Power Hub and
accordingly controls the appliance connected to
the switch. In the proposed scheme, each
appliance has to be connected to the mains
through a Slave, which will enable the users to
set priority for each appliance, so that the lowest
priority appliance is switched off first, in case of
load shedding. This hierarchy will be followed
until the required amount of load is shed. It will
enable the utility to provide the much needed
flexibility to the consumer, regarding the
priority amongst the appliances. The Slave
assumes a unique ID, based on the power provides the platform to regulate monthly tariffs
consumption characteristics of the appliance and efficient use of energy.
and the set priority, every time an appliance is
2. Prepaid tariffs can be
switched on, thus making the process highly
P r e p a i d P o w e r :

implemented using the above architecture. This

dynamic. The proposed scheme tries to emulate
can be customized to daily, weekly or monthly
a Plug and Play mechanism, the objective being
tariff plans. The user can buy the power credits
convenience at consumer end.
beforehand depending on the budget. The Hub
IMPLEMENTATION: will alert the user when the available power
The Half-Duplex communication link would be credits fall below a certain level. This will help
established through the Power Line Modem on the user to choose an economic approach
the physical layer. The functional block diagram towards energy consumption.
is as shown in figure. 3. E n e The proposed
r g y M a r k e t T r a n s a c t i o n :

architecture provides us a platform for

regulated Energy transactions between the
Consumer and the Grid. The consumers targeted
here are households and SMEs capable of
producing power through Solar Panels, Boilers,
Furnaces, etc. but not being able to store it.
These consumers can transact the excess power
with the Grid for energy credits. This will help
the Grid to tap energy from discrete resources
which would have otherwise been wasted.
1. B P -The modulation scheme
S K M o d u l a t o r
Power Hub can act as a gateway to transact with
employs a switched-resonator BPSK modulator. the Grid. Many Power Hubs can communicate
The bit rate and carrier frequency have amongst each other to establish an Open Energy
experimentally been reported as 2.5 Mbit/s, at 5 Market, wherein a consumer can buy power
MHz, respectively. from multiple sources, creating a competitive
scenario.
2. N o – It has been employed to
t c h F i l t e r

protect the modem from large power at lower

frequencies, in the Power Lines. The design 4. B r e The above
a k d o w n M a n a g e m e n t :

requires a band-stop filter, with stop-band architecture can be effectively employed to

ranging from 40 Hz to 300Hz, and pass band
extending to higher frequencies of upto 2 MHz.
“The intrinsic high- frequency limitations of the
low-frequency notch circuit are overcome by
means of a coordinated parallel high-frequency
path. The combination of the two is capable of
the extremely wide frequency response.
3. - BPSK Demodulation can
B P S K
centrally monitor performance of machines
connected in a production plant. The database
maintained in the Power Hub can be used to
detect gradual increase in power consumption
of a machine over a period. This performance
can be analyzed at the Power Hub to reveal
machines that need immediate attention. Such
an analysis can help to identify degradation at
an early stage which is otherwise not visually
D e m o d u l a t o r

be achieved through several techniques, such as

detectable until a complete breakdown of the
the Squaring Loop and the COSTAS Loop. Due to
machine occurs. In the presence of redundant
higher power consumption and inferior tracking
machines, the servicing can be scheduled
range of COSTAS Loop, low power BPSK
without disturbing the production routine.
Demodulator would be utilized in the modem.
5. P o w Power factor
e r F a c t o r C o r r e c t i o n :

APPLICATIONS: correction at appliance level can reduce load on

utility to a considerable extent. Power factor can
1. D e v As the architecture
i c e M a n a g e m e n t :

be corrected by the Slave with use of some

states a provision for specifying priority of additional hardware. This keeps the current and
operation of each appliance, during percentage voltage in phase with each other, and reduces
power cuts or higher tariff rates, the Hub itself total harmonic distortion.
switches off the low priority appliances, without
interrupting the essential electricity needs of the
user. Thus the Hub and Slave architecture

7
 CONCLUSION:
The proposed architecture can be effectively
deployed for implementing Smart Grid based
technologies on consumer premises. It reflects
the new era of smart platforms for
implementing power management policies. The
architecture and hardware can also be scaled to
increase the network

References:
[1] Juin-Hung Chen and Hen-Wai Tsao, B P S K

m o d u l a t o r u s i n g V C C S a n d r e s o n a t o r w i t h o u t

c a r r , i e r s i g n a l a n d b a l a n c e m o d u l a t o r

IEEE Electronics Letters Online No: 19970885,

June 2, 1997.
[2] Zhenying Luo and Sameer Sonkusale,
, Circuits
A

N o v e l L o w P o w e r B P S K D e m o d u l a t o r

and Systems I: Regular Papers,

IEEE Transactions, Volume: 55, Issue: 6, 2008[3]
Roland E. Best, “ P h a s e - L o c k e d L o o p s - D e s i g n ,

, 5th Edition,
A

S i m u l a t i o n , a n d p p l i c a t i o n s ”

McGraw-Hill.

8
 RFID BASED ATTENTION SYSTEM
Author: Manish Kumar, Pankaj Gandhi, Arup Auddy
INTRODUCTION:
RFID is an acronym for Radio Frequency
Identification. RFID is one member in the family
of Automatic Identification and Data Capture
(AIDC) technologies and is a fast and reliable
means of identifying just about any material
object. This project can be applied in real time
applications such as for recording the
attendance. This system can be used in big
companies, industries, colleges, schools, etc
where there are many numbers of candidates
available. This system helps us in recording the
attendance of a person easily within fraction of
seconds.
RFID is increasingly used with biometric
technologies for security. Primarily, the two
main components involved in a Radio Frequency
Identification system are the Transponder (tags
that are attached to the object) and the
Interrogator (RFID reader). Communication
between the RFID reader and tags occurs
wirelessly and generally doesn’t require a line of
sight between the devices. RFID tags are
categorized as either active or passive. Active
RFID tags are powered by an internal battery
and are typically read/write, i.e., tag data can be
rewritten and/or modified. An active tag's
memory size varies according to application
requirements; some systems operate with up to
1MB of memory. Passive RFID tags operate
without a separate external power source and
obtain operating power generated from the
reader. This project uses passive tags. Read-only
tags are typically passive and are programmed
with a unique set of data (usually 32 to 128 bits)
that cannot be modified. The reader has three
main functions: energizing, demodulating and
decoding. The antenna emits radio signals to
activate the tag and to read and write data to it.
In our Project we demonstrate how to automate
an entire students’ attendance registration
system by using RFID in an educational
institution environment. Although the use of
RFID systems in educational institutions is not
new, it is intended to show how the use of it
came to solve daily problems in our university.
The objective of this project is to design the
electronic attendance system by using RFID.
This project is very used to provide the easy
access to maintain the attendance. In this
project RFID card is used as employee or
student ID card. This project is very useful to the
company and office in order to maintain the
employee attendance. Attendance is maintained
or can be displayed on LCD display so that user
will get to know his presence is being marked on
the LCD display in the data base in PC. So we can
9
easily cross verify the attendance. In this project
we can maintain the employee IN and Out
time. We can also use this project in school and
college to maintain the attendance of the
student. So this project improves the security
performance because we cannot make the
duplicate RFID card.
THEORY OF PROJECT:
RFID systems use radio waves to transmit
information from an integrated circuit tag
through a wireless communication to a host
computer. These systems consist of three
components: the tag (transponder), the reader
(interrogator) and the host computer
(controller). The reader communicates with the
tags in its wireless range and collects
information about the objects to which tags are
attached. Compared to other automatic
identification technologies, like optical barcode
systems, RFID has several advantages, such as:
tag data can be read automatically without line
of sight, thought some materials, simultaneously
tag reading and from a range of several meters.
This project is designed with
1. A RFID tag
2. RFID reader
3. Microcontroller
4. RS 232 converter
5. PC (personal computer)
6. EEPROM of microcontroller
TRANSMITTER
Transmitter consists of
1. Carrier Oscillator (resonator) 433 MHz
2. Data from encoder
3. Product modulator
4. RF transmitter power amplifier
5. Antenna
RECEIVER
Receiver consists of
1. Antenna
2. ASK/FSK demodulator
3. Output
IMPLEMENTATION
The following tasks have to be executed:
1. Requirement Analysis Phase
2. Design of System
Requirement analysis:
1. Requirement Analysis Phase: Based on the
above results, discussion and finalization of the
requirements that are to be provided.
2. Design Phase: The design phase involves the
design of the static view, dynamic view, and the
functional view of the software. A number of
diagrams including the Use case, class diagram,
activity diagram, and data flow diagrams will be
used to model the software. Also, the GUIs is
also designed during this phase.
3. Coding Phase: An initial code of the entire
project is written. Also, the database is created
during this phase.
4. Testing Phase: It involves unit testing,
integration testing, and validation testing
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
1. The range from 8-10 MHz is used for animal
and stock tagging mainly for identification
rather than tracking. It is also similarly used for
inventory control wherein product code number
and other data is read from its tag. Animal
tracking tags are inserted beneath the skin.
2. The frequency of exactly 13.56 MHz is very
widely used in almost all smart card
applications. The range is approximately 4
inches and the circuit is simple enough to fit into
the standard credit card shape and size.
3.2.45 GHz is another popularly used frequency.
It is employed in railroad car monitoring,
automatic toll collection systems and in factory
line assembly. Heavy duty 120*100*50 mm
rectangular transponders are used to track inter
modal containers or heavy machinery, trucks
and railroad cars for maintenance and tracking
applications.
4. Low frequency range from 1-10 MHz is used
in electronic article surveillance (EAS) in retail
stores. EAS is used prevent shoplifting. The
antitheft hard plastic tags attached to
merchandise in stores are also RFID tags.
• Transportation/ distribution
• Industrial :
Tool boxes, containers, barrels, tubes, pallets.
Tool carriers and free conveyor.

CONCLUSION:
The proposed architecture can be effectively
deployed for implementing RFID based
attendance system in colleges, offices, future
market.

References: www.ieee.xplore.com
www.electronics4u.com
www.google.com

Bibilography:
[1]Ramesh Gaonkar, ‘Microprocessor
Architecture, programming and applications’,
Penram, India, 1984;
[2]Muhammad Ali Mazidi, ‘The 8051
Microcontroller and Embedded Systems’,
Prentice Hall, Nov. ‘99;
[3]Ram Gayakwad, ‘Op-Amps and linear
integrated circuits’, Prentice Hall, Sept. ‘99;
[4]Yashavant Kanetkar, ‘Let us C’, BPB
Publications;
Learn VB in 24 Hours by Tata McGraw Hill

APPLICATIONS:
Some of the most common uses of RFID are
listed below.

1 0
 HOME APPLIANCE CONTROL SYSTEM
Authors:Saurabh Sharma, Aakash Attrey, Kanan Modi, Vrinda Vaid, Arpan Shukla, Saahil Bhatia
INTRODUCTION:
This project mainly focuses on the controlling of
home appliances remotely and providing
security when the user is away from the place.
The system is SMS based and uses wireless
technology to revolutionize the standard of
living. The system is wireless therefore more
adaptable and cost-effective. The system uses
GSM technology thus providing ubiquitous
access to the system for automated appliance
control.
The aim of the project is to investigate a cost
effective solution that will provide controlling of
home appliances remotely in the absence of the
owner. The motivation is to facilitate the users
to automate their homes having ubiquitous
access.
The system provides availability due to
development of a low cost system. The home
appliances control system with an affordable
cost was thought to be built that should be
mobile providing remote access to the
appliances. The next section will explain the
related work; explains the proposed system,
methodology and algorithm. Discusses the
framework, working, characteristics, strengths
and constraints of the system.
HACS:
Home appliance control system is based on GSM
network technology for transmission of SMS
from sender to receiver. SMS sending and
receiving is used for ubiquitous access of
appliances and allowing breach control at home.
The system proposes a subsystem viz
Appliance control subsystem which enables the
user to control home appliances remotely. The
system is capable enough to instruct user via
SMS from a specific cell number to change the
condition of the home appliance according to the
user’s needs and requirements.
Working Model
The working of HACS model (shown in Figure 1)
is explained:-
PC: PC being the main module has HACS system
installed on it. The two subsystems; one being
appliances control is responsible for ubiquitous
access of appliances and the second subsystem
being security alert is responsible for security
1 1
intrusion detection. Both subsystems work on
GSM technology for transmission of instructions
from sender to receiver.
GSM Modem: GSM modem is a plug and play
device and is attached to the PC which then
communicates with the PC via RS232 port. GSM
modem is a bridge responsible for
enabling/disabling of SMS capability.
Cell Phone: Mobile device communicates with
the GSM Modem via radio waves. The mode of
communication is wireless and mechanism
works on the GSM technology. Cell phone has a
SIM card and a GSM subscription. This cell
phone number is configured on the system. User
transmits instructions via SMS and the system
takes action against those instructions.
Methodology
The methodology followed in the HACS is given
as:-
GSM hardware tests are run in order to check
the hardware support. The system will call GSM
modem and it will get activated.
After activation the Modem will check for
hardware support. If the hardware is missing or
some other hardware problem there will be
error, resulting in communication failure and
the application will be terminated.
If hardware responds then the serial port will be
opened for communication and GSM hardware
will allow transmission of SMS.
The system will then connect and after
connection establishment the system will be
able to detect intrusion and will alert user about
the breach and similarly the system will update
status of appliances by receiving SMS from the
pre-defined cell number.
SMS will be silently ignored if cell number is
unauthorized.
Psedo Code:
Begin
Run Tests
If Test = 0
Terminate program
If Test = 1
Communication = OK, port will open
Click Connect
Cont rols {Cj | j=1, 2, 3, 4} = enable
If intrusion = 1
Send security alert
If incoming SMS = 1
Simulate appliances
End
Characteristics of HACS:
The proposed system characteristics involve
remote controlling of appliances, intrusion
detection, system security and auto-
configuration such that system automatically
adjusts the system settings on running
hardware support check. The system has
useful features such as displaying of battery
level, charging status and signal strength of the
mobile thus making system reliable.
Strengths of HACS:
HACS system has many advantages such as
remote controlling of home appliances,
availability and ease of users. The user can get
alerts anywhere through the GSM technology
thus making the system location independent.
The system contains low cost components easily
available which cuts down the overall system
cost.
Moreover system alerts user about
breach via SMS providing home security also it
allows secure access due to pre-configured
number. The ease of deployment is due to
wireless mode of communication.
GSM technology provides the benefit
that the system is accessible in remote areas as
well. The system reliability increases due to the
useful features such as battery level checking,
charging status and signal strength indicating
the system about threats.
Constraints of HACS:
The system functionality is based on GSM
technology so the technological constraints must
be kept in mind. The system is vulnerable to
power failure but this disruption can be avoided
by attaching the voltage source thus allowing
users to avail the great advantage of this system.
DEVELOPMENT STAGES:
This was the very first stage to develop any
project. It actually defines the aim and the
concept of the project. The aim of “GSM BASED
FAULT IDENTIFICATION SYSTEM” is to design a
remote warning system which is compatible
with the existing system and using GSM
technology instead of laying cables as in the case
of wired communication, all this with least
complexity and cost.
Designing block diagram:
At this stage we have categorized the whole
system into different individual modules. These
modules (block diagrams) will be helpful in
understanding the concept and working of the
1 2
integrated system. It also simplifies the entire
debugging and testing process.
Implementing circuits and
components
This is the actual implementation of circuit of
each block. At this stage we have actually
designed each block separately and finally
integrated them into the complete working
system. This includes ensuring the functionality
of each component and removing and replacing
the faulty and unwanted parts.
Developing algorithm for software
To get the logical flow of the software, the
development of algorithm has a prominent role.
So we have analyzed the complete system and
organized the algorithm in such a manner that
one can understand the complete working of the
software.
The following tasks are to be executed under the
above phase:
• Writing actual code for Microcontroller
• Compiling the code
• Burning the hex file into microcontroller with
programmer
• Testing and Running
1. Writing actual code for Microcontroller
After the development of the algorithm and
flowchart we will translate them in C language
for Atmel 89S51 Microcontroller so that it can
understand the instructions and run as per our
requirement. The instructions are in ANSII C
Language.
2. Compiling the code
The code is implemented on the computer for
which we will use BASCOM pre-installed on PC.
The BASCOM8051 is a Computer Aided Program
to simulate the working of Microcontroller in
real time without burning the software into
actual IC. We will simulate and compile our
program for error checking. After removing of
several compiling errors the program need to be
converted into machine language i.e. Intel hex
format.
3. Burning the hex file into microcontroller with
Programmer
In this stage the compiled hex format file will be
downloaded or burned into Atmel AT89C52
flash Microcontroller. This would be done with
the help of FP-8903 Programmer for Atmel
microcontrollers designed by Oriole Electronics
Pvt. Ltd.
4. Testing and Running
This time we test our project for actual working,
after loading the software into the
microcontroller. This is the last and final stage
of development of our project.
References: [1] Juin-Hung Chen and Hen-Wai [3] Jawarkar, N. P., Ahmed, V., Ladhake, S. A. &
Tsao, BPSK modulator using VCCS and resonator Thakare, R. D. (2008). M icro-controller based
without carrier signal and balance modulator, Remote Monitoring using Mobile through
[2]Muhammad Ali Mazidi, ‘The 8051
Spoken Commands. Journal Of Net works, 3(2),
Microcontroller and Embedded Systems’,
Prentice Hall, Nov. ‘99; 58-63.

1 3
 SESSION INITIATION PROTOCOL
A u t h o r s : C h i r a g J a d a v , A n i s h D a s , D a r s h a n T a m b o l i

INTRODUCTION Comparing SIP with H.323

• H.323 defines hundreds of elements, while SIP
SIP is an Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) has only 37 headers, each with a small number
specification (RFC3261) for connecting two or of values and parameters.
more multimedia participants (user agents)
together over the Internet. User agents are • H.323 uses a binary representation for its
typically phones (POTS, mobile phones, soft messages, which is based on ASN.1, while SIP
phones, IP-PBX devices, etc.) but can be any SIP- encodes its messages as text, similar to HTTP.
enabled device. The growing thirst among
communications providers, their partners and
subscribers for a new generation of IP-based • H.323 is not very scalable as it was designed for
services is now being quenched by SIP - The use on a single LAN and has some problems in
Session Initiation Protocol. SIP application scaling. Newer versions have suggested
examples include audio, video conferencing, techniques to get around this problem.
instant messaging, file transfer or other real- • H.323 is limited when performing loop detection
time data communication sessions over packet- in complex multi-domain searches. It can be
based networks. Once the devices are connected done state fully by storing messages, but this
(that is, they are exchanging a media stream technique is not very scalable. On the other
directly between each other), the SIP service is hand, SIP uses a loop detection method by
no longer involved. However, SIP services checking the history of the message in the
provide value beyond just connecting two header fields, which can be done in a stateless
agents. For example, while setting up or tearing manner.
down a connection, SIP services can also • The architecture and implementation of H.323
implement call blocking or forwarding, as well can be quite complex. It's a very "formal"
as interface with gaming and back office architecture made up of several other standards
systems. including call control, call signaling. The
SIP services can be created and deployed as implementation requires a gateway for any
servlets on IBM® Web Sphere® Application endpoint to register with. SIP is much simpler
Server as well as other SIP application servers. both in design and implementation. The
message formats are basic tagged text formats,
PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES similar to email headers, and the
implementation can be as simple as a peer-to-
SIP can be implemented on various different peer communication.
platforms such as C, C++,Java, Tcl, ActionScript, Flow of the project
Python etc. We have studied the basic architecture,
functionality, and behavior of message packets
C in a general network. We have also studied the
There are two main reasons for implementing dynamic behavior of SIP in different VOIP
SIP in C: ability to compile on several platforms environments such as
and very high performance. The primary
advantage of implementing a SIP stack in C is • SIP to SIP
• SIP to PSTN
that it can be easily ported and compiled on
• SIP to H.323
variety of platforms especially embedded
• SIP to SS7
platforms. Usually a C compiler is available for a
platform, whereas others such as Java
interpreter or C++ compiler may not be.
Secondly, because there is no overhead (e.g., in
terms of run-time environment and code size),
the performance is usually the best. The main
problem with implementing a SIP stack in C is
the development time and cost of maintenance
of the software.

1 4
 • complete with full header and body content
• Import network traffic log files to create call
flow diagrams
• Import SIP configuration files to populate call
flow diagrams
• Merge multiple call flow diagrams into their
emergent state machine to visualize combined
behaviors
• Servlet modeling and code generation
• Model SIP and HTTP servlets with class
diagrams
• Generate code skeletons along with
deployment descriptor information directly into
JSR116 projects
• Reverse engineer SIP and HTTP deployment
descriptor content from existing projects
• RPT test case generation
• Transform call flow diagrams into IBM®
Rational® Performance Tester Extension SIP
Test Cases

This toolkit adds Session Initiation Protocol

(SIP) extensions to the base modeling and
development platform provided by IBM®
Rational® Software Architect. It makes it easier
Fig. SIP to SIP call flow to use model driven development for the
creation of applications using the SIP protocol
To observe the above scenarios and the different and (JSR-116) SIP servlets, allowing you to focus
aspects of the SIP network there are various on the development of the real work: the
network simulators and clients (both paid and business functionality.
open source) such as:
SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS
SIP network simulation softwares
Any version of Rational Software Architect or
PacketGen SIP Simulation Tool Rational Systems Developer greater than V7.0 or
Wireshark network analyzer Rational Software Modeler greater than V7.0
QualNet Network simulator should be installed to use the toolkit. For
SIP soft clients improved call flow modeling capabilities,
QuteCom V7.0.0.2 or later is preferred.
Xlite
Zoiper Project was carried out under the guidance Mr.
Mizu phone Munir Bashir Sayyad of Reliance
Firefly Communications Navi Mumbai.
Blink

We have used Wireshark network protocol

analyzer for monitoring the network and a SIP
soft client Zoiper for initiating the SIP calls.
Further proceedings of the project
We intend to develop a modeling for SIP as
servlets on IBM® Web Sphere® Application
Server. The SIP Modeling Toolkit adds SIP-
specific extensions to the UML modeling and
development platform provided by the Rational
modeling platform.

Features of toolkit
The major features are as follows:
• Call Flow modeling and visualization
• Create SIP and HTTP call flow diagram
1 5
 GSM BASED FAULT IDENTIFICATION SYSTEM
A u t h o r s : P a r a s K h a n d e l w a l , K u m a r S a u r a b h , T u s h a r G a i k a r

INTRODUCTION: port(UART). In this project we monitor the

Today's GSM platform is living, growing and switches position. The signal of the sensor is
evolving and already offers an expanded and then given to the Microcontroller. Our project
feature-rich 'family' of voice and multimedia thus proves a prototype to complete and a quick
services, we can also use this for biomedical solution to the problems.
enhanced developed fields, so we have using the
multimedia service for control any kind of THEORY OF PROJECT:
device globally via GSM modem which can be
controlled by AT commands using the DEVELOPMENT STAGES
embedded systems. For detecting and managing
• Problem definition stage
fault within a network using the network's label
distribution protocol transactions. Initially, the • Designing block diagram
system will monitor and analyze all transactions • Implementing circuits and components
within the network to determine if the network • Developing algorithm for software
has degraded at or between any nodes in the • Writing actual code for Microcontroller
system. The system can then recognize if there is
• Compiling the code
any failure and determine if the network has
degraded past a threshold value that is needed • Burning the hex file into microcontroller
for proper operation. If the network has a failure with programmer
that is beyond this threshold, it will notify a fault • Testing and Running
management system through GSM modem the • Problem definition stage
sms will send to the authority and subsequently This was the very first stage to develop any
a ticketing system to notify the user that a project. It actually defines the aim and the
failure within the system has occurred. Opens, concept of the project. The aim of “GSM BASED
shorts, and a condition in between the two are FAULT IDENTIFICATION SYSTEM” is to design a
the faults most obvious at the system level. remote warning system which is compatible
Motors and feedback encoders are usually with the existing system and using GSM
located tens to hundreds of feet from the servo- technology instead of laying cables as in the case
system controller/amplifier. Connectors of wired communication, all this with least
terminate these long cable runs at both ends, complexity and cost.
and it's possible for wires to fall out of the • Designing block diagram
connectors, for connectors to break, and for
At this stage we have categorized the whole
cables to be inadvertently opened. When end
connectors break open due to machine system into different individual modules. These
vibration, the open fault often exhibits several modules (block diagrams) will be helpful in
open/reconnect cycles similar to the contact understanding the concept and working of the
bounce in a switch, before opening up integrated system. It also simplifies the entire
completely. debugging and testing process.
Similarly, shorts from severed wires may exhibit
several short/open cycles, also similar to switch • Implementing circuits and components
contact bounce, before shorting completely.
This is the actual implementation of circuit of
Because feedback-encoder signals are usually
transmitted down a twisted pair, the differential each block. At this stage we have actually
signals are likely to short together during this designed each block separately and finally
type of fault. Most embedded computers do not integrated them into the complete working
look like computers. Assembler is extensively system. This includes ensuring the functionality
used in very small foot print system (processor of each component and removing and replacing
with just a few kilobytes of memory). C is the faulty and unwanted parts.
generally used in any large projects (usually in
combination with some assembler code to do • Developing algorithm for software
the processor specific work).
Our project is an embedded system application To get the logical flow of the software, the
which includes parameter sensor like switches development of algorithm has a prominent
are used to generate fault that can be control role. So we have analyzed the complete
globally via text messages with coded form, all system and organized the algorithm in such a
the data transaction between GSM modem and manner that one can understand the
micro controller board have been made at a complete working of the software.
specified (9600) baud rate via serial
1 6
• writing actual code for Microcontroller
After the development of the algorithm and
flowchart we translated them in C language
for Atmel 89S52 Microcontroller so that it
can understand the instructions and run as
per our requirement. The instructions are in
ANSII C Language.
• Compiling the code
The code is implemented on the computer
for which we used BASCOM pre-installed on
PC. The BASCOM8051 is a Computer Aided
Program to simulate the working of
Microcontroller in real time without
burning the software into actual IC. We
simulated and compiled our program for
error checking. After removing of several
compiling errors the program was
converted into machine language i.e. Intel
hex format.
microcontroller. This was the last and final
stage of development of our project.
APPLICATIONS:
The main application of our project is Zero time
threat detection. Moreover it will allow the
administrator to know where exactly the error
has occurred in the system in a very short
duration of time.
CONCLUSION:
Our project would eliminates the need of a
constant manned monitoring of the fault in
system for the parameters being measured. This
will increases the efficiency of the work. Looking
ahead into the future, the scope of the project
can be widened by monitoring more parameters
References:
www.ieee.xplore.com
www.electronics4u.com
www.google.com
www.wikipedia.com

• Burning the hex file into microcontroller

with Programmer
In this stage the compiled hex format file
was burned into Atmel AT89C52 flash
Microcontroller. This was done with the
help of FP-8903 Programmer for Atmel
microcontrollers designed by Oriole
Electronics Pvt. Ltd.

• CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

• Testing and Running

Then we finally tested our project for actual
working, after loading the software into the

1 7
 FRONT PANEL DISPLAY OF VEHICLE
A u t h o r s : M a y a n k L a k h a n i , S a g a r M a k a t i , R u c h i t D o s h i

INTRODUCTION: than one module as written below.The main

All two-wheeler vehicle manufacturers provide application of this project is in the front panel
a meter in its front panel in order to see and display of all type of the vehicles.
manage the status of the vehicle in terms of the • Distance measuring feature can be used
speed, distance covered by the vehicle and the in sports shoes for the morning walkers; it will
level of the fuel. Though the technology used to help
provide the information could be digital, but
these days most of the vehicles uses counterpart them in knowing that how much distance they
of digital technology, analog version. It is have covered? Distance measuring feature could
obvious that the digital technology can work
also be used in gym equipments.
more efficiently and provide ease to access.
Instead of using mechanical techniques to • The automation of the light on/off can be
measure the distance, the use of digital used for the street light and road lights of
technology to measure distance in numerical the city for avoiding the manual turning on
values could be much easier for the driver of the and turning off. This will save both time and
vehicle. The analog meters are susceptible to money.
error and might not work well for a long period
• In this modern digital world, indication of
of time.
the battery level has the numerous
There are many features which can be applications.
added to the digital display meter. Some of the • OVERVIEW:
features can provide automation, hence • The Figure shows the general block diagram
providing the driver much less interruption of Front Panel Display of two-wheeler, the
during driving. Digital front panel display of
various blocks of this are:
two-wheeler is new generation application in
the world of automobile. Analog meters have • Control system Unit
been used by the motorcycles for a long time • Power Supply Unit
and they are still in existence but as the world is • LCD Display Unit
going digital, digitalization has also put a feet • The heart of this project is the control
into the world of automobile. And as it has been
system, which is ATMEL’s Micro-controller
gaining popularity in today’s age, this
digitalization has got a great success in the IC 89s52.It is used for software
world of automobile. The superiority of the programming and operation. Micro-
digitalization has proved their best against controller is interfaced with different units
analog one. of the project like LCD display, A/D
converter IC ADC0808, ULN2003 driver, key
OBJECTIVES: input etc.
1. Distance & Speed measurement
2. Battery Level Indicator
3. Automatic Switching of Headlights
4. Automatic turning ON/OFF of Side lights

FEATURES:
1. Speedometer
2. Power Saving
3. Indicator of battery life
4. Fault Detection
• The Block diagram consists of the power
DOMAIN OF WORKING: supply, which is of single-phase 230V ac.
As the name of project suggest that its main This should be given to step down
application is as the front panel display of two- transformer to reduce the 230V ac voltage
wheeler. The different features of this project to lower value. i.e., to 9V or 18V ac this value
can be modified and used in various depends on the transformer inner winding.
applications. The different features added in this
The output of the transformer is given to the
project can be used in different ways in more
rectifier circuit. This rectifier converts ac
1 8
 voltage to dc voltage. But the voltage may connecting two relays to relay driver IC
consist of ripples or harmonics. To avoid which in turn connected to microcontroller.
these ripples, the output of the rectifier is
connected to filter. The filter thus removes CONCLUSION:
the harmonics. This is the exact dc voltage of The proposed architecture can be effectively
the given specification. But the controller deployed for implementing Digitized display
operates at 5V dc and the relays and driver based technologies on consumer premises.
operates at 12V dc voltage. So the regulator It reflects the new era of smart platforms for
is required to reduce the voltage. Regulator implementing power management along
7805 produces 5V dc. with the effective displaying properties on
.OPERATION: automobiles. The architecture and
• General operation of various features of hardware can also be scaled to increase the
project is discussed below shortly. features.
• The distance covered by the vehicle is References:
measured by calculating the number of • [1] Shafer, Ricky D., Automotive automation
rotation of the tire of the vehicle. Sensors display for motors.
are used to sense the rotation of the tyre • [2] George Smith, A Novel Low
which will send the data to the Power machine Display speed and battery,
microcontroller to measure the distance. Circuits and Systems I: Regular Papers,
Display provides the distance covered IEEE Transactions, Volume: 55, Issue: 6,
within a trip of the vehicle within three 2008.
letters in this project for the sake of • [3] Ankur Shah. Front Panel Display, “Trovit
simplification. Each time a vehicle turned off car - Design, , Applications”.
the meter in the display will reset.
• The main concept to measure the speed of
the vehicle is very simple and widely used in
all vehicles like distance covered is
presented in the MTR feature. By using
simple timer in the software, we can
implement a feature that will measure the
speed of vehicle.
• The head light of is an unavoidable part of
each vehicle. The head light turning on and
off can be done in two ways either manual
or the automatic. The manual turning on of
headlight can be done with the use of
switch. The LDR (Light Dependent Resistor)
has been used to sense the intensity of the
light which will automatically turn on and
off the head light depending upon the
average level of the light.
• For the battery level indication of electronic
bike a variable resistor is connected with
the battery. The battery of the vehicle
discharges with the time. In such cases it is
mandatory to display the level of the battery
of the vehicle.
• The battery left will be displayed on the LCD
screen in percentages rather than pointer
indication as in the analog meters.
• Side lights can be turned on and off
manually by using switch. This is done by

1 9
 SECURED WIRELESS MESSAGING SYSTEM
A u t h o r : J a t i n P a t e l , M a u l i k N a g r e c h a

INTRODUCTION: transmitter to a receiver. As a simplified

explanation, at the transmitting end, a telephone
Wireless is a term used to describe
microphone was used to vary the strength of the
telecommunications in which electromagnetic
waves (rather than some form of wire) carry the transmitted current, according to the frequency
signal over part or all of the communication and loudness of the sounds received. Then, at
path. Some monitoring devices, such as the receiving end of the telephone line, the
intrusion alarms, employ acoustic waves at transmitted electrical current affected an
electromagnet, which strengthened and
frequencies above the range of human hearing;
weakened in response to the strength of the
these are also sometimes classified as wireless.
Wireless communications and the economic current. In turn, the electromagnet produced
goods and services that utilize it have some vibrations in the receiver diaphragm, thus
special characteristics that have motivated closely reproducing the frequency and loudness
specialized studies. First, wireless of the sounds originally heard at the transmitter.
communications relies on a scarce resource –
namely, radio spectrum. Second, use of THEORY OF PROJECT:
spectrum for wireless communications required This project is used to communicate or transmit
the development of key complementary a text message from one place to another place
technologies; especially those that allowed through wireless. The text message is encrypted
higher frequencies to be utilized more by using the Microcontroller and the encrypted
efficiently. Finally, because of its special nature, message is transmitted through wireless
the efficient use of spectrum required the communication. At the receiver end the signal is
coordinated development of standards. Those received by the standard receiver and the
standards in turn played a critical role in the analog signal is fed to the Microcontroller and it
diffusion of technologies that relied on spectrum is decrypted by the Microcontroller and the
use. message is displayed over the LCD display. We
can use several receivers and the message from
The number of different devices using wireless the transmitter can be sent to the entire
communications is rising rapidly. Sensors and receivers at the same time. Each receiver can be
embedded wireless controllers are increasingly accessed separately by its address. The
used in a variety of appliances and applications. Microcontroller is used to do the above work. It
Personal digital assistants (PDAs) and mobile gets data from the Keyboard and encrypt with
computers are regularly connected to e-mail and an private algorithm and at the receiver end the
internet services through wireless Microcontroller decrypt it with the same
communications, and wireless local area algorithm and display the data over the LCD
networks for computers are becoming common display.
in public areas like airport lounges. However, by • The basic requirements of the project are:-
far the most important and dramatic change in Transmitter
the use of wireless communications in the past
twenty years has been the rise of the mobile • Microcontroller AT89S52
telephone. Amplitude modulation (AM) is a • LCD
technique used in electronic communication, • Keyboard
most commonly for transmitting information via • AM Transmitter
a radio carrier wave. AM works by varying the Receiver
strength of the transmitted signal in relation to
• Microcontroller AT89C2051
the information being sent. For example,
changes in the signal strength can be used to • LCD
specify the sounds to be reproduced by a • Speaker
loudspeaker, or the light intensity of television • AM Receiver
pixels. (Contrast this with frequency • The transmitter circuit will transmit the
modulation, also commonly used for sound
data input by the user with the help of
transmissions, in which the frequency is varied;
and phase modulation, often used in remote Keyboard
controls, in which the phase is varied) • The signal will be then carried to the AM
Transmitter from where the signal will be
As originally developed for the electric transmitted
telephone, amplitude modulation was used to
• The receiver circuit will have an AM
add audio information to the low-powered
direct current flowing from a telephone Receiver which would receive the signal.
2 0
Speaker is used to indicate the user about the TRANSMITTER LAYOUT
message which can be then read out on the LCD
Display

IMPLEMENTATION
The following tasks have to be executed:
1. Requirement Analysis Phase
2. Design of System
Requirement analysis:
1. Requirement Analysis Phase: Based on the
above results, discussion and finalization of the
requirements that are to be provided.
2. Design Phase: The design phase involves the
design of the static view, dynamic view, and the
functional view of the software. A number of
diagrams including the Use case, class diagram,
activity diagram, and data flow diagrams will be
used to model the software. Also, the GUIs is
also designed during this phase.
3. Coding Phase: An initial code of the entire
project is written. Also, the database is created
during this phase.
4. Testing Phase: We shall be following a testing
program that involves unit testing, integration RECEIVER LAYOUT
testing, and validation testing. APPLICATIONS:
Some of the most common uses of WIRELESS
CIRCUIT LAYOUT MESSAGING SYSTEM are listed below.
1. Since the system is secured it can be used at
various places such as for Military purposes
2. It provides quite a decent range of around
100m so it is very useful
3. Another use can be transferring of messages
inside a college which would help to cut down
cost efficiently.

CONCLUSION:
The proposed architecture can be effectively
deployed for implementing SECURED WIRELESS
MESSAGING SYSTEM.

References: www.ieee.xplore.com
www.electronics4u.com
www.google.com
www.wikipedia.com

2 1
 LIBRARY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM USING RFID
A u t h o r s : A n k i t A n u r a g , P r i y a n k a P a r e k h , H i m a d r i V y a s

INTRODUCTION: FEATURES:
1. Compatible with MCS-51 Products.
Radio-frequency identification (RFID) is an 2. 4K Bytes of In-System Reprogrammable Flash
automatic identification method, relying on Memory.
storing and remotely retrieving data using 3. Endurance: 1000 Write/Erase Cycles
devices called RFID tags. An RFID tag is an object 4. Fully Static Operation: 0 Hz to 24 MHz
that can be applied to or incorporated into a 5. Three-level Program Memory Lock.
product, animal, or person for the purpose of 6. 128 x 8-bit Internal RAM.
identification and tracking using radio waves. 7. 32 Programmable I/O Lines.
Most RFID tags contain at least two parts. One is 8. Two 16-bit Timers/Counters.
an integrated circuit for storing and processing 9. Six Interrupt Sources.
information, modulating and demodulating a 10. Programmable Serial Channel.
radio-frequency (RF) signal, and other 11. Low-power Idle and Power-down Modes
specialized functions. The second is an antenna
for receiving and transmitting the signal.
DOMAIN OF WORKING:
OBJECTIVE:
The objective of this project is to identify the The project focuses on proposing the
student in the library by using the RFID card architecture for a library based on RFID
instead of using the library ID card. This project technology. The objective of the on-going
is very used to provide the easy access in the research is to arrive at a system that can easily
library. In this project student information are be integrated with the current libraries with
maintained in the individual data base in PC. The minimal modifications. The system consists of
students RFID card is used to access their two entities RFID Tag & reader. The
database. So we can avoid the man made error. implementation can serve a wide range of
So this project improves the security applications such as customer satisfaction,
performance because we cannot make the better customer service, easier & faster
duplicate RFID card. transaction of books & enhanced security of
BRIEF METHODOLOGY: books, etc.
This project is designed with 3. RFID tag - A RFID tag includes an integrated

RFID tag circuit that contains information about the

RFID reader object and an antenna to receive signals from

Microcontroller RFID readers at the book station and transmit

RS 232 converter information to RFID readers at the gate.

Driver circuit 4. RFID reader - RFID readers or receivers are

PC composed of a radio frequency module, a control
In this project RFID card is used as library card. unit and an antenna to interrogate electronic
So each student has the individual RFID card. tags via radio frequency (RF) communication.
RFID reader is interfaced with microcontroller. The reader powers an antenna to generate an RF
Here the microcontroller is the flash type field. When a tag passes through the field, the
reprogrammable microcontroller in which we information stored on the chip in the tag is
already programmed with card number. The interpreted by the reader and sent to the server,
microcontroller is interfaced with PC through RS which communicates with the integrated library
232 converter. The RS232 is used to convert system.
TTL logic to RS 232 logic. When the student ADVANTAGES:
shows the RFID card in the reader, the reader 1. Low power consumption.
will read the number and send to 2. Improve security performance in the library.
microcontroller. The microcontroller received 3. We can add new student users.
the from the reader then compares the stored 4. Student database maintained individually so we
number. If the card number is valid the can avoid the man made error.
microcontroller transfers the card information APPLICATIONS:
to PC through RS 232. In PC the corresponding This project is very useful to the
student database is opened. The database 1. College libraries.
contains the book information for those 2. School libraries.
students such as student name, If the RFID card 3. Corporation central libraries.
is not valid for that particular student, the CONCLUSION:
microcontroller will display the “Authentication The proposed architecture can be effectively
Fail “. We can also add the new students in the deployed for implementing Smart libraries
data base. based on RFID technology. It reflects the new
2 2
era of smart platforms for implementing such
technologies & infrastructures for libraries of
modern times.
References: www.ieeeexplore.com
www.electronics4u.com
www.wikipedia.com

2 3
 GSM BASED DATA ACQUISTION SYSTEM
A u t h o r : S a m e e r P r e m a k a r , R a h u l S h r i v a s t a v a , N i r a v M a d h u

INTRODUCTION: purpose of this project is to implement the

various concepts of microcontroller and
Data acquisition systems, as the name implies, embedded designing environment. An
are products and/or processes used to collect embedded microcontroller is a chip which has a
information to document or analyze some computer processor with all its support
phenomenon. In the simplest form, a technician functions
logging the temperature of an oven on a piece of
paper is performing data acquisition. As
technology has progressed, this type of process
has been simplified and made more accurate, (clock & reset), memory (both program and
versatile, and reliable through electronic data), and I/O (including bus interface) built
equipment. Equipment ranges from simple into the device. These built in functions
recorders to sophisticated computer systems. minimize the need for external circuits and
Data acquisition products serve as a focal point devices to be designed in the final application.
in a system, tying together a wide variety of
products, such as sensors that indicate DEVELOPMENT STAGES
temperature, flow, level, or pressure.GSM • Problem definition stage
(Global System for Mobile communications) is • Designing block diagram
the technology that underpins most of the • Implementing circuits and components
world's mobile phone networks. The GSM • Developing algorithm for software
platform is a hugely successful wireless
technology and an unprecedented story of • Problem definition stage
global achievement and cooperation. GSM has This was the very first stage to develop any
become the world's fastest growing project. It actually defines the aim and the
communications technology. The progress concept of the project. The aim of “GSM
hasn't stopped there. Today's GSM platform is BASED FAULT IDENTIFICATION DATA
living, growing and evolving and already offers ACQUISITION SYSTEM” is to design a
an expanded and feature-rich 'family' of voice remote warning system which is compatible
and multimedia services, we can also use this for with the existing system and using GSM
biomedical enhanced developed fields, so we technology instead of laying cables as in the
have using the multimedia service for control case of wired communication, all this with
any kind of device globally via GSM modem least complexity and cost.
which can be controlled by AT commands using
the embedded systems. • Designing block diagram
Most embedded computers do not look like At this stage we have categorized the whole
computers. Assembler is extensively used in system into different individual modules.
very small foot print system (processor with just These modules (block diagrams) will be
a few kilobytes of memory). C is generally used helpful in understanding the concept and
in any large projects (usually in combination working of the integrated system. It also
with simplifies the entire debugging and testing
process.
THEORY OF PROJECT:
The objective of this project is to improve the • Implementing circuits and components
security performance in the industries. This This is the actual implementation of circuit
project provides the total security to the of each block. At this stage we have actually
industrial companies. If any accident such as designed each block separately and finally
fire, LPG gas flow and heavy pressure happens, integrated them into the complete working
the alert SMS is sent to corresponding authority system. This includes ensuring the
person. The microcontroller is an exciting, functionality of each component and
challenging, and growing field; it will pervade removing and replacing the faulty and
industry for decades to come. To meet the unwanted parts.
challenges of this growing technology, we will
have to conversant with the programmable • Developing algorithm for software
aspect of the microcontroller. Programming is a To get the logical flow of the software, the
process of problem solving and communicating development of algorithm has a prominent
in a strange language of mnemonics. The role. So we have analyzed the complete
projects could be developed significantly faster system and organized the algorithm in such
and much easily using a microcontroller. The
2 4
 a manner that one can understand the
complete working of the software.
The following tasks are to be executed:
• Writing actual code for Microcontroller
• Compiling the code
• Burning the hex file into microcontroller
with programmer
• Testing and Running
• Writing actual code for Microcontroller.
After the development of the algorithm and
flowchart we will translate them in C
language for Atmel 89S52 Microcontroller
so that it can understand the instructions
and run as per our requirement. The
instructions are in ANSII C Language.
• Compiling the code
The code is implemented on the computer
for which we will use BASCOM pre-installed
on PC. The BASCOM8051 is a Computer
Aided Program to simulate the working of
Microcontroller in real time without
burning the software into actual IC. We will
simulate and compile our program for error
checking. After removing of several
compiling errors the program need to be
converted into machine language i.e. Intel
hex format.
• Burning the hex file into microcontroller
with Programmer
In this stage the compiled hex format file
will be downloaded or burned into Atmel
AT89C52 flash Microcontroller. This would
be done with the help of FP-8903
Programmer for Atmel microcontrollers
designed by Oriole Electronics Pvt. Ltd.
• Testing and Running
This time we test our project for actual
working, after loading the software into the
microcontroller. This is the last and final
stage of development of our project.
APPLICATIONS
• Data acquisition and equipment control
finds application in fields such as chemical,
metallurgical, electrical
• Data acquisition provides an interface
between the physical area and digital
signals. It enables user to interact with
different processes taking place at various
locations by sitting at one place. Then the
user only has to give appropriate commands
to get required data.
• The data acquisition and equipment control
can be used in chemical plants,
petrochemical plants in which the main
physical parameters to be measured are
pressure, temperature, flow. These
parameters are critical since any change in
2 5
the desired value can be disastrous. Any
change in these parameters should be
immediately known so that corrective
action can be taken.
• Data acquisition and control plays a very
important role in applications where
processes take place in a highly corrosive or
high temperature environment. In this
situation the operator has to check the
parameters and take corrective action that
is required without entering the process
environment which may be harmful.
• Data acquisition can be used in commercial
applications like digital electric reading in
which a person does not have to go to each
electric meter every month or in cases
where the electric meters may be located far
away.
• CONCLUSION
• By the realization of above system we have
learnt different softwares and many aspects
of digital electronics circuits such as:
•
• Designing of power supply;
• Designing of microcontroller based system;
• Interfacing ADC with microcontroller;
• Serial communication using
microcontroller;
• Controlling printer port of PC in VB;
• Temperature sensor;
• Relays;
• Programming in Visual Basic;
• Programming in Keil;
• PCB designing using Eagle.
• Thus we have implemented ‘PC Based Data
Acquisition System’ and learned how to
acquire different parameters and to control
the processes according to the ranges
defines by the user.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Ramesh Gaonkar, ‘Microprocessor
Architecture, programming and
applications’, Penram, India, 1984;
• Muhammad Ali Mazidi, ‘The 8051
Microcontroller and Embedded Systems’,
Prentice Hall, Nov. ‘99;
• Ram Gayakwad, ‘Op-Amps and linear
integrated circuits’, Prentice Hall, Sept. ‘99;
• Yashavant Kanetkar, ‘Let us C’, BPB
Publications;
• Learn VB in 24 Hours by Tata McGraw Hill
 SERIAL TO WIRELESS GATEWAY
A u t h o r s : H i m a n s h u K e v a d i y a , A b h i n a v S h a r m a , H e m a n s h u M a n d a l i a

INTRODUCTION: Based on the GFSK modulation mode, it adopts

the efficient communication protocol.
Wireless communication is the transfer of This project is designed with
information over a distance without the use of 1. FSK Transceiver
enhanced electrical conductors or "wires". The 2. Microcontroller
distances involved may be short (a few meters 3. RS 232 converter
as in television remote control) or long 4. PC (personal computer).
(thousands or millions of kilometers for radio
communications). When the context is clear, the TRANSMITTER
term is often shortened to "wireless". Wireless Transmitter consists of
communication is generally considered to be a 1. Carrier Oscillator (resonator) 433 MHz
branch of telecommunications. It encompasses 2. Data from encoder
various types of fixed, mobile, and portable two- 3. Product modulator
way radios, serial to wireless converter, cellular 4. RF transmitter power amplifier
telephones, personal digital assistants (PDAs), 5. Antenna
and wireless networking. Other example of RECEIVER
wireless technology include GPS units, garage Receiver consists of
door openers and or garage doors, wireless 1. Antenna
computer mice, keyboards and headsets, 2. ASK/FSK demodulator
satellite television and cordless telephones. 3. Output
Wireless operations permits services, such as
long range communications, that are impossible
MICROCONTROLLER
or impractical to implement with the use of Microcontroller consists of
1. Atmel 89C52
wires. The term is commonly used in the
telecommunications industry to refer to IMPLEMENTATION
telecommunications systems (e.g. radio The following tasks have to be executed:
transmitters and receivers, remote controls, 1. Requirement Analysis Phase
computer networks, network terminals, etc.) 2. Design of System
which use some form of energy (e.g. radio Requirement analysis:
frequency (RF), infrared light, laser light, visible 1. Requirement Analysis Phase: Based on the
light, acoustic energy, etc.) to transfer above results, discussion and finalization of the
information without use of wires. Information is requirements that are to be provided.
transferred in this manner over both short and 2. Design Phase: The design phase involves the
long distances. design of the static view, dynamic view, and the
THEORY OF PROJECT: functional view of the software. A number of
We are using a pair of controller cards. One of diagrams including the Use case, class diagram,
them is used as a Transmitter and the other as a activity diagram, and data flow diagrams will be
Receiver (i.e. FSK Transmitter_433 MHz and FSK used to model the software. Also, the GUIs are
Reciever_433 MHz). This is used for wireless also designed during this phase.
data transmission for a short range application. 3. Coding Phase: An initial code of the entire
With its small size, low weight, power project is written. Also, the database is created
consumption, stability and reliability, it has the during this phase.
function of bi-directional data signal 4. Testing Phase: We shall be following a testing
transmission, test and control. program that involves unit testing, integration
It is used for meter reading, such as water testing, and validation testing.
meter, electric meter and gas meter, parking ATMEL 89C52
meter, intellective card, electronic weighing The AT89C52 is a low-power, high-performance
apparatus, meter for checking on work CMOS 8-bit microcomputer with 8K bytes of
attendance, queue wireless meter, building Flash programmable and erasable read only
control, shipping company control, alarm memory (PEROM). The device is manufactured
system, intelligent equipment, automatic data using Atmel’s high-density non-volatile memory
collecting system, industrial remote control and technology and is compatible with the industry-
remote test building automation, safety and standard 80C51 and 80C52 instruction set and
security, power house equipment, wireless pin out.Atmel 89C52 is compatible with MCS-51
monitor, entrance control system, etc. It Products. It is 8K Bytes of In-System
provides the USB power interface to be Reprogrammable Flash Memory. Its endurance
convenient for the mini computer and PC users is 1,000 Write/Erase Cycles with fully Static
if necessary. Operation of 0 Hz to 24 MHz’s It has three level
Program Memory Lock. It has 256 x 8-bit
2 6
Internal RAM with 32 Programmable I/O Lines.
It has three16-bit Timer/Counters and Eight
Interrupt Sources with Programmable Serial
Channel. It can be used in Low-power Idle and
Power-down Modes.
The on-chip Flash allows the program memory
to be reprogrammed in-system or by a
conventional non-volatile memory programmer.
By combining a versatile 8-bit CPU with Flash on
a monolithic
chip, the Atmel AT89C52 is a powerful
microcomputer which provides a highly-flexible
and cost-effective
Solution too many embedded control
applications.
FSK TRANSCIEVER
The FSK transceiver is used to generate a
modem function. The transmitter and receiver
are separate units, which when brought
together provide the transceiver function.
FSK TRANSMITTER
The transmitter transmits a frequency shift
keyed signal (i.e. two frequencies) that
represents a one or a zero. The standards for
modems (e.g. Vis 11, etc. specify the appropriate
frequencies that modems use. To save becoming
involved with compliance to the various
standards and other modem detail, it is
suggested that, for this project, you use
• around 1.5kHz be allocated to a zero level
• around 2.2kHz be allocated to a one level
• the data rate be 300 Hz
• The exact frequencies will be determined by
the Direct Digital Synthesis (DDS) technique
that you use to implement the frequency
generation. The exact frequency is
determined by:
• the clock frequency and
• the choice of the phase increment
• The Transmitter design
2 7
• The block diagram for the Visual
implementation of the FSK transmitter is
giver in figure 1.
• The transmitter design can be broken into
three roughly equal sections (in terms
design complexity). These are discussed in
the three sections below.
• The frequency generator and control along
with the sine lookup table work as a DDS as
described in the appendix. The additional
control circuitry is required to provide the
timing and clocks to make the circuit
operate.
• The character generator allows test data to
be generated to “transmit” and test the
operation of the FSK transmitter.
• The Control and Frequency Generator
• The control circuitry consists of:
• Prescaler to generate a master clock
frequency from the 25.175MHz system
clock.
• Clock generator to generate the required
clocks. The 50Hz clock is used as the default
data signal.
• Multiplexer to select between the default
50Hz data stream and the character data
stream from the character generator.
• The Frequency generator to generate the
address for the sine lookup table.
• The major design task is to be undertaken
before the Visual design commences is to
calculate the required
• The number of phase accumulator bits to
adequately represent the sine wave (e.g. 6
bits gives 64 levels of the sine wave which
should “look” well enough on the
oscilloscope for demonstration purposes,
but not impose too high an overhead for the
sine lookup table)
• clock frequency for the DDS.
• the phase increment values for the
multiplexer.

This could be done as a straight lookup table as

suggested in the attachment 1. The design given
there uses a 4 bit phase accumulator, which is
good for the explanation but lacks resolution in
any implementation. For a 6 bit word suggested
in the frequency generator section, the table
would need to have 64 entries. To save valuable
real estate in the FPGA, it is recommended that
the design utilize the fact that only a table for 0
to 90 degrees is required to adequately describe
a sine wave. The values for the sine wave from
91 to 360 degrees can be easily derived from the
first quadrant values. It is recommended that
you decide on a strategy to implement a table of
the first quadrant only and calculate/assemble
the other values before commencing the Visual
HDL design.
The output of the sine lookup table is taken to an
eight bit output port on the gate array. This port
is connected to an interface board provides
functional analogue to digital and digital to
analogue converters. The eight bit output port
is to be connected to the digital to analogue
converter. You should be able to effectively
monitor the FSK output from this DAC.
FSK RECEIVER
The receiver must be able to distinguish
between the two transmitted frequencies
(1.5kHz an2.2kHz). It takes an analog signal in,
uses the Goertzel technique to determine the
transmitted frequency, from that generates a
serial bit stream and finally provides an 8bit
output with a data clock. Goertzel Frequency
Detection Block
The Goertzel_Frequency_Detection block is
responsible for converting the binary
representation of a sine wave given by the ‘ADC’
block into a bit stream. A logic level of 0 will
represent the 1.5 kilohertz sine wave and a logic
level of 1 will represent the 2.2 kilohertz sine
wave. The signal ‘valid’ is an indication of when
data is available from the analog to digital
converter.

The Character Generator

A suggested design for the character is given
below. The “send” signal starts the state
machine sending a serial bit stream of the
character given on the DIP switch.
transmission is to start on the falling edge of the
dip switch and continue until the send signal
goes high (the character must be completely
transmitted after the send signal goes high).
The
On a ‘valid’ event and if ‘valid’ is high, the data
located on the ‘adc_data’ signal will be converted
into integer form and placed into a buffer of size
64. The buffer acts like a queue and the integer
located at the start of the buffer is removed to
allow the new integer to enter. This is the
function of the Phase Convert block. The
Goertzel_Exec block on detection of this process
will execute a slightly modified DSP Goertzel
algorithm to distinguish between the 1.5
kilohertz wave and the 2.2 kilohertz.

2 8
RS 232
RS-232 devices may be classified as Data
Terminal Equipment (DTE) or Data
Communication Equipment (DCE); this defines
at each device which wires will be sending and
receiving each signal. The standard
recommended but did not make mandatory
the D-sub miniature 25 pin connector. In general
and according to the standard, terminals and
computers have male connectors with DTE pin
functions, and modems have female connectors
with DCE pin functions. Other devices may have
any combination of connector gender and pin
definitions. Many terminals were manufactured
with female terminals but were sold with a cable
with male connectors at each end; the terminal
with its cable satisfied the recommendations in
the standard.
Fig shows a 9-pin DTE-to-DCE serial cable that
would result if the EIA232 standard were
strictly followed. All 9 pins plus shield are
directly extended from DB9 Female to DB9 Male.
There are no crossovers or self-connect present.
Use this cable to connect modems, printers, or
any device that uses a DB9 connector to a PC's
serial port.
This cable may also serve as an extension cable
to increase the distance between a computer
and serial device.
Caution: do not exceed 25 feet separation
between devices without a signal booster!

CONCLUSION
The proposed architecture can be effectively
deployed for implementing Serial to Wireless
transmission technology on consumer premises.
It reflects the new era of smart platforms for
implementing wireless management policies.
The architecture and hardware can also be
scaled to increase the network.

References:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transceiver
http://www.wcscnet.com/HdwBTRS232.htm
http://www.datasheetarchive.com/atmel%208
9c52-datasheet.html

2 9
 BIOMETRIC ATTENDENCE SYSTEM
A u t h o r s : D a n i s h R e f a i , S i d d h a r t h U p a d h y a y , A n u r a g C h o u d h a r y

INTRODUCTION: image which is then verified with the image

present in fingerprint module and their
According ancient Greek scripts BIOMETRICS attendance is registered for that day.
means study of life. Biometrics studies This scanner is interfaced to 89S52
commonly include fingerprint, face, iris, voice, microcontroller through max232 enabling serial
signature, and hand geometry recognition and communication. By using this controller we will
verification. Many other modalities are in be controlling the scanning process. After the
various stages of development and assessment. scanning has been completed the result is stored
Among these available biometric traits Finger- in the microcontroller. By simply pressing a
Print proves to be one of the best traits switch we can get the list of absentees for that
providing good mismatch ratio and also reliable. day. This project uses regulated 5V, 500mA
Registering the attendances of students have power supply. 7805 three terminal voltage
became a hectic work as sometimes their regulator is used for voltage regulation.
attendance may be incorrectly registered or This project uses the following components
missed. To overcome this problem i.e. to get the A Finger Print Scanner
attendances registered correctly we are taking B. MAX 232
the help of two different technologies viz. C. Microcontroller 89S52
Embedded Systems and Biometrics. The two key D. Voltage Regulator
aspects of most of the Fingerprint System E. LCD 16x2
biometric solutions are Fingerprint F. Buzzer
identification and authentication. The process of
identification tells you who an individual is, or in
IMPLEMENTATION
the negative sense tells you who they are not. --Requirement Analysis Phase
Fingerprints are examined using two different --Coding
sets of criteria. Finger Print Security Systems • Requirement Research Phase:
can be used to get rid of so many issues such as Based on the above results, discussion and
Physical Access Control, Health care Biometrics, finalization of the requirements that are to be
Fingerprint and Biometrics Locks, Biometric provided.
Sensors and Detectors, RFID Tags, RFID Readers, • Coding Phase:
Road Barriers, RFID Smart Card, CCTV, Metal Using Math work’s Mat lab, the coding of the
Detectors, LED Search Lights, Fire Alarm, Finger authentication and verification has been
Print Movement Control, Physical Access completed. Burning on the micro controller is
Control, Optical Fingerprint Scanners, Optical still in phase.
Sensors, Card Locks, Card Access Control • System Design:
Systems, Fingerprint Technology, Digital • Interfacing Fingerprint Sensor and related
Fingerprint, USB Fingerprint Reader etc. module for the final hardware. Subject to
Fingerprint System Authentication is a simpler delivery of the fingerprint sensor.
process. It involves affirming or rejecting a • Testing Phase:
claimed identity by matching a live template • Testing of a sample class using templates will
with an existing one. be carried out to ensure glitch free
THEORY OF PROJECT: performance of the system.
Firstly discussing about Biometrics we are
concentrating on Fingerprint scanning. For this
we are using SM630 high voltage module as a
scanner. This module has in-built ROM, DSP and
RAM. In this we can store up to 768 users
fingerprints. This module can operate in 2
modes they are Master mode and User mode.
We will be using Master mode to register the
fingerprints which will be stored in the ROM
present on the scanner with a unique id.When BLOCK DIAGRAM:
this module is interfaced to the microcontroller,
we will be using it in user mode. In this mode we
will be verifying the scanned images with the
stored images. When coming to our application
the images of the students will be stored in the
module with a unique id. To register their
attendance the students have to scan their
3 0
APPLICATIONS:
Industries are using finger print modems for
access control, Stores, attendance recording, and
machine operation authentication.
Banks and ATM
Voter Identification and electoral enrollment
Personal Computers
Automotives and high end cars

ADVANTAGES:
No manual errors
No false attendance
Need not remember any password
Need not to carry any card

References:
1. D Maltoni, D Maio, A K Jain, and A Prabhakar,
“Handbook of Fingerprint Recognition,”
Springer, New York, 2003.

2. Xuejun Tan, Bir Bhanu, and Yingqiang Lin,

“Learning Features for Fingerprint
Classification,” AVBPA, LNCS, 2688 Page(s): 318-
326, 2003.

3.E Lim, X Jiang, W Yau, “Fingerprint quality and

validity analysis,” ICIP, Page(s): 469-472, 2002.

4. WUZHILI, “Fingerprint Recognition,” B.S.

Thesis, Hong Kong Baptist University, 19 April,
2002.

3 1
 Architecture for Smart Grid based Consumer End Solution
* * * * *

A R A A R A R A
j

S h a i l e n d r a B . , S a n a y S I N G H , O m k a r K N D E , S a m i C H T U V E D I , S h a s h a n k D H I W L ,

* *

V a r u n M O H N .

* E l e c t r o n i c s a n d T e l e c o m m u n i c a t i o n D e p a r t m e n t , S V K M ’ s N M I M S , S h i r p u r , M a h a r a s h t r a ,

I n d i a . * * I n f o r m a t i o n T e c h n o l o g y D e p a r t m e n t , S V K M ’ s N M I M S , S h i r p u r , M a h a r a s h t r a ,

I n d i a .

b.shailendr@gmail.com, sanjay.thepro@gmail.com, karande.omkar1989@gmail.com,

chatursamir@gmail.com, shashank7289@gmail.com, varun_mohan1989@hotmail.com

Abstract— The following paper proposes the

architecture for a consumer – end solution to smart
grid implementation. The objective of the on-going
research is to arrive at a system that can easily be
integrated with the current electricity distribution
infrastructure, with minimal modifications. The
system consists of two entities present on the
consumer premises – a central processing unit called
Power Hub and an intelligent switch, called Slave, to
which an appliance needs to be connected. The
implementation can serve a wide range of
applications such as restricting consumer electricity
billing through inbuilt policies, implementing
prepaid billing, energy market transactions, etc.

Keywords— Power Hub, Slave, Hub & Slave

Figure 1. Block Diagram of Consumer End Solution
architecture,
Appliance DNA, Current Sample Addressing, Energy
Market Gateway, Universal Plug N Play, etc.
The proposed scheme consists of two functional
entities.
I. INTRODUCTION
A. Power Hub
Energy Distribution grid is one of the most
A Power Hub is an innovative and advanced
primitive needs in a modern world. Sadly, it is also utility meter that records a business or consumers
one of the few areas where changes had been electricity usage in greater detail than the
resisted since its inception, until lately. Current conventional analog electricity meters.
scenario hosts a number of projects on various
Since the inception of electricity deregulation
domains of Smart Grid such as IEEE P2030[7],
and market-driven pricing throughout the world,
developing a draft guide for smart grid
government regulators have been looking for a
interoperability, and Italy’s Telegestore project[6],
means to match consumption with generation.
which networked large numbers of homes through
Traditional electrical meters only measure total
smart meters working on narrowband Power Line
consumption and as such, provide no information
Communications, etc. Other researches aim at of when the energy was consumed. Power Hubs
providing a physical layer at consumer premises to provide an economical way of measuring this
digitize energy distribution at the application-end, information, allowing price setting agencies to
and interface them with Smart Grid entities. These introduce different prices for consumption based
include IEEE P1901[8], developing a global on the time of day and the season.
standard for high speed Power Line
Communication, and other commercial standards Electricity pricing usually peaks at certain
such as HomePlug1.0, HomePlugAV, focussing on predictable times of the day and the season. In
Broadband over Power line, and HomePlug Green particular, if generation is constrained, prices can
PHY, focussing on smart grid applications. rise significantly during these times as more
expensive sources of power are purchased from
This paper focuses on implementation of a other jurisdictions or more costly generation is
platform to deploy Smart Grid based technologies brought online. It is believed that billing customers
on the consumer side. Power Line Communication by how much is consumed and at what time of day
is proposed to be used for inter-communication will force consumers to adjust their consumption
within the network, with minimal changes in the habits to be more responsive to market prices.
existing infrastructure. The Block diagram of the
The Advanced Metering Infrastructure will allow
consumer end solution is proposed in Figure 1.
electricity to be charged according to demand
based tariffs.

3 2
B. Slave 6) Power Line Communication: The Power Line
Modem is a transceiver that provides a reliable
Slave is a smart switch that communicates with
communication link over power lines. It utilizes
the Power Hub and accordingly controls the Binary Phase Shift Keying for modulating digital
appliance connected to the switch. In the proposed data over a 2 MHz frequency carrier signal.
scheme, each appliance has to be connected to the
mains through a Slave, which will enable the users B. Slave
to set priority for each appliance, so that the lowest
priority appliance is switched off first, in case of
load shedding. This hierarchy will be followed until
the required amount of load is shed. It will enable
the utility to provide the much needed flexibility to
the consumer, regarding the priority amongst the
appliances. The Slave assumes a unique ID, based
on the power consumption characteristics of the
appliance and the set priority, every time an
appliance is switched on, thus making the process
highly dynamic. The proposed scheme tries to
emulate a Plug and Play mechanism, the objective
being convenience at consumer end.

II. ARCHITECTURE
A. Power Hub
Functional Blocks within the Architecture of
Power Hub are explained in the figure 2.
 to check the database for ambiguities in IDs of
the online appliances,
 to display index keys, and orders,
 to display table statistics, and performs table
encryption.
3) Intelligent Kernel: The Intelligent Kernel
provides decision making capabilities to the Power
Hub. It processes instructions given from the
administrator interface, and executes them
according to optimized algorithms. It adds the
following functionalities to the system.
 to decide and update current tariffs based on
instructions from the grid,
 to implement the power cut instructed by the Figure 2. Architecture of Power Hub
Grid, and optimize the switching based on
priorities and policies adapted by the user,
 to transact energy with the grid, and thus, 1) Network Interface Card: The NIC provides a
establish open market for energy physical link to a network. It converts the data
transactions, sent by Hub into a form which can be used by the
 to monitor performance of each appliance, a network cable, transfers that data to Slave, and
regular check is maintained on the server. controls the data flow between the Hub and Slave.
The power consumption patterns over a It also translates the data coming from the cable
period can indicate degrading performance into bytes, so that the Hub can read it.
of an appliance. Such problems which may be
indicated at nascent stages of failure may not 2) Database Manager: The Database manager is
be detected visually. a module that can manage any number of
database instances from Slaves and the Grid. It
4) User Interface: User Interface (UI) has been consists of a Command Line Interface (CLI) that
integrated in the system for interaction with the links to the Database Server, and exchanges
client through a display and a control panel. The information with it. The CLI can receive requests
user gets a choice to see the statistics of his power locally, as well as remotely from the
consumption and can also opt for different policies administrator interface.
available.
5) Ethernet Interface: Ethernet Interface
converts the data from protocol used in the
network, to the standard Ethernet data format.
3 3
 The Architecture of the Slave can be broadly
divided into four sections.
1) Data Acquisition: This section is responsible
for acquiring power consumption data such as Line
Voltage, and Line Current of the appliance/nodes.
The data is obtained through metrology sensors,
and given to a moderate resolution ADC. This data
is sent to the Power Hub over the power lines,
where the data is processed to reveal details such
as power factor, etc.
Figure 5. Switched Resonator BPSK modulator [1]
2) Priority Control: Priority Control allows the
client to set priority of operation of the appliances. The VCCS, made by A, Q, and R, produces the
These priorities would be followed to switch off NRZ current pulse stream and injects such a signal
appliances during power cuts, so that the basic into the LC resonant circuit. If the resonant
needs of a consumer are uninterrupted.
frequency f, is an integral time of the bit rate, the
3) Control Block: It performs switching of resonator output voltage will be a BPSK signal. By
appliances according to instructions issued by the adding a comparator or limiting amplifier
Power Hub. It consists of AC switching elements following the resonator, we can compensate for the
such as TRIAC, controlled by the Slave.
amplitude decay and still maintain the phase
4) Network Interface: Network Interface reversal. [1]
provides a physical link between the network and
the Slave. It consists of a Power Line modem, B. Notch Filter
interfaced to the serial interface of the Slave
through an optical isolator. The Notch Filter has been employed to protect
the modem from large power at lower frequencies,
III.SYSTEM IMPLEMENTATION in the Power Lines. The design requires a band-
stop filter, with stop-band ranging from 40 Hz to
The Half-Duplex communication link would be 300Hz, and pass band extending to higher
established through the Power Line Modem on the frequencies of upto 2 MHz. “The intrinsic high-
physical layer. The functional block diagram is as
frequency limitations of the low-frequency notch
shown in figure 4.
circuit are overcome by means of a coordinated
parallel high-frequency path. The combination of
the two is capable of the extremely wide frequency
response.” [2]

Figure 4. Functional Block Diagram of Modem

Each functional block of the modem can be

explained as below.
A. BPSK Modulator
The modulation scheme employs a switched-
resonator BPSK modulator. The bit rate and carrier
frequency have experimentally been reported as
2.5 Mbit/s, at 5 MHz, respectively. [1]
The modulator, as shown in [1], doesn’t require
a carrier input, phase shifter, or a switch circuit as
in traditional BPSK Modulators. The modulator
consists of a Voltage Controlled Current Source
(VCCS), a resonator and a limiting amplifier.
Figure 6. Symmetrical Twin-Tee Notch Filter
According to [2], the notch filter can be realized
in three topologies, Resistive-Branch Notch Filter,
Capacitive-Branch Notch Filter and Twin- Tee
Notch Filter. Amongst the three topologies, a
symmetrical Twin-Tee design stands intermediate
between the other two topologies, and is suitable
for a moderate bandwidth with a simple design.

3 4
 have been considered for address assignment.

Figure 7. Frequency response simulation results of

symmetrical Twin Tee
notch filter

C. BPSK Demodulator
BPSK Demodulation can be achieved through
several techniques, such as Squaring Loop and
the COSTAS Loop.
However, the main problem squaring desig
of the loop n
that implemen
is squaring devices are hard to t using
analog circuitry [4]. Due to higher power
consumption and inferior tracking range of
COSTAS Loop, low power BPSK Demodulator
architecture proposed in [3] would be utilized in
the modem. The block diagram of the
demodulator is shown in figure 7.

Figure 8. Low Power BPSK demodulator. [3]

The demodulator consists of Phase-

Frequency detector followed by Charge Pump
PLL, which theoretically has an infinite tracking
range. [3] This stage is followed by a trigger &
hold circuit.

IV. NOVEL ADDRESSING METHOD

The communication scheme employs an
optimized custom protocol to transmit BPSK
modulated data over power lines for
communication between Hub and Slave. The
protocol is in initial phase of development, and
identifies slaves in the network by assigning
unique addresses. The following approaches
3 5
A. Current Sample Based Approach
A novel approach for assigning addresses/IDs
to the Slaves for the purpose of communication
has been proposed. When any particular device
is switched on, the first line current sample
obtained from it is unique, if acquired using a
high resolution A/D converter. Suppose the
sample is acquired using an 8-bit ADC, the
sample would consist of 256 quantums. The
probability of these 256 quantums being
identical is unlikely even for identical devices of
the same manufacturer. The Slave acquires this
sample and communicates it to the Hub.
The Hub checks its database for ambiguities
with the ID’s of existing online appliances. In
absence of any ambiguities the ID is assigned to
the Slave in question. If a rare conflict is
encountered the Hub resolves it by adding a
predetermined value to the ID until it becomes
unique.
This kind of approach automates the address
acquisition by the Slave. The process requires
no additional computation and works on the
existing data. The ID is lost as soon as the
appliance is switched off, thus keeping the
process highly dynamic. The emphasis of the
approach is to achieve Universal Plug N Play for
Slaves.
B. Appliance DNA
We propose a method to obtain signatures of
appliances. These signatures are preserved in
the database even when the appliance goes
offline. The idea is based on the fact that every
appliance when manufactured have some non-
uniformities, or defects that do not reflect in the
normal operation but become prevalent at
microscopic and nanoscopic levels. If these non-
uniformities can somehow be reflected in the
power consumption pattern of the appliance,
they can be treated as a unique signature of the
particular appliance. Further research is in
progress to make this approach acceptable
universally.
V. APPLICATION SCENARIOS
A. Smart Grid Technologies
1) Device Management: In countries where
demand of power exceeds generation, power
cuts are a major problem in residential sectors,
Small & Medium Enterprises (SMEs). Such
scenarios can be easily manipulated with the
help of the proposed architecture. As the
architecture states a provision for specifying
priority of operation of each appliance, during
percentage power cuts or higher tariff rates, the
Hub itself switches off the low priority
appliances, without interrupting the essential
electricity needs of the user. Thus the Hub and
Slave architecture provides the platform to
regulate monthly tariffs and efficient use of
3 6
energy.
2) Prepaid Power: Prepaid tariffs can be
implemented using the above architecture. This
can be customized to daily, weekly or monthly
tariff plans. The user can buy the power credits
beforehand depending on the budget. The Hub
will alert the user when the available power
credits fall below a certain level. This will help
the user to choose an economic approach
towards energy consumption.
3) Energy Market Transaction: The
proposed architecture provides us a platform
for regulated
Energy transactions between the Consumer
and the Grid. The consumers targeted here are
households and SMEs capable of producing
power through Solar Panels, Boilers, Furnaces,
etc. but not being able to store it. These
consumers can transact the excess power with
the Grid for energy credits. This will help the
Grid to tap energy from discrete resources
which would have otherwise been wasted.
Power Hub can act as a gateway to transact
with the Grid. Many Power Hubs can
communicate amongst each other to establish
an Open Energy Market, wherein a consumer
can buy power from multiple sources, creating a
competitive scenario.
Figure 10 depicts a typical case wherein a
customer has excessive energy which can be
transacted with the Grid or other customers.
Figure 9. Typical Energy Market Scenario
The Grid has set a selling price per unit for
particular duration. Let Me be the minimum
price per unit. The Grid would always be
available to buy energy at this cost. This price
would be logically set by the Grid, keeping in
mind the profit margins to the customer after
cost of production. If one has energy resources
to produce energy then one would preferably
look out for other customers willing to buy the
energy at the cost of x which lies between the
graph of unit 1 and unit 0.25.
Apart from power producing clients, passive
consumers can also participate in energy
transactions, by trading their power credits with
other users, for an amiable price. Thus, both the
Grid, and customers would be benefited by such
an open energy market.
B. Other Applications
 1) Breakdown Management: The above http://www.atmel.com/dyn/resources/prod_docume
nts/doc7628.pdf
architecture can be effectively employed to
[6] IEEE ISPLC 2007 Keynotes, “
T T

centrally monitor performance of machines

h e I t a l i a n e l e g e s t o r e

P ,
r o j e c t ” http://www.ieee-
connected in a production plant. The database isplc.org/2007/docs/ISPLC2007_Keynotes.pdf
maintained in the Power Hub can be used to [7] IEEE Std P2030 Draft Guide for Smart Grid
Interoperability of the Electric Power System (EPS)
detect gradual increase in power consumption Framework for Describing Energy Sources,
of a machine over a period. This performance https://mentor.ieee.org/2030/dcn/09/2030-09-
can be analyzed at the Power Hub to reveal 0162-00-0005-framework-for-describing-energy-
machines that need immediate attention. Such sources-kym.doc
an analysis can help to identify degradation at [8] Dr. W. Charlton Adams, President, IEEE Standards
Association,
b

an early stage which is otherwise not visually

I E E E I P o v e r B r o a d a n d A c c e s s i n S u p p o r t

o f , C o n v e r g e n c e

detectable until a complete breakdown of the http://www.itu.int/dms_pub/itut/oth/21/05/T2105

machine occurs. In the presence 0000010

2) of redundant machines, the servicing can

be scheduled without disturbing the production
routine.
C. Power Factor Correction: Power factor
correction at appliance level can reduce
load on utility to a considerable extent.
Power factor can be corrected by the
Slave with use of some additional
hardware specified in [6]. This keeps
the current and voltage in phase with
each other, and reduces total harmonic
distortion.

VI. CONCLUSIONS
The project implementation is still in nascent
stages, and work is in progress for physical layer
implementation of the architecture. This would
be followed by development of an optimized
custom protocol for communication between
entities of the network.
The proposed architecture can be effectively
deployed for implementing Smart Grid based
technologies on the consumer premises. This
paper reflects the new era of smart platforms
for implementing power management policies.
The architecture and hardware can also be
scaled to increase the network throughput, and
can be integrated with Home Area Networks for
providing other services such as IPTV,
Broadband over Power Lines, Home
Automation, etc.

REFERENCES
[1] Juin-Hung Chen and Hen-Wai Tsao, B P S K m o d u l a t o r

u s i n g V C C S a n d r e s o n a t o r w i t h o u t c a r r i e r s i g n a l a n d

, IEE Electronics Letters Online No:

b

a l a n c e m o d u l a t o r

19970885, June 2, 1997.

LUIGI M. MILLANTA AND MAURO M. FORTI , A

[2] N o t c h - F i l t e r N e t w o r k f o r W i d e - B a n d M e a s u r e m e n t s o f

, IEEE
T

r a n s i e n t V o l t a g e s o n t h e P o w e r L i n e

TRANSACTIONS ON ELECTROMAGNETIC
COMPATIBILITY, VOL. 31 NO. 3. AUGUST 1989.
[3] Zhenying Luo and Sameer Sonkusale, A N o v e l L o w

P , Circuits and Systems I:

o w e r B P S K D e m o d u l a t o r

Regular Papers, IEEE Transactions , Volume: 55 ,

Issue: 6, 2008.
[4] S
Roland E. Best, “ P h a s e - L o c k e d L o o p s - D e s i g n ,

i m u l a t i o n , a n d

A , 5th Edition, McGraw-Hill .

p p l i c a t i o n s ”

[5] AVR433: Power Factor Corrector (PFC) with

AT90PWM2 Re-triggable High Speed PSC, Atmel
Application notes -
3 7
 YESTERDAYS’ ALTERNATIVE & TOMMOROWS’ MAINSTREAM
FUEL CELLS, ENERGY CONSERVATION & POSSIBLE PUBLIC POLICIES FOR
BROADNING THE USE OF FUEL CELLS IN INDIA
By
Atul Patil Ajinkya C. Kulkarni
Atulrpatil1@yahoo.com ajinkyackulkarni@gmail.com
Associate Professor Assistant Professor
NMIMS’s Mukesh Patel School of Technology Management & Engineering, Shirpur

ABSTARCT for us looking for efficient energy supply and

E n e r g y r e s e r v e s a r e i n c r e a s i n g l y f o u n d gain access to a new high-growth area.
d e e p u n d e r w a t e r o r u n d e r g r o u n d a n d i n s e v e r e 1.2 RISING GLOBAL ENERGY DEMAND
l o c a t i o n s . C o n t a i n m e n t a n d c o m b u s t i o n o f t h e The world's population continues to
e x t r a c t e d f u e l s i m p o s e s f u r t h e r s e v e r e c o n s t r a i n t s grow, doubling from 3 billion to 6 billion in the
o n s t r u c t u r a l m a t e r i a l s . 40-year period from 1959 to 1999. While
population growth is projected to slow
A

s i n t e r m i t t e n t d i s t r i b u t e d p o w e r

b e c o m e s m o r e c o m m o n , n e w m a t e r i a l worldwide, reaching 9 billion by 2042, demand

d e v e l o p m e n t s a r e n e e d e d f o r f u e l c e l l s t e c h n o l o g y , for energy is expected to increase exponentially,
c o m b i n e d h e a t a n d p o w e r , w i n d a n d w a v e p o w e r particularly as emerging economies like India
a n d , m o r e c r i t i c a l l y , e n e r g y s t o r a g e . T h i s p a p e r work to raise the standard of living for their
o u t l i n e s s o m e o f t h e m a t e r i a l s d e v e l o p m e n t s people. The International Energy Agency
n e e d e d t o m e e t t h e s e e n e r g y o p t i o n s : predicts that global primary energy demand will
P r i o r i t y 1 : E n e r g y c o n s e r v a t i o n increase by 50% between now and 2030, with
over 70% of the increased demand coming from
A

n i m p o r t a n t a n d i m m e d i a t e p r i o r i t y a r e a

w h
a d
P r
m a
1. ENERGY
NATURAL RESOURCES
1.1 FIVE KEY DRIVERS
The rapid ascendance of alternative energy is
directly linked to five key drivers:
e r
v e
i o
t e
e b
r s
r i t y
r i
y d
e e
a l
e v e l o p e d n a t i o n s c a n l i m i t t h e i r developing countries
n v i r o n m e n t a l i m p a c t .
1.3 SCARCITY OF ACCESSIBLE OIL
2 : F u e l - c e l l ( a n d h y d r o g e n s t o r a g e )
We have started to see fuel shortages
s and rising oil and natural gas prices because of
global supply constraints — from production to
CRISIS-FASTLY EXHAUSTING refining. Some speculate that, despite the
development of new extraction technologies, we
may be at or close to a point where total oil
production volumes globally are in decline, a
concept known as peak oil Rising coal and
.

• increasing global energy demand, natural gas prices could lead utility companies

• scarcity of oil and natural gas, to consider alternative energy for electricity

• investment in technology, generation. Of course, since oil powers most

• climate change, and forms of transportation, there is a direct

• A changing regulatory landscape. correlation between the cost of oil and the

With the evolution of these five key drivers, we attractiveness of developing alternative energy

see the dawning of a new age for alternative technologies for transportation.

energy, one that may hold significant promise

3 8
 2.2 SOLAR —Solar power installations currently
represent less than 0.1% of total power
generation capacity worldwide.
2.3 BIO-FUELS —In December 2007, the Energy
Independence and Security Act increased the
Renewable Fuel Standard (RFS) target to a
minimum usage of 35 billion gallons of bio-fuels
by 2020, and enacted an ethanol blending excise
tax credit of $0.51 per gallon to support the
industry. The E.U. promotes the use of bio-fuels
through its usage target of 5.75% of all fuel by
2010.
Fig.11 projected increase in energy demand from
2002 to 2030- A survey (IEA)
2.4 OCEAN —as an emerging technology, cost
efficiencies and further improvements in
technology will be necessary to enable large-
scale applications of ocean power.
2.5 HYDRO —the advantages of hydro power
include minimal pollution levels; good reliability
compared with other renewable, low operating
costs, and cost competitiveness with fossil-fuel
power generation.
2.6 FUEL CELLS —There are many different
types of fuel cells which suit various
applications, ranging from large-scale stationary
Fig. 1.2 (a)
power to portable (lap-top computers, cell
phones) and automotive applications

3. FUEL CELLS
A fuel cell by definition is an
electrochemical cell. The process is that of
electrolysis in reverse.
Overall reaction:

2 H 2 (↑) + O2 (↑) → 2 H 2 O + ∆Η
Fig. 1.2 (b)
Because hydrogen and oxygen gases are
Fig. 1.2 (a) & (b) Fossil fuel availability
electrochemically converted into water, fuel
2. ALTERNATE ENERGY SOURCES
cells have many advantages over heat engines.
2.1 WIND —The Global Wind Energy Council
These include: high efficiency, virtually silent
forecasts a 15% compound annual growth rate
operation and, if hydrogen is the fuel, there are
(CAGR) in installed wind farm capacity globally
no pollutant emissions.
over the period 2006-2015.
3.1 CHEMISTRY OF SINGLE CELL

3 9
 A basic Proton Exchange Membrane
Fuel Cell (PEMFC) has hydrogen protons
migrating from the anode through
electrolyte to the cathode. A platinum coating at
the anode acts as a catalyst and helps to split the
hydrogen molecules into positively charged
protons and negatively charged electrons. The
electrolyte membrane allows only the protons to
pass through it to the cathode. The electrons
cannot pass through this membrane and, as a
result, they flow (in the form of an electrical
current) through an external circuit to get to the
cathode, thus creating electricity. Oxygen
supplied at the cathode then combines with the
protons to form water.
Fig.3.1 Proton exchange membrane
3.1.1 STACKS
The number of fuel cells in the stack
determines the total voltage. The surface area of
each cell determines the total current.
Multiplying the voltage by the current yields the
total electrical power generated, typically
measured in kilowatts (kW).
3.2 TYPES OF FUEL CELL
3.2.1 PROTON EXCHANGE MEMBRANE FUEL
CELL –Platinum is typically used as a catalyst in
this type of fuel cell. Constant improvements in
3.2.3 SOLID OXIDE FUEL CELL (SOFC) – It may
be used in both utility (250 kW) and small-scale
the (1 to 50 kW) stationary power systems. All SOFC
systems co-generate electrical and thermal
power. This co-generation attribute gives SOFC
systems the advantage of maximizing overall
efficiency. No matter how the heat is used, the
cogeneration capability of an SOFC system
makes it highly efficient.
3.2.4 ALKALINE FUEL CELL (AFC) –The AFC is
very susceptible to contamination and requires
pure hydrogen and oxygen. It is also very
expensive, so this type of fuel cell is unlikely to
be widely commercialized.
3.2.5 PHOSPHORIC ACID FUEL CELL (PAFC) –It
operates at a higher temperature than the
PEMFC, so it has a longer warm-up time.
3.2.6 MOLTEN CARBONATE FUEL CELL (MCFC)
–It operates at high temperatures and can
generate steam that can be used to generate
more power. It has a lower operating
temperature than the SOFC, which makes the
design less expensive because the materials
used do not have to withstand extremely high
temperatures.
4. WHY FUEL CELLS?-AN EXPLANATION
4.1 SOCIAL BENEFITS
• L e s s a i r p o l l u t i o n .

the PEMFC have increased the power density to

• L e s s t r a n s m i s s i o n c o n g e s t i o n . By reducing the
a level where a device about the size of a small
reliance on power imported from outside the
piece of luggage can power a car.
area, fuel cells can reduce costs incurred at the
3.2.2 DIRECT METHANOL FUEL CELL (DMFC) –
wholesale level due to transmission congestion.
It is a small PEM fuel cell that uses unreformed
4.2 PRIVATE BENEFITS
methanol to provide hydrogen to the fuel cell.
• S e c u r i t y .
Like fuel cell distributed generation
DMFC developers are currently addressing an
(FCDG) provides an insurance against grid
issue referred to as methanol crossover where
failure or power curtailment.
un-reacted methanol within the fuel cell reduces
• E f f i c i e n t p o w e r p r o d u c t i o n .
the fuel cell’s performance.
4 0
 • C u s h i o n a g a i n s t n a t u r a l g a s p r i c e s p i k e s . distributed power plant can continue to provide
Upswings in natural gas prices result in smaller power to essential services; eliminating the need
upswings in total electricity costs for fuel cells for both an uninterruptible power supply (UPS),
powered by natural gas. presently handled by lead-acid battery banks,
• D e m a n d r e d u c t i o n . For commercial and and a stand-by generator, for extended periods
industrial customers, charges that are based on of power outage. An additional quality of a fuel
peak kW demand can be reduced to the extent cell power plant for UPS applications is that the
that customer-owned FCDG operates when average “down time” is anticipated to be low, 3.2
power usage is greatest. to 32 seconds per year versus typically nine
• H e a t c o g e n e r a t i o n . For electric customers who hours for a conventional battery-bank UPS.
also need heat, a fuel cell can reduce the need to 5.2 NON GRID CONNECT APPLICATIONS
use grid power or natural gas to generate heat. Other applications for fuel cell
distributed power plants are also possible e.g.
5. POWER GENERATION USING FUEL CELLS- stand-alone back-up power generators. The fuel
THE DISTRIBUTED GENERATION cell plant can be started in seconds, supplying
Distributed generation (DG) is self- power for as long as required from stored
generation. PUC rules define a distributed hydrogen, producing electrical power cleanly
resource as “ a g e n e r a t i o n , e n e r g y s t o r a g e , o r
and virtually silently.
t a r g e t e d d e m a n d - s i d e r e s o u r c e , g e n e r a l l y 6. FUEL OF FUEL CELL
b e t w e e n o n e k i l o w a t t a n d t e n m e g a w a t t s , l o c a t e d A significant advantage of the fuel cell over
a t a c u s t o m e r ' s s i t e o r n e a r a l o a d c e n t e r , w h i c h its battery counterpart is that of its energy
m a y b e c o n n e c t e d a t t h e d i s t r i b u t i o n v o l t a g e l e v e l density. Portable power packs using fuel cells
can be lighter and smaller in volume for an
6 0 0 0 0

( b e l o w , v o l t s ) , t h a t p r o v i d e s a d v a n t a g e s t o

t h e s y s t e m , s u c h a s d e f e r r i n g t h e n e e d f o r equivalent amount of energy.

u p g r a d i n g l o c a l d i s t r i b u t i o n f a c i l i t i e s .” As Note that the comparison here is the fuel
customers use more DG, the less power they tank. Also the charge capacity of a rechargeable
need to buy and the less power needs to flow battery decreases with the number of times of
through the grid. charge and discharge. Conversely, providing the
A strong demand for distributed hydrogen supply is sealed correctly, a fuel cell
generation happens to be located in areas with will not discharge over time, maintaining its full
the worst pollution problems and significant charge capacity almost indefinitely.
transmission congestion. Pollution reduction
and alleviation of transmission congestion
constitute the two most significant public
benefits that are likely to accrue from wider use
of fuel cells for power generation.
5.1 GRID CONNECT APPLICATIONS
Should the power plant provide an
excess of electricity, the excess can be fed back
into the electrical grid, resulting in additional
savings. In case of a power outage on the grid, a

4 1
 • A governmental renewable energy
production tax credit,
• And – most important of all –
aggressive efforts by the power industry to
reduce its costs of production.
Fig. 6.1 Graphs comparing the energy density of It would also be a misunderstanding of
compressed hydrogen versus lithium ion and lead the most important lesson of Canada’s success:
acid batteries the greatest results tend to occur when
entrepreneurial effort and public policy meet
7. ROADMAP TO COMMERCIALIZATION each other halfway.
7.1 COST FACTOR 7.3 MARKET PRINCIPLES
Commercial fuel cell units available In order to be consistent with the new world,
today cost around $4,000 per kW of capacity, state fuel cell policy should recognize the
excluding site costs. Although unit costs are following principles.
coming down, it will be some time before FCDG • T h e r e c a n b e n o s u s t a i n a b l e c o m m e r c i a l i z a t i o n

is economically competitive. Many of the fuel w i t h o u t e n t r e p r e n e u r i a l e f f o r t .

cell research and development projects now Without entrepreneurial innovation, good
being funded by governments of various nations technology will remain a high-priced novelty.
involve finding ways to reduce the cost of key • E n t r e p r e n e u r s r e s p o n d t o m a r k e t - p u l l

components.
7.2 THE LESSONS OF RENEWABLE ENERGY
DEVELOPMENT
If one looks at how Canada has
performed in the area of renewable energy
development, two facts are readily apparent.
i n c e n t i v e s .
If there is a profit potential, entrepreneurs will
find ways to permanently reduce costs and
improve services so that they can reach their
target market and expand it over time.
• I n c e n t i v e s s h o u l d r e w a r d e n t r e p r e n e u r s w h o d o

First, a tremendous amount of renewable energy .

j

t h e b e s t o b o f b r i n g i n g p r o d u c t s t o m a r k e t

generation – mostly fuel cell power – is being Competition among entrepreneurs accelerates
installed in Canada. Second, unlike most other innovation.
countries, it does not directly subsidize the • I n c e n t i v e s s h o u l d n o t s u b s i d i z e u n u s e d

purchase of cell stacks or any other renewable- e q u i p m e n t .

powered generating equipment. Instead, its Capital equipment does not produce benefits
approach has been to assure renewable energy either for the purchaser or for the economy at
developers that they will have a market once large if it is not put to use.
they get their hardware up and running. But the • I n c e n t i v e s s h o u l d n o t s u b s i d i z e o v e r p r i c e d

developers have to find their own road to that e q u i p m e n t .

market. Developers have to compete among A program that merely offsets economic dead
themselves for a share of that market. This weight will not stimulate long-term
success is attributable to three specific factors: commercialization.
• A firm and specific legislative goal • C o m m e r c i a l i z a t i o n m u s t b e c o n s i s t e n t w i t h

for renewable energy, e l e c t r i c r e s t r u c t u r i n g i n a l l r e s p e c t s .

A fuel cell commercialization program that
contemplates “electric utilities” in the traditional
4 2
 sense would therefore be inapplicable and world’s biggest cell phone market, with speedily
irrelevant. growing consumers. Could fuel cell energy
8. WHAT INDIA CAN DO? generation be the next?
I n d i a , w i t h 1 7 p e r c e n t o f t h e p l a n e t ’ s
CONCLUSION
p o p u l a t i o n b e t w e e n t h e m , m a y w e l l a c c e l e r a t e
At long last, the tipping point is nigh:
c l e a n e n e r g y ’ s g r o w t h . It’s seemingly increasing For the first time in modern history, clean-
boundless demands for energy, goes the energy technologies are becoming cost-
conventional wisdom, will affect both the price competitive with their “dirtier” counterparts.
and availability of fuels worldwide, and While oil and natural gas prices remain
contribute mightily to climate change and other stubbornly high and frustratingly volatile across
environmental problems. The nation, with 17% the globe, and as nuclear and coal-based energy
of the planet’s population may well accelerate remain dogged by environmental and safety
clean-energy’s growth. The nations’ concerns, clean-energy prices continue their
unquenchable thirst for energy is linked to its near-relentless downward march. Full cells are
economies’ breathtaking annual growth rates — now almost introduced commercially,
slightly unstable but still vibrant rate for India. revolutionizing the way we presently produce
India is currently the world’s sixth-largest power. Fuel cells can use hydrogen as a fuel,
energy consumer. India seeking oil resources offering the prospect of supplying the world
from as far away as Sudan and Venezuela — and with clean, sustainable electrical power. As a
has just started to build what are slated to be the stationary source of electric generation, fuel
world’s largest auto industries. By 2025, India’s cells offer a number of benefits both to
oil imports are expected to triple to 5 million individual users and to society as a whole. The
barrels a day by 2020. The good news is that relative importance of each kind of benefit will
India attained Fourth Position in World in Wind vary from one customer to the next, but
Energy. India, for its part, aims to establish generally speaking, they include:
enough clean energy to electrify all of India’s • S e c u r e b a c k - u p p o w e r i n t h e e v e n t o f g r i d

villages by 2010. Under the program, 4,000 MW f a i l u r e ;

of renewable would be added by 2020, with the • E f f i c i e n t p o w e r p r o d u c t i o n ;

goal of elevating renewable share to 10 percent • C u s h i o n a g a i n s t n a t u r a l g a s p r i c e s p i k e s ( l e s s

by 2012. f u e l r e q u i r e d t o p r o d u c e a k W o f p o w e r ) ;

Reaching such ambitious clean-energy • F e w e r k W h p u r c h a s e d o f f t h e g r i d ;

goals will require mind-boggling investments — • L o w e r p e a k k W u s a g e a n d l o w e r d e m a n d

up to US$184 billion, according to estimates. It c h a r g e s ;

will likely spur innovation and new business • H e a t c o g e n e r a t i o n ; a n d

opportunities for Indian companies, along with • T h e p o t e n t i a l f o r r e v e n u e s f r o m s a l e o f a n c i l l a r y

their American, European, and Asian partners. s e r v i c e s .

As the world already has seen, India has vast ACTIONS TO BE TAKEN:
potential to tap cheap labor and a booming pool 1) Incentives for fuel cell distributed generation
of engineers and other talent to leapfrog the (FCDG) should be paid per kWh of output
Western world’s stodgy infrastructure — metered by the independent system operator
witness the fact that India has emerged as the (ISO).

4 3
 2) Incentives for small-scale applications should
be paid as a lump-sum rebate once the fuel cell
is activated.
3) The subsidy programs should reflect the
expectation that fuel cell developers will
aggressively reduce costs as the technology
matures.
4) These programs should be funded in a way
that leverages the objective of encouraging fuel
cell development.
RESOURCES
Ballard Power:
/ / b / 2 5 0

1. h t t p : w w w . a l l a r d . c o m k _ s t a t i o n a r y . a s p

2. A listing of fuel cell research projects being funded by DOE

may be found on the department’s Web site at
/ / / / /

h t t p : w w w . f e . d o e . g o v c o a l _ p o w e r f u e l c e l l s i n d e x . s h t m l .

3. Larry Alford, Austin Energy manager for distributed

generation, presentation to PUC on fuel cells and renewable
energy
4. ENERGY TECHNOLOGY PERSPECTIVE 2008, IEA, in support
of G8 plan of action
5. w w w . n e w e n e r g y f i n a n c e . c o m

Fuel Cell Energy’s homepage :

/ / /

6. h t t p : w w w . f c e . c o m

/ /

7. h t t p : w w w f u e l c e l l w o r k s . c o m

8. Rita Bajura, Director, National Energy Technology

Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy, remarks in
“Workshop Proceedings, Solid State Energy Conversion
Alliance,” June 2000, Baltimore, Maryland,p.5
( ).
/ / / / /

h t t p : w w w . s e c a . d o e . g o v E v e n t s B a l t i m o r e S E C A F I N A . P D F

Also see DOE’s Office of Fossil Energy,

/ / / / /

h t t p : w w w . f e . d o e . g o v c o a l _ p o w e r f u e l c e l l s i n d e x . s h t m l .

9. Larsen, J.H.M., Soerensen, H.C., Christiansen, E., Naef, S., and

Voland, P. (2005). “
0

E x p e r i e n c e s f r o m t h e M i d d e l g r u n d e n 4

M W O f f s h o r e W i n d F a r m ,” Proceedings of the October 26-28

Copenhagan Offshore Wind Conference. Copenhagen,
Denmark. Accessed March 26, 2007 from
/ / / / 2 0

h t t p : w w w . m i d d e l g r u n d e n . d k a r t i k l e r C o p e n h a g e n % O f f s

2 0 7 2 0

h o r e % % M i d d e l g r u n d . p d f

10. Amory B. Lovins; Twenty Hydrogen Myths. Rocky Mountain

Institute, 20 June 2003, corrected and updated 02
September 2003.
11. Raj Choudhury et al.; Well-to-Wheel Analysis of Energy Use
and Greenhouse Gas Emissions of Advanced Fuel/Vehicle
Systems – A European Study. L-B-Systemtechnik GmbH,
Ottobrunn / Germany, 27 September 2002,
/ / b /

h t t p : w w w . l s t . d e g m - w t w

4 4
 Automatic Leak Detection &Numbering System for Automobile Industry
s s i s t a n t p r o f e s s o r , S V K
Mr. Rehan Ahmad#1, Prof. V.A.Kulkarni#2
M ’ s , N M I M S , M P S T M E , S h i r p u r , D h u l e , M a h a r a s h t r a

# 1 A , India
electron3011@gmail.com
s s o c i a t e P r o f e s s o r , J N E C , u r a n g a b a d , M a h a r a s h t r a , I n d i a , ,

# 2 A A vishwashri@yahoo.com

Abstract— This paper gives and idea about the

present day functioning in automobile industry Leak test machine (ATEQ F2P) [3] is PLC based
and their modus operandi on leak detection, machine developed by ATEQ.ATEQ F2P is an
labeling,Counting, on an engine and common air/air leak detector used for leak tightness of
problems occurring while doing these processes
parts on production line. It uses law of
and their respective solutions. It also gives a new
and modern day storage technique to keep record thermodynamics in its functioning the principle of
of no. of engines tested. detection is based on the measurement of a small
differential pressure variation between parts
Keywords— Conveyer belt, Engine, Bar code pressurized.
reader, software, marking machine, test method Is the integral part of this
process. Below diagram depicts
I. INTRODUCTION
a pictorial view.
Leak detection [1] is an important test can be
performed on an engine before fixing it into the frame of
a vehicle. This is a routine process for any automobile
industry. Doing the above said process manually having
lots of demerits and time consuming task. This paper
suggests some automation techniques to overcome all
these drawbacks and to increase production rate.
It has used the sophisticated electronics machinery and simple
software programmed in visual basic to check the leak detection and
numbering system for faulty and correct engines and to keep a
record for same.
This system provides a very good data logging It has the followings silent features;
facility as well as the number of engines passed or
failed the leak test.
 Windows-based software with menus.
 Full graphic available from the daylight-
II DEPLOYMENT proof TFT-Display.
The whole assembly contains a conveyor  Ports for SPS, printer networks.
belt, air pipe, a computer and a marking  Can be mounted with a hard drive and
machine. monitor.
Conveyer belt carry the engine on which the test is going to  Display and analysis of measured curve.
be performed, as soon as the belt carry the engines on  Extremely short test time.
located position a air pipe is connected to the engine (an  Electric input/output for apparatus
engine has two point one is for inlet and one is for outlet, as operations system.
per its standard architecture).Soon the air pipe is connected  Sets of parameters for 100 programs.
to the engine leak test start. A measured amount of air is  Remote maintenance possible.
inserted into the engine; this air will traveled through the
complete engines internal structure and comes out from the
 Option for change of languages is available.
outlet. This outgoing air again measured .If the amount of
 Save files and downloads with a memory stick.
incoming air and outgoing air is same then it is to be said
allows shorter cycle times due to a quicker
that the engine has passed the leak test. Otherwise the
stabilization of pressure.
engine is declared faulty and sent back to the
manufacturing unit for further inspection.
As the engine is going on from the leak test at the same The Leak Test Computer Controlled Test System
moment software programmed in visual basic keeps
LTC-602 is A-state-of-the-art tests for pressure
track of no. of engines coming on conveyor belt, amount
differential and flow measurement systems. This
machine provides a scientific, reliable, exact check
of air going into the engine and coming out of the engine
of anything, ranging from individual parts to
in parallel with a leak test machine [2].
complete machines that have been molded, blown,
If the amount of air coming out from engine is similar to
the amount of air going into the engine then the test is welded, glued, and screwed. It is the most modern
declared to be successful. After that the software initiate embedded PC technology offer robust advantages
the marking machine which put a mark on tested engine for practical uses. The LTC- 602 line of diagnostic
and conveyor belt put it forward for fixing into the machines includes standard and specialized
vehicle frame. PC keeps a record of all this process. measuring devices like pressure increase detectors
and pressure decrease detectors, as well as single,
A. LEAK TEST MACHINE
4 5
 multiple, and combination test devises from the
above measuring procedures. B. TEST
METHODS There are two types
O p e r a t i n g P r i n c i p l e : -
of test methods Direct Test
The principle of leak test machine is based on Method
thermodynamics law of BOYLE-CHARLES [ 4]: Indirect Test Method
A

. D i r e c t T e s t M e t h o d ( T e s t b y p r e s s u r e d e c a y ) : -

2 . T e s t w i t h o u t r e f e r e n c e : -

In this method the testing variation between a test The test and the reference parts are pressurized
part and the capped off reference side this method simultaneously and then pneumatically isolated
is used when there is small volume is used. from one another. A differential transducers
measures the pressure difference between the two
3

. T e s t w i t h c e n t r a l z e r o : -

In this method testing of two parts is done at same parts.

time, one of the parts is connected to the test side B . I n d i r e c t T e s t M e t h o d ( T e s t p r e s s u r e r i s e ) : -

and other to the reference side. The differential The part to be tested is positioned in a leak proof to
transducer measures the pressure decay from one which the ATEQ F2P is pneumatically connected. The
part to other. The test with central zero allows a part is pressurized by an external source. Any rise in
considerable time gain. pressure inside the bell that is measured by the
differential transducer.
T Y P E S O F T E S T S : -

T i m e r e s p o n s e o f l e a k t e s t m a c h i n e :

Test with
Pressure reference
Test without
reference
Test with
central zero
1 . T e s t w i t h r e f e r e n c e : -

In this method test part and reference part are

identical and the pneumatically isolated.
Connection between the parts instruments is
symmetrical. The test with a reference part

Clamp Fill Stabiliza Test

Dump Time

Fillin
g Du

Volume Test for Leak

gross leak

Fig. Process Cycle

PV=nRT C. MARKING MACHINE:

P: Test pressure
When the leak test machine delivers
V: Test volume n: Number of moles
R: Constant of air T: Temperature
the result i.e. the engine is passed or failed is
stored in the data table. the data table consist
ATEQ F2P [] is an air/air leak detector used for leak of date and time at which engine is begin
tightness of parts on production line. It uses law of tested as well as the engine prefix and engine
thermodynamics mentioned above in its functioning result .the leak test machine gives the result
the principle of detection is based on the and if it is passed then marking machine is
measurement of a small differential pressure variation made on to mark the passed marking on the
between parts pressurized engine. And if the engine is failed then makes
A differential positioned between the two parts
the entry failed in the data table, in that case
the marking machine may not need to make
measures these small pressure variations. A relative
on for labelling on the engine so that line
pressure transducer (piezo type) monitors the
person understand that engine is failed. In
stability of the pressure supplied.
our project we have to consider marking
4 6
machine as the enhancement or future
requirement of our project.
Scanner:
B Cordless scanner [5] with integrated Bluetooth
connectivity is used to withstand in industrial
environments.
[3] www.ateq.com

4 7
 Hybrid Electric Vehicles: Storing Electric Energy in Trains
Indrajit Sonawane Ajinkya C. Kulkarni
Dept. of Electronics
S.S.V.P.S. B.S.D. C.O.E., Dhule MPSTME, NMIMS, Shirpur
Shirpur
indrajitsonawane@gmail.com
yashborse30@gmail.com
Abstract
Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEVs)
combine two or more energy conversion
technologies (a g., heat engines, fuel cells,
generators, or motors) with one or more energy
storage technologies (e.g., fuel, batteries, super-
capacitors, or flywheels). The combination of
conventional and electric propulsion systems
offers the possibility of greatly reducing
emissions and fuel consumptions, while giving
consumers both the extended range and
convenient refueling they expect from a
conventional vehicle.
Diesel - electric traction is a well
established technology in railways systems,
mainly for lines with a low traffic potential. In
those conditions, the choice of a diesel powered
locomotive is due to the reduced costs
compared to the infrastructure cost of a
standard electric train. The main inconvenience
of that technology is the primaty energy source:
oil resources are not infinite, prices are difficult
to forecast and 002 production increases global
warming. Hybrid electric vehicles are generally
accepted as very promising approach to the
solution of future environmental and energy
issues. Cells & batteries can exhibit the highest
energy density of all electrochemical energy
storage and conversion devices; therefore they
are well suited to provide sufficient energy for
vehicles with a high range. However batteries &
By
Yogesh D. Borse
Dept. of E & TC Dept. of E & TC
MPSTME, NMIMS,
kulajinkyac@gmail.com
cells are limited in power density and are not
capable of energy recuperation. Therefore it
appears to be straightforward to combine them
with a second, high power, intermediate storage
device. It’s therefore important to develop new
strategies to increase the energy efficiency of a
diesel — electric train. To reach that goal, a
system with super-capacitive energy storage
will be proposed in this paper. The
implementation of a second storage device
allows reducing the size and cost of the batteries
& cells and provides extra power during
acceleration, improving driving comfort. With a
booster device battery can operate most of the
time at moderate power, which increases its
efficiency and thus results in fuel savings. The
production and exploitation costs of the
proposed system will be studied in more detail.
The proposed solution will reduce diesel
consumption and therefore also 002 and other
pollutant emissions while being economically
viable.
1. Hybrid vehicle- Principle of operation
The principle of a hybrid vehicle with
an energy recuperation system is summarized in
Fig. 1. Such a vehicle contains at least one
primary energy source such as a diesel, gas or
other motor. This primary energy source is
connected to one or more generators, where
mechanical energy is converted in electrical
energy. It is then transmitted to the wheel
4 8
motors to provide the needed traction power.
All energy flows are controlled by dedicated
circuits and recuperation of braking energy is
therefore possible. In a classical diesel —
electric vehicle, no such storage system exists
and braking energy is thermally dissipated. In
the solution proposed in that work, the type of
primary motor (i.e. diesel generator)
unchanged, but associated to an electrical
energy storage system.
Fig.1 Principle of Hybrid Vehicle
A hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) is a
vehicle which combines a conventional
propulsion system with an
rechargeable energy storage system (RESS) to
achieve better fuel economy than a conventional
vehicle without being hampered by range from a
charging unit like an electric vehicle. The
different propulsion power systems may have
common subsystems or components. Regular I-
IEV5 most commonly use an
combustion engine (ICE) and electric batteries
to power electric motors, Modern
produced HEVs prolong the charge on batteries
by capturing kinetic energy via regenerative
braking and some HEVs can use Lthcombust1on
engine to generate electricity by spinning an
electrical generator (often a motor or generator)
to either recharge the battery or directly feed
power to electric motor that drives the vehicle.
This contrasts with electric vehicles which use
batteries charged by an external source. Many
HEVs reduce idle Emissions by shutting down
the ICE at idle and restarting it when needed. A
HEVs engine is smaller and may be run at
various speeds, providing more efficiency.
2. Applications of supercapacitors in HEVs
Super-capacitors are new components
that can be used for short-duration energy
storage. The advantages of these components
is are a combination of those of batteries and
conventional capacitors at the same time. They
will find their place in a large range of industrial
applications that need highly efficient energy
storage system, as for example in the field of
transportation. The power density (W/kg) is
similar for classical capacitor and super-
capacitor, but the stored energy density (W/kg)
is much higher for super-capacitors. The
currently available super capacitors are up to
2600 Farads (Maxwell Technologies —
Switzerland). Their volume is 0.42 liters and
their weight is 525 grams. In comparison to
on-board standard batteries, the energy density of super-
capacitors is lower by an average factor of 10.
However, their energy density is compatible
with a large range of power applications that
need high instantaneous power during short
periods of time. The above characteristics of
power demand are typically found in
internal transportation systems. Another advantage in
the use of super- capacitors rather than
mass batteries is their life time. Table I presents the
main differences between a super-capacitor and
a battery energy storage system. Other solutions
for storing electrical energy (chemical,
mechanical, etc.) are explained later. The aim of
this paper is to present how super-capacitive
storage can be used for increasing the energy
efficiency in a diesel-electric railway system.
Two different solutions will be presented to
reach that goal:
• Changes in the diesel engine control.
• Recuperation of braking energy
4 9
 efficient power and torque by adding the driving
force of an electric motor when more power is
Performance Accumulator Super needed. The excess power from the engine can
capacitor charge the battery. The electric motor

Energy (W h/kg) 10-100 1-10 compensates for peeks and dips in performance.
When you take your foot off of the accelerator,
Number of cycles 1000 >500000
the engine switches off and when you press the
Specific power <1000 <10000 accelerator, it comes back on instantly. As you
(W/kg)
press the brakes, the engine shuts off and the
Table 1: Difference between electrochemical kinetic energy from the car is converted by the
accumulators and supercapacitors
motor that now acts like a generator to charge
2.1Applications in HEVs the battery. When you put a super-capacitor as
buffer battery and the generator, you can get
Recently there has been a lot of focus on
hundreds of thousands charge/discharge cycles
regenerative energy and kinetic energy in
extending this regenerative braking process. A
hybrid electric vehicles. A basic explanation of
battery cannot withstand this sort of cycle like a
regenerative breaking is converting the cars
super-capacitor.
motion into useable electric power. In the
conventional brake systems on cars now,
friction is used to counteract the forward
motion of the moving car. When you want to
stop the car and press on the brake, the brake
pads rub against the wheel or disc and the car
slows down. There is a lot of heat that is created
from this and it dissipates into the air wasting
around 31% of the car’s generated power.
Currently, over time, the cycle of friction and
wasted heat reduces the car’s fuel efficiency and Fig.2 Hybrid Electric Car
more energy is required from the engine to
3. Comparison between Diesel-electric
replace the lost energy from braking. With the
Trains with hybrid Train
new hybrid cars, as the wheels turn, the
generated energy is fed into a super- capacitor In order to compare a standard diesel -
for storage and recharging the battery. The electric train to the proposed solution and to
vehicle will use the stored energy while going up dimension the main elements, a typical itinerary
a hill or passing another car. Today’s hybrids is going to be defined. The results presented will
capture only about half the energy produced only be valid for a chosen itinerary but the same
this way. method can be applied to analyze other railway
lines. Diesel electric train propulsion is mainly
Super-capacitors can absorb a much
chosen for peripheral areas transport, where the
higher percentage of this regenerative braking
number of passengers is limited. A typical
energy. As an example, let’s look at the car
application would be in mountain areas where
below. It allows its engine to operate at its most
the absence of catenaries considerably limits the
5 0

“visual” impact of the line. For this study, an
itinerary on the diesel-electric
Fig.3 considered train model
railway line has been retained, situated in a
mountain area. Energy constraints on the diesel
motors are high (in comparison to a flatlands
line) due to the high acceleration power needed
on inclines and also to the high braking power
during descents. The altitude curve of the typical
itinerary (altitude versus time) is given in Fig.4.
The itinerary corresponds to a line that is
actually being renovated where standard diesel
- electric trains are going to be used. The chosen
5 1
trains are GTW systems whose main
characteristics are:
• Total weight (w load): 67
• Total weight (fully loaded): 84
• Diesel engine power: 2 x 380 kW
• Max. Power at the wheels: 620 kW
• Max. Speed: 140 km/hFig. 3 represents
the GTW system that is planned to be
built for the considered railway line. It
consists of two passengers coaches
linked in the middle by a traction
module. The proposed solution for
improving the locomotive overall efficiency
must have the same dynamical characteristics
(acceleration, maximal speed) as the actual
projected train.
4. Losses in the standard train
The different energy flows trains are
presented in Fig. 4; where all energy losses are
represented with respect to where they occur.
No percentage scales are given the diagram is
qualitative in nature. The primary energy source
(the diesel motor in that case) is represented at
the top. The energy (in - out) of the traction
motors is represented at the bottom.
Fig.4 Energy transfer in the diesel — electric
locomotive
5. Increasing overall efficiency
The principle of a diesel - electric
locomotive is given in fig.6.The principal energy
loss is due to the dissipation of braking energy
in the rooftop braking resistors. In hybrid
electric vehicles, the electric traction machine
has to be torque controlled. In this example an
induction machine control is based on magnetic
field
orientation. This technique allows the fast and
accurate torque generation. For the torque
controller, flux has to be modeled, so that the
torque and magnetic field can be controlled
independently. Battery supply, the dc/ac
converter and measurement equipment are also
modeled in the shown example. This model of an
electric drive can be implemented easily in a
longitudinal dynamics simulation of a hybrid
electric vehicle.
Fig.5 Basic principle of working of standard train
Another inconvenience of the standard system
lies in the fact that there is no energy buffer
between the diesel generator and the traction
motors. Therefore, the power curves both
motors are identical (with the disadvantage of a
lower efficiency compared to a diesel motor
directly driving the wheels) during positive
power conditions. During braking phases, the
diesel engine will be idling while the traction
motors feed the braking energy to the braking
resistors. In order to improve the overall
efficiency of a diesel - electric train, two
different solutions will be presented:
5 2
5.1 Recuperation of Braking Energy
The braking system in the GTW train is
composed of an electro-dynamic d a mechanical
brake. The principle of electro dynamic brakes is
to transform the braking energy into electrical
energy that is dissipated in dedicated braking
resistors. For the proposed solution, all the
braking energy will be transformed in electrical
energy that will be recuperated with a suitable
system. As energy buffer, the chosen component
for our application is the super-capacitor. This
choice is motivated by the high power
constraints during acceleration phases. Another
reason lies in the much higher life time
compared to a standard battery solution. The
proposed solution is given in the fig. 7. In
reality1 it is not possible to remove the braking
chopper and resistances from the train. This is
due to security reasons. Braking power must be
assured in all conditions - even if the (finite
sized) super-capacitors are fully charged and
cannot absorb any more energy.
Fig.6 Improved schematic of Hybrid Train
5.2 Changing Diesel Motor Control
As described in paragraph A, a storage
system is added in the locomotive. The storage
element does not only provide an energy buffer
for storing braking energy, but it also allows to
decouple diesel electricity generation from
traction power requirements. In other words,
two different energy sources can be used to
provide traction power:
 • The diesel generator maximum efficiency or is stopped completely.
• The super-capacitive storage bank The minimum required storage element is
Each diesel motor has its own thereby calculated as a function of available
maximum efficiency point where the emissions diesel generator power (at its maximum
are generally also at their lowest value. To efficiency). The results are given in Fig.9. Note
increase the overall efficiency of the train, the the exponential nature of the graph that shows
control of the diesel engine is modified to either that a storage element of low capacity already
run the engine at its maximum efficiency or allows reducing the diesel motor by a large
switch it off altogether. The mean traction factor. The calculated number of super-
power is therefore provided by the diesel motor capacitors (2 600 Farads) is given in Tab. II,
and all variations around that mean power will where the efficiency of the charge - discharge
be absorbed by the super-capacitive tank. phase, the type of charging process (constant
Provided that there is enough available on- power or constant current) has been taken into
board energy storage, a 45 kW motor is account. The number of super-capacitors varies
sufficient for powering the train without any from 0 to 100 000.
change in the dynamic characteristics (speed,
acceleration,...) of a standard train with two
diesel generators of 380 kW each. It should be
seen that the use of a 45 kW diesel generator is
optimal for energy efficiency considerations.
The trade-off however lies in the large number
of required super- capacitors to provide
sufficient energy storage. Because of the number
of required super- capacitors, such a solution is
not economically viable. In order to find an
optimal overall solution other factors than
energy efficiency has to be added in the model: Fig. 7 Reduction of required diesel generator power
cost, volume and weight have been added as
As stated before, the ecologically best
optimization criteria.
solution is found for the case of 100 000 super-
6. Sizing the Super-capacitive Bank capacitors. However, an optimal solution cannot
be found without also accounting for economical
The super-capacitor chosen for that
criteria - i.e. finding a compromise between
application is BCAP0010 from Maxwell
costs and efficiency/emissions considerations.
Technologies, Switzerland. Nominal capacitance
is 2600 Farads and the maximum voltage is 2.5 7. Simulations & Results
Volts. A discharge ratio of 0.5 has been retained
for that application; the higher the discharge
ratio, the more energy can be stored in each cell,
but the more the lifetime will be reduced. An
optimization routine has been developed where
the diesel generator is either working at its

5 3
 Table III: Reduction of fuel consumption
Table II: Number of super-capacitors as a function of
diesel generator power
To validate the different concepts
explained in this paper, a complete train with
super- capacitive storage has been simulated.
For the chosen itinerary and train, Stadler Rail
had calculated the required propulsion power
which was chosen as a basis for our simulation
work. The complete energy conversion chain
has been modeled and the control elements for
the different energy flows have been included in
the simulations. In order to compare the new
solution to a standard train, simulations were
always run in both configurations. Detailed
simulation results are given in. Tab. III
summarizes the reductions of fuel consumption
with respect to the standard train for three
different diesel generator sizes.
In order to determine the economically
most viable solution, an assessment of lifetime
cost (construction, exploitation) has been made
for the different cases shown in Tab. III where
the lifetime of a train is supposed to be 25 years.
The economically best solution is found to be a
380 kW diesel motor. It corresponds to the half
5 4
of the generating power currently installed in
the train and leads to a reduction in fuel
consumption of 44 % (with no change in the
train’s dynamic characteristics). Even though
the cost of the super-capacitors is high, a diesel -
electric train with super-capacitive energy
storage proves profitable after 10 years of
exploitation. With the announced further
reduction of super-capacitor size and cost in the
near future, the proposed will become even
more interesting.
8. Conclusion
Hybrid power vehicles are moving from
fringe to the mainstream. Hybrids, as we call
them, use electric motors to boost the fuel
efficiency of conventional gasoline-powered IC
engine. This paper presented a novel solution to
increase the energy efficiency of a diesel -
electric train without impairing on its dynamic
characteristics after comparing the standard
train with the hybrid train. To reach that goal,
two different concepts have been introduced:
• Recuperation of braking energy
• Changing diesel motor control.
For both solutions, an energy storage system
must be added to the locomotive. Super-
capacitors have been chosen to act as energy
buffer. Braking energy can therefore be
recuperated and the diesel motor is decoupled
from the traction motors, The control of the
diesel motor has been modified to run it either
at its best efficiency or stop it altogether.
Different solutions for reducing size of the diesel
generator have been proposed and the best
compromise between the reduction of fuel
consumption and the Super-capacitors’ cost is
found with a storage bank composed of 15000
super-capacitors. The fuel reduction by 44 % is
found in comparison to a standard solution.
Additionally, it was shown that despite the
higher initial investment the solution proves
cheaper than a traditional diesel — electric
trains after 10 years of operation. The present
simulations are valid for the chosen itinerary,
but the same method can be applied to any
other railway line. An extension of the shown
method can also be used for any other type of
vehicle (like trams, trucks or cars).

9. Resources

1. R. G. V. l-fermann, High performance double-layer

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