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U tun myint.pmd 1 27/1/2548, 9:08

U tun myint.pmd 2 27/1/2548, 9:08
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U tun myint.pmd 3 27/1/2548, 9:08

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U tun myint.pmd 4 27/1/2548, 9:08

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U tun myint.pmd 5 27/1/2548, 9:08

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U tun myint.pmd 6 27/1/2548, 9:08

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U tun myint.pmd 7 27/1/2548, 9:08

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jzpfapum iwfjywfcsK@d wJ+h yD; Tb0rS±ek ;f xGuEf ikd rf nfv h rf;yif rawG@Edik af tmif=uyf
wnf;usOf;ajrmif;aeap&ef trsKd;rsKd;zefwD;rnf? odk@jzifha'ocHjynfe,ftpdk;&onf
vnf; tajcrcdkifcsdeJ@ aernf? xdkt*F gvuQ%mrsm;ESifh jynfhpHktcufóuHvmv#if
òzdcGJzsufqD;&efvGefulaom taetxm;wGif±Sdae+yDjzpf.?
TwGif &efolonf+cdrf;ajcmufjcif;/ t=urf;zufjcif; enf;emrsm;jzifh armf
r=unfh0Hhatmif a=umuf±GH@0yfwGm;aeap&ef/ &efoltay:txif}uD;tm;udk;vdkpdwf
rsm;±Sdvmap&ef/ udk,fhudk,fudkao;odrfonf[k txifa&mufap&ef/ t±_H;tay;
tnHch v H pkd w
d rf sm; ude;f 0yfvmap&ef- 0g'jzef@ v_y±f mS ;jcif;/ jzm;a,mif;aoG;aqmif
jcif;/ rufv;kH ay;jcif;/ rdrw d @kd twGi;f 0ifa&mufoyfv#K+d yD;v#K@d 0Suyf ek ;f uG,If v_u
d pf m;
òzdzsuftEdkif,ljcif;/ ponfwdk@udktpOfwpdkuf toHk;ðyvmcJhonf?
txufygwifjycsuu f kd tajccHI wdik ;f wyg;u u|Eykf w f @kd tay:rnfonft h
csdefYrnfonfhenf;jzifh rnfol@udkrnfonfhtqifhwGif toHk;cs tjrwfxkwf cJh=u
onf/ u|Eykf w f @kd tay:rnfo@kd vSnphf m; tEdik , f cl =hJ uonfw@kd udk rSe;f qwGucf suI f &
Edkifaumif;.[k ar#mfvifhrdonf? rnfolunHhI rnfoluawmfonf/ (odk@r[kwf)
rnfou l rawmfaomfvnf;rnfou l nHah eonfukd odEikd af umif;.[k ,lqrdonf?
Tonfw@kd udk ocF%;f pm,ltrSwðf y+yD; vdv k #if }uHqenf;vrf;& Edik =f uvdrrhf nf[k
vnf;ar#mfvifhrdayonf?
aumif;aomtvm;tvmod@k a&muf±adS tmifvyk af qmifay;rnft h od/ owd
ESifhenf;vrf;wdk@udk&±Sdap&eftajccHjzpfEdkifrnfqdkyguTpmtkyfa&;om;ðypkoltbdk@
a&m/ wtkyw f nf; tjzpftopfxyfrpH pk nf;xkwaf 0ay;oltbd@k yg vH;k yrf;&usK;d eyf
ayrnf?

&

U tun myint.pmd 8 27/1/2548, 9:08

 taumif;jrif±_a'gifhjzifh tðyoabmt&oHk;oyf=unfhygu ppftwGif;/ ppf
+yD;acwfESifh vGwfvyfa&;óud;yrf;aom acwfumv wav#mufvHk; ±Srf;jynfESifh
±Sr;f vlrsK;d aygi;f pHt
k wGuf jrefrmwd@k ESiw hf &if;wES;D ul;vl;aygi;f oif;qufc+H yD; Edik if aH &;
udprP sm; vkyu f ikd pf rG ;f aqmifay;cJ=h uol acgi;f aqmifrsm;. tawG;tac: vkyef nf;
vkyf[efwdk@udk txl;avhvmrSwfom;cGifh&ojzifh aus;Zl;rsm;vSayonf?
Tpmtkyfrsm;um; w}udrfwcgr#jyefvnfaz:xkwfcJhjcif; r±Sdbl;ao;aom
pmtkyfrsm;jzpf.? emusnf;r_nD‡apmfESifh jzpfay:ajymif;vJcJhaom±Srf;jynf. ordkif;
rSwfwdkifrsm;yif jzpf.? pmtkyfonfyg;v$mao;i,faomfvnf; wefbdk; te*ƒ
ukaËukËmyifxdkufwefygonf?
pma&;ol OD;xGe;f jrif(h awmif}uD;)onf vGwv f yfaom ±Sr;f jynf. yXrOD;qH;k
vli,fEdkifiHa&;orm;jzpfcJh.? vGwfawmftwGif;0efvnf;jzpfcJhbl;.? ±Srf;jynf
vli,frsm;tzGJ@. udk,fpm;vS,ftjzpf urBmudkvnf;vSnfhcJhbl;.? EdkifiHa&;wGif
wd;k wufaomtjrif±. dS ? vufawG@vnf; taumiftxnfaz:aqmif±u G w
f wfol
jzpfonf? 1960-61 wGif jynfaxmifpkppfppfjzpfay:ap&ef pdkif;jyif;óud;yrf;&mY
a±Sw › ef;rSyg0ifco hJ nf? jrefrmr_wiG f u|r;f usio f El ikd if aH &; pma&;q&mjzpf.? vGyv f yf
aom tawG;tac:±Sd+yD; vGwfvyfpGm aESmifóud;rJhaevdkoljzpfojzifh 1962 ckESpf
ppfwyftm%modrf;csdefrSpI q,fESpfwdkif ae0if;ppftkyfpk.zrf;qD;csKyfaESmifjcif;
cHc&hJ olvnf;jzpf.? OD;usK;d atmif Tr#=um=um rw&m; tzrf;tqD;cH&ol/ pdw'f u k Q
tay;cH&qHk;oljzpfcJhonf? (jynfaxmifpkw0Srf;vHk;wGifTodk@uscH&olrsm;±Srf;jynfrS
trsm;qHk;jzpfonf?)
OD;xGef;jrifh (awmif}uD;). pmtkyfrsm;udk zwf±_+yD; tESpfcsKyfoHk;oyf=unfh
aomf-
(1) qdkcJh+yD;onfhtwdkif; u|Efkyfwdk@ ±Srf;jynfonf tqifhjrifh taetxm;wGif
±SdaecJhaomfvnf; t*Fvdyf u|efjrefrmwdk@tay: waoG;wom;wnf;uJhodk@ pdwf
oabmxm;}uD;cJh+yD;cifrifn‡mwmudk,fcsif;pmcJhonf?
(2) rdrdwdk@uomwbufowf jynfaxmifpk}uD; rjzpfraeay:aygufvmap&ef
vdkvdkvm;vm;v_yf±Sm;tepfemcHaqmif±GufcJhonf?

'

U tun myint.pmd 9 27/1/2548, 9:08

 (3) rdrdwdk@onf rdom;pktoGif yGifhyGifhvif;vif;oef@oef@±Sif;±Sif;jzifhjynfaxmifpk
}uD;udók ud;yrf;wnfaqmufc=hJ uaomfvnf; wbufom;(r[m)Armwk@d uu|Eykf w f @kd
uJhodk@trsm;.tusKd;/ tm;vHk;.tusKd;udk vdkvm;vkyfaqmifay;vdkjcif; r±Sd/
ud,
k uf sK;d twGuof m wbufowfaqmif±u G cf jhJ cif;/ t}uHorm;omjzpfcjhJ cif;wd@k udk
txift±Sm;awG@jrifoHk;oyfEdkifonf?
(4) xdrk [mwd@k onfapwemroef@/ ,kwnf ahH omajracG;Om%fukd ay:vGiaf ponf
omruvufawG@wGifvnf; u|Efkyfwdk@ awmifay:om;rsm; pOf;om;awG;0Hhjcif;r±Sd
aomvkyf&yfrsm; usL;vGefjcif;rsm;taomrwwfEdkifatmif±SdcJonf? xdktedXm±Hk
rsm;ta=umif;um;ajymI rukefEdkifatmif±SdaeonfrSmvlwdkif;todyif?
±Srf;jynfom;rsm;ESifh jynfaxmifpkom;rsm;tESpf 40 ausmf cHpm;odjrifvm
&r_rSm- aemufaemifjynfaxmifpk}uD; wnfaqmuf&mY 1947 ckESpfuJhodk@ayghaygh
wefwefEiS v hf yk I
f r&awmhay? wyg;olurkd rd v
d o
kd abmxm;+yD;t}uHorm;a¹rGayG;udk
cg;ydkufraqmifrdap&ef/ ydkif;jcm;qHk;jzwfwwfonfh ynmOm%ftajrmftjrifjzifh -
pnf;vHk;r_/ nD!Gwfr_/ owWd/ AswdWjynfh0pGmvkyfoifhvkyfxdkufaom vkyfief;rsm;udk
owdrvpfapbJtcgrvyfvkyfudkifpGrf;aqmifEdkif=uap&ef twGufum;-Tpmtkyf
onf wzufwvrf;rSaeIrD;±SL;wefaqmif}uD;ozG,fvrf;!Gefaeayonf?
vGwfvyfa&;acwf/ ygvDref'Drdkua&pDacwf- ±Srf;jynf. EdkifiHa&; ordkif;
ocF%f;pmrsm;wdk@jzifh- Tpmtkyfrsm;jyefvnfajymjyEdkifaom wefbdk;avmuf
rnfonfht&mur#aus;Zl;r}uD;[k-qdkv#ifrSm;tHhrxif?
“vkef;ckef=umOD;”
21-3-91

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U tun myint.pmd 10 27/1/2548, 9:08

 OD;xGe;f jrifh (awmif}uD;). twˆKy`w
` t
dW usO;f
i,fpOfb0

15§4§1920 &ufae@/ tb OD;bdk;xGef;/ trd a':xGm;jzLwdk@rS awmif}uD;òrd@/

uHa&S@&yfwiG f arG;zGm;onfh o#r;f trsKd ;om;jzpfonf? tcgvnfom;ausmaf usmw f iG f
zcifjzpfol qH;k yg;cJo
h nf? awmif}uD;rS abmfEiS ;f od@k ajymif;a±$@aexdik cf o hJ nf? touf
3 ESpfwGif rdcifjzpfol aemuftdrfaxmifðyojzifh atmifbef;odk@ ajymif;a±$@
aexdkifcJh&m touf 5 ESpfom;txdjzpfonf? atmifbef;òrd@ (a,±_c&pf,mef
omoemðy) ausmif;wGif pwifynmoif=um;cJhonf? xdkaemuf [J[dk;([dkif;0dk;)
òrd@odk@ ajymif;a±$@aexdkif+yD; a,±_ausmif;wGif 2 vcef@ ausmif;wufI q&m
OD;uHay: Ak'b < momausmif;od@k ajymif;a±$@ ynmoif=um;cJo h nf? xdak usmif;wGif
pwk w Î w ef ; atmif j rif c J h o nf ? awmif } uD ; -anmif a ±$ ò rd @ rsm;&S d tv,f w ef ;
ausmif;rsm;odk@ oGm;a&mufynmroif=um;Edkifojzifh ausmif;tkyf q&m}uD;
OD;jrzl;u 5 wef; 6 wef; pmrsm;udk oif=um;ay;I q&mOD;pHyGifhu t*Fvdyfpm
rsm;udk tcrJhoif=um;ay;cJh=uonf?

txufwef;ausmif;om;b0
touf 16 ESpfwGif awmif}uD; atbDtrfausmif;odk@ ajymif;a±$@aexdkif&m 5
wef;rSpI ae&onf? 6 wef;rSpI twef;wdkif;wGif yxrcsnf;&onf? 8 wef;
yxrtprf;wGif trSwfaumif;vGef;I 9 wef;wuf&onf? 9 wef; 'kwd,
tprf;wGif yxr&jyefI twef;wifpmar;yGrJ ajz&bJ 10 wef;od@k wufchJ &onf?
8 wef ; rS p I ausmif ; ynmtcrJ h o if = um;cG i f h & +yD ; pm=unf h w d k u f r – ; wm0ef
ay;tyf j cif ; cH & onf ? 10 wef ; ud k *k % f x l ; jzif h a tmif j rif o nf ? atbD t rf
ausmif;wGifaepOf tavmif;bk&m;toif;acgif;aqmif/ Ak'<bmomtoif;OuUX/
owif ; pmuvyf O uU X / ausmif ; om;*k % f & nf r*~ Z if ; xk w f a 0a&; aumf r wD
OuUXtjzpf aqmif±GufcJhonf?


U tun myint.pmd 11 27/1/2548, 9:08

 wuUov
kd af usmif;om;b0
1941 ck E S p f w G i f &ef u k e f w uU o d k v f Y tif * sif e D , myd k i f ; twG u f wuf a &muf
oif=um;onf? jynf§waumif;ausmif;aqmifrsm;wGifae&onf? 10 wef;wGif
trSwfaumif;ojzifh ynmoifqk&&Sdonf? trSwfaumif;cJhojzifh S Class ac:
txl ; wef ; wuf c G i f h & um OypmyxrES p f p mud k ES p f v ES i f h t+yD ; oif = um;&+yD ;
t&nftcsif;jynfhrSDojzifh 2 vtwGif; Oypmtxufwef;odk@ wufcGifh&cJhonf?
'd‹k Armtpnf;t±H;k 0if
1941 ck 'DZifbmv 23 &ufEiS hf 25 &ufae@wGif &efuek òf rd@udk *syefrsm; vma&muf
AH;k }uJ+yD;aemuf wuUov
kd rf sm; ydwv
f u
kd &f m ppfajy;tjzpf a';'&Jòrd@od@k a&mufomG ;
onf? a';'&JwGifaepOf 'dk@Armtpnf;t±Hk; rS ociftkef;ºuG,fwdk@ESifh &if;ESD;rd+yD;
'dk@Armtpnf;t±Hk;odk@ 0ifcJh&m “ocifxGef;jrifh” [kac:a0:cJh=uonf? a';'&J
'dk@Armtpnf;t±Hk;wGif yg0ifv_yf&Sm;aqmif±GufcJhonf? BIA Adkvf&efEdkifwdk@.
wyfrsm; a';'&Jòrd@tm; 0ifa&mufodrf;ydkufonftxd aexdkifcJhonf? BIA odk@
0ifa&muf&ef }uHpnfcJhao;aomfvnf; rjzpfajrmufcJhay?
*syefacwfO;D umv
vrf;rsm;aumif;vmI awmif}uD;odk@ jyefvmcJhonf? vrf;XmewGif tvkyf oif
vrf;Adv
k t
f jzpf 2 vcef@ 0ifvyk cf +hJ yD; awmifav;vH;k -a&ylprf; &xm;vrf; azguv
f yk f
a&;wGif vkyfudkifcJh&onf?
*syefo‹kd pdu
k yf sKd ;a&;ynmawmfoif
tm&S a wmif y d k i f ; wG i f txl ; ynmawmf o if p mar;yG J 0 if a &muf a jzqd k & m yxr
&&SdcJhonf? a'gufwmcGefOD;/ OD;0if;=uLwdk@ESifhtwl ynmawmfoif a±G;cs,f cH&+yD;
*syefodk@ ynmawmfoifoGm;a&mufcJh&onf? wdkusdKwGif 1 ESpfcef@aexdkifcJh+yD;
*syefpm/ pum;ESifh *syefynma&;pepf/ vlr_"avhxHk;pH bmom&yfrsm; oif=um;
cJ h o nf ? 1945 ck =o*k w f v 15 &uf a e@wG i f *syef r sm;vuf e uf c sojzif h
jrefrmjynfodk@ jyefvmcJh&onf?

U tun myint.pmd 12 27/1/2548, 9:08

 Edik if aH &;udk pdw0f ifpm;vmjcif;
*syefrt S jyef ppfc&D;waxmufem;&aom zdvpfyikd u f vyfavwyfpcef;rS puFmylo@kd
t*Fvdyfydkif bmrif[rf trnf&Sd =uufajceDvlemwif oabFm ajymif;pD;cJh&onf?
oabFmay:wGif oH±Hk;tzGJ@0if udkrif;'ifxHrS t*Fvdyfqdk&S,fvpf oabmw&m;
a&; q&m}uD; John Strachey (*|epf =wa&S) a&; The Challenge of Soviet Union
(qd&k ,S vf pfjynfaxmifprk S pdeaf c:r_) pmtkyu
f kd zwf±c_ &hJ +yD; rwfc(f pf) 0g'udk óuduEf pS f
oufoGm;cJhonf? jrefrmjyefa&mufv#if EdkifiHa&;udk aZmufcsvkyf rnf[lIvnf;
qH;k jzwfcsucf sco
hJ nf? xdpk mtkyrf mS ynma&;udk OD;pm;ay;cJah om OD;xGe;f jrifh twGuf
yxrOD;qHk;zwfzl;aom EdkifiHa&;pmtkyfyifjzpfonf?
jref r mjynf j yef a &muf v m+yD ; ud k r if ; 'if q uf o G , f a y;r_ j zif h uG e f j rLepf y gwD r S
udv k =S unf/ udw
k ifapm/ udAk [de;f / udo k ed ;f az (OD;ode;f azjrif)h wd@k ESihf odu|r;f cJ&h +yD;
EdkifiHa&; vkyf&ef ydkrdkpdwfcdkifrmvmcJhonf?
1946 ck Zefe0g&DvwGif usif;yaom a±$wd*Hktv,fypP,H jrefrmEdkifiHvHk;qdkif&m
zqyvnDvmcHodk@ oGm;wufa&mufcJhaom o#rf;vli,f 10 OD;wGif yg0ifcJhonf?
zqyvnDvmcHt+yD; OD;xGef;jrifhtygt0if o#rf;jynfvli,f 10 OD;onf ocifpdk;/
ocifodef;az/ ocifwifjr/ ocifoef;òrdif/ udkarmifarmifpdefwdk@ay;aom oabm
w&m;a&;/ EdkifiHa&;/ pnf;±Hk;a&;oifwef;rsm;udk udkA[def;tdrfwGif wufa&mufcJh
onf? OD;xGef;jrifhtaejzifh uGefjrLepfygwDrS ðyvkyfaom A[dkpnf;±Hk;a&; oifwef;
odk@vnf; wufa&mufcJhao;onf? uGefjrLepfygwDrS }uD;r–; zGifhvSpfaom oifwef;
rsm;wufa&mufcJhaomfvnf; oludk,fwdkif "e&Sif aygufpOmOf udk ry,fazsmuf
Edik o
f jzifh rnfonft
h cgrS uGejf rLepfygwo
D @kd 0ifa&mufjcif; r&Scd [
hJ k olu,
kd w
f ikd af &;
twÎKyüwWdwGif az: jyxm;onf?
yxryifvn
kH v
D mcH
1946 ck azaz:0g&v
D 26-28 &ufwiG f ðyvkyaf om yxryifvn
kH v
D mcHwiG f pdu
k yf sKd ;
a&;ta=umif; a[majymcJhonf?

!

U tun myint.pmd 13 27/1/2548, 9:08

 1946 ck {+yDvwGif awmif}uD;òrd@wGif o#r;f jynfvil ,frsm;tpnf;t±H;k wnfaxmif
I Om%Avr–;tjzpfwm0ef,lcJhonf?
Edik if aH &;orm; (od‹k ) aqmif±u
G jf cif;?
&yvzG‹J pnf;jcif;
1946 ck =o*kwfv 20 &ufae@wGif udkb&D/ udkxGef;az/ udkpHaz/ udktkef;az
(vdKG ifvif) wd@k ESit
hf wl “o#r;f jynfvw
G af jrmufa&;tzG@J csKyf” udk zG@J pnf;wnfaxmif
cJhonf? taxGaxGtwGif;a&;r–;tjzpfwm0ef,l&onf?
“o#rf;jynfjynfol@vGwfajrmufa&;tzGJ@csKyf” [kajymif;vJzGJ@pnf;&mwGifvnf;
taxGaxGtwGif;a&;r–;tjzpfwm0efyif ,l&jyefonf?
1947 azaz:0g&DvwGif usif;yaoum 'kwd,yifvHknDvmcHwGif “wm0efcGJa0
owfrSwfcsuft&” ukd,fwdkifwufa&mufjcif;r&Sdaomfvnf; yifvHkpmcsKyfcsKyf
qdEk ikd af &;twuf &yvtaxGaxGtwGi;f a&;r–;csKyftaejzifh aemufu,
G rf S pGr;f pGr;f
wrHaqmif±GufcJhonf?
1947 ck rwfvwGif o#rf;jynfvHk;qdkif&mtwGuf aygif;pnf;ajymif;vJzGJ@pnf;aom
“o#rf;jynf jynfol@vGwfajrmufa&;uGefu&uf” wGifvnf; taxGaxGtwGif;a&;
r–;tjzpf aqmif±GufcJhonf?
1950 ckwGif 0ef}uD;csKyfOD;Ek. “ajrmufudk;&D;,m;tm; usL;ausmf oltjzpf
±H_@csa=umif;” tqdkudk ygvDrefwGif wifoGif;&m jyif;jyif;xefxef uef@uGufI
ygvrD eftwGi;f 0ef&mxl;rS E_wx f uG v
f u
kd o
f nf? OD;xGe;f jrif. h uef@uGucf suaf =umifh
acwfopfjrefrmhygvrD efordik ;f wGif yxrqH;k rJcq
JG ;kH jzwf cJ&h onf? 0ef}uD;csKyfO;D Ektm;
tmcH&Jolr&SdoavmufjzpfaepOfwGif “tmcH0Hhol” wa,mufay:xGufvmojzifh
xdpk Ofu owif;pmrsm;wGif “o#r;f jynfrS ol&aJ umif;wpfa,muf ay:xGuv f m+yD”
[k pmvHk;rnf;}uD;rsm;jzifh csD;usL; az: jyjcif;cHcJh&onf? ygvDrefwGif xufxuf
jrufjrufajymqdkwifjy&Jojzifh jrefrmh EdkifiHa&;avmuwGif xif&Sm;vmcJhonf?

"

U tun myint.pmd 14 27/1/2548, 9:08

 jynfo‹l nD!w
G af &;ygwDz‹JG pnf;jcif;
1951 ckwGif OD;odef;azjrifh/ Adkvfva&mif (&JabmfoHk;usdyf) wdk@ESifh “jynfol@nD
!Gwfa&;ygwD” udk zGJ@pnf;wnfaxmifcJhonf? ,if;ygwDonf vGwfvyfa&;
&+yD;aemufyikd ;f jrefrmEdik if w
H iG f yxrOD;qH;k xGuaf y:vmaom ajray: twdu
k t
f cH
ygwDjzpfonf? ,if;ygwDwGif taxGaxGtwGif;a&;r–;tjzpf aqmif±Gufonf?
ocifu, kd af wmfri_d ;f acgi;f aqmifaom “urBm+h idr;f csr;f a&;uGeu f &uf (jrefrmEdik if )H ”
wGif A[dkaumfrwD0iftjzpf aqmif±GufcJhonf? 1953 rS 1962 txd EdkifiHa&;rS
tem;,l+yD; o#r;f jynf awmif}uD;od@k jyefvmonf? ud, k yf ikd pf ;D yGm;a&;vkyif ef;tjzpf
um;vkyif ef;/ opfvyk if ef;/ uefx±du k v
f yk if ef; rsm;vkyu f ikd cf ohJ nf? vlra_ &; vkyif ef;
tjzpf awmif}uD;òrd@or0g,rtoif;wGif twGif;a&;r–;tjzpf aqmif±GufcJhonf?
jrLeDpDy,fa±G;aumufyGJvnf;0ifcJhonf?
1958 ck Advk zf ;kd uGe;f acgi;f aqmifaom jynfo@l &J@abmfygwD vufeuf udik v
f rf;pOf
udkpGef@I ajray:odk@jyef0ifvmaomtcg jynfol@nD!Gwfa&;ygwDESifh wygwD
wnf;tjzpfaygif;vdkufpOf jynfol@&JabmfygwDA[dkaumfrwD0iftjzpf a±G;jc,fcHcJh
onf? odk@aomf OD;xGef;jrifhrSm jrefrmjynfEdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;wGif vufawG@yg0if
aqmif±Guf jcif;rðyawmhay?
Ð 1961 awmif}uD;òrd@wGifusif;yaom tajccHOya'jyifqifa&; jynfe,fESD;aESm
zvS,fyGJwGif o#rf;jynfudk,fpm;vS,ftjzpf yg0ifwufa&mufcJh+yD; “tajccHOya'
jyifqifa&;” tqdkudk wifoGif;cJhonf?
Ð o#rf;jynfe,f pD;yGm;a&;avhvmr_aumfrwDwGif yg0ifaqmif±GufcJhonf?
Ð 1962 ck azaz:0g&v 24 &uf/ &efukefòrd@toHv$ifh±HkwGif usif;yðyvkyfaom
vlrsdK;aygif;pHkESD;aESmzvS,fyGJodk@ o#rf;jynfudk,fpm;vS,ftjzpf wufa&mufcJh+yD;
o#r;f jynfe,fOuUX p0fceG cf sKd wifoiG ;f aom zG@J pnf;tkycf sKyfyt
kH ajccHOya' jyifqifa&;
tqdkudk axmufcHwifjycJhonf?

#

U tun myint.pmd 15 27/1/2548, 9:08

 Ð 1962 ck rwfv 2 &uf awmfveS af &;aumifpt D rnfcH ppfwyfrS 'kw, d t}udrf
tm%mod r f ; pOf o#rf ; jynf a cgif ; aqmif r sm;ES i f h t wl txd e f ; od r f ; cH c J h & onf ?
tif;pdefwGJbufaxmifwGif 8 ESpfaecJh&+yD; 1970 ck rwfv 2 &ufae@wGifjyef
vGwfvmonf?
Ð 1975 rS 1980 cktxd wuUpu D m;armif;I toufarG;cJo
h nf? 1980 ckwiG f
EdkifiHa&; yifpif&onf? OD;xGef;jrifhudkar;v#if “axmifusc,lonf” [k &,fovdk
armovdk jyefajzwwfygonf?
Ð 1988 ta&;tcif;umv awmif}uD;oydwfwGif em,utjzpf yg0ifaqmif
±Gufonf?
Ð o#rf;jynfwdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;pkrsm; 'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyf zGJ@pnf;&mwGif OD;aqmif
yg0if zGJ@pnf;cJhonf? zGJ@pnf;pwGif 'kOuUX/ aemufwGif e,utjzpf yg0ifaqmif
±GufcJhonf?

oGm;a&mufcahJ om Edik if jH cm;wdik ;f jynfrsm;

Ð 1943- 45 *syefjynfodk@ ynmawmfoifoGm;a&mufcJhonf?

Ð 1947-48 tar&duefjynfaxmifpEk iS hf Oa&myEdik if rH sm;od@k avhvma&;tzG@J ESihf

oGm;a&mufcJhonf?

Ð 1951 w±kwfjynfwGifusif;yonfh urBmh+idrf;csrf;a&;uGefu&ufodk@ ocif

udk,fawmfrd_if; OD;pD;aom udk,fpm;vS,ftzGJ@wGif yg0ifwufa&mufcJhonf?

Ð ocifvGif/ udkvS0if; (wuoOuUX) wdk@ESifhtwl qdkAD,ufjynfaxmifpk (±k&S)

ESifh Oa&myqdk&S,fvpfEdkifiHrsm;odk@ avhvma&;c&D;oGm;a&mufcJhonf?

$

U tun myint.pmd 16 27/1/2548, 9:08

 a&;om;ðypkcahJ om pmtkypf mwrf;rsm;
1/ o#rf;jynfb,fvJ(1955)
2/ o#rf;jynf.epfemcsufrsm;(1958)
3/ o#rf;jynf wGJa&;cGJa&; jy\em (pmwrf;) 1961
4/ jynfaxmifpkwGif;rS wef;wlaom o#rf;jyn f1961
5/ o#rf;jynfESifh apmfbGm; 1963
Tpmtk y f r S m 1960 ck Ad k v f w axmif o wif ; pmwG i f OD ; xG e f ; jrif h a &;aom
“o#rf;orwEdkifiH xlaxmif=urvm;´” acgif;pOfyg tcef;qufaqmif;yg;udk
emrnf a jymif ; I xk w f a 0jcif ; jzpf o nf ? Tpmtk y f y gta=umif ; t&mrsm;ud k
tajccH I tajccH Oya'jyif q if a &; o#rf ; jynf e ,f r l (zuf ' &,f r l ) ud k
a&;qGJcJh=ujcif;jzpfonf?
tdraf xmifa&;
ya'o&mZfpHepfqef@usifa&;orm;}uD; OD;xGef;jrifhonf ya'o&mZf. orD;ysdK
anmifa±$apmfbmG ;}uD; p0fa±$ou kd .
f wlr [J[;kd ([dik ;f 0d;k ) ®r@pm;p0fa¶$wif.
h orD;ESihf
zl ; pmr#I td r f a xmif u scJ h o nf ? om;ES p f a ,muf orD ; wpf a ,muf aygif ;
oHk;a,mufxGef;um;cJhonf? om;tvwf pdkif;aZ,satmif (aigif;qDvsJef-
a&mifeD awmuf) rSm ppftm%m&SifpHepfqef@usifa&; o#rf;jynf vlrsdK;aygif;pHk
jynfol@v$wfajrmufa&;(&vvz- SNPLO) vufeufudkif awmfvSefa&;wGif
toufay;v–oGm;cJhonf?
1997 ck arv 17 &uf eHeuf 10 em&DwGif awmif}uD;òrd@aetdrfY vnfacsmif;
uifqma&m*gjzifh (touf 77 ESpfwGif)uG,fvGeftedpPa&mufcJh&ygonf?

š{›œ

%

U tun myint.pmd 17 27/1/2548, 9:08

U tun myint.pmd 18 27/1/2548, 9:08
U tun myint.pmd 19 27/1/2548, 9:08
 

U tun myint.pmd 20 27/1/2548, 9:08

 trSm
Tpmtkyfudk a&;ol OD;xGef;jrihf(awmif}uD;)rSm ±Srf;trsKd;om; acgif;aqmif
wOD;jzpfI ±Srf;jynf jynfol@vGwfvyfa&;tzGJ@(&-y-v) udk wnfaxmif&mrSpI
acgif;aqmifcef;rS yg0ifcJhavonf? z-q-y-v tpdk;&u vli,f udk,fpm;vS,f
tzG@J udk urBmt&yf&yfo@kd apv$waf omtcg udx k eG ;f jrifrh mS ±Sr;f vli,frsm; ud,
k pf m;
vS,ftjzpfjzifh vdkufcJhavonf?
1947-ckEpS wf iG f wdik ;f jynfðyv$waf wmftrwf tjzpfjzifh ta±G;cHc&hJ +yD;ygvrD ef
twGi;f 0eftjzpfjzifh twef=um aqmif±u G cf o
hJ nf? xd@k aemuf xd&k mxl;rS E_wx
f u
G f
+yD; ygvDrefwGif twdkuftcHtrwftjzpfjzifh aqmif±GufcJhavonf? ygvDrefwGif
jynfwGif;ppf&yfpJa&;-tqdkrsm;udk wifoGif;cJhbl;onf? jrefrmjynf EdkifiHa&;Yum;
jynfol@+idrf;csrf;a&; tzGJ@aygif;pHkwGif‚if;/ jynfol@nD!Gwfa&;ygwDwGif‚if;/ acgif;
aqmifwa,muftjzpfjzifh yg0ifcJhavonf?
jynfaxmifpjk refrmEdik if aH wmfrS w±kyjf ynfo@l orRwEdik if o
H @kd yxrqH;k t}udrf
apvGwfaom ocifudk,fawmfrd_if; acgif;aqmifonfh udk,fpm;vS,ftzGJ@wGif
yg0ifvukd yf gomG ;&avonf? urBm@+idr;f csr;f a&; uGe*f &uf tvkyt f r_aqmif vl}uD;
wa,mufvnf;jzpfcJhonf?
,cktcg OD;xGef;jrifh ±Srf;jynfodk@ jyefa&mufaeonf?
TpmtkyfrSm 0g'-ygwD-toD;oD; uGJjym;ae=uaomfvnf; ±Srf;jynfwGif
ya'o&mZf pHepfukd òzdzsuI
f 'Dru
kd a&pD ±Sr;f jynfwnfaqmufvo kd nfh ±Sr;f jynfcspf
tiftm;pkrsm;. tawG@tóuHzvS,af qG;aEG;yG(J qrDem)od@k aqG;aEG;Edik =f u&ef wifjy
vdkufaompmwrf;jzpfayonf?

“xkwfa0ol”

U tun myint.pmd 21 27/1/2548, 9:08

U tun myint.pmd 22 27/1/2548, 9:08
 rmwdum
rSwpf Of ta-umif;t&m pmrsuEf mS
1§ ed'gef; ŒŒŒŒŒŒŒŒŒ 1

2§ tc%f; (1)
ya'o&mZf±rS ;f jynf ŒŒŒŒŒŒŒŒŒ 37
±Srf;jynf yx0D0if tusOf;/ ±Srf;vlrsKd; ordkif;tusOf;/
eefcsKdEdkifiH wnfaxmifyHk/ uarŠm'D;,m;ESifh armjynf/
a±S;ya'o&mZfvl@abmif?

3§ tc%f; (2)
e,fcsŒJ vufatmufcH udv k ekd D
ya'o&mZf±rS ;f jynf ŒŒŒŒŒŒŒŒŒ 44
(1786-1948)
+Adwdo# e,fcsJ@wdk@ odrf;ydkufyHk/ udkvdkeDay:vDpD/
udv
k ekd D ya'o&mZf Edik if aH &;/ pD;yGm;a&;/ ynma&;?

4§ tc%f; (3)
jynfawmfom ya'o&mZf
qd±k , f pf±rS ;f jynf ŒŒŒŒŒŒŒŒŒ
S v 49
e,fcsJ@tE W&m,f/ Arme,fcsJ@pepf/ ArmvlrsKd;}uD; 0g'/
EdkifiHa&; pGufzufr_rsm;?

U tun myint.pmd 23 27/1/2548, 9:08

 rSwpf Of ta-umif;t&m pmrsuEf mS
5§ tc%f; (4)
±Sr;f jynfe,f awmfveS af &; ŒŒŒŒŒŒŒŒŒ 57
awmfvSefa&;&efolrsm;/ e,fcsJ@tE W&m,f/
ya'o&mZfpepf/ vlrsKd;}uD;0g'?

6§ tc%f; (5)
±Sr;f jynfe,f awmfveS af &;. vkyif ef;rsm; ŒŒŒŒŒŒŒŒŒ 62
e,fcsJ@ qef@usifa&; vkyfief;pOf/ ya'o&mZfpHepf
zsufodrf;a&;vkyfief;pOf/ 'Drdkua&pD EdkifiHa&;/
jynfol@ pD;yGm;a&;/ ,Ofaus;r_/ vlrsKd;}uD;0g'
wm;qD;a&;

7§ tc%f; (6)
±Sr;f jynfe,f awmfveS af &; tiftm;pkrsm; ŒŒŒŒŒŒŒŒŒ 65
vlwef;pm;ig;&yf/ ya'o&mZf vlwef;pm;/ "e±Sif
vlwef;pm;/ vlvwfwef;pm;/ awmifolv,form;
vlwef;pm;/ ypPnf;rJh vlwef;pm;?

8§ tc%f; (7)
bmawmfveS af &;rsK;d vJ ŒŒŒŒŒŒŒŒŒ 70
jynfo@l 'Dru
kd a&pD awmfveS af &;?

"

U tun myint.pmd 24 27/1/2548, 9:08

 rSwpf Of ta-umif;t&m pmrsuEf mS
9§ tc%f; (8)
awmfveS af &;tvm;tvm
ypPn;f rJv l ef;pm; acgif;aqmifr+ ŒŒŒŒŒŒŒŒŒŒŒŒ
h w 72

U tun myint.pmd 25 27/1/2548, 9:08

 $

U tun myint.pmd 26 27/1/2548, 9:08

 ed'gef;
±Sr;f jynf. aemufcH um;csyf
jynfaxmifpk jrefrmEdkifiHwGif ±Srf;jynfe,fonf yx0D0iftaetxm;t&
‚if;/ aygrsm;ºuG,0f aom o,HZmw-obm0 ypPn;f rsm;t& ‚if;/ tvGef ta&;
}uD;aom tc%f;odk@ a&muf±Sdaeavonf?
,ae@ ±Srf;jynfe,fwGif tajccHt,l0g' trsKd;rsKd;±SdaomygwD tzGJ@tpnf;
rsm;onf ‚if;wd@k . tajccHt,l0g' toD;oD;t& Edik if aH &; aqmif±u G f aeonfukd
awG@&ayonf?
wbufwiG f ya'o&mZfvw l ef;pm;ESihf taygi;f ygr[mrdww
f @kd onf rdrw
d @kd .
ya'o&mZf Edik if aH &;tm%m qufvufcikd +f rJa&; ya'o&mZf pD;yGm;a&;-cs,v f ,S rf _
qufvufv$rf;rdk;a&;/ ya'o&mZf-vl@abmif qufvufwnf+rJa&;wdk@twGuf
t=urf;enf;-tEkenf;-ajAmifwrsKd;-v#Kd@0SufIwoG,f-EdkifiHa&; y&d,m,f pHkvif
pGmjzifh tm;xkwf óud;yrf;v#uf ±Sdavonf?
tjcm;wbufwiG f ya'o&mZf qef@usiaf &; - tiftm;pkrsm; onf vlwef;
pm;tajccHt& 0g'oabmw&m; trsK;d rsK;d uGjJ ym;um “ya'o&mZfpepf zsuo f rd ;f
a&;/ jynfol@tpdk;&xlaxmifa&;” twGuf olwrsKd;igwzHk enf;rsKd;pHkjzifh “óud;yrf;
tm;xkwf”v#uf±Sdae=uonf?
xdrk w
S zef ya'o&mZf vlwef;pm;ESihf ya'o&mZf qef@usiaf &; tiftm;pk
rsm;t=um;wGif ArmjynfrrS Edik if aH &; =oZmv$r;f rd;k r_onf wae@wjcm; 0ifa&muf
pGufzufvmonfudk awG@&jyefayonf?
,if;odk@ ±Srf;jynfe,fEdkifiHa&;wGif ArmjynfrrS EdkifiHa&; =oZm0ifa&muf
pGufzufvmonfudk ta=umif;ðyI ±Srf;jynfe,fwGif usOf;ajrmif;aom vlrsKd;a&;
oabmw&m; wckonf aygufzGm;vmcJhavonf?
Armjynfr. EdkifiHa&; =oZmv$rf;rdk;r_/ EdkifiHa&;pGufzufr_udk tcsKd@u“Arm
e,fcsJ@pepf”[lI‚if;/ tcsKd@u“ArmvlrsKd;}uD;0g'” [lI‚if;/ trsKd;rsKd;emray;um
vlrsKd;a&;vH_@aqmfr_rsm; ðyvkyfv#uf±Sd=uavonf?

U tun myint.pmd 27 27/1/2548, 9:08

 usOf;ajrmif;aom vlrsKd;a&;oabmw&m;udktajcðyv#uf“Arme,fcsJ@pepf”
“ArmvlrsKd;}uD;0g'” udk ±Srf;jynfe,fwrsKd;om;vHk; pnf;vHk;nD!GwfpGm wdkufzsuf
&rnf[I l ‚if;/ ,if;od@k “Arme,fcs@J pepf” “ArmvlrsK;d }uD;0g'” udw k u kd zf su&f mwGif
ya'o&mZfqef@usifa&;u¾ (0g) 'Drdkua&pD awmfvSefa&;udk vHk;0pGef@ypfI
ya'o&mZfvlwef;pm;ESifh tºuGif;rJhyl;aygif;&rnf[lI‚if;/ ya'o&mZfapmfbGm;
tcsKd@ “aps;qpfa&;” tuGufomjzpfaom ±Srf;jynfe,f cGJxGufa&;. avoHudk
tm;ay;um oD;jcm;ya'o&mZfEdkifiH xlaxmif&rnf[lI‚if;/ ±Srf;-Armtem*gwf
qufqaH &;twGuf pd;k &drpf &maumif;aom t,ltq}uD;onf wae@wjcm; tpdikd f
tcJtjzpf wnf±Sdvmavonf?
ya'o&mZfvlwef;pm;onf ysufpD; ,dk,Gif;v#uf±Sdaom ya'o&mZfpepf
qufvufxdef;odrf;&ef ta=umuftuef óud;pm;rnfrSm "rRwmyifjzpfonf?
odk@&mwGif ya'o&mZfqef@usifa&; tiftm;pkrsm; tcsif;csif;wGif ya'
o&mZfpepf zsufodrf;a&; jynfol@tpdk;&xlaxmifa&;/ [laom aºuG;a=umfoHcsif;
wlnDaevifhupm; tajccHvrf;pOfcsif; uGJjym;ae=uonf? ya'o&mZfpepfudk
OD;wnfwu kd =f u&rnft
h pm; tcsi;f csi;f wOD;udwk OD; òzdc&JG ef tm;xkwaf e=uonf?
xdrk #ru ya'o&mZfqef@usiaf &; tiftm;pkrsm;twGi;f wGif vuf0-J vufsm
[lI uGjJ ym;jyefum vuf0o J rm;rsm;tcsi;f csi;f txJYyif tuGu J jJG zpfcg *d%k ;f *%
pdwo f nf o&zlaqmif;v#u±f adS vonf? vuf0o J rm;tcsK@d onf vufsmtpGe;f od@k
ul;ajymif;um usO;f ajrmif;aom vlrsK;d a&;w&m;udk vufcv H monfukd awG@&onf?
,if;odk@ ya'o&mZfqef@usifa&;orm; tcsif;csif;. uGJjym;r_udk qef;ppf
=unfah omf ya'o&mZf qef@usiaf &; orm;rsm;onf txl;ojzifh vuf0t J iftm;
pkrsm;onf ±Sr;f jynfe,fv@l abmifz@JG pnf;r_. vuQ%mrsm;udk oH;k oyf&mwGif ‚if;/
±Srf;jynfe,fvl@abmiftajctaeay:rlwnfI ±Srf;jynfe,fawmfvSefa&; tqifh
owfrSwf&mwGif‚if;/ wlnDr_r±Sd=ubJ ±Srf;jynfe,f awmfvSefa&;. vkyfief;pOfrsm;
a&;qG&J mwGi‚f if;/ awmfveS af &; tiftm;pkrsm;udw k u
G cf su&f mwGi‚f if;/ awmfveS af &;
.vuQ%mrsm;ESihf a±St › vm;tvmudk odjrif&mwGi‚f if;/ wlnrD r_ ±Sad oma=umifo h m
jzpfayonf?
pma&;olonf 1948-ck vGwfvyfa&; rausnmrDtxd ±Srf;jynfe,fonf

&

U tun myint.pmd 28 27/1/2548, 9:08

 Armjynf E S i f h wygwnf ; e,f c sJ @ xrf ; yd k ; atmuf r S v G w f a jrmuf a &;twG u f
±Sr;f jynfe,f Edik if aH &;vkyif ef;rsm;wGif acgi;f aqmifyikd ;f rS yg0ifaqmif±u G cf ahJ omfvnf;
1948-ck tv,fyikd ;f ±Sr;f jynf jynfo@l vGwv f yfa&; tzG@J csKyf(&-y-v)ESihf jynfo@l
&JabmftzGJ@wdk@tm; ya'o&mZfrsm;u &ufpufpGm ajcr_ef;vdkufonfhtcsdefrSpI
ArmjynfrwGif aomifwifum ±Srf;jynfEdkifiHa&;ESifh udk,fxdvufa&muf uif;uGm
aecJah yonf? 1953-ckEpS t f xd Armjynfr Edik if aH &;ESihf urBm@+idr;f csr;f a&; vkyif ef;
rsm;wGif 0ifa&muf aqmif±u G cf ahJ omfvnf; xdpk Oftcgu rdrv d uf0,f&±Sx d m;aom
wdik ;f jynfðyv$waf wmf (ygvrD ef) ESihf ±Sr;f jynfe,faumifpyD vufazgi;f rsm;udk tpGr;f
ukeftoHk;ðyum ±Srf;jynfe,fta&;twGuf wwfEdkifor# aqmif±GufcJhavonf?
1953-ckEpS w f iG f rdr. d ae@pOf0rf;a&;jy\em tcuftcJa=umifh ArmjynfrS
±S r f ; jynf o d k @ jyef v mcJ h & ayonf ? rd r d ± S r f ; jynf o d k @ jyef v maomtcsd e f o nf
±Sr;f jynfe,fwiG f Edik if aH &;aqmif±u G &f ef tcsed tf cgaumif; r[kwcf ahJ y? ta=umif;
qdk;pGm ±Srf;jynfe,f ppftkyfcsKyfa&;umvESifh óuHawG@aecJh&ayonf?
±Sr;f jynfe,fo@kd rjyefvmrD pma&;olEiS hf tvGe&f if;ES;D aom rdwaf qGvnf;jzpf
qdk±S,fvpf acgif;aqmifwOD;vnf;jzpfI ppf±Hk;tm%mydkif wOD;vnf;jzpfaom
ume,fatmif}uD;ESifh awG@qHkaqG;aEG;&mwGif ±Srf;jynfe,f ppftkyfcsKyfa&;onf
trnftm;jzifh qd;k aomfvnf; ppftyk cf sKyfa&;. &nfreS ;f csurf sm;onf ±Sr;f jynfe,f
vlxt k wGuf tusK;d ±So d a,mifa,mif em;vnfc&hJ ayonf? pma&;ol±rS ;f jynfe,f
odk@jyefa&mufu ±Srf;jynfe,fEdkifiHa&;wGif 0ifa&mufaqmif±Guf&ef ume,f
atmif}uD;u wdkufwGef;cJhonf? ±Srf;jynfe,f ppftkyfcsKyfa&;a=ujimr_ tufOya'
udk pma&;olonf rltm;jzifh vufcHEdkifolr[kwf&um; ±Srf;jynfe,fodk@jyefa&muf
u EdkifiHa&;wGif 0ifa&mufaqmif±Gufrnf-raqmif±Gufrnfudk xkdpOfu ume,f
atmif}uD;tm; rajym=um;cJah y? ¶Sr;f jynfe,fo@kd jyefa&muf+yD;tajctaeudak vhvm
=unfhrnf? tajctaeavhvm+yD; 0rf;a&;utcGifhay;v#if EdkifiHa&;vkyfoifhu
vkyfrnf[lIom pdwfqHk;jzwfcJhonf?
±Srf;jynfe,fodk@ jyefa&mufonfhtcg ppftkyfcsKyfa&;umv. ±Srf;jynfe,f
EdkifiHa&;onf pma&;oltm; bdwfac:vufurf; rðyonfomru pma&;ol
±Srf;jynfe,fodk@ jyefa&mufv#ifa&mufcsif; &ifbwfudk qD;wGef;vdkufayonf?

'

U tun myint.pmd 29 27/1/2548, 9:08

 xdrk #ru Armjynfrod@k jyefvnfxu G cf mG oGm;&ef }udrzf efrsm;pGm óud;pm;cJah vonf?
ppftkyfcsKyfa&; umvwGif pma&;oltm; zrf;qD;awmhrnf[laom avoHudk
q,f}udrfxufreJ wqifh=um;cJh&onf?
}uD;rm;pGm &ifqdkifae&aom 0rf;a&;jy\ema=umifh‚if;/ 'Drdkua&pDuif;rJh
aeaom EdkifiHa&;tajctaeu cGifhrðyojzifh‚if;/ wwfEdkifor# vufawG@EdkifiHa&;
ESihf uif;a0;pGm aexdik cf I hJ om pma&;olonf zrf;qD;csKyfaESmifjcif;ab;rS vGwu f if;
cJh&ayonf?
pma&;olonf ±Srf;jynfe,fEdkifiHa&;ESifh vufawG@uif;a0; Edkifor#uif;a0;
pGmaexdkifcJhvifhupm; ±Srf;jynfe,fEdkifiH&; v_yf±Sm;r_}uD;udk a±Smif±Sm;Ir&cJh&yg/
ae@pOfEiS t hf r# jrifae&onf/ =um;ae&onf/ awG@ae&onf/ odae&onf? Edik if aH &;
“0goemtd;k ” rsm;ESihf awG@óuHqpkH nf;wdik ;f rvGrJ a±Smifom aqG;aEG; a0zefc&hJ onf?
ppftkyfcsKyfa&;udk ±Srf;jynfe,fvlxk}uD;u vufrcH/ axmufcHtm;ay;jcif;
vnf; rðycJah y? ppftyk cf sKyfa&;tm%mydik rf sm;tbd@k t±_;H ESit hf jrwf Z,m;raxrd
cJhay? xdk@a=umifh 1954-ckwGif ppftkyfcsKyfa&;udk t±_H;pm&if;ESifh ,kwfodrf;vdkuf&
ayonf?
ppftyk cf sKyfa&;umvtwGi;f ±Sr;f jynfe,fEikd if aH &;u pma&;oltm; z,f±mS ;cJh
onfhta=umif;&if;rSm EdkifiHa&;t,l0g' jcm;em;r_a=umifhr[kwfonfudk awG@cJh&
onf? pma&;olESifh EdkifiHa&;acgif;aqmifrsm; aqG;aEG;onfhtcgwdkif; ya'o&mZf
pepfzsuo f rd ;f a&;/ jynfo@l tpd;k & xlaxmifa&;wGif oabmxm;csi;f uGv J rJG r_ ±Scd ahJ cs?
pma&;olwifjyaom t,ltqESijhf cm;em;onfh t,ltqrsm; jyefvnfwifjyonfh
tcgvnf; r±SdcJhyg?
pma&;ol ±Srf;jynfe,fEdkifiHa&;xJ 0ifa&mufvmrnfudk “a=umuf” ae=u
onf[lIom wqifhpum;=um;cJh&onf? pma&;oltm; tb,ftwGufa=umifh
“a=umuf” =uygoenf;?
oabmw&m; t,l0g' ta&;a=umifh “a=umuf” onf[k qdyk gv#if ‚if;rSm
Edik if aH &;ryDoaom ta=umufw&m;om jzpfayvdrrhf nf? Edik if aH &;wGif “t,l0g'”
onf a=umufvef@p&mr[kwaf y? “t,l0g'” udk “t,l0g'” ESihf jyefvnfwu kd =f u
&ayrnf? rSeu f efaom “t,l0g'” onfom aemufq;kH v$r;f rd;k ayvdrrhf nf? w}udrf

!

U tun myint.pmd 30 27/1/2548, 9:08

 u “a=umufp&maumif;aom tawG;tac:” [lI tESdrfcH&aom “t,l0g'”
onf ,ae@qdkAD,ufEdkifiH/ w±kwfjynfESifh jynfol@'Drdkua&pD EdkifiHrsm;wGif jrwfEdk;
p&maumif;aom t,l0g'tjzpf v$rf;rdk;v#uf±Sdaeav+yD?
yk*~dKvfa&; v$rf;rdk;r_onf ckacwfEdkifiHa&;wGif t"dyüm,f r±SdEdkifawmhay?
(&-y-v) acgif;aqmifrsm; ±Srf;jynfe,f EdkifiHa&;twGif;odk@ jyefvnf0if
a&mufvmv#if rdrw d @kd .acgi;f aqmifr_ qH;k ±H;_ &acs&@J [laom ta=umufw&m;om
v#if ‚if;wd@k “a=umuf” jcif;. t"duta=umif;&if;cHjzpfa=umif; aemufq;kH wGif
em;vnfcJh&ayonf?
xdkolrsm;onf acgif;aqmifr_udk vkyf,lvdk@&onf[k ,Hk=unf=u[efwl
onf? ±Sr;f jynfe,f ya'o&mZfqef@usiaf &;twGuf us,jf yef@aom wyfaygi;f pkz@JG
&rnfukd pGef@v$wfxm;rnfwlonf?

š{›œ

ya'o&mZf ukefxkwfvkyfr_ pHepfatmufwGif ya'o&mZf vlwef;pm;ESifh

ya'o&mZfqef@usiaf &; vlwef;pm;[lI uGjJ ym;um vlwef;pm;wdu k yf /JG vlwef;pm;
yËdyuQrsm;±Sd&rnfrSm vl@abmifzGJ@pnf;r_ESifh oufqdkifaom urBmhed,mrw&m;yif
jzpfayonf? urBmhed,mrw&m;rsm;udk tb,fvlom; tb,fvlpGrf;aumif;rS
rzefqif;Edik af y? tb,fvo l m; tb,fvpl rG ;f aumif;. ya,m*jzifh urBmeh , d mr
w&m;rsm;udk ðyjyifajymif;vJI r&Edkifay?
ocFsmaA'wGif taygif;ESifhtE_wf±Sdovdk ±lyaA'wGif "gwfzdkESifh"gwfr±Sdovdk
"gwkaA'wGif tEkjrLaygif;pnf;jcif;ESifh uGJxGufjcif;±Sdovdk vl@abmifwGifvnf;
vlwef;pm;wdkufyGJ ±Sd&rnfyifjzpfayonf? ‚if;wdk@rSm ed,mrw&m;rsm;yif jzpf
ayonf?
ya'o&mZfpepfonf ±Srf;jynfe,f-vl@abmif wdk;wufr_twGuf twm;
tqD;}uD;jzpfaeayonf? ya'o&mZf vlvwfwef;pm;onf jynfolvlxktay:
zdEydS af oG;pkwaf eonf? jynfov
l xl ok nf ya'o&mZfpepfatmufrS vGwaf jrmuf&ef
óud;pm;rnfrmS "rRwmyifjzpfonf? ya'o&mZfzEd ydS rf _ aoG;pkwrf _ ±Sad eor# umv

!

U tun myint.pmd 31 27/1/2548, 9:08

 ywfvHk; ya'o&mZf vlwef;pm;ESifh ya'o&mZfqef@usifa&; vlwef;pm;rsm;onf
yËdyuQjzpfae=u&rnfom jzpfayonf?
vlom;wdk@. pdwfqEN ya,m*jzifh ðyjyifajymif;vJjcif;iSm rpGrf;Edkifaom
urBmhed,mrw&m;rsm;udk Armjynf qdk±S,fvpfacgif;aqmifrsm;u ðyjyifajymif;vJ
&ef óud;pm;cJhavonf?
±Sr;f jynfe,fv;kH qdik &f m tzG@J csKyftrnfjzifh &nf±, G cf suv f yk if ef;pOfrsm; a&;qGJ
um ±Sr;f jynfe,f ya'o&mZf vlwef;pm;ESihf ya'o&mZfqef@usiaf &; vlwef;pm;
wdk@tm; yl;aygif;nD!Gwf“ap”cJh.? n‡yfyHkoGef;bdtvm; tzGJ@csKyfwGif a&moGef;
vdkuf.? apwvHk;ydkif±SifuJhodk@ “yl;aygif;nD!Gwf=uap” cJh.?
jynfol@vGwfvyfa&;tzGJ@csKyf (y-v-&) acgif;aqmiftrsm;pku tzGJ@csKyf
wGif “yl;aygif;nD!Gwf=uap”udk pnf;a0;I y,fcscJh=uonf? ytdk0fhtrsKd;om;
tzG@J csKyfu vufrcHEikd af =umif; ausnmcJo h nf? od@k &mwGif ‘ap’ wvH;k ydik ±f iS rf sm;
onf twif;t"rRyif ‘ap’ cJ=h uavonf?
ed,mrw&m;ESifh qef@usifum zGJ@pnf;aom tzGJ@csKyfonf puwnf;u
tufoHygvmcJh.? pnf;±Hk;a&;&nfrSef;csuf wm;*uf (Target) rsm;wckrSrudkufjzpf
cJh.? vlxkpnf;±Hk;r_'Da&onf w[kefxdk; usqif;oGm;cJh.?
xdktcg “ap” wvHk;ydkif±Sifrsm;onf rdrdwdk@.rlrrSefaom zGJ@pnf;r_ rludk
jyefvnfqef;ppf&rnfhtpm; “±Srf;” jynfrSm wdk@pnf;±Hk;ratmifjrifwm 'Dvl'Dvl
awGa=umif/h 'Dv'l v D al wG ±Sr;f jynfrmS ±Sad ewm 0rf;eJb@dk aumif;w,f[k ajymvm=u
avonf? “'Dv'l v D ”l rsm;teuf OD;jzL/ Adv k af usmpf ed /f udx
k eG ;f &D wd@k udk zrf;qD;vduk f
avonf?
olw@kd tbd@k vlzrf;qD;jcif;jzifh Edik if aH &;jy\emudk ajz±Si;f Edik o f nf[k ,k=H unf
=u[efwlonf?
od@k aomf “tzG@J csKyf” pnf;&H;k a&;onf wd;k wufIrvm? usonfxuf usq;kH
vmonf? apmfbmG ;rsm;onf “tzG@J csKyf” . 0g'vrf;pOfEiS hf pnf;±H;k a&;rl wckv;kH
udk vufcHI ±Srf;jynfawmifwef;om; pnf;vHk;nD!Gwfa&;tzGJ@csKyf (&wpnz)
[laomemrnfjzifh pwifcaJG xmifvu kd o
f nf? ya'o&mZf qef@usiaf &;orm;rsm;ESihf
yl;wGJ rvkyEf ikd [
f k jiif;y,fvu kd o
f nf? acgi;f aygi;f p wvlv/l rSeu f m;}uD;awGw0D0/D

U tun myint.pmd 32 27/1/2548, 9:08

 aiGawG a&vdo k ;kH I wnfaxmifziG v hf pS cf ahJ om ‘tzG@J csKyf’rSm aemufq;kH qdik ;f bkwEf iS hf
a[mif;avmif;om usef&pfavawmhonf?
,ae@±Sr;f jynfe,f Edik if aH &;wGif ya'o&mZfvw l ef;pm;taeESihf (&wpnz)
[lI‚if;/ ±Srf;jynf qdk±S,f'Drdku&ufwpf ygwD[lI‚if;/ ya'o&mZfEdkifiHa&; tzGJ@
tpnf;rsm; ±Sdaeaomfvnf; ya'o&mZfqef@usifa&; tiftm;pkrsm;bufwGif
EdkifiHa&;ygwD tzGJG@tpnf;[lI wduspGm r±Sdao;ay?
(yv&) onf “tzG@J csKyf” twGi;f od@k “n‡yyf o kH iG ;f ” cHvu
kd &f +yD;onfah emuf
wGif EdkifiHa&;tzGJ@tpnf;taejzifh toufjyefr±Sifvmawmhay?
±Sr;f jynfawmifov l ,form; tpnf;t±H;k (&wvp)/ +cH,mv,form;tzG@J /
ytdk0fhtrsKd;om; tzGJ@csKyf ponfjzifh vlxkvlrsKd;a&; tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;taeESifh
ya'o&mZfqef@usifa&; v_yf±Sm;r_rsm; vkyfaqmifaeonfudkom awG@jrif&onf?
ya'o&mZf qef@usiaf &; tzG@J tpnf;rsm; tcsi;f csi;f onf nD!w G rf r_ ±S=d u/
vkyif ef;csi;f aygi;f pnf;r_r±S=d u/ wyfaygi;f pk oabmw&m;em;rvnf/ *d% k ;f *%pdwf
jyif;xefpGm tcsif;csif;ykwfcwf pGyfpGJae=uonf? tcsif;csif;pnf;±Hk;a&; e,fvkae
=uonf? wOD;udkwOD;òzdcGJ&ef óud;pm;ae=uonf?
,if ; od k @ tcsif ; csif ; wd k u f a e=ujcif ; a=umif h um,uH a jrmuf t m;jzif h
ya'o&mZfpepfudk taxmuftul ðyae=uayonf?

š{›œ

pma&;olonf EdkifiHa&;rStem;,lum ae@pOf0rf;a&;twGuf vHk;yrf;&if;

,ae@±Srf;jynfe,f EdkifiHa&;tajctaeudk txufutwdkif; awG@jrifrdygonf?
±Sr;f jynfe,f ya'o&mZf qef@usiaf &;vkyif ef;wGif wlnaD om oabmw&m;
wlnDaom vkyfief;pOfrsm; csrSwfI us,fjyef@aom ya'o&mZfqef@usifa&;
wyfaygi;f pk}uD; wnfaqmuf&ef vdt
k yfonf[k pma&;olonf ±d;k om;pGm ,H=k unf
cJhygonf?
ya'o&mZfqef@usifa&; wyfaygif;pk}uD; ay:aygufvma&;twGuf tajccH
tjzpf ±Srf;jynfEdkifiHa&;orm;a[mif;rsm;a&m EdkifiHa&;orm;opfrsm;yg yg0ifI

!!

U tun myint.pmd 33 27/1/2548, 9:08

 ya'o&mZf qef@usiaf &;olwikd ;f wufa&mufEikd af om “ya'o&mZf qef@usiaf &;
oabmxm; ES;D aESmzvS,yf ”JG tckusi;f y&ef wOD;csi;f taeESihf pma&;olonf ,ck
ESpfOD;avmuf wGif pwifaqmf=ocJhygonf?
ya'o&mZfqef@usifa&; tiftm;pkrsm;tm;vHk;uyif vdkvm;axmufcH
tm;ay;vm=uygonf?
“tzGJ@csKyf” twGif;okd@ yHkoGef;xm;+yD;jzpfonf@ (yv&) tpkacgif;aqmif
ydik ;f tcsK@d ESiv hf nf; aqG;aEG;cJyh gonf? (yv&) acgi;f aqmifrsm;onf tEl;t!Gwf
oabmwl=uygonf? yk*Kd~ vftaeESihf oabmwl=u,Hrk #ru xdpk Ofu awmif}uD;òrd@
wGifusif;yv#uf±Sdaom (yv&) wdk;csJ@OD;pD;nDvmcHwGif ±Srf;jynfe,fvHk;qdkif&m
Ed k i f i H a &; ES D ; aES m zvS , f y G J ac:,l u sif ; y&ef tqd k w &yf t aejzif h yif q H k ; jzwf
csuf c svd k u f a yao;onf ? ES D ; aES m zvS , f y G J jzpf a jrmuf a &;twG u f wm0ef , l
aqmif±u G &f ef tm%m ydik t f zG@J udyk if xdOk ;D pD;nDvmcHu cef@tyfvu kd f ayao;onf?
(yv&) OD;pD;nDvmcHt+yD;aemuf tm%mydkiftzGJ@ &efukefodk@qif;oGm;+yD;
tjyefwGif &efukef±Sdq&mhq&m}uD;rsm;u b,fuJhodk@=o0g' ay;vdkufonfrod/
tajctaewrsK;d ajymif;vJvmum Edik if aH &;ES;D aESmzvS,yf JG usi;f ya&;qH;k jzwfcsuf
}uD;onf ,ae@wdkif wdrfðrwfaysmufuG,f aeavawmhonf?
ESD;aESmzvS,fyGJ usif;y&efvdktyfa=umif; pwifaqmf=o aqG;aEG;wdkif;
pma&;olonf ES;D aESmzvS,yf w JG @kd wufrnf/ Edik if aH &;vrf;pOfwifjyrnf/ wufºuGpmG
yg0ifaqG;aEG;rnf/ (od@k aomf) ES;D aESmzvS,yf t JG +yD; pma&;olonf Edik if aH &;xJ yg0if
vmvdrfhrnf [lIawmh rar#mfvifh=uygESifh? pD;yGm;a&;tajctae tvGefqdk;0g;ae
onfponfjzifh yGiv hf if;pGm ajymxm;cJyh gv#uu f ,fEiS hf ES;D aESmzvS,yf JG rjzpfajrmuf
awmhonfh aemufyikd ;f wGif pma&;olonf ±Sr;f jynfe,fEikd if aH &;xJ 0ifaygurf awG@I
ESD;aESmzvS,fyGJjzifh 0ifayguf±Smavoa,mif azgufvGJazgufjyef oGm;ykwfavvGifh
ajymaeoHudkvnf; =um;&ayonf?
pma&;olonf Edik if aH &; usm;ao}uD;r[kwyf g “±Sr;f jynfEikd if aH &;xJ 0ifayguf
rawG@I” qdo k nfrmS vnf; ,kwrWd ±Syd g? ppftyk cf sKyfa&; Edik if aH &;tpku jiif;y,faomf
vnf; ppftyk cf sKyfa&; Edik if aH &;tpkr[kwo f rl sm;u zdwaf c:aeygonf? ,ae@Edik if aH &;
vkyv f #if ,ae@tm;ay;rnfo h l tajrmuftrsm; ±Syd gonf? tvGe@f tvGef pD;yGm;a&;

!"

U tun myint.pmd 34 27/1/2548, 9:08

 tajctaeqdk;aeIom atmifhtD;ae&ygonf?

š{›œ

‘±Srf;jynfb,fvJ’ [laom jy\emonf ,ae@±Srf;jynfe,f ya'o&mZf

qef@usifa&;orm;wdkif; a±SmifvGJI r&Edkifaom jy\em}uD; jzpfaeayonf?
‘±Srf;jynfb,fvJ’ jy\emudk avhvm&mwGif tajctjrpfu pwifI
avhvm&ef vdktyfonf[k pma&;olu ,Hk=unfygonf?
tajctjrpfupI avhvm&mY ±Srf;jynfe,f vl@abmifzGJ@pnf;yHkordkif;rS
tajccH&rnfjzpfayonf? xdrk w S zef ,ae@±Sr;f jynfe,f vl@abmifz@JG pnf;wnfaer_
. t*F gvuQ%mrsm;udk avhvm&ayrnf? ±Sr;f jynfe,f vl@abmifz@JG pnf;wnfaer_
. t*F gvuQ%mrsm;udk rSeu f efem;vnfEikd rf S ‚if;t*F g vuQ%mrsm;tay: tajccH
I ±Sr;f jynfe,fawmfveS af &; yHpk u H kd owfrw S vf @kd &Edik af yrnf? rSeu f efaom awmfveS f
a&;yHpk u
H kd awG@±Srd S rSeu
f efaom awmfveS af &;vrf;pOfukd csrw S Ef ikd af yrnf? xdrk w S qifh
awmfveS af &;. &eforl sm;ESihf r[mrdwrf sm;udk cGjJ cm;Edik af yrnf? od@k rSomv#if ,ae@
±Srf;jynfe,fwGif usa&mufaeaom awmfvSefa&;. obm0ESifh a±S›tvm;tvm
rsm;udk aumif;pGmoabmayguf em;vnfEdkif=urnfjzpfayonf?
“±Sr;f jynfb,fv”J pmwrf;wGif txufyg tpDtpOftwdik ;f pma&;olonf
rdrdavhvm awG@jrifxm;aom t,ltqrsm;udk wifjy aqG;aEG;xm;ygonf?
,if;odk@ rdrdavhvmawG@jrifxm;aom t,ltqrsm;ukd wifjyaqG;aEG;&mwGif
pma&;olonf rdrw d ifjycsurf sm; rSeu f ef&rnf +yD;jynfph o kH nf[I l rdrud ,
kd u
f t kd xif
r}uD;yg? t,ltqvGrJ mS ;r_ wifjycsuf rjynfph rkH E_ iS hf tjcm;csK@d ,Gi;f csurf sm; ±Sad umif;
±Sdygvdrfhrnf?
“±Srf;jynfb,fvJ” pmwrf;onf vlwOD;wa,mufudkaomf‚if;/ vlwpkudk
aomf‚if;/ yk*v ~ "dXmef ykwcf wfpyG pf &JG efr}uH ±G,yf g? wpHw k ckaom ta=umif;a=umifh
wpHkw&mudk yGifhvif;pGm a0zefonf±Sdaomf pma&;ol. ±dk;om;aomapwemudk
óudwifem;vnfxm;=uapvdkygonf? "rR"dXmefus tðyoabmESifh a0zef&efom
pma&;oltmoDo qENjzpfygonf?

!#

U tun myint.pmd 35 27/1/2548, 9:08

 vuf0J EdkifiHa&;orm;rsm;tbdk@ a0zefa&;ESifh udk,fhudk,fudk a0zefa&;onf
EdkifiHa&;toufyifjzpfygayonf?
tu,fI pma&;ol. t,ltq oabmw&m;ESihf a0zefcsurf sm; rSm;,Gi;f
aeonf[k ,lqygv#if pma&;oltm; yGifhvif;pGm jyefvnfa0zef=uapvdkygonf?
pma&;olonf =unfjzLpGmjzifha0zefcsufudkcH,l&eftoifh¶Sdygonf? t,ltq
oabmw&m;ESifh ywfoufI jyefvnfwifjy aqG;aEG;vdkygv#ifvnf; av;pm;pGm
em,lvdkygonf? aqG;aEG;vdkygonf?
“±Srf;jynfb,fvJ” pmwrf;wckvHk;onf a0zefr_/ aqG;aEG;r_/ jiif;cHkr_wdk@jzpf
ay:&m “tajccHpmwrf;” tjzpfo@kd a&muf±ydS gv#if pma&;olonf Tpmwrf;a&;&
óud;eyf+yD[k ,Hk=unfygonf?
,if;odk@ a0zefaqG;aEG; jiif;cHkjcif;onfyif ±Srf;jynfe,f EdkifiHa&;ESifh ESD;aESm
zvS,fyGJ. a±S›awmfajy; jzpfayvdrfhrnfomwnf;?

xGef;jrifh
awmif}uD;òr @ 1955-ck 'DZifbmv 24-&uf

!$

U tun myint.pmd 36 27/1/2548, 9:08

 tc%f; (1)

ya'o&mZf=±Sr;f jynf
±Sr;f jynfe,fonf {&d,mpwk&ef;rdik af ygi;f 56000-cef@ us,0f ef;I vlO;D a&
2-oef;eD;yg;cef@ ±Sad vonf/ uke;f jyifjrifjh zpfI awmawmifxx l yfonf/ tbd;k wef
u|ef;opfESifh ysOf;uwdk;awm rsm;aygrsm;onf? &moDOwkr#wI rdk;toifhtwifh
±GmoGe;f aoma=umifh ajr=oZm aumif;rGeo f nf? jrufcif;jyifrsm;±So d nf/ aumufyJ
oD;ESEH iS hf opfo;D 0vHpukd yf sK;d a&;-wd&pd m> efarG;jrLa&;-vkyif ef;rsm;twGuf tvGeo f ifh
av#mfonf? unif+cH/ umzD+cH/ vbuf+cHrsm;twGuf tvGefaumif;onf? a±$/
aiG/ ausmuf/ oH/ ywWjrm;/ a=u;eD/ a=u;0g/ oH/ cJaemuf/ cJpdrf;/ tòzduf/ oGwf/
ausmufrD;aoG;ponfh tbdk;wef "gwfowWK&wemrsm;jzifh aygrsm;ºuG,f0onf?
oHvGifjrpfonf ajrmuft&yfrS awmifbufodk@ ±Srf;jynfe,ftm; tv,fA[dkrS
jzwfoef; pD;qif;v#uf±Sdonf/ a&tm;v#yfppf tajrmuftrsm; xkwf,lEdkifaom
erfharm(a±$vD)/ erfhwl(jrpfi,f)/ erfhwdef; tp±Sdaom jrpf}uD;rsm;ESifh refqrf/ wdef
tp±Sdaom a&wHcGef}uD;rsm; tESH@tjym;±Sdonf? tbdk;wefI om,mvSyaom
tif;av;uefonf ±Srf;jynfe,f. =uufoa&aqmifjzpfonf?
±Srf;jynfe,fum; ,cktcg ta±S›ydkif;/ awmifydkif;/ ajrmufydkif;[lI 3-ydkif;
cGJjcm;xm;onf? ya'o&mZf apmfbGm;ydkife,faygif; 35-e,fyg0ifonf? ‚if; 35-
e,fteuf rdk;+AJe,fonf Oya't& ±Srf;jynfe,fwGifyg0ifaomfvnf; vufawG@
tkyfcsKyfa&;wGif u,m;jynfe,fESifh wGJbufv#uf±Sdonf? rdk;+AJe,fvlrsm;pku
±Srf;jynfe,fESifhcGJxGufI u,m;jynfe,fESifhyl;aygif;&ef qEN±Sd=uonf? txuf
tm%mydkifrsm;u rdk;+AJe,fjy\emudk tjcm;EdkifiHa&;*,ufrsm;udk a=umuf±GH@I
qdkif;iHhxm;onf? r+yD;jywfaomudpPa=umifh rdk;+AJe,fom;rsm;onf ygvDref
a±G;aumufyGJwGif a±G;aumufjcif; yg0ifta±G;cHjcif; rðyEdkifjzpf&onf?
±Sr;f jynfe,f. ajrmufbufwiG f w±kyjf ynfo@l orRwEdik if ±H +dS yD;/ ta±Sb › ufwiG f
AD,uferforRwEdkifiHESifh ,dk;',m;jynfrsm; ±Sd=uonf? awmifbufwGifu,m;

!%

U tun myint.pmd 37 27/1/2548, 9:08

 OD;xGe;f jrif=h a&;

jynf e ,f ± S d + yD ; taemuf b uf Y uom/ rE W a v;/ ausmuf q nf / rd w Î D v mES i f h

&rnf;oif;c±dkifrsm; ±Sd=uonf?
±Srf;jynfe,fwGif vlOD;a& 2-oef;±Sdonfhteuf w0ufcef@rSm±Srf;vlrsKd;rsm;
jzpf+yD; usefw0ufcef@rSm ytdk0fh/ tif;om;/ "Ek/ yavmif/ ucsif/ ±Srf;/ w±kyf/ *Hk/
v0 paom tjcm; vlrsKd;pkrsm;jzpfonf?
±Srf;jynfvlrsKd;rsm;onf ±Srf;jynfe,frSty Armjynfw0Srf;vHk;wGifvnf;
ae&mtESH@tjym;Y a±S;ESpfaygif;rsm;pGmupI tajcpdkufaexdkifvmcJhavonf?
txufArmjynf ajrmufydkif; qifuvif/ cEDW;rS awmifbuf +rdwfa'otxd ±Srf;
vlrsK;d rsm;udk awG@Edik af yonf? txl;ojzifh jrpf}uD;em;ESihf uomt=um;±Sd {&m0wD
jrpf0Srf;wav#mufwGif‚if;/ oxHk/ &efukef/ awmifil/ ysOf;rem;/ ywf0ef;usif a'o
w0du k w f iG ‚f if;/ ,ae@wdik f ±Sr;f vlrsK;d rsm; tajrmuftrsm; tpkta0;ESiahf exdik v
f #uf
±Sd=uonf?
waumif;òrd@udk Armupwnfoavm/ ±Srf;upwnfoavm/ ukvm;u
pwnfoavm[laom jy\emudk ordkif;q&mwdk@ wduspGm pl;prf;avhvmxm;
csurf ±Sad o;ay? “waumif;” rSm ±Sr;f bmom “wmacgi”f (pnfawmfòrd@) [laom
pum;rS ajymif;vJvmaom trnfyifjzpfayonf?

±Sr;f vlrsKd;ordik ;f
+Adwdef±Sd tm±Swdkufqdkif&mtzGJ@0if 'AvsLaumhu&def; pD&ifa&;om;aom
“±Srf;vlrsKd;rsm;” ta=umif;pmtkyf yxrwGJwGif ±Srf;vlrsKd;rsm; qif;oufvmyHk
ordkif;udk aphpyfaocsmpGm pl;prf;avhvmxm;onfudk awG@&ayonf? odk@&mwGif
‚if;pmtkyfrSm ,Hk=unfudk;pm;avmufaom pmtkyfawmhr[kwfyg/ e,fcsJ@olrsm;
. tjrifEiS hf t,ltqrsm; pmtkyaf e&m tES@H tjym;wGif v$r;f rd;k v#u±f adS vonf?
±Srf;vlrsKd;ta=umif;ESifh ywfoufaom pmtkyfpmwrf;rsm;wGif aumhu&def;.
pmtkyo f mv#if tawmftoifh tjynfph q kH ;kH jzpfaeI vlrsK;d a&;ordik ;f q&mrsm; ‚if;
pmtkyfudk xkwf,ludk;um; ae&ayonf?

!&

U tun myint.pmd 38 27/1/2548, 9:08

 ±Sr;f jynfb,fvJ

tif'ckd sKid ;f em;u|e;f qG,f ae&mtES@H tjym;wGif ±Sr;f vlrsK;d rsm;]rSm oef;aygi;f
20-xufreJ aexdkifv#uf±Sdonf[k 'AvsL aumhu&def;u ±dkrif;uufovpf
bkef;}uD;rsm;. wGufqcsufudk udk;um;I azmfjyxm;avonf? ,if;udk;um;csuf
onf ,kw±Wd adS yonf? tmoHjynf±dS t[kr±f rS ;f rsm;onf ‚if;/ ,d;k ',m;/ urŠm'D;,m;
ESifh AD,uferf EdkifiHrsm;±Sd avmvlrsKd; ,Gef;vlrsKd;rsm;onf ‚if;/ ±Srf;vlrsKd;tppf
trSefrsm;jzpf=uonf? ,dk;',m;vlrsKd; udk,fwdkifyif ±Srf;rsKd;quf jzpfayonf?
w±kyjf ynfawmifyikd ;f ae&mtES@H tjym;wGiv f nf; ±Sr;f vlrsK;d od@k r[kwf ±Sr;f rsK;d
qufrsm; oef;aygi;f 20-xufreJ ±So d nf[I l a'guw f ma'gEh iS hf rpPwmz&D;rif;wd@k
. pmtkyfrsm;udk udk;um;I aumhu&def;u azmfjyxm;ayonf? ‚if;rSmvnf;
,kwrWd ±S[ d k rqdEk ikd af y? w±kyjf ynfawmifyikd ;f (,ck,el ef) wGif c&pfray:rDES pS af ygi;f
500-ausmcf ef@u ±Sr;f vlrsK;d rsm;onf eefcsKEd ikd if aH wmf}uD;udk wnfaxmifcahJ yonf?
,ae@uGrf;wkefe,f±Sd“[wfum” vlrsKd;rsm;onf rsufESmyHkyef;o¾efESifh tavh
txrsm;rSm ±Srf;vlrsKd;ESifh tvGefeD;pyfaeonfudk awG@&onf? ,ae@ ,leefe,f±Sd
“,D” ‘xdik ;f ’ tp±Sad om vlrsK;d pkrsm;onf ±Sr;f jynfe,f±dS ±Sr;f vlrsK;d rsm; ‘ajrmif’
ESifhcGJjcm;I r&Edkifatmif wlvSayonf?
Tpmwrf;wGif ±Sr;f vlrsK;d qif;oufayguzf mG ;yHu k kd tus,w f 0ifh aqG;aEG;&ef
qENr±Sdyg? odk@&mwGif ,ae@ ±Srf;jynfe,f[kac:wGifaom ±Srf;jynfa'o pwif
jzpfay:vmyHkudk tenf;i,f azmfjy&efvdkayrnf?
'kw, d urBmppf}uD;twGi;f tdE, Nd jynf “qif;rvm;òrd@” a&muf Armjynf
ppfajy;tpd;k &u xkwaf 0aom “Armjynfvufp”JG pmtkyw f iG f ±Sr;f vlrsK;d rsm; Arm
jynftwGif;odk@ 13-&mpkESpftwGif;u 0ifa&mufvmonf[lI a&;om;onf?
‚if;rSm,kwdWtaxmuftxm;ESifh tvGefuif;a0; aeayonf?
xdek nf;twl “±Sr;f &mZ0if” rsm;jzpfaom rd;k eJ&mZ0if/ uke;f abmif (oDayg)
&mZ0if/ odEDM&mZ0ifrsm;wGif rdk;eJòrd@udk c&mZfray:rSD 519-ESpfwGif ‚if;/ oDaygòrd@
udkc&pftay:rSD 423-ESpfwGif‚if;/ odEMDòrd@udk c&pfray:rSD 441-ESpfwGif ‚if;/

] 'AvsLaumhu&def;. ±Srf;vlrsKd;rsm; pmtkyfudk &efukefòrd@Y1915-ckESpfwGif xkwfa0cJhonf?

ud;k um;csurf sm;rSm 1915-ck rwdik rf D awG@±Scd surf sm;yifjzpf.?

!'

U tun myint.pmd 39 27/1/2548, 9:08

 OD;xGe;f jrif=h a&;

wnfaxmifc=hJ uonf[I l az: jyxm;onf? ‚if;rSmvnf; ,kwt dW axmuftxm;

rsm;ESifh uif;rJhaeonf? tqdkyg òrd@wnf ouU&mZfrsm;onf eefcsKdjynfxlaxmif
aom ouU&mZfESifh a&maxG;ae=u[efwlayonf?
,ck±Srf;jynfe,f[k ac:wGifaoma'owGif ±Srf;vlrsKd;rsm; ‘urBmOD;tp’
uwnf;uaexdkifvm=uonf r[kwfay? urBmOD;ya'omyifacwfESifh aus;ydkif
u|efydkifacwfrsm;udk ±Srf;vlrsKd;rsm;onf &mZ0ifq&m/ vlrsKd;a&;ordkif; q&mwdk@
±SmazGavhvmI rawG@±Sdao;aoma'owGif a±S;ESpfaygif;rsm;pGmu ausmfvGefcJh+yD;
jzpfayonf?
±Sr;f vlrsK;d onf [dv k rl sK;d 'Dvrl sK;d ESihf a&mpyf+yD; umva±G@avsmrS ±Sr;f vlrsK;d jzpf
vmonfr[kwf/ tvGefa±S;usaom vlrsKd;}uD;wrsKd; jzpfonf[laomtcsufonf
,ae@ ±Srf;vlrsKd;rsm;tbdk@ txl;*k%f,lp&mw&yf jzpfaeayonf?
vlrsKd;a&;ordkif; q&mwdk@wwfEdkifor# ajc&mcHI vdkufvH±SmazG=u&mwGif
±Srf;vlrsKd;wdk@. Zpfjrpfudk w±kyfjynftv,fydkif; wae&mwGif oGm;awG@=uonf?
odk@&mwGif ordkif;q&mwdk@u xdkae&monf ±Srf;vlrsKd;wdk@. rlvZmwd[k r,lq
Edik =f uao;ay? xdak e&mwGiaf jc&maysmufomG ;Iom vufav#mx h m;=u&avonf?
rSeyf gonf/ urBm@ ‘vl,Ofacwf’ OD;avmufrpS I ±Sr;f vlrsK;d onf w±kwjf ynf
tv,fydkif;wGif aexdkifcJh=uonf? ±Srf;rsKd;wdk@. ‘vl=urf;acwf’ ‘vl±dkif;acwf’
rsm;onf vlwdk@rodao;aom a±S;ordkif;twGif;yif wdrfðryfaeonf?
taemufajrmufyikd ;f rS w±kwv f rl sK;d wd@k qif;oufvmr_a=umifh ±Sr;f vlrsK;d rsm;
w±kwfjynfawmifydkif;odk@ a±G@qif; vmcJh=u&onf? c&pfray:rSD ESpfaygif; 500-
ausmfcef@wGif w±kwfjynfawmifydkif;Y eefcsKdwdkif;jynf}uD; wnfaxmifcJh=uonf?
eefcsKw d ikd ;f jynfonf ±Sr;f vlrsK;d rsm;tbd@k txifu& &mZ0ifrw S wf ikd }f uD;yif jzpfay
onf?
eefcsKw d ikd ;f jynfrmS w±kwjf ynf&mZ0if rSww f rf;rsm;t& ‚if;/ taemufwidk ;f
c&D;onfrsm;. rSwfwrf;rsm;t& ‚if;/ xdkacwfu tvGefcrf;em;}uD;us,faom
ya'o&mZf wefc;kd }uD; Edik if w H ck jzpfcahJ yonf? w±kwjf ynf yDuif;bk&if. ‘yÀm
qufEikd if ’H jzpfcahJ omfvnf;/ w±kwjf ynfEiS hf ycH;k jcif; ,SOEf ikd af vmufatmif w}udru f
wefcdk;}uD;cJhavonf?

"

U tun myint.pmd 40 27/1/2548, 9:08

 ±Sr;f jynfb,fvJ

eefcsKEd ikd if aH wmfuw

kd nfaxmif+yD;rS ±Sr;f vlrsK;d rsm;onf Armjynfajrmufyikd ;f od@k
‚if;/ tmoHjynfbufo@kd ‚if;/ tif'ckd sKid ;f em;bufo@kd ‚if;/ wpdrphf rd hf qif;oufvmcJ=h u
onf? tif'ckd sKid ;f em;wGif uarŠm'D;,m;jynfukd wnfaxmif+yD;/ Armjynfajrmufyikd ;f
armjrpf (a±$vD) 0Srf;wGif armEdkifiHudk wnfaxmifcJh=uonf?
c&mZfouU&mZf 10-&mpkEpS f 'DbufwiG f eefcsKEd ikd if EH iS hf w±kwEf ikd if w H @kd r=um
c% ppfrufjzpfymG ;um eefcsKEd ikd if }H uD; ysupf ;D ,d, k iG ;f cJ&h onf? eefcsKEd ikd if }H uD; wefc;kd
=oZmarS;rSdefvmonfudk csufaumif;,lI uarŠm'D;,m;jynfonf eefcsKdEdkifiH.
yÀmqufEdkifiHjzpfaom armwdkif;jynfodk@ tm%mpufcsJ@xGif vmcJhonf?
uarŠm'D;,m;±Sr;f rif;rsm; armwdik ;f jynfwiG f =um±Snpf mG tkypf ;kd vmcJo h nfukd
ta=umif;ðyI ±Srf;jynftm; ,ae@wdkif‘uarBmZ-±Srf;jynf’ [k ac:a0:avh±Sd
=uonf?
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tud;k tum;rsm;udk tjiif;yGm;vdI k r[kwyf g? armwdik ;f jynf pwifwnfaxmifonfh
tcsd e f r S p I ±S r f ; jynf a 'owG i f ya'o&mZf p epf o nf xG e f ; um;vmcJ h o nf h
ta=umif; azmfjyvdkIom jzpfygonf?
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vnf; ±Scd o hJ nf? 'Dt=um;xJ wcgwcg w±kwjf ynf. yÀmqufEikd if v H nf;jzpfvu kd f
&ao;onf?
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H nf tajccH
tm;jzifh jcm;em;ayonf?
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avmufom qufo&onf? udkvdkeDEdkifiHudk e,fcsJ@EdkifiHu EdkifiHa&;/ pD;yGm;a&;/
,Ofaus;r_/ tppt&m&mwGif 0ifa&muf aoG;pkwf cs,fvS,fayonf?
armwdik ;f jynf pwifwnfaxmifonfh umvrSpI ±Sr;f jynfwiG f wnf±v dS mcJh
aom ya'o&mZfpepfonf t*Fvdyfe,fcsJ@orm;rsm; ±Srf;jynftm; txufArm
jynfESifh a±S›qifhaemufqifh odrf;ydkufvdkufonf@ tcsdeftxd ajymif;vJr_r±SdcJhay?

"

U tun myint.pmd 41 27/1/2548, 9:08

 OD;xGe;f jrif=h a&;

a±S ; ya'o&mZf p epf o nf a±S ; ya'o&mZf p epf t jzpf o m wnf + rJ v mcJ h

avonf?
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vuQ%mrsm;udk awG@jrif&avonf?
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±Sr;f 99-òrd@udk pd;k ydik cf ahJ om ya'o&mZfe,f±iS f rsm;onf olwe,f-igwrif; rif;rl
tkyfpdk;cJh=uonf? r=umc% we,fESifhwe,f ppfrufcif;I tm%mvkyGJ usif;y
cJh=uonf?
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rsm;yif aumif;pGm r±SdcJhay/ we,fESifhwe,f wwdkif;wjynfpDtaejzifh ul;vl;
qufqaH &; tvGeef yJ g;avonf? ±Sr;f wrsK;d om;xJ[I l r±Sd rd;k eJom;/ anmifa±$om;
odEMDom; ponfjzifhom e,fy,fa'oom;rsm; jzpfaecJh=uonf?
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onf? awmifov l ,form;rsm;onf rdrw d @kd 0rf;pmtwGuf rdrw d @kd ud,
k wf ikd f pdu
k f
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f ikd ,
f ufvyk =f uonf? aetdrf
twGuf ud, k w f ikd o
f pf0g;ckwI f ud, k w f ikd af qmufvyk =f uonf? awmif,mv,fvyk f
u&d,mtwGuf udk,fwdkifyifvkyf=u&onf?
ukepf nfa&mif;0,fazmufum;r_ rxGe;f um;I aiGa=u;vJv, S rf _ ray:ayguf
cJhay? tcsKd@a'owGifom aiGwHk;udk uGrf;oD;n‡yfjzifh n‡yfIoHk;pGJ=uonf?
awmifolv,form;. v,f,mxGufukefrS q,fbkd@wbdk@udk ya'o&mZf
rsm; tcGet f wkwt f jzpf qufo&onf? tcGet f wkwrf sm;udk ya'o&mZfrsm;onf
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vkyaf &;wGif yg0ifjcif;r±Scd /hJ awmifov l ,form; qif;&Jom;rsm; tay:omacgi;f yHk
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om tkyfpdk;cJh=uonf?
ya'o&mZfrsm;onfv,fajrtajrmuftrsm;ydik q f ikd I
f awmifov l ,form;
rsm;tm; oD;pm;csxm;onfvnf; ±Sdonf? ‘bufpm;’ ay;onfvnf;±Sdonf?
awmifolv,form;rsm;onf ya'o&mZfv,f±Sifrsm;. oD;pm;tjzpf

"

U tun myint.pmd 42 27/1/2548, 9:08

 ±Sr;f jynfb,fvJ

aomf‚if;/ bufpm;tjzpfaomf‚if; vkyf&onf? udk,fydkifajruGufuav;wGif

uk, d wf ikd vf yk I f tcGeaf y;&onfvnf; ±So d nf? v,fawmf/ ,mawmf/ +cHawmfrsm;udk
tcrJu h , kd yf ikd vf ,fvyk u
f &d,mESihf vkyaf y;&onfvnf;±So d nf? ya'o&mZfe,f±iS f
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taºuG; ðy&onfvnf;±Sdonf? ya'o&mZfrsm; ppfxGufv#if ppfonfawmftjzpf
vnf; vdkuf&ao;onf?
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wu,fhaus;awmfrsKd;/ u|efawmfrsKd;rsm;yif jzpfayonf?
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vHk;0vGwfvyfr_r±Sd/ ya'o&mZfrsm;. qENtavsmuf zrf;Edkifonf/ qD;Edkifonf/
±dkufESufEdkifonf/ ao'%fyif tjypfay;Ekdifonf?
ya'o&mZfw@kd . ESpaf ygi;f 2000-eD;yg; &ufpufpmG =urf;ñuwfpmG zdEydS af oG;
pkwv f mcJo h nfah tmufwiG f jynfov l x
l o k nf Edik if aH &;/ pD;yGm;a&;/ ,Ofaus;r_w@kd wGif
wdk;wufr_ wpHkw&mr±SdcJhay? vlOD;a&eJyg;I ul;oef;oGm;vm&efcufcJaom ±Srf;
ukef;jrifha'owGif jynfolvlxkonf pkpkpnf;pnf;r±Sd? olwe,f igwrif;tkyfpdk;
aom ‘oufOD;qHydkif’ ya'o&mZfrsm;. "g;vGwfatmufwGif wkwfwkwfr# rv_yf
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}uD;us,cf ef;em;aom eefcsKd Edik if }H uD;udk wnfaxmifvmcJah om ±Sr;f vlrsK;d rsm;
onf ESpfaygif; 2000-ausmftwGif; tjcm;vlrsKd;toD;oD; wdk;wuf}uD;yGm;yg
aomfvnf; tb,fa=umifh r}uD;yGm; rwdk;wuf jzpfcJhygoenf;?
ya'o&mZf pepfonfom t"duta=umif;&if;cHjzpfayonf?

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"!

U tun myint.pmd 43 27/1/2548, 9:08

 OD;xGe;f jrif=h a&;

tc%f; (2)

e,fcs‹J vufatmufcH udv

k ekd D ya'o&mZf=±Sr;f jynf
(1886=1948)
1885-ckE0kd ifbmv 28-&ufae@wGif t*Fvyd ef ,fcs@J orm;onf oDaygb&k if
udk zrf;qD;cJhavonf?
Armjynfolvlxk}uD; t*Fvdyfe,fcsJ@orm;xH tnHhrcH tiftm;±Sdor#ESifh
ckcwH eG ;f vSecf o
hJ nfeh nf;wl ±Sr;f jynfov
l x
l ok nfvnf; “ukvm;jzL”wd@k . tkypf ;kd r_
udkf tvG,fwul tnHhrcHcJhay? ArmrsKd;cspf tiftm;pkrsm;ESifh yl;aygif;I ±Srf;jynf
a'orS pGrf;tm;±Sdor# ckcHwGef;vSefcJhayao;onf?
txufArmjynftm; t*Fvdyfe,fcsJ@orm;u odrf;ydkufa=umif; trdef@jyef
wrf;udk 1886-ck Zefe0g&v D (1) &ufae@wGif xkwjf yefEikd cf ahJ omfvnf; ±Sr;f jynfe,f
a'o. ckcHwGef;vSefr_a=umihf 1886-ckarv(4) &ufae@wGifrS ±Srf;jynfa'otm;
+Adwdo#-tdENd, jynfe,f we,ftjzpf a=ujimEdkifcJhayonf?
,if;uJhodk@ a=ujimEdkifjcif;rSmvnf; a±S;OD;pGm ±Srf;apmfbGm;ESpfOD;u e,fcsJ@
orm;tm; rE Wav;odk@ oGm;a&mufumac:aqmifcJhavonf? ‚if;opPmazguf
±Srf;apmfbGm;ESpfOD;u a±S›aqmifaom“ukvm;jzL” wyfcGJwckonf ±Srf;jynfa'o
w0Srf;vHk;udk vdkufvmodrf;ydkufcJhavonf?
ukvm;jzL e,fodrf;wyfcGJESifh ±Srf;trsKd;om;rsm;. wdkufyGJrsm;ta=umif;ESifh
ywfoufI pma&;olonf i,fpOftcgu a±S;rSD vl}uD;-olrrsm;. ajymjycsufudk
oli,fwdk@bm0 '¾m&Drsm;tjzpf em;axmifcJhaomfvnf; trSefpifppf xdkwdkufyGJ
rsm;onf ±Sr;f jynfvx l uk e,fcs@J qef@usiaf &;twGuf a±S;OD;pGm aoG;ajr usco hJ nfh
e,fcsJ@qef@usifa&; wdkufyGJrsm;yif jzpfayonf?
t*Fvyd ef ,fcs@J orm;onf txufArmjynfEiS hf ±Sr;f jynfa'otm; odr;f ydu k f
+yD;aemuf ArmjynfwiG f bk&iftyk pf ;kd r_pepfukd zsuo f rd ;f cJah omfvnf; ±Sr;f jynfa'o
wGif ya'o&mZfe,f±iS f tkypf ;kd r_pepfukd zsuo f rd ;f &ef r}uH±, G cf ahJ y? xdu
k o
hJ @kd r}uH

""

U tun myint.pmd 44 27/1/2548, 9:08

 ±Sr;f jynfb,fvJ

±G,fa=umif; xdkpOfu rE Wav;wGif ±Hk;pdkufcJhaom ajrmufydkif;ta&;ydkifu ±Srf;

apmfbGm;xHodk@ ay;ydk@aom trSmpmwGif atmufygtwdkif;azmfjyxm;avonf?
“@@@@ ±Srf;e,frsm;odk@ t&m±SdwOD;tm; apv$wf&onfh &nf±G,fcsufrSm
jzpfay:rnfh jy\emudk ±Sif;vif;&ef/ awG@óuHrnfhtcuftcJudk y,f±Sm;&efESifh
±Sr;f apmfbmG ;rsm;a&m ‚if;wd@k . e,foel ,fom;rsm;udyk g a±S;uydik q f ikd cf ahJ om tcGihf
ta&;rsm;udk qufvufcHpm;cGifh&ap&ef jzpfygonf?”
rnfonfh udv k ekd eD ,fcs@J orm;wdik ;f rqdk vufuikd x f m;±Sad om ay:vpDw&yf
rSm rdrw d @kd odr;f ydu
k t
f yk pf ;kd aom atmufusaemufus “t±dik ;f tpdik ;f ” a'owdik ;f ±Sd
ya'o&mZf e,f±Sify,f±Sif (t}uD;tuJ) wdk@. tkyfcsKyfyHkpepfudk rysufrpD;
xde;f odr;f ay;&ef jzpfavonf? tdE, dN ±Sd “&mZm” rsm;udk ‚if;/ rmvm,kEiS hf tif'kd
eD;±Sm;±Sd ‘plvwef’rsm; udk‚if;/ tmz&duwdkuf±Sd t}uD;tuJ rsm;udk‚if;/ ±Srf;
‘apmfbmG ;’rsm;enf;wle,fcs@J tkypf ;kd r_umv wav#mufv;kH wGif ‚if;wd@k . tkycf sKyfr_
pepfudk axmufcHtm;ay;I rysufpD; qufvufxdef;odrf;ay;cJhonf?
±Sr;f jynftm; e,fcso hJ rm;u odr;f ydu k vf u
kd +f yD;onfah emuf ±Sr;f apmfbmG ;pHepf
udk rzsufodrf;&bJ qufvufxm;±Sday;&onfhtwGuf 0rf;ajrmuf0rf;omjzpf
a=umif; 1886-ckatmufwdkbmv(19) &ufae@pGJjzifh tdENd,tpdk;&u bdvyf±Sd
tdE, dN qdik &f mtwGi;f 0efxH ay;yd@k aompmwGif atmufygtwdik ;f awG@±S&d ayonf?
“t}uD;tuJrsm; odk@r[kwf (‚if;wdk@tac: ) apmfbGm;rsm;rSm ‚if;wdk@.
tcGifhta&;ESifh t}uD;tuJtjzpf u|Efkyfwdk@u todtrSwfðyygv#if u|Efkyfwdk@.
vdktifqENESifhtnD ‚if;wdk@. e,fol e,fom;rsm;wGif +idrf0yfydjym;a&;±Sdap&efESifh
u|Efkyfwdk@. =oZmtm%mudk vufcH&efqEN±Sd=uyHk&a=umif;/ u|Efkyfwdk@tbdk@rSmrl
um; rvdo k nfh tkycf sKyfa&; wm0eftqifu h kd wd;k cs@J cH,&l ef qENr±So d nft h av#muf
Tpnf;urf;rsm;udk 0rf;ajrmuf 0rf;om vufcHa=umif;?”
e,fcs@J orm;rsm;onf ±Sr;f jynfya'o&mZfpepfukd rysurf pD;ap&ef wwfEikd f
or# xde;f odr;f cJah omfvnf; t&if;±Sief ,fcs@J pd;k rd;k r_atmufwiG f ±Sr;f jynf vl@abmif
zGJ@pnf;r_onf tajccHtm;jzifh ajymif;vJvmcJh&ayonf?
e,fcs@J pHepf0ifa&mufvmojzifh rlvwnf±v dS mcJah om ud, k uhf ,kd u f kd zlvakH &;/
ya'o&mZfpD;yGm;a&;ykHpHonf ysufpD;cJh&avonf?

"#

U tun myint.pmd 45 27/1/2548, 9:08

 OD;xGe;f jrif=h a&;

e,fcs@J tpd;k &onf tkycf sKyfrv

_ , G uf al &; wdik ;f jynf+idr0f yfyjd ym;a&; jynfwiG ;f
xGufukef=urf;rsm; o,f,la&;ESifh ukefacsmrsm;wifydk@a&mif;csEdkifa&;wdk@twGuf
rD;&xm;vrf; armfawmfum;vrf;rsm; azmufvkyfcJh&onf? pmwdkufa=u;eef;rsm;
zGifhvSpfcJh&onf? EdkifiHjcm;rS tmvl;*sKHESifh umzDrsKd;aphrsm; wifoGif;I ±Srf;jynf
wGif pdkufysKd;apcJhonf?
,cifu rdrdwdk@ 0rf;pmzlvkHa&;twGufom pdkufysKd;cJhaom aumufyJoD;ESH
rsm;udk awmifolv,form;rsm;onf a&mif;ukefpepftjzpf pdkufysKd;vm=uonf?
aumufyJoD;ESHudk a&mif;csIukefacsmrsm; 0,f,loHk;pGJvm=uonf? wae&mrS
wae&m oGm;vmr_ vG,u f v l mojzifh ukepf nfu;l oef;a&mif;0,fr_ xGe;f um;vm
onf? tmvl;/ *sKH/ umzDaph/ vbuf/ oeyfzuf/ [if;oD; [if;±Guf/ vdarRmfoD;
tp±Sdonf wdk@udk Armjynf tESH@tjym;odk@ wifydk@a&mif; csvm=uonf? *sKHESifh
tmvl;udk tdENd,txdyif wifydk@a&mif;cscJhonf?
e,fcsJ@t&if;±Sifonf rdrdwdkif;jynftwGuf vdktyfaomukef=urf;rsm;udk
±Srf;jynfe,frS xkwf,lcJhonf?
u|ef;opf ESpfpOfwefaygif; ig;aomif;ausmf ±Srf;jynfrS xkwf,lcJhonf?
±Sr;f jynfwiG f tbd;k wef"gwof wWK trsm;tjym; awG@±Scd ahJ omfvnf; rdrw d ikd ;f jynf.
pufr_vkyfief;twGuf toHk;0ifaom "gwfowWKrsm;ESifh tjrwftpGef; trsm;qHk;&
Edkifaom "gwfowWKrsm;udkom xkwf,lcJhonf?
owWKwGi;f wl;az:a&;vkyif ef;tjzpf erRwal bmfwiG ;f rdik ;f wckomwnfaxmif
cJhonf? ‚if;owWKwGif;rSabmf(aiG)/ cJ/ oGwf/ a=u;eD/ 'efESifh cJaemufpdrf;rsm;
&±SdcJhonf? ESpfpOftjrwftpGef; ysrf;r#a=u; odef; 100-ausmf&cJhonf?
wdkif;jynftwGuf toHk;0ifI tbdk;wefaom ausmufrD;aoG;ESifh oHowWK
rsm;udk rdrw d @kd . yifrtusK;d udk xdcukd rf nfp;kd I wl;az: jcif;rðycJah y? xde0f u S I f yif
xm;cJhavao;onf? ausmufrD;aoG;udk oDayge,fESifh vm;±d_;teD; w0dkufwGif
tajrmuftrsm; ±Sdonf[k od&onf? oHudkusKdif;wHke,fwGif ‚if;/ 0e,fwGif ‚if;/
ajrmufydkif; yefvHke,fwGif ‚if;/ awmif}uD;teD;wGif ‚if;/ tajrmuftrsm; awG@
±Sd&onf?
Todk@v#if e,fcsJ@pHepf 0ifa&mufvmojzifh ±Srf;jynfa'owGif rlvudk,fh

"$

U tun myint.pmd 46 27/1/2548, 9:08

 ±Sr;f jynfb,fvJ

udk,fudk zlvHka&;[laomf ya'o&mZf ukefxkwfvkyfa&;pHepfonfysufpD;I e,fcsJ@

wdik ;f jynf od@k uke=f urf;yd@k +yD; e,fcs@J Edik if rH S ukeaf csmudk 0,f,o l ;kH pG&J aom udv
k ekd D
ya'o&mZf pD;yGm;a&;pepfodk@ajymif;vJvmcJhavonf?
±Sr;f jynfe,fonf ppfa&; ppf&mtwGu‚f if;/ tifyg,mwnfwef@a&;twGuf
‚if;/ e,fcs@J orm;rsm;tbd@k tvGet f a&;}uD;onfjzpf&m ±Sr;f jynfe,ftm; Ekid if aH &;/
pD;yGm;a&;/ ,Ofaus;r_w@kd wGif atmufus aemufus jzpfaeap&efe,fcs@J ay:vpDt&
wrifwum zefwD;xm;cJhayonf?
Armjynfrtm; EdkifiHa&;t& tkyfcsKyfr_udk wpwp wdk;jrSifhay;vmcJhaomf
vnf; ±Srf;jynftm;“c|if;csefxm;aoma'o”tjzpf csefvSyfxm;ypfcJhavonf?
wm0efcH tpdk;& zGJ@pnf;ay;&ef pdwful;xJyif rxnfhcJhay?
e,fcs@J pepfEiS hf ya'o&mZfpeH pfw@kd . ESpq f ifh aoG;pkwrf a_ tmufwiG f ±Sr;f jynf
olvx l ok nf evHrxlEikd /f wae@wjcm; rGo J nfxufru JG m wdik ;f &if;om; "e±Sirf sm;
ray:ayguEf ikd cf ahJ y? pufrv _ yk if ef;rsm; vH;k 0rxGe;f um;cJah y? tdrw f iG ;f vufr_ vkyif ef;
tcsKd@om xGef;um;cJhavonf?
“ynmwwfrsm;v#if wdk@udk ykefuefrnf[laom 0g'”t& e,fcsJ@orm;ESifh
ya'o&mZfrsm;onf ynma&;twGuf tm;ay;jcif;r±SdcJhay? e,fcsJ@ya'o&mZf
tkyfcsKyfa&; ,E W&m;twGuf vdktyfaom tr_xrf;OD;a& xGufay:vmEdkif±Hkr#om
pmoifausmif;rsm; wnfaxmifay;cJo h nf? 'kw, d urBmppf}uD; rjzpfrDS tcsed t f xd
±Sr;f jynfw0Sr;f vH;k wGif pmoifausmif;aygi;f 200-cef@om±Scd o hJ nf? ‚if;ausmif;rsm;
teuf txufwef;ausmif; 4-5 ausmif;cef@rSm tpdk;&u wnfaxmifay;aom
ausmif;r[kwaf y? ‘tpd;k &taxmuftyHch EH iS hf tpd;k &todtrSwðf y’aom omoem
ðyausmif;rsm;omjzpfayonf? tv,fwef;ESifh rlvwef;ausmif;rsm;rSmvnf;
trsm;tm;jzifh xdek nf;wl‘tpd;k &taxmuftyHch EH iS hf tpd;k &todtrSwðf y’ausmif;
ESifh udk,fydkifausmif;rsm;om jzpfayonf? xdkausmif;rsm;wGif 0ifa&mufpm
oif=um;Edkifaom ausmif;om;OD;a&rSmvnf; 15˜000-xuf rausmfvGefcJhay?
'kwd,urBmppf}uD;twGif;wGif zufqpf*syefrsm;onf “ta±S›tm±S omwl
nDa&;” aºuG;a=umfoHjzifh ±Srf;jynftygt0if Armjynfw0Srf;vHk;udk 0ifa&muf
odrf;ydkufcJhayonf? zufqpf*syef e,fcsJ@orm;vufatmufwGif ±Srf;jynfolvlxk

"%

U tun myint.pmd 47 27/1/2548, 9:08

 OD;xGe;f jrif=h a&;

}uD;onf ydI k zdEyS f ydI

k nSi;f qJ ydI
k aoG;pkwcf cH &hJ onf? pD;yGm;a&;t& zGwo f xufnp‡ f
um ydkI rGJjymuscJhonf?
e,fcsJ@orm;wdk@. ay:vpDtwkdif; zufqpf*syefrsm;uvnf; ±Srf;jynfya'
o&mZf e,f±Sifajr±Sifpdk;rdk;r_udk qufvuf xdef;odrf;ay;cJhavonf?
±Sr;f jynfov l x l o
k nf zufqpfw@kd . zdEydS rf u _ kd rcH&yfEikd jf zpfvmum 1945-
ckESpfwGif ArmwrsKd;om;vHk;ESifh vufwGJI &mZ0ifajymifajrmufaom zufqpf
awmfvSefa&;}uD;qifEJGcJhayonf?
odk@&mwGif rSefuefonfh acgif;aqmifr_ r±SdcJhojzifh zufqpf*syefwdk@usqHk;cJh
aomfvnf; ±Srf;jynftm; e,fcsJ@ESifh ya'o&mZfwdk@onf qufvufv$rf;rdk;+rJ
v$rf;rdk;aecJhayonf?
e,fcs@J v$r;f rd;k r_atmufwiG f ±Sr;f jynfe,fY yËdyuQrt _ oGif 2-&yfukd xif±mS ;
pGmawG@jrif&ayonf?
e,fcsJ@pHepfESifh ±Srf;wrsKd;om;vHk; yËdyuQ?
ya'o&mZfpHepfESifh ±Srf;jynfolvlxk yËdyuQ?

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U tun myint.pmd 48 27/1/2548, 9:08

 ±Sr;f jynfb,fvJ

tc%f; (3)

jynfawmfom ya'o&mZf qd±k ,

S v
f pf ±Sr;f jynf
ESpaf ygi;f ESpaf xmifumvu wnf±v dS maom ±Sr;f jynfya'o&mZf vl@abmif
onf e,fcs@J orm;wd@k tkypf ;kd onfh tESp(f 60) umvtwGi;f Yvnf; tajccHtm;
jzifh rajymif;vJcahJ =umif; txufwiG f az: jycJo h nf? e,fcs@J ya'o&mZfpeH pfa=umifh
±Srf;jynfolvlxk}uD;onf wdk;wufr_ r&cJha=umif;vnf; az: jycJhav+yD?
1948-ck Zefe0g&v D (4) &ufae@wGif ±Sr;f jynftygt0if Armjynfwjynfv;kH
onf e,fcsJ@xrf;ydk;rS ±kef;xGufum vGwfvyfaom EdkifiHwnfaxmifcJh=uonf?
e,fcs@J xrf;yd;k rS vGwaf jrmufcahJ omfvnf; ±Sr;f jynfov l x
l o k nf ya'o&mZf xrf;yd;k
udk qufvufI xrf;ydk;aevm&onf?
,ae@±Srf;jynfe,f±Sd vl@abmifonf ya'o&mZf vl@abmifomjzpf+yD;
uk e f x k w f v k y f r _ p epf r S m vnf ; ud k v d k e D y a'o&mZf uk e f x k w f v k y f r _ p epf o m
jzpfayonf?

e,fcsJ‹tEW&m,f
,ae@±Srf;-Armvlxkonf +Adwdo#e,fcsJ@ xrf;ydk;atmuf vGwfajrmufcJh
onfrSm rSefaomfvnf; e,fcsJ@tE W&m,fonf ryaysmufao;ay?
urBmay:wGif vuf0g;}uD;tkyf t&if;±Sifpepf wnf+rJaeor#umvywfvHk;
e,fcs@J pHepfwnf±adS ernfomwnf;? e,fcs@J pepf±adS eor# e,fcs@J =oZmcHr[kwaf om
EdkifiHrsm;onf e,fcsJ@. +cdrf;ajcmufr_udk tpOft+rJ cHae&rnfrSm rvGJyifwnf;?
txl;ojzifh ±Srf;jynftbdk@ e,fcsJ@tE W&m,fESifh ydkrdkeD;uyfvSayonf?
ya'o&mZf e,f ± S i f t k y f p d k ; r_ p H e pf o nf urB m @&mZ0if t & e,f c sJ @ pH e pf
0ifa&mufvm&ef tvGefaumif;aom tajccHpcef;rsm;jzpfavonf?
urBm@t&if;±Sif e,fcsJ@pHepf. acgif;aqmif tar&duefe,fcsJ@pHepfonf
wwd,urBmppfjzpfa&;/ tm±Swu kd o f @kd 0ifa&muf usL;ausmaf &;wk@d twGuf ae@a&m

"'

U tun myint.pmd 49 27/1/2548, 9:08

 OD;xGe;f jrif=h a&;

nOfhyg óud;yrf;v#uf±Sdavonf? urBmt&yf&yfwGif ppftkyfpkrsm; zGJ@pnf;um

ppftajccH pcef;rsm; wnfaqmufaeonf?
tm±Swdkuf 0ifa&mufusL;ausmfa&; pDrHudef;jzpfaom ta±S›awmiftm±S
ppftkyfpk(qD;wdk;)tzGJ@0if ,dk;',m;jynfonf ±Srf;jynfe,fajr. ta±S›bufwGif
a=umcsif;uyfv#uf±Sdayonf? tar&duefe,fcsJ@. taxmuftyHhcH w±kwfjzL
wyfºuGi;f rsm;onf ±Sr;f jynfe,fajr ta±Sy› ikd ;f a'otcsK@d udk odr;f ydu
k xf m;v#uyf if
±Sdao;onf?
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tcef; r±Sad wmh[k ajymqdak e=uolrsm;rSm jynfov l x
l t
k m; r_id ;f wduk af eolrsm;ESihf
a&wGif;xJu zm;oli,ftjrif ±Sdolrsm;om jzpfavonf?
±Sr;f jynfe,f. pD;yGm;a&;tajccHrmS e,fcs@J . tarGtESpf tjzpfjzifh udv k ekd D
ya'o&mZf pD;yGm;a&;yifjzpfa=umif; txufwGif azmfjycJh+yD?

udv
k ekd yD a'o&mZf=pD;yGm;a&;
±Srf;jynfe,f. pD;yGm;a&; tajctaeudk qef;ppf=updk@ @@@@@@@@
±Srf;jynfe,fwGif acwfrSDpD;yGm;a&; vkyfief;}uD;rsm; jzpfxGef; &efjzpfEkdifyg
oavm-´-jzpfEikd yf gonf? jzpfEikd &f ef tajccHrsm;vnf; ±Syd gonf? ±S±d rkH u ydvk #I
H yif
aeygonf?
pufrv _ yk if ef;}uD;rsm;. tajccHrsm;jzpfonfh a&tm;v#ypf pfukd vdo
k nfxuf
ykI
d xkw, f El ikd o
f nf? ausmufr;D aoG;vnf;±So d nf? oH/ oGw/f cJ/ a=u;eD/ a=u;0g/
rif;*eD;pf/ tifwdkrdkeD tp±Sdonfh owWKrsKd;pHkvnf;±Sdonf? 'gjzifh bmvdkaeoenf;?
oHóud±EkH iS hf pufu&d,m (Machine Tools) tvky±f rkH sm; wnfaqmuf&ef t&if;tES;D
ESifh ynm±Sifrsm; vdkonf?
Tvdktifudk }uHqv#if enf;vrf;rsm;&Edkifonf? aumif;+yD Tvdktifudk
}uHqae=u+yDavm? wdkif;jynf wkd;wufa&;twGuf wm;qD;aeaom ya'o&mZf
pHepfonf wdik ;f jynfw;kd wufa&; vkyif ef;rsm;udk }uHqrnfr[kwaf y? jynfaxmifpk
tpdk;&uaum }uHqaeovm;/ r}uHqao;yg? awmif}uD;òrd@teD;wGif tbdk;wef

#

U tun myint.pmd 50 27/1/2548, 9:08

 ±Sr;f jynfb,fvJ

aom oHEiS o hf w
G of wWKrsm; xkwrf ukeEf ikd af tmif awG@±Sx
d m;avonf? pufrv
_ yk if ef;
rsm; awmif}uD;w0dkufwGif wnfaxmif&ef pdwfrul;ao;ay? oHESifhoGwfrsm;udk
tjrefqHk; xkwf,lI EdkifiHjcm;odk@ ukef=urf;tjzpf a&mif;um av#mhyg;aeaom
Edik if jH cm; vJv, S af iGukd jznfw
h if;&efom }uHpnftm;xkwaf e=uavonf? ±Sr;f jynf
e,fwGif pufr_vkyfief;rsm; xGef;um;vmI ±Srf;vlxk wdk;wuf}uD;yGm;vmrnfudk
a=umuf±GH@pdk;&drfae=uavoavm[k awG;awm&efyif jzpfayonf?

Arme,fcs‹J pHepf±o
dS avm
“Arme,fcsJ@pHepf”[laom t,l0g'a&;ESifh ywfoufI qufvufa0zef
oHk;oyf&ef vdktyfvmonf?
,ae@ Arme,fcsJ@pHepfonf ±SdEdkifoavm-´rmhuQ-vDeif0g'oabmw&m;
t&qdkvsifArme,fcsJ@pHepfonf r&SdEdkifao;ay?
“e,f c sJ @ pH e pf ” qd k o nf r S m t&if ; &S i f ; pH e pf . tjrif h q H k ; tqif h j zpf a om
“vuf0g;}uD;tkyf t&if;±SifpHepf” jzpfonf[k vDeifu qdkxm;onf?
vDeifa&;aom“e,fcsJ@pHepf/ t&if;±SifpHepf. tjrihfqHk;tqifh” usrf;wGif
e,fcsJ@pepf. pD;yGm;a&;toGif ig;&yfudk azmfjyxm;onf?
(1) xkwu f ek Ef iS hf t&if;onf }uD;rm;pGm pkyv kH mum vuf0g;}uD;tkyf t&if;
±Sifrsm;tjzpfjzifh wdkif;jynfpD;yGm;a&;avmuxJodk@ 0ifa&muf cs,fvS,fvmonf?
(2) b%ft&if;ESifh pufr_vkyfief; t&if;onf yl;aygif;I b¾m&if;±Sif}uD;
rsm;tjzpfjzifh wdkif;jynfudk tkyfcsKyfvm=uonf?
(3) EdkifiHjcm;odk@ ukefpnfxkwfydk@jcif;rS jcm;em;I t&if;tESD;ydk@jcif;onf
tvGefta&;}uD;vmonf?
(4) t&if;±Sif}uD;rsm;onf EdkifiHwum vuf0g;}uD;tkyf t&if;±Sif}uD;rsm;
tzGJ@zGJ@pnf;um urBm}uD;tm;rdrdtcsif;csif; cGJa0=uonf?
(5) t&if;±Sif EdkifiH}uD;rsm; tcsif;csif; urBm@w0Srf;vHk;tm; a'otvdkuf
cGJa0+yD;jzpfonf?

#

U tun myint.pmd 51 27/1/2548, 9:08

 OD;xGe;f jrif=h a&;

txufyg e,fcsJ@pHepf. pDyGm;a&;toGif ig;&yfESifh ppfaq;=unfhv#if Arm

e,fcs@J pHepfonf ,cktcg ray:ayguaf o;ay? Arm t&if;tES;D rsm;onf vuf0g;
}uD;tkyf t&if;tESD; tjzpfodk@a&mufbkd@a0;ao;pG/ ,ae@tpdk;&. rrSefuefaom
pD;yGm;a&;0g'a=umifh wdkif;&if;om; t&if;tESD;rsm;onf EdkifiHjcm; t&if;tESD;.
zdEdSyfr_atmufwGif tvl;tvSdrfh cHae&ayonf?
“Arme,fcs@J pHepfr&Sad o;” [kqakd omfvnf; “ArmvlrsK;d }uD;0g'” onf,ae@r&S[ d k
qdkEdkif&efcJ,Of;ayonf?

ArmvlrsK;d }u;D 0g'

“ArmvlrsKd;}uD;0g'”onf &mZ0if wav#mufvHk;wGif ay:aygufcJh+yD;,ae@
jynfaxmifpkwGif ArmvlrsKd;}uD;0g' t&dyfta&mifonf ±Sdaeayonf?
,ae@ zqyv tpdk;&. oabmxm;onf Arme,fcsJ@pepfoabmrsKd;
r[kwfvifhupm; ±Srf;jynfe,ftm; olwdk@.“yÀmqufEdkifiH”tjzpf xm;vdk&ef
qEN±Sd[efwlayonf? “±Srf;jynfolvlxk}uD; b,fvdkaeae wdk@tpdk;& wnf+rJa&;
twGuf axmufcHv#if+yD;a&m”[laom oabmxm;onf zqyv trsKd;om;
pnf;vHk; nD!Gwfa&;. tajccHoabmxm;yif jzpfavonf?
xdka=umifh (zqyv)onf ,ae@±Srf;jynfe,fwGif ya'o&mZfapmfbGm;
tkyfcsKyfa&;pepfudk wbufu xdef;odrf;ay;+yD;“yÀmqufEdkifiH”cdkif+rJa&;twGuf
tjcm;wbufu EdkifiHa&;pGufzufr_udk vkyfaeavonf?
ArmvlrsKd;}uD;0g'onf(zqyv) twGif;Y±Sdoavm/ “rajy;aomfuef&m±Sd”
qdkouJhodk@ ArmvlrsKd;}uD;0g' t&dyfta&mifonf ±Sdaeayonf?
zqyv.“±SpfESpf-jynfawmfom pDrHudef;”udk pma&;olonf rltm;jzifh
vufcHygonf? odk@aomf xdkpDrHudef;udk avhvmv#if pDrHudef;. t"duoHk;aiGrSm
ArmjynfrtwGuf jzpfayonf? pufr_vkyfief;}uD;rsm;udkvnf; ArmjynfrrSmyif
wnfaxmif=uayrnf? ±Sr;f jynfe,fwiG f pufrv _ yk if ef;}uD;rsm; jzpfxeG ;f &ef tajccH
rsm; ±Sad omfvnf; xdjk ynfawmfom pDru
H ed ;f wGif ±Sr;f jynfe,f twGurf ygao;ay?

U tun myint.pmd 52 27/1/2548, 9:08

 ±Sr;f jynfb,fvJ

ynma&;wGif =unfhygOD;/ ±Srf;jynfe,ftwGuf aumvdyfausmif;wausmif;

ay;&ef awmif;qdck o hJ nf? ray;Edik af o;bl;[k ajzqdck o
hJ nf? ucsijf ynfe,ftwGuf
wausmif; awmif;cJhjyefonf? ray;Edkifao;bl;[kyif ajzcJhonf?
od k @ &mwG i f aumvd y f r sm; ausmuf j zLwG i f wausmif ; / armf v òrd i f w G i f
wausmif;/ ykodrfwGifwausmif;/ rauG;wGifwausmif;awmh jzpfajrmufatmif
wnfaxmifay;EdkifcJhonf?
,if;wdk@onf vlrsKd;}uD;0g' t&dyfta&mifrsm; r[kwfygoavm´ odk@aomf
Tt&dyfa&mifrsm;onf vlrsKd;}uD;0g'avm/ ygvDrefrJ&a&;avm[laom 0d0g'
twGuf a±S›quf tjiif;yGm;vdkuyGm;Edkifygonf?

Edik if aH &;pGuzf ufrr+ sm;

,ae@ ±Srf;jynfe,fwGif zqyvESifh qdk±S,fvpfygwDonf ajAmifjzpfap/
v#Kd@0SufIjzpfap/ EdkifiHa&;pGufzufr_rsm; vkyfaeonfrSm jiif;uG,fIr&ay?
zqyvESihf qd±k ,S v f pfygwD acgi;f aqmifrsm;onf Edik if aH &; pGuzf ufrnft h pm;
±Srf;jynfe,fwGif qdk±S,fvpfygwDESifh zqyv tzGJ@rsm;udk ajAmifxlaxmifoifhay
onf? ,if;odk@ ajAmifxlaxmifygv#if ‚if;wdk@. vkyfaqmifr_rsm;udk ±Srf;vlxku
pGufzufr_[lIrjrif zqyvESifh qdk±S,fvpfygwDwdk@. EdkifiHa&; vkyfief;[lIom
jrif=uayrnf? zqyvESihf qd±k , S vf pfygww D @kd rSm Armcsn;f oD;oef@tzG@J tpnf;rsm;
r[kwf=uojzifh ±Srf;jynfe,fwGif ajAmifxlaxmifygu atmifjrifoifhoavmuf
atmifjrifayvdrfhrnf?
odk@&mwGif qdk±S,fvpfacgif;aqmifrsm;onf zqyvESifh qdk±S,fvpfygwDwdk@
tm; ±Sr;f vlxu k ArmtzG@J tpnf; taeESijhf rifum vlrsK;d a&;*,uf ay:ayguv f m
rnfudk pdk;±GH@I ta&òcHtrsKd;rsKd;jzifh ±Srf;jynfEdkifiHa&;twGif; 0ifa&mufvm=u
avonf? ,if;odk@ ta&òcHtrsKd;rsKd;jzifh 0ifa&mufjcif;onfyif vlrsKd;a&;*,ufudk
ydrk I
kd ±du
k cf wfap+yD; usO;f ajrmif;aom vlrsK;d a&; pdw"f gwu f kd ydrk akd yguzf mG ;apcJo
h nf?
apwem t&if;cHaumif;onfjzpfap/ qd;k onfjzpfap/ 1952-ck ±Sr;f jynfe,f
ppftkyfcsKyfa&;onf EdkifiHa&;pGufzufr_}uD;yifjzpfayonf? ppftkyfcsKyfa&;umv.

#!

U tun myint.pmd 53 27/1/2548, 9:08

 OD;xGe;f jrif=h a&;

aqmif±Gufcsufrsm;onf wbufowfus+yD; wm0efcHrsm;. ru|rf;usif rvdrRmr_

a=umifh ±Sr;f jynfe,f aumif;usK;d twGuf bmwuGurf S t&mrxif/ vlxu k vnf;
rke;f / apmfbmG ;uvnf;rke;f / aemufq;kH wGif t±H;_ ESihf ,kwo f rd ;f cJ&h ayonf? ppftyk cf sKyf
a&;umvtwGi;f ppfppkH rf; axmufvrS ;f a&;Xme wm0efcrH sm;. ajc±_wrf _ cavmuf
qHr_udk jynfolvlxkonf atmhESvkH;emrqHk;jzpfcJhonf?
qdk±S,fvpf acgif;aqmifrsm;onf ±Srf;jynfolvlxk. b0ESifh uif;a0;aom
“tzG@J csKyf”vrf;pOfuakd &;qGI J (w-p-n-z)ESihf (y-v-&)tm; yl;aygi;f apcJo h nf
rSmvnf; EdkifiHa&;pGufzufr_}uD;yif jzpfayonf? ‚if;“tzGJ@csKyf”rSm zqyv.
“a±S›ajy;±kyfazsmuftzGJ@csKyf” yifjzpfayonf? “tzGJ@csKyf” vrf;pOfudk ±Srf;jynfol
vlxku vufcHap&ef t"rRóud;yrf;cJh=uonf? vufrcHEdkifonfh tpdwftydkif;udk
ESdyfuGyfcJhonf?
“tzGJ@csKyf”vrf;pOfrSmvnf; ppftkyfcsKyfa&;uJhodk@yif &nfrSef;csufrsm;
ratmifjrif vlxkatmhESvHk;emr_om tzwfwifcJhavonf?
Edik if aH &;pGuzf ufrt _ wGuf wyfrawmf. tpdwt f ydik ;f tcsK@d udk vufuikd 'f w k f
ðyjcif;onf omvGefIroifhjrwfay?
wyfrawmftm; Edik if aH wmf. tcsKyftcsmtm%mudk usL;ausmaf pmfum;vm
olrsm;tm; wGe;f vSew f ukd xf w k &f efEiS hf jynfow l @kd .touft;dk tdrEf iS hf pnf;pdrw f @kd udk
umuG,af pmifah ±Smuf&ef twGu[ f al om rGejf rwfaom&nf±, G cf suEf iS hf zG@J pnf;xm;
avonf?
wyfrawmfonf ±Srf;jynfe,fajr. a±S›ydkif;wjcrf;udk 0ifa&mufusL;ausmf
apmfum;vmaom w±kwfjzLwyfrsm;udk pGrf;pGrf;wref armif;ESifwdkufxkwfcJhonf?
±Srf;vlxk}uD;onf wyfrawmftm; csD;vnf;csD;usL;cJhonf? aus;Zl;Oyum&vnf;
txl;wifcJhonf? w±kwfjzLwyfºuGif;rsm; wa,mufrusef ±Srf;jynfe,fajrrS
wdkufxkwfay;bdk@ wyfrawmftay: tm;xm;ar#mfudk;v#ufyif ±Sdavonf?
w±kwfjzLwyfrsm; ESpfvtawmf=um tajcpdkuf usL;ausmfcJhaom rdkif;wHk/
rdik ;f [ef/ rdik ;f qyfa'owd@k wGif ±Sr;f vlxw k ;kd wufa&;/ oufomacsmifcsad &;/ ynma&;
wd@k twGuf wyfrawmfrS ud, k uf sK;d ryg aqmif±u G af y;csurf sm;udk ±Sr;f jynfvx l }k uD;
w&yfvHk;u csD;=uL;=uonf aus;Zl;wif=uonf?

#"

U tun myint.pmd 54 27/1/2548, 9:08

 ±Sr;f jynfb,fvJ

wyfrawmftm; jynfo@l wyfrawmftjzpfo@kd a&muf&ef óud;pm;onft h ydik ;f

u óud;pm;ae=uonf? wyfrawmfom;rsm;tm; “ukefvkyfpGrf;tm;rJhb0”rS
ukefvkyf pGrf;tm;±Sd“jynfol@wyfrawmfom;rsm;” jzpfvmap&ef wyfrawmf
pdu
k yf sK;d a&; pDru
H ed ;f / wyfrawmf u|EJ mG ;wd&pd m> efrsm;arG;jrLa&; pDruH ed ;f / wyfrawmf
pufr_ vkyfief;ponfwdk@udk pDrHpdkif;jyif;aeonf[k od&ayonf? ,if;pDrHudef;rsm;
om taumiftxnfay:vmv#if ukev f yk pf rG ;f tm;rJh wyfrawmfonf ud, k uhf ,
dk f
zlvHk aom wyfrawmfjzpfvmayvdrfhrnf?
w±kwjf zL usL;ausmaf &;orm;rsm;tm; armif;xkwcf I hJ ‚if;/ vlxðk yjyifa&;
vkyif ef; aqmif±u G af y;I ‚if;/ wyfrawmf. *k%o f wif;rsm; arG;óudicf o hJ avmuf
±Sr;f jynfe,f tcsK@d a'owd@k wGif wyfrawmf“tajr‡mif”wd@k u wyfrawmfukd toH;k
ðyum Edik if aH &;vkyaf e=uI wyfrawmfukd rke;f ae=uonf? ‘Armwyf’‘Armppfom;’
[laom toHk;tE_H;onf ar;aighrkef;wD;aom toHk;tEH_;jzpfvmonf?
qifjzLawmfrSDI }uHpkwfae=uaom wyfrawmf‘tajr‡mif’wdk@ tcsKd@a'o
wd k @ wG i f vmrnf h a ±G ; aumuf y G J t wG u f wyf r awmf . trnf u d k a&mif ; pm;I
tjrwfxkwfae=uonf?
txufazmfjyyg EdkifiHa&;pGufzufr_rsm;a=umifh “Arme,fcsJ@pHepf” [laom
t,l0g'wckyif ay:vmcJhavonf?
zqyv qdk±S,fvpfacgif;aqmifrsm;onf ,if;ta=umif;w&m;rsm;udk
a±S›ta&;awG;jrifum tcsdefrSDðyjyifajymif;vJjcif; rðyygu ra0;vSaomtem*gwf
umvwGif tusK;d w&m;onf ±Sr;f -ArmqufqH a&;twGuf }uD;rm;pGm tE &W m,f
ðyvmvdrfhrnfrSm rvGJaywnf;?
apmfbGm;rsm;onf wbufwGif qdk±S,fvpfacgif;aqmifrsm;ESifh oyüg,oifh
atmif aygi;f bufae+yD; tjcm;wbufwiG f ±Sr;f vlxt k m; tpGr;f ukezf Ed ydS af oG;pkwf
aeonf? (w-p-n-z)onf ±Srf;jynftm; “jynfawmfom qdk±S,fvpf”vrf;pOf
t& xlaxmifrnf[lI‚if;/ Armjynfqdk±S,fvpfygwD. vrf;!$efr_udk vufcHonf
[lI‚if;/ aºuG;a=umf=u+yD; wjcm;wbufwiG f ya'o&mZf aoG;pkwrf p_ epf wnf+rJ
a&;twGuf xdef;odrf;&ef/ óud;yrf;ae=uavonf?

##

U tun myint.pmd 55 27/1/2548, 9:08

 OD;xGe;f jrif=h a&;

apmfbmG ;rsm;onf rdrw d @dk . tdwaf xmifxh J a&mufae=uonf[k qd±k ,S v

f pf
acgif;aqmifrsm;u ,lqaeaomfvnf; trSefrSm qdk±S,fvpfacgif;aqmifrsm;om
ya'o&mZfwdk@. tdwfaxmifhxJodk@ a&mufaeayonf?
“jynfawmfom ya'o&mZf qd±k , S v f pf ±Sr;f jynf”[laom trnfemronf
,ae@ ±Sr;f jynfEikd if aH &; o±kytf wGut f rSeq
f aD v#maf om trnfemryifjzpfayonf?

š{›œ

#$

U tun myint.pmd 56 27/1/2548, 9:08

 ±Sr;f jynfb,fvJ

tc%f; (4)

±Srf;jynfe,f=awmfvSefa&;
±Srf;jynfolvlxkonf t&if;±Sife,fcsJ@orm;rsm;tm; 3-}udrfwdkifwdkif
wdkufyGJqifcJhonf? 1886-ck +Adwdo# e,fcsJ@orm;rsm;u ±Srf;jynfa'otm;
vma&mufodrf;ydkufpOf ±Srf;rsKd;cspfrsm;onf ArmrsKd;cspfrsm;ESifh yl;aygif;um e,fcsJ@
orm;tm;ckcH wGe;f vSecf ahJ vonf? 1945-ckwiG f &ufpuf=urf;ñuwfaom zufqpf
*syefrsm;tm; Armjynfolw&yfvHk;ESifh vufwGJum awmfvSefcJhonf? 1945-ckrS
1947-ck t xd Armvl x k E S i f h yl ; aygif ; um +Ad w d o #e,f c sJ @ tk y f p d k ; r_ a tmuf r S
±kef;xGufcJhonf?
,ae@±Srf;jynfe,f. ukefxkwfvkyfr_pepfrSm udkvdkeDya'o&mZf pepfyifjzpf
aeao;a=umif;/ ±Srf;jynfe,fvl@abmifzGJ@pnf;yHkrSm tajccHtm;jzifh ya'o&mZf
vl@abmifyifjzpfa=umif;/ ArmvlrsKd;}uD;0g' t&dyfta&mifrsm;±Sdaea=umif;/ udkvdkeD
b0rS vGwaf jrmufcahJ omfvnf; t&if;±Sief ,fcs@J pepf. tE &W m,frsm; ±Sad ea=umif;/
tc%f; (3) wGif azmfjycJh+yD;jzpfayonf?
,if;odk@jzpfv#if ,ae@±Srf;jynfe,f awmfvSefa&;u OD;wnfwdkuf&rnfh
&efolrsm;um; tb,folrsm;jzpfoenf; @@@@@@@@?
e,fcsJ@pepf-ya'o&mZfpepfESifh vlrsKd;}uD;0g't&dyfta&mifwdk@onf ,ae@
±Srf;jynfe,f awmfvSefa&;. &efolrsm;jzpfayonf?
tar&duef acgi;f aqmifaom t&if;±Sief ,fcs@J orm;rsm;onf rEk\vlom;
rsm; tm;vHk;ysufðyef;aprnfh wwd,urBm ppf}uD;zefwD;a&;/ tm±Swdkufodk@
0ifa&mufusL;ausmaf &;wd@k twGuf tm;xkwóf ud;yrf;v#u±f o dS nf? wwd,urBmppf
}uD;jzpfyGm;vmv#if ±Srf;jynfe,f trSefrkcs ppfwvif;jzpf&acsrnf? ±Srf;jynfol
vlxk. touftdk;tdrf pnf;pdrfwdk@onf ysufpD;cH&ayrnf? tar&duefvufudkif
wkwf jzpfaom w±kwjf zLwyfrsm;onf w±kwjf ynfo@l orRwEdik if t H m; wdu k cf u
kd af &;
twGuf ppftajccHpcef;tjzpf ±Sr;f jynfe,fv;kH vdk odr;f ydu k &f ef óud;pm;ayvdrrhf nf?
xdka=umihf ±Srf;jynfolvlxkonf e,fcsJ@tE W&m,f[lor#udk rsufajcrjywf

#%

U tun myint.pmd 57 27/1/2548, 9:08

 OD;xGe;f jrif=h a&;
apmifh=unfhae&ayrnf/ e,fcsJ@tE W&m,f[lor#udk pGrf;pGrf;wrH ckcHumuG,fae&
ayrnf?
ya'o&mZfpepfonf ±Sr;f jynfov l x
l k w&yfv;kH tm; zdEySd af oG;pkwaf eonf
omru ±Srf;jynfvl@abmif wdk;wufa&;twGuf }uD;rm;aom twm;tqD;jzpf
a=umif; az: jycJo h nf? e,f±iS yf a'o&mZfrsm;onf Edik if aH &;tm%mESihf tkycf sKk yfa&;
tm%mrsm;udk pkaygi;f vuf0g;}uD;tkyu f m ±Sr;f jynfe,f tcGeaf wmf. }uD;rm;aom
tpdwftydkif;udk rdrdwdk@ udk,fusKd;twGuf toHk;ðyv#uf±Sdavonf? bk&m;apwD
ykxdk;rsm;udk bef;jyum“oGm;&nfpmbdk;”odef;aomif;csDI &±Sdaom avmif;upm;
yJGrsm; trsm;tjym; usif;yaeavonf? wbufwGif apmfbGm;rsm;onf wae@
wjcm; odef;aygif;rsm;pGm csrf;omvm=uoavmuf tjcm;wbufwGif jynfol
vlxo k nf aiGa=u;=uyfwnf; rGaJ wum tiwfjy\emESihf &ifqikd w f ;kd ae&ayonf?
ya'o&mZf aoG;pkwfr_tay: xyfqifhI ukefaps;E_ef;wufI aexdkifr_ p&dwf}uD;
av;vmjcif;.'g%/f urBmph ;D yGm;a&;uyf. tpG,t f yGm;u ±du k cf wfvmjcif;.'g%f
wdk@udkvnf; cHae&ayonf?
ArmvlrsKd;}uD;0g'onfvnf; ya'o&mZf pHepfuJhodk@yif ±Srf;jynfolvlxk
tay: zdEydS o f nf/ ±Sr;f jynfe,fv@l abmif wd;k wufa&;twGuf twm;tqD;}uD;yif
jzpfavonf?
jynfaxmifpk jrefrmEdik if aH wmf zG@J pnf;tkycf sKyfykH tajccHOya't& wdik ;f jynf
twGuf ta&;}uD;aom vkyfief;rSefor# A[dktpdk;&vufwGif;Yom ±Sdavonf?
jynfe,frsm; udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfa&; &±Sdonfqdkaomfvnf; Oya'ðytm%mESifh
tcGeaf wmfaumufcrH _ tm%mrsm;rSm a'oE &W tpd;k &tm%momom avmufom
&±Sxd m;ayonf? jynfe,frsm;. t"du b¾mawmfaiGukd A[dt k pd;k &u cGaJ 0ay;
aom jynfe,f axmufyHhaiGrsm;tay: rSDcdktm;xm;ae&avonf? jynfe,frsm;
axmufyahH iGcaJG 0yHpk eH pfrv
S nf; wduspmG csrw S x
f m;jcif;r±S?d jynfaxmifpk tpd;k &.
pdwfqENt& cGJa0ay;aom bwf*sufa0yHkrS jynfe,frsm; t}uD;ti,ftvdkuf
tcsKd;us jyefvnfcGJa0,l=u&onf? usm;}uD;pdwfaumif;ygrS EGm;uav;awG
csrf;om&m&=uayawmhrnf?]
] aemufqufwZJG ,m;wGi=f unfyh g ææ

#&

U tun myint.pmd 58 27/1/2548, 9:08

 ±Sr;f jynfb,fvJ

t*Fvdyfe,fcsJ@ tpdk;&vufxuftcgwGif ±Srf;jynfya'o&mZfe,fajrpk

onf ArmjynfrS axmufyHhaiGrsm;udk 1940-41-ESpfrsm;wGif atmufygtwdkif;
&cJhavonf?
(1) qdyfurf; taumufcGef pkpkaygif;. 7-&mcdkifE_ef;?
(2) o=um;/ qm;/ aiGom;ESifh pD;u&ufrsm;tay:rS &±SdaomtcGefawmf
pkpkaygif;. 6³7-&mcdkifE_ef;?
(3) ±Sr;f jynfo@kd wify@kd aom "gwq f /D a&eH/ rD;jcpf rsm;rS&±Sad om tcGeaf wmf
tm;vHk;?
(4) erRwal bmfwiG ;f rdik ;f ukr% ü rD S &±Sad om tjrwfawmfceG . f 99-&mcdik Ef e_ ;f ?
(5) ±Srf;jynftwGif;±Sd tpdk;& tr_xrf;rsm;ESifh rD;&xm;Xme tr_xrf;rsm;rS
&±Sdaom tjrwfawmfcGeftm;vHk;?
(6) ±Srf;jynfY a&mif;&aom tpdk;& odef;xD0ifaiG. 40-&mcdkifE_ef;?
(7) ±Srf;jynfodk@ wifydk@aom wdkif;&if;jzpfao&nf/ ao&ufrsm;rS &±Sdaom
,pfrsKd;cGeftm;vHk;?
(8) Edik if jH cm;od@k wify@kd aom csyd t
f ay:rS &±Sad om xGuu f ek f taumufceG f
. 93 h1-&mcdkifE_ef;?
(9) Edik if jH cm;od@k wify@kd aom±Sm;tay:rS &±Sad om xGuu f ek t f aumufawmf
. 2-&mcdkifE_ef;?
(10) jrefrmjynf rD;&xm; tjrwfaiG. 7-&mcdkifE_ef;?
(11) jrefrmjynfpmwdkuf a=u;eef;Xme tjrwfaiG. 7-&mcdkifE_ef;?
(12) aiG'*F g;XmerS jrefrmjynftpd;k &u tdE, dN tpd;k &xHrS tjrwfaiG&onfh
tcg 5-&mcdkifE_ef;?
±Srf;jynf ya'o&mZf e,fajrpkrS jrefrmjynfodk@ 1949-50 ESifh 1940-
41-ckESpfrsm;wGif jyefvnf ay;oGif;&aom aiGrsm; atmufygtcsKd;twdkif;jzpfay
onf?
(1) qdyu f rf; taumufawmfXme ukeu f sp&dwaf iG pkpak ygi;f . 6 ³2-&mcdik f
E_ef;?
(2) qm;/ o=um;ESihf rD;jcpftay: taumufawmf aumuf&mwGif ukeu f s

#'

U tun myint.pmd 59 27/1/2548, 9:08

 OD;xGe;f jrif=h a&;

aomfp&dwfaiG. 6³2-&mcdkifE_ef;?
(3) jrefrmjynf rD;&xm;Xme ±H_;aiG. 7-&mcdkifE_ef;?
(4) pmwdkuf a=u;eef;Xme ±H_;aiG. 7-&mcdkifE_ef;?
(5) rD;&xm; pmwdu k /f a=u;eef; twGuf jrefrmjynfu tdE, Nd od@k ay;qyf
&aom taºuG;aiG. 7-&mcdkifE_ef;?
(6) tdE, dN jyefo@kd jrefrmjynfu ay;qyf&aom taºuG;aiG. 6 8h &mcdik Ef e_ ;f ?
(7) oef;acgipf m&if; aumuf,al &;twGuf ukeu f sp&dwu f kd vlO;D a& tcsK;d
twdkif; &mcdkifE_ef;?
(8) aiG'*F g;oGe;f vkyaf &;Y tdE, Nd tpd;k &wd@k jrefrmjynftpd;k &u ay;&aomaiG
. 5-&mcdkifE_ef;?
(9) yifpifvpmrsm;twGuf tdEdN,tpdk;&odk@ jrefrmjynftpdk;&u ay;oGif;
&aom aiG. 6³8-&mcdkifE_ef;?
(10) umuG,fa&; XmeESifh c&mZf,mefbmoma&;Xme ukefusp&dwfaiG.
6³8 -&mcdkifE_ef;?
(11) jrefrmjynftpdk;&. EdkifiHjcm;a&;udpPtwGuf ukefusaiG. 6³8-&mcdkif
E_ef;?
txufyg E_ef;csKd;twdkif; 1940-41-ckESpfwGif ±Srf;jynfESifhArmjynf tjyef
tvSef ay;oGif;aiGrSm atmufygtwdkif;jzpfionf?
jrefrmjynfu ±Srf;jynfodk@ @@@@@ aiG @@@@@ 58˜81˜000d
±Srf;jynfu jrefrmjynfodk@ @@@@@ aiG @@@@@ 23˜82˜000d
35˜06˜000d
(OD;tkHk;jrifha&;-wdk@±Srf;jynfpmtkyfrS)
jynfaxmifpk jrefrmEdkifiHawmf zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk tjccHOya'udk vHk;vHk;
raumif;[k rqdv k akd y? ArmvlrsK;d }uD;0g' vH;k 0uif;pifaom A[dt k pd;k &vufatmuf
wGif tqdyk g tajccHOya't&yif jynfe,frsm;}uD;yGm;wd;k wufEikd yf gonf? jynfe,f
rsm;twGi;f aumufc&H ±Sad om tcGeaf wmfaiGrsm;ESihf A[dt k pd;k &. axmufyahH iGrsm;
tay:wGio f m trSðD yI jynfe,f}uD;yGm;&rnfqv kd #if jynfe,frsm; b,faomtcgrS
}uD;yGm;wdk;wufvmawmhrnf r[kwfay?

$

U tun myint.pmd 60 27/1/2548, 9:08

 ±Sr;f jynfb,fvJ

jynfe,fa'o toD;oD;Y wnf±Sdaom obm0 xkwfukefypPnf;rsm;ay:

tajcwnfI aiGvHk; aiG&if;oHk;pGJaiGrsm;jzifh pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;}uD;rsm; wnfaxmif
jcif;/ aumvdyaf usmif;/ txufwef;/ pufry_ nmoifausmif;rsm;/ wnfaxmifay;
jcif;jzifhom jynfe,frsm; }uD;yGm;wdk;wufvmayvdrfhrnf? ,if;vkyfief;rsm;rSm
zGJ@pnf; tkyfcsKyfyHk tajccH Oya't& A[dktpdk;&u aqmif±Guf&rnfh vkyfief;rsm;
jzpfayonf?
xdka=umifh atmufus/ aemufus jzpfaeaom ±Srf;jynfolvlxk. EdkifiHa&;/
pD;yGm;a&;/ ,Ofaus;r_/ tqift h wef; wd;k wuf}uD;yGm;a&;twGuf e,fcs@J ya'o&mZf
ESihf vlrsK;d }uD;0g't&dyf ta&mifrsm; vH;k 0 uif;pifatmif òzdzsu=f urnfom jzpfay
ownf;?

š{›œ

$

U tun myint.pmd 61 27/1/2548, 9:08

 OD;xGe;f jrif=h a&;

tc%f; (5)

±Sr;f jynfe,f awmfveS af &;. vkyif ef;rsm;

e,fcs@J -ya'o&mZfEiS hf vlrsK;d }uD;0g'onf ,ae@±Sr;f jynfe,f awmfveS af &;.
OD;wnfwu kd &f rnfh &eforl sm;tjzpf awG@jrif&v#if ‚if;wd@k tm; wdu k zf su&f ef tb,f
vkyfief;rsm; vkyfaqmif=u&rnfenf;? @@@@@@@@
e,fcsJ@tE W&m,fudk ±Srf;wrsKd;om;vHk;omru ArmwrsKd;om;vHk;ESifh yl;wGJ
um pk±Hk;umuG,f=u&rnfjzpfayonf?
(1) ºuGi;f useaf eao;aom w±kwjf zLrsm;tm; wa,mufrusef wdu k x
f wk f
ypf&rnf?
(2) wwd,urBmppfrD;}uD; rawmufyGm;vmEdkifap&ef wm;qD;=u&rnf?
(3) urBm@+idr;f csr;f a&;udk r&rae umuG,x f ed ;f odr;f &ef urBm@jynfov l xl k
ESifh yl;aygif;I aqmif±Guf=u&ayrnf?
ya'o&mZf pepfzsuo f rd ;f a&;ESihf ywfoufI tcsK@d u apmfbmG ;rsm; tm%m
pGe@f v$waf &; taumiftxnf ay:v#i+f yD;qH;k +yD[k ,lqae=uonf/ apmfbmG ;rsm;
tkycf sKyfrt
_ m%mpGe@f onf qd±k rkH #jzifh ya'o&mZfpepf}uD; ysupf ;D roGm;ay? ESpaf ygi;f
ESpfaxmifcef@ ±Srf;jynfvl@abmifwGif tjrpfwG,fvmaom ya'o&mZfEdkifiHa&;/
ya'o&mZfpD;yGm;a&;/ ya'o&mZf ,Ofaus;r_rsm;udk tjrpfupI òzdzsufypf&rnf
jzpfayonf?

'Dru
kd a&pDEikd if aH &;
ya'o&mZfEdkifiHa&;udk òzdzsufI 'Drdkua&pDEdkifiHa&;onf wnfaqmuf&ef
atmufygvkyfief;rsm;udk aqmif±Guf&rnf?
(1) jynfo@l vGwv f yfciG hf tajccH 'Dru
kd a&pDtcGit
hf a&;rsm; jynf0h pGm cHpm;
cGifh&±Sda&;?
(2) zdESdyfcsKyfcs,fr_ Oya'rsm; ±kyfodrf;a&;?
(3) EdkifiHa&; tusOf;orm;rsm;tm;vHk; c|if;csufr±Sd v$wfypfa&;?
$

U tun myint.pmd 62 27/1/2548, 9:08

 ±Sr;f jynfb,fvJ

(4) rw&m;toif;tjzpf a=ujimxm;aom toif;tzG@J rsm;tm; w&m;0if

toif;tjzpf a=ujima&;?
(5) ya'o&mZf jAL±du k &uf tkycf sKyfa&; ,E &W m;rsm;udk zsuo
f rd ;f I a'oE &W
aumifpD tqifhqifhjzifh tkyfcsKyfaom 'Drdkua&pD tkyfcsKyfa&;pepfwnfaxmifa&;?
(6) vlrsK;d pk v$waf wmfo@kd apmfbmG ; 25-OD;a±G;aumufyrJG 0ifbJ wufa&muf
aejcif;udk &yfpJa&;?
(7) vlrsKd;pkrsm; &oifh&xdkufaom tcGifhta&;rsm; &±SdcHpm;apa&;?
(8) jynfwGif;ppf &yfpJapa&;?

jynfo‹l pD;yGm;a&;
ya'o&mZf pD;yGm;a&;udk zsuo f rd ;f I jynfo@l pD;yGm;a&; wnfaxmif&mwGi-f
(1) ya'o&mZf e,f±iS rf sm;ESihf tjcm;ajr±Si}f uD;rsm; ydik q
f idk af om v,f,m
+cHajrrsm;udk “v,f,mvkyo f l v,f,mydik af &;” pepft& +cH,m v,form;rsm;od@k
cGJa0ay;&rnf?
(2) +cH,mv,form;rsm;tay: rw&m;wif±Sdaom aºuG;+rDrsm;udk av#mf
ypf&rnf?
(3) twdk;}uD;pm;pepf zsufodrf;ypf&rnf?
(4) o\ar" tcGefudk vHk;0zsufodrf;&rnf?
(5) ajrcGef-+cHcGef/ ,mcGefv,fcGefrsm; av#mhaygh&rnf?
(6) acwfrrSDaom pdkufysKd;a&; pepftpm; acwfrSDavmu"gwfenf; puf
,E W&m;enf;jzifh xGef,ufpdkufysKd;a&; pepfudk wDxGiftm;ay;&rnf?
(7) ±Srf;jynfw0Srf;vHk;±Sd obm0 xGufukefypPnf;rsm;udk xkwfvkyf&rnf?
(8) ±Srf;jynfe,fwGif yifrt&if;cH pufr_vkyfief;}uD;rsm;ESifh ae@pOf oHk;ukef
pufr_vkyfief;rsm;udk obm0 ypPnf;±Sdaoma'otvdkuf wnfaxmifay;&ef A[dk
tpd;k &od@k ta&;qd&k rnf? ±Sr;f jynfe,ftwGuf pufrv _ ufrv _ yk if ef; xGe;f um;a&;
pDruH ed ;f oD;jcm;a&;qGaJ pI vdt k yfaom aiG&if;pufu&d,mESihf ynm±Sirf sm; tul
tnDudk EdkifiHjcm;rS EdkifiHa&; taESmiftzGJ@uif;aom tultnDrsm; &,lap&ef

$!

U tun myint.pmd 63 27/1/2548, 9:08

 OD;xGe;f jrif=h a&;

A[dktpdk;&odk@ ta&;qdk&rnf?
(9) acwfrSDvrf;yef;qufoG,fa&; wdk;csJ@&rnf? (rD;&xm;vrf;/ armfawmf
um;vrf;/ pmwdkuf/ a=u;eef;/ w,fvDzkef;)

,Ofaus;r+
atmufyg vkyfief;rs;t&omv#if ya'o&mZf ,Ofaus;r_udk tjrpfuyg
okwfoif òzdzsufEdkifayrnf?
(1) pmrwwfol yaysmufa&;?
(2) aus;±Gmwdkif; rlvwef;ausmif;±Sda&;?
(3) tv,fwef;ausmif;ESifh txufwef;ausmif;rsm; wdk;csJ@a&;?
(4) wuUodkvfESifh txufwef; pufr_ynmausmif;rsm;wnfaxmifa&;?
(5) vlrsKd;toD;oD;. bmom pmay wdk;wufjyef@yGm;a&;?
(6) avmif;upm;yGJrsm; zsufodrf;a&;?
(7) pH;k ua0/ wap>/ rE &W m;/ tif;tdik /f rSiaf =umif/ vufz@JG t,l0g'tpGrJ sm;udk
(tpd;k &tm%moH;k jcif;/ t=uyfuikd jf cif; rðyyJ ynmay;jcif; tEl;t!Gwf odr;f oGi;f
jcif;jzifh) yaysmufapa&;?

ArmvlrsKd;}uD;0g'wm;qD;a&;
ArmvlrsKd;}uD;0g'udk wm;qD;&mwGif u|rf;usifr_ r±Sdv#if“Armtvdkr±Sd”
“±Sr;f rSw@kd ±Sr;f ”[laom usO;f ajrmif;aom vlrsK;d a&; w&m;rsm; 0ifa&mufvmwwf
onf? usOf;ajrmif;aomvlrsKd;a&; oabmw&m;onf vlrsKd;a&; t"du±k%f;udk
jzpfapwwfonf? vlrsKd;a&;pdwfemv#if awmfawmfESifh ukIr&?
Armvlxo k nf ±Sr;f vlx.k &eforl [kwaf y? ArmvlrsK;d }uD;0g' t&dyt
f a&mif
rsm;om ±Sr;f vlx. k &eforl sm; jzpfayonf? vlrsK;d }uD; t&dyt
f a&mifrsm;udk yGiv
hf if;
pGm az:xkwfI ta&;qdk=u&rnfom jzpfayonf?
š{›œ

$"

U tun myint.pmd 64 27/1/2548, 9:08

 ±Sr;f jynfb,fvJ

tc%f; (6)
±Sr;f jynfe,f awmfveS af &; tiftm;pkrsm;
±Srf;jynfe,f vl@abmifwGif vlwef;pm; (5)&yfwnf±Sdaeayonf?
(1) ya'o&mZf vlwef;pm;?
(2) "e±Sif vlwef;pm;?
(3) vlvwfwef;pm;?
(4) awmifolv,form;vlwef;pm;?
(5) ypPnf;rJh tvkyform; vlwef;pm;?
‚if;vlwef;pm; (5)&yfteuf rnfonfhvlwef;pm;onf ±Srf;jynfawmfvSef
a&;udk tusKd;ðyonf tusKd;,kwfaponf ponfwdk@udkt=urf;tm;jzifh qef;ppf
=unfh=updk@?

(1) ya'o&mZfvw
l ef;pm;
Tvlwef;pm;wGif ya'o&mZf e,f±Sify,f±Sifrsm;tm;vHk;ESifh v,f,m
+cHydkif±Sif}uD;rsm; yg0ifavonf?
ya'o&mZf e,f±Sifrsm;wGif e,f±Sif}uD;/ e,f±Sifav;[lI jcm;em;r_±Sd+yD;
0ifaiGteJtrsm;ESihf wefc;kd tm%m cGaJ 0r_wiG w f n
l rD r_ ±SI
d tcsi;f csi;f yËdyuQ±odS nf
um; rSefayonf? e,fcsJ@qef@usifa&;tcef;wGif tcsKd@e,f±Sifuav;rsm;onf
rd r d w d k @ cH p m;ae&aom tcG i f h t a&;rsm;tay: rl w nf I ygvmEd k i f a omf v nf ;
'Drdkua&pD wnfaqmufa&;wGif e,f±Sif}uD;i,fruGJ wpkw±Hk;wnf; qef@usifae
=uonf?
“jynfawmfom ya'o&mZf qkd±S,fvpf”acwfwGif apmfbGm;rsm;onf
apmfbGm;t&omwGif qdrfhtDIae=uonf? enf;rsKd;pHkjzifh pD;yGm;tjzpf}uD;jzpfae
=uonf ? e,f c sJ @ vuf e uf a tmuf w G i f zG w f u m;pk w f y if rwwf E d k i f a om
apmfbmG ;i,frsm;rSm ‘jynfawmfomya'o&mZf qd±k , S v f pf’acwfwiG f rSeuf m;opf
}uD;awG w0D0pD ;D um ig;aomif;txufwefz;kd ±Sad om wdu k t
f rd rf sm; wnfaqmufae

$#

U tun myint.pmd 65 27/1/2548, 9:08

 OD;xGe;f jrif=h a&;

=uonf? Tr#pnf;pdr, f pfae=u&aom apmfbmG ;rsm;tvdt k av#muf pdwaf pwem

aumif;ESihf tm%mpGe@f =uvdrrhf nf[k ar#mv f ifah eolrsm;rSm ±Su
d pf yD;,m; yHjk yifxu
J
uJo
h @kd “aEGvtv,f oef;acgi, f tH yd rf ufqef;”rufaeolrsm;aomf‚if;/ “±Sr;f jynf
. aqmif;wGif;tdyfruf uawmufuwuf”rufaeolaomf‚if;/ jzpfayonf?
tjcm; v,f,m+cHydkif±Sif}uD;rsm; rSmvnf; 'Drdkua&pDawmfvSefa&;. &efol
rsm;jzpfayonf?
(2) "e±Siv
f w
l ef;pm;
±Sr;f jynfe,f wdik ;f &if;om; pufrv _ yk if ef;rsm; rxGe;f um;cJo h jzifh pufrt
_ &if;
±Sif}uD;rsm;/ ray:aygufcJhay? odk@&mwGif qefpuf/ qDpuf/ *sKHpuf/ opfpufydkif±Sif
uav;rsm; ae&mtESH@tjym;wGif awG@Edkifayonf? owWKvkyfief;ydkif±Sifrsm;ESifh
a=u;&nfwwf ukefonf}uD;rsm;yg xnfhwGufv#if ±Srf;jynfe,fwGif pD;yGm;a&;jzpf
ay:r_ twdkif;txGmtav#muf "e±Sifvlwef;pm; toifhtwifh ±Sdonf[kqdk&
ayrnf?
urBm@&mZ0ifudkavhvmv#if 1917-ckrwdkifrSD ya'o&mZfpepfudk "e±Sif
vlwef;pm;u acgif;aqmifI òzdzsufvmcJhonf?
±Srf;jynfe,f "e±Sifvlwef;pm;teuf ya'o&mZf pD;yGm;a&;jzifhtnrn
qufpyfaeolrsm; ya'o&mZfpepfukd tvkyt f aºuG;ðyaeolrsm; (Oyrm-upm;'dik f
tkyfrsm; vuf0g;}uD;tkyf yGJpm;}uD;rsm;)rSty usefpufr_vkyfief;ydkif±Sifrsm;rSm
&mZ0if b0ay;t& ya'o&mZfqef@usifa&; tcef;wGif yg0ifae=uayonf?
±kyyf ikd ;f &mZ0ift& "e±Sivf w
l ef;pm;ESihf ya'o&mZfpepfonf }uD;pGmyËdyuQ
ðyae=uonf ? "e±S i f v l w ef ; pm;onf "e±S i f ' D r d k u a&pD j zpf a y:r_ u d k a ±S ; ±_ I
ya'o&mZfpepfonf "e±Sifpepf jzpfay:r_ukdwm;qD;aeonf?
Oyrm pufyikd ±f iS rf sm;onf rdrw
d @kd pufxu G f ypPn;f rsm;udak &mif;&ef jynfov l l
rsm;pkjzpfaom awmifolv,form;wdk@. 0,ftm;ay:rSDcdkae&.? awmifol
v,form;rsm;. 0,ftm;aumif;rS rdrdwdk@ukefypPnf;udk rsm;rsm;a&mif;&onf?
ypPnf;rsm;rsm;a&mif;I tjrwftpGef;rsm;rsm;&rS "e±Sifpepf xGef;um;onf?
ya'o&mZfpepfa=umifh ±Srf;jynfawmifolv,form;rsm; qif;&JrGJawae=uonf?

$$

U tun myint.pmd 66 27/1/2548, 9:08

 ±Sr;f jynfb,fvJ

ukefypPnf;rsm;udk vdkoavmuf zlvHkatmif0,f,l&ef 0,ftm;r±Sday? awmifol

v,form;rsm; ya'o&mZf aoG;pkwfr_rS vGwfajrmufrSom pufr_vkyfief;¶Sifrsm;
}uD;yGm;Edkifayrnf? ya'o&mZf. e,fy,f trsKd;rsKd;uGJjym;+yD; xHk;pH"avh trsKd;rsKd;
jzpfaejcif;rSmvnf; acwfrSD ul;oef;a&mif;0,fa&;ESifh pufr_vkyfief;xGef;um;a&;
udkfwm;qD;aeayonf? pD;yGm;a&;avmuwGif rdrdwdk@ yg0ifae&aom b0t&yif
"e±Sifvlwef;pm;onf ya'o&mZfqef@usifa&; oabm±Sdayonf?

(3) vlvwfwef;pm;
vlvwfwef;pm;onf us,af jymI vlwef;pm;tv$m trsK;d rsK;d uGjJ ym;aeav
onf? vlvwfwef;pm;wGif ynmwwfrsm; ausmif;om;rsm; òrd@aeqif;&Jom;rsm;
vcpm;rsm;/ vufry_ nmonfrsm;/ q&m0efEiS hf a±Sa› e&yfrsm;/ ukeo f nfuav;rsm;
yg0ifayonf? awmifolv,form;rsm;rSm pD;yGm;a&;b0t& vlvwfwef;pm;yif
jzpfaomfvnf; ya'o&mZfEikd if w H iG f awmifov l ,form; OD;a&onf 80-&mcdik Ef e_ ;f
rS 90-&mcdik Ef e_ ;f txd ±S=d uay&m? ‚if;vlwef;pm;twGuf oD;jcm;avhvm&ayonf?
vlvwfwef;pm;tv$mrsm;udk wv$mpDqef;ppf=unfh=updk@?
(u) ynmwwfEiS hf ausmif;om;.v$mwGif ausmif;om;xkEiS hf txufwef;
ausmif;xGuf aumvdyfxGufrsm; yg0ifayonf? ‚if;wdk@teuf ya'o&mZf vuf
yg;aprsm;rSty/ uset f m;vH;k rSm ya'o&mZfpepf. zdEydS rf u _ ckd aH e&onf? wdik ;f jynf
rwd;k wufItvkyv f ufrrhJ sm;onf Tvlwef;pm; tv$mtwGuf tem*gwt f a&;
onf pdwfrat;p&mjzpfonf? b0vHkòcHr_r±Sd ausmif;uxGufv#if tvkyfvufrJh
jy\emESihf &ifqikd w f ;kd &onf? tvkyt f udik f ud, k w
f ikd &f onf xm;OD; ‚if;wd@k onf
ya'o&mZfavmif;&dyfrdaeaom ±Srf;jynfESifh jynfolvlxkatmufusaemufus
jzpfaejcif;udo k m awG@jrif+yD; rausreyf jzpfae=uonf? acwfynmwwf+yD; Edik if aH &;
Ed;k =um;r_±I
dS ±Sr;f jynfawmfveS af &;twGuf toH;k 0ifaom tiftm;pk jzpfayonf?
(c) òrd@aeqif;&Jom; tv$mwGif Aswx f ;kd acgi;f ±GuEf iS hf vrf;av#mufaps;onf
rsm; wGef;vSnf;/ EGm;vSnf;orm;rsm; udk,fydkifudk,fvkyfrsm;ESifh tvkyfvufrJhrsm;
yg0ifonf? Tvlwef;pm;tv$monf tvGefqif;&J rGJawayonf? &if;ESD;p&m

$%

U tun myint.pmd 67 27/1/2548, 9:08

 OD;xGe;f jrif=h a&;

vSn;f EGm;ponf wd@k ±SI

d om vlvwfwef;pm;wGif yg0ifaeonf? trSerf mS ypPn;f rJh
wydkif;jzpfonf/ tcsKd@òrd@aeqif;&Jom;rsm;onf puf±HkypPnf;rJh tvkyform;rsm;
xufyif qif;&JrGJaw=uonf? awmfvSefa&;twGuf ,Hk=unftm;udk;&aom
tiftm;pkyifjzpfonf?
(*) vcpm;tv$mwGif tpd;k &r_xrf;&mxrf; vcpm;rsm;ESihf tjcm;ukew f u
kd f
yGJ±Hkvcpm;rsm; yg0ifayonf? Tvlwef;pm;onf rnfoludkr#aoG;rpkwf/ rdrdwdk@
wwfu|r;f aom ynmjzifh toufarG;ae=uonf? b,fawmhtvkyðf ywf+yD; tvkyf
vufrJhjzpfrvJ[laom pdk;&drfr_onf Tvlwef;pm; tv$mudk v$rf;rdk;aeonf?
awmfvSefa&;wGif yg0ifEdkifaom tiftm;pkjzpfayonf?
(C) vufry_ nmonfrsm;wGif yef;wdr/f yef;yk/ oHjzLq&m/ vuform;tp
±Sdaom woD;yk*~v vufr_ynmonfrsm;yg0ifonf? xdkolwdk@vnf; ya'o&mZf
pepfa=umifh r}uD;yGm;Edkif tvkyfvufrJh tiwfjy\emESifh awG@óuHae=u&onf?
awmfvSefa&;. tiftm;pkyifjzpfonf?
(i) q&m0efEiS hf a±Sa› ea±S&› yfrsm;rSm ynmudt
k rDðS yI toufarG; 0rf;a=umif;
ðyaeolrsm;jzpfonf? Tvlwef;pm;onf 0ifaiGaumif;I "e±Sifpdwfaygufwwf
aomfvnf; awmfvSefa&;wGif yg0ifEdkifaom tiftm;pkyifjzpfayonf?
(p) ukefonfuav;rsm;onf vufr_ynm±Sifrsm; enf;wl ya'o&mZf
aoG;pkwrf a_ tmufwiG f vl;vSrd ahf eonf? tvkyv f ufrhJ tiwfjy\em. +cdr;f ajcmuf
r_udkcHae&onf? awmfvSefa&;wGif yg0ifEdkifonf?
(4) awmifov
l ,form;vlwef;pm;
±Srf;jynfe,fawmifolv,form;onf ±Srf;jynfe,fvlOD;a&&mcdkifE_ef; 80-
ausmfyg0ifonf? awmifolv,form;rsm;onf trsm;tm;jzifh t&if;tESD;ESifh
ukefvkyfu&d,m(v,f,m+cH/ u|J/ EGm;ESifhv,fvkyfu&d,m)rsm; tenf;trsm;
ydkifqdkif=uonf? odk@aomf rsm;aomtm;jzifh qif;&JrGJawaom tajctaerSmyif
±Sdonf?
±Srf;jynfe,fonf xGef,ufpdkufysKd;Edkifaom ajr{&d,maygrsm;+yD; vlOD;a&
enf;yg;onfhtwGuf v,f,mrJhjy\emonf tvGefeJyg;onf? e,f±SifapmfbGm;

$&

U tun myint.pmd 68 27/1/2548, 9:08

 ±Sr;f jynfb,fvJ

rsm;. t&mawmfv,f,m ajrrsm;ESihf v,f,m+cHyikd ±f iS }f uD;wd@k . v,f,mwk@d wGif

oD;pm;vkyu f ikd &f aom awmifov l ,form;rsm;rSty awmifov l ,form;trsm;pk
onf udk,fydkif+cH,mv,f,muav;rsm;udk udk,hf0rf;pmudk,f zlvHka&;twGuf
tdro f m;wpk 0dik ;f 0ef;vkyu
f ikd f pm;aomuf=u&onf? ud, k 0hf rf;pm ud, k rf zlvakH om
tdrfaxmifpk awmifolv,form;rsm;onf tjcm;v,f,m+cHrsm;odk@‘tm;c’
vduk If aomf‚if;/ rde;f rrsm;aq;vdycf w kH iG f aq;vdyvf yd cf ,lIaomf‚if;/ a,mufsm;
rsm; òrd@wufusbrf;ulvv D yk If aomf‚if;/vdt k yfaom0rf;pmudk jznfw h if;ay;&onf?
udk,fh0rf;pm udk,fzlvHkonfqdkaom awmifolv,form;rsm;rSm vlaer_
tvGefedrfhusaom rdrdwdk@.b0twGuf xrif;ESifh[if;qdkI yJykwfðiwfoD;jzifhom
t[m&jznf h w if ; ae&±S m onf ? vl r _ p nf ; pd r f c H p m;cG i f h u d k ±S r f ; jynf a wmif o l
v,form;rsm; em;rvnf=u±Smay? aumufyJoD;ESH ysufpD;onfhtcg tiwf
jy\emESifh &ifqdkifae=u&onf?
awmifolv,form;rsm;onf ±Srf;jynfya'o&mZf qef@usifa&;twGuf
rygr+yD; t"du tiftm;pkyifjzpfayonf?
(5) ypPn;f rJv
h w
l ef;pm;
±Srf;jynfe,fwGif e,fcsJ@-ya'o&mZfwdk@ jyif;xefpGm zdESdyfaoG;pkwfvmcJhr_
a=umifh pufr_vkyfief;}uD;rsm; rjzpfxGef;EdkifcJhay? xdk@a=umifh acwfrSDpufr_vkyfief;
tvkyo f rm; vlwef;pm;w&yftaeESihf rm;rm;rwfrwf ray:ayguEf ikd cf yhJ g? qefpuf/
qDpuf/ *sKHpuf/ opfpufrsm;rSmvnf; tao;pm;puf±Hkrsm;jzpf+yD; tvkyform;
2-a,muf/ 3-a,mufrS 10-a,muf/ 15-a,mufcef@om vkyfudkif=u&onf?
puf±Hkrsm;jyef@}uJaeI tvkyform;rsm; pkpnf;r_r±Sd=uay?
ypPn;f rJt
h vkyo
f rm; tpkta0;ESi[ hf I
l ±Sr;f jynfajrmufyikd ;f erRwal bmfwiG ;f
om ±Sad eao;onf? ypPn;f rJh vlwef;pm;onf OD;a&tm;jzifeh nf;yg;/ tawG@tóuH
tm;jzifEh ek ,f/ ,Ofaus;r_tm;jzifh edru
hf saeao;aomfvnf; ±Sr;f jynfe,fawmfveS f
a&;twGuf t"duvnf;jzpf awmfvSefa&;vnf; tusqHk;aom acgif;aqmif
vlwef;pm;yifjzpfayonf?
š{›œ

$'

U tun myint.pmd 69 27/1/2548, 9:08

 OD;xGe;f jrif=h a&;

tc%f; (7)

bmawmfvSefa&;rsKd;vJ
±Sr;f jynfe,fv@l abmif tajctaersm;ukd ordik ;f pOfEiS w hf bJG ufI oH;k oyfc+hJ yD;
av+yD? ±Sr;f jynfe,f awmfveS af &;.&efo/l awmfveS af &;. vkyif ef;/ awmfveS af &;
. tiftm;pkrsm;udkvnf;ppfI owfrSwfcJhav+yD?
a±S›qufI ,ae@±Srf;jynfe,fwGif usa&mufaeaom awmfvSefa&;onf
rnfonfhawmfvSefa&; trsKd;tpm; jzpfonfudk qef;ppf=u&ayrnf?
,ae@±Srf;jynfe,f. t"du&efolrSm e,fcsJ@pepfESifh ya'o&mZfpepfjzpf
av&m ±Srf;jynfe,f. awmfvSefa&;rSm e,fcsJ@pepfqef@usifa&; ya'o&mZfpepf
zsufodrf;a&;yif jzpfayonf? e,fcsJ@pepf qef@usifa&;rSm trsKd;om;toGif±SdI
ya'o&mZfpepfzsufodrf;a&;rSm 'Drdkua&pDtoGif±Sdayonf?
±Sr;f jynfe,fonf ,ae@udv k ekd D Edik if b
H 0 r[kwaf wmhIe,fcs@J pepfqef@usif
a&; vkyfief;onf trsKd;om;vGwfajrmufa&; vkyfief;toGif r[kwfawmhay?
e,fcsJ@tE W&m,fckcHa&;/ wwd,urBmppfwm;qD;a&;/ urBm@+idrf;csrf;a&; xdef;odrf;
umuG,f vkyfief;rsm;om e,fcsJ@pepf qef@usifa&; vkyfief;rsm; jzpfayonf?
jynfwiG ;f Y ya'o&mZfpepf zsuo f rd ;f I 'Dru
kd a&pD Edik if w
H nfaxmif&rnfyif
jzpfayonf? awmfvSefa&;tqifhonf ya'o&mZfpepfzsufodrf;I qdk±S,fvpf
avmu od@k csw D uf&ef r[kwaf o;yg? atmufus aemufus ya'o&mZf ±Sr;f jynf
tm; acwfrw DS ;kd wufaom 'Dru
kd a&pD ±Sr;f jynftjzpfo@kd wnfaqmuf&rnft h qifh
wGif om±Sdao;onf?
xdk@a=umifh ,ae@±Srf;jynfe,fwGif qifEGJ&rnfh awmfvSefa&; trsKd;tpm;
onf 'Drdkua&pDawmfvSefa&; trsKd;tpm;yif jzpfayonf? odk@&mwGif 1900-ck
rwdkifrDS Oa&mywdkufwGif ay:aygufcJhaom "e±Sif 'Drdkua&pDawmfvSefa&; trsKd;
tpm;rsKd; r[kwfbJ 1917-ckESpf 'Dbuf ±k±Sm;jynf atmufwkdbmawmfvSefa&;
t+yD; xl;jcm;opfviG pf mG ay:ayguv f maom jynfo@l 'Dru kd a&pDawmfveS af &; trsK;d
tpm;om jzpfayonf?

%

U tun myint.pmd 70 27/1/2548, 9:08

 ±Sr;f jynfb,fvJ

1900-ckEpS f rwdik rf . D "e±Sif 'Drukd a&pD awmfveS af &;ESihf 1917-ckEpS f 'Dbuf

jynfo@l 'Dru kd a&pDawmfveS af &;wd@k onf rnfo@kd jcm;em;avoenf;? awmfveS af &;
umvonf tajccHtm;jzifh jcm;em;ayonf? 1900-ck rwdik rf w D iG f t&if;±Sipf epf
onfwdk;wufonfh tydkif;wGif ±SdaecJhonf? 1917-ck atmufwdkbm qdk±S,fvpf
awmfvSefa&;}uD;t+yD; 'DbufwGif t&if;±Sifpepfonf wae@wjcm; usqHk;aeI
wbufwGif qdk±S,fvpfpepf wdk;wufaeavonf? yxr urBmppf}uD; t+yD;wGif
qd±k , S v f pfEikd if t
H jzpf qdAk ,
D uf ,le, D wH Edik if w
H nf; ay:aygucf ahJ omfvnf; 'kw, d
urBmppf}uD; t+yD;wGif w±kwjf ynfo@l orRwEdik if }H uD;ESihf tjcm;jynfo@l 'Dru kd a&pD
Ed k i f i H r sm; ay:ayguf v mavonf ? urB m @vl O D ; a& oef ; aygif ; 900-eD ; yg;onf
qd±k , S v f pfpepfwnfaqmufae=uavonf? qdAk , D ufEikd if rH mS qd±k ,
S v f pf acwfxuf
wqifhjrifhaom uGefjrLepfpepfodk@yif csDwufaeav+yD?
xd@k a=umifh ,ckumv(0)t&if;±Sif pepfusq;kH ae+yD; qd±k , S v f pfpepf wd;k wuf
aeonf h u mvwG i f ay:ayguf a om 'D r d k u a&pD awmf v S e f a &;ud k t&if ; ±S i f
vlwef;pm;onf acgi;f aqmifr_ ray;Edik af y? acgi;f aqmifyguvnf; awmfveS af &;udk
atmifjrifonftxd qifEGJEkdifrnf r[kwfay? ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm;omv#if acgif;
aqmif &ayrnf? 1945-ck ±Srf;jynfe,fzufqpfawmfvSefa&;wGif‚if;/ 1945-
1948-e,fcsJ@ awmfvSefa&;wGif‚if;/ ypPnf;rJh acgif;aqmifr_ odk@r[kwf ypPnf;rJh
oabmw&m; acgi;f aqmifr_ r±Scd I hJ 'Dru kd a&pD awmfveS af &;onf ratmifjrifcahJ y?
ya'o&mZf pepfom qufvuf wnf+rJcJhayonf?

š{›œ

%

U tun myint.pmd 71 27/1/2548, 9:08

 OD;xGe;f jrif=h a&;

tc%f; (8)

awmfveS af &;. tvm;=tvm

±Sr;f jynfe,f awmfveS af &;onf jynfo@l 'Dru kd a&pD awmfveS af &; tqifjh zpfI
TawmfvSefa&;udk ypPnf;rJh vlwef;pm;omv#if acgif;aqmif&rnf[k a±S›tc%f;
wGif az: jycJhav+yD?
±Srf;jynfe,fwGif ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm;onf }uD;rm;onfhtiftm;pk rjzpfvm
ao;/ pnf;±Hk;aom vlwef;pm;vnf; r[kwfao;/ xdk@jyif ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm;.
a±S›aqmif EdkifiHa&;ygwDonf ray:aygufao;onfrSm rSefygonf? odk@aomfvnf;
±Srf;jynfe,fwGif ypPnf;rJh vlwef;pm;onf }uD;xGm;v#uf ±Sd+yD;ypPnf;rJh oabm
w&m; (0g) rmhufpf vDeif0g'onf jyef@yGm;v#uf ±Sdayonf?
±Sr;f jynfe,f jynfo@l 'Dru
kd a&pDawmfveS af &;}uD; atmifjrifonftxd qifEJG
&ef ±Srf;jynfe,f ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm;onf acgif;aqmifI-odk@r[kwf ypPnf;rJh
vlwef;pm;. rmhupf f vDeif0g'onf- ypPn;f rJv h w l ef;pm;ESihf awmifovl ,form;
vlwef;pm;wdk@onf cdkifrmaom r[mrdwftjzpf zGJ@pnf;um vlvwfwef;pm;ESifh
wdik ;f &if; "e±Sirf sm;yg0ifaom ya'o&mZf qef@usiaf &;wyfaygi;f pk}uD; zG@J pnf;&rnf
jzpfayonf?
±Srf;jynfe,f ypPnf;rJhrsm;onf aoG;a=umiftm;i,fp&mr±Sd/ jrefrmjynfr
ESifhwuG urBmw0Srf;vHk;±Sd ypPnf;rJhrsm;ESifh wdk;wufaom tiftm;pkrsm;tm;vHk;
onf ±Sr;f jynfe,f ypPn;f rJrh sm;. cdik rf maom r[mrdwrf sm;yif jzpfayonf? urBm
w0Srf;vkHk;±Sd ypPnf;rJhrsm;ESifh wdk;wufaom tiftm;pkrsm;onf azgufjyefaom
ajr±Siyf a'o&mZf pepfEiS hf urBmt h &if;±Sif e,fcs@J pepf}uD;wckv;kH udk ajrðryfoò*F[f
&ef atmufajcrS wGe;f vSef òzdvv JS #uf ±Sad vonf?
±Srf;trsKd;om;wdk@onf jrefrmtrsKd;om;ESifh jcm;em;aomvlrsKd;wrsKd;jzpf.?
odk@&mwGif &mZ0ifjzpfpOfa=umifh‚if;/ wrsKd;wnf;aom e,fcsJ@orm;atmufwGif
EdkifiHwEdkifiHY twlae&ojzifh‚if;/ ±Srf; jrefrm EdkifiHa&;uH=urRmonf qufaecJhay
onf? pD;yGm;a&;ESihf ,Ofaus;r_rsm;t&vnf; &if;ES;D pGmqufaecJah yonf? xd@k a=umifh

U tun myint.pmd 72 27/1/2548, 9:08

 ±Sr;f jynfb,fvJ

±Sr;f jynfvx l Ek iS hf jrefrmvlxo k nf Edik if aH &;/ pD;yGm;a&;ESihf ,Ofaus;r_rsm; wd;k wuf

atmif yl;wGJ aqmif±GufcJh=u&avonf?
+Adwo d #w@kd um; ±Sr;f vlxEk iS hf Armvlxt k m; vGwv f yfa&;wd;k wufa&;wd@k wGif
yl;aygif;aqmif±GufEdkifjcif;r±Sdatmif t+rJwapóud;pm;cJhonf? ±Srf;jynfrSm ya'
o&mZfpepfukd usm;uefay;xm;jcif; rSmvnf; xd&k nf±, G cf suaf =umihyf ifjzpfonf?
0dkiftrfbDat/ *sDpDbDat-0HomEkrsm; EdkifiHa&;orm;rsm;u EdkifiHa&; wdk;wufr_
awmif;qdkwdkif; ±Srf;apmfbGm;rsm;tm; uysuf,zsuf vkyfapcJhonfrSmvnf;
T&nf±, G cf suaf =umifyh ifjzpfonf? wd@k Arm tpnf;t±H;k 0if ocifrsm; ±Sr;f jynfo@kd
vmv#if csujf cif;e,fEiS yf pfjcif;udv k nf; awG@cJ=h u&onf? od@k aomf ±Sr;f vlxo k nf
jrefrmvlxEk iS t hf wl +Adwo d #e,fcs@J vufatmufrS ±H;k xGu&f ef óud;pm;cJ. h ? zufqpf
*syefudkvnf; jrefrmvlxkESifhtwlyif awmfvSefcJh.? ppft+yD;vGwfvyfaomtcsKyf
tcsmtm%mydkif jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiH wnfaxmifEdkif&ef vlrsKd;pktm;vHk;
aemifawmfArmESifhpnf;vHk;nDatmif ±Srf;trsKd;om;rsm;uyif urRux ðyvkyfcJhay
onf? TwGif jynfaxmifpkwnfaqmufa&;. tkwfjrpfjzpfaom yifvHknDvmcHY
±Sr;f jynfe,fcs@J ya'o&mZf tiftm;pk. &-y-v-u xrf;aqmifcahJ om tcef;rSm
wefbdk;}uD;rm;vSayonf?
Arm-u&if-ucsif-csif;paom jynfaxmifpkom;wdk@onf vGwfvyfaom
tcsKyftcsm tm%mydik jf ynfaxmifp}k uD;udk acwfraDdS om pufr/_ vufr/_ xGe;f um;
aom 'Drdkua&pDjynf@0aom-+idrf;csrf;om,maom-ºuG,f0aom-jynfaxmifpk
jzpfatmif wnfaqmufae=u&m ±Srf;jynfjynfolvlxkonfvnf; ±Srf;jynfESifh
ywfoufaom udk,fhbdk@usoifhwm0efudk ±Srf;jynf. tajctaersm;t& ±Srf;jynf
vlxt k rsm;qH;k tusK;d ±Sad tmif vufnw D ufnD xrf;aqmifomG ;=urnf jzpfayonf?
±Srf;jynfe,f. tem*gwfudk jynfolvlxkrsm;uom ydkifonf?
±Srf;jynfolvlxktaygif;wdk@/ &mZ0ifbD;udk aemufjyefqGJvSnfh&ef óud;pm;
ae=uaom azmufjyefa&; tiftm;pkrsm; aemufodk@vdkuf=urnfavm æ?
odk@r[kwf xGef;vif;awmufajymifpGmjrifawG@ae&+yDjzpfaom tem*gwf
±Srf;jynfopfodk@ vufwGJcsDwuf=u rnfavm?
±Sr;f jynf b,fvJ
%!

U tun myint.pmd 73 27/1/2548, 9:08

 aemufqufwJG
usm;oem;rS EGm;csr;f omwJh axmufyahH &;
Tpmwrf; pmrsufESm(45)wGifca&yGifh jyxm;aom“usm;}uD;pdwfaumif;
ygrS EGm;uav;awG csrf;om&m&=uayawmhrnf”qdkaom pum;.rSefuefjcif;udk
atmufyg*%ef;rsm;u om"u xif±Sm;jyv#uf ±Sdaeygonf?
jynfaxmifpEk ikd if aH wmftpd;k &0ifaiG
ckESpf taumufawmfXmerS ,pfrsKd;rS xDrS
1951-52 193˜124˜000 14˜639˜000 7˜330˜000
52-53 199˜788˜465 15˜065˜303 8˜265˜303
53-54 254˜455˜737 189˜59˜462 9˜173˜485
54-55 241˜900˜000 21˜309˜000 8˜600˜000
55-56 238˜200˜000 32˜406˜000 9˜000˜000

txufygjynfaxmifpk A[dktpdk;&0ifaiG*%ef;t& 1941-ckESpfu pHðyxm;

onfhpepf 7³6-&mE_ef;ESifh wGufv#if taumufawmf wXmexJuyif atmufyg
tcsKd;twkdif; ±Srf;jynfe,fu &oifha=umif; txift±Sm;jzpfaeygonf?

taumfawmf ±Srf;jynfu&oifhaiG
ckESpf
XmerS0ifaiG 7 6h &mcdik Ef e_ ;f
1951-52 193˜124˜000 14˜677˜424
52-53 199˜788˜465 15˜183˜923
53-54 254˜455˜737 19˜339˜636
54-55 241˜900˜000 18˜384˜400
55-56 238˜200˜000 18˜103˜000

%"

U tun myint.pmd 74 27/1/2548, 9:09

 txufyg *%ef;jyt&-±Srf;jynfe,frS &oifhaiGudk od&+yD;aemuf ,ck
±Sr;f jynfe,fu wu,f&±Sad eaom *%ef;udk qufvufIavhvmaomf jynfaxmif
pkA[dktpdk;&u jynfe,frsm;odk@ axmufyHhaiG*%ef;rSm atmufygtwdkif; jzpf.?
jynfe,ftoD;oD;od@k cGaJ 0ay;yHrk mS ±Sr;f / ucsi/f u,m;/ u&ifjynfe,frsm;twGuf
tcsKd;wGufudef; 5;3;1;1-twdkif; ay;xm;onfh pepft& ±Srf;jynfe,fu&±Sdonfh
a0ykHusudk Todk@ awG@&ygvdrfhrnf?

jynfe,frsm;odk@axmufyHhaiG ±Srf;jynfua0yHkus&aiG
ckESpf
pkpkaygif;
1950-51 - 9˜722˜235
51-52 18˜500˜000 10˜277˜780
52-53 22˜950˜000 11˜910˜390
53-54 31˜745˜400 14˜460˜500
54-55 31˜500˜000 14˜460˜000
55-56 26˜200˜000 12˜500˜000

txufygpm&if;Z,m;jy *%ef;o±kyfrsm;udk tjyefjyef tvSefvSef a0bef

aqG;aEG;=uygv#if usm;}uD;oem;rS-EGm;uav;awG csrf;omrnfhaxmufyHha&;
jzpfaeonfudk awG@&rnfomjzpfa=umif;om"u wifjyygownf;?

š{›œ

%#

U tun myint.pmd 75 27/1/2548, 9:09

U tun myint.pmd 76 27/1/2548, 9:09
U tun myint.pmd 77 27/1/2548, 9:09
 ±Sr;f jynfe,f

cGa
J &;wGa
J &; jy\em

wifjyol

OD;xGef;jrifh (awmif}uD;)
±Srf;jynfvGwfvyfa&;tzGJ@csKyf
taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL;a[mif;

š{›œ

(&-y-v) tzGJ@0ifa[mif;rsm;
pkaygif;xkwfa0onf?

%&

U tun myint.pmd 78 27/1/2548, 9:09

 tEl;!$waf wmif;yeftyfygonf?
±Srf;jynfvli,fudk,fpm;vS,frsm;u/ zqyv tvkyform;tzGJ@odk@ 20/2/
46 ae@pGJjzifh ay;ydk@cJhaom trSmpmudkTpmtkyf aemufqufwGJtjzpfxnfhoGif;
azmfjy&ef }uH&G,fcJhaomfvnf;/ csufjcif;xGuf&ef tvGeftrif;aESmifhaES;=uef@=um
vmcJh onfhtwGuf ‚if;trSmpmukd 0rf;enf;pGm csefvSyfcJhyga=umif;?
wwd,yHkESdyfjcif;wGif/ rysufruGuf xnfhoGif;-yHkESdyfrnf jzpfygonf?
xkwfa0ol
1957=ck ZGefv
'kw,
d yHkEySd fjcif; apmifa& (10000)
arwWm&yfccH su?f
Tpmapmifudk wqifh±dkufESdyfa0iSawmfrl=uyg? jynfaxmifpkw±Srf;vHk;odk@
apmifa&wodef;(100000) txd?
a0iS&efpDpOfv#uf±Sdygonf?
jynfe,fzGH@òzd;a&;udk axmufcHolwdkif; wu,fhjynfaxmifpk}uD;wnf+rJa&;
udkvdkvm;olwdkif;/ &HyHkaiG ulnDawmfrl=uyg?
OD;xGef;jrifh(awmif}uD;)
a&at;uGif;&yf
awmif}uD;òrd@-±Srf;jynfe,f

±Srf;jynfe,f. ±kyfydkif;&mZ0ifESifh EdkifiHa&;vrf;pOfudk azmfjyxm;aom

±Srf;jynfb,fvJ
pmtkyfudkzwf=uyg?
atmufygXmersm;wGiftenf;i,f&Edkifao;onf?
ukef;jrifhpmayjzef‹csDa&;Xme? a±$jynfwefyHkESdyfwdkuf
vrf;rawmf-awmif}uD;òrd@? ESif;yef;vrf;/ a&ausmf-&efukefòrd@?

%'

U tun myint.pmd 79 27/1/2548, 9:09

 'kwd,yHkESdyfjcif;twGuf=trSm
cGJa&;-wGJa&;jy\emonf &mZ0wfr_r[kwfyg?
jynfe,fcGJa&;-wGJa&;udpPonf/ zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk tajccHOya'u/ jynfe,f
rsm;tm; udk,fydkifjyXmef;cGifhðyxm;onfhudpPjzpfygonf? vlrsKd;pk-vli,frsm;-
udk,fhtrsKd;om; tcGifhta&;udk xdef;odrf;umuG,f apmifha±Smuf&ef r±Sdrjzpfonfh
vufeufvnf;jzpfygonf?
tjcm;jynfe,frsm;wGi/f rnfo@kd jzpfaeonfukd rod&aomfvnf; cGaJ &;wGaJ &;
jy\emonf-±Sr;f jynfe,fwiG f trSeyf ifay:ayguaf eygonf? +cdr;f ajcmufrj_ zifh ‚if;/
txifao;r_jzifh‚if;/ zHk;uG,fxm;Ir&Edkifyg? cGJa&;-wGJa&;jy\emonf twGif;
}udwfòrHpm;aeonfh-aoG;pkem}uD;ESifh tvGefwlygonf? OD;Ek-p0fcGefcsKdwdk@. ukpm;
enf;onf-tay:,Haq;vdrf; enf;omjzpfaeygonf? tajctjrpfupI rukpm;
ygv#if TaoG;pkem}uD;onf-taES;ESifhtjref &ifhrmaygufuGJ vmayvdrfhrnf?
cGaJ &;-wGaJ &; jy\emud/k yGiyhf iG v
hf if;vif; aqG;aEG; a0zef=u&ef a=umuf±@HG
ae=uonfudkawG@&ygonf?
cGJa&;orm;rsm;uvnf;a=umufae=uygonf?
wGJa&;orm;rsm;uvnf;a=umufae=uygonf?
olwdk@bmudk a=umufae=uoenf;?
cGJa&; wGJa&;jy\emonf-trSefpifppf trsKd;om;a&;jy\emjzpfygonf?
cGJa&;orm;rsm;u-cGJa&;twGufv_H@aqmfv#if &mZ0wfr_oifhrnf[k xif=uonf?
tajccHOya'u cGiðhf yxm;aomudpP rdrw d @kd trsK;d om;a&;udpjP zpfonfukd oabm
rayguf=uao;?
wGJa&;orm;rsm;uvnf;-wGJa&;twGufrv_H@aqmf0Hh=uyg? trsKd;om;a&;
ESpfemcsuf tcGifhta&;qHk;±_H;csufawGudk b,fodk@q,fwif&rnf? ArmvlrsKd;}uD;
0g'udk b,fodk@wdkufzsuf&rnfponfwdk@udk azmfrjybJwGJa&;udk vH_@aqmfv#if/
wG J a &;orm; rsm;onf - trsKd ; om;a&;tc%f ; ES i f h uif ; vG w f a eayvd r f h r nf ?
trsK;d om;a&; tc%f; ESihf uif;vGwaf eaomvH@_ aqmfcsuo f nf trsK;d om;rsm;.
axmufcHr_udk &Edkifrnf r[kwfyg?

&

U tun myint.pmd 80 27/1/2548, 9:09

 ,ae@±Sr;f jynfe,fvx l .k qENtppftrSeu f kd csed cf iG v
f #may:wif csed pf uf =unfv h #if
cGJa&;bufu aZmufxdk;}uD; tav;omaeonfudk awG@&rnfrSmrvGJyg?
xdk@a=umifh ±Srf;jynfe,f cGJa&;avoHonf vlwpk.avoHr[kwfa=umif;
em;vnfxm;&ygrnf? cGaJ &;orm;aygi;f rsm;pGmwd@k onf trsK;d om;pdw"f gwjf yif;xef
+yD; cGJxGufcsifae=uonf? trsKd;om;udpP/ trsKd;om;tcGifhta&; b,fodk@ xdcdkuf
epfemaeonfukd rodoal wGursm;aeygonf? cGx J u G +f yD; wGcJ o
hJ nfxuf omatmif
b,fvdkvkyf=urnf qdkonfudk&mxm;csufr±Sd=uyg? cGJxGuf+yD;ay:aygufvmrnfh
tE W&m,frsm;udkvnf; óudwifwGufcsufxm;jcif; r±Sd=uyg? Tolrsm;onf tqHk;
pGefcGJa&;orm;rsm;(0g) bmbJjzpfjzpf cGJxGufcsifolrsm; jzpf=uygonf?
±Srf;jynfe,fcGJxGufa&;onf-ty-ya,m*a=umifh ay:vmonfr[kwfyg?
trsKd;om;a&;epfemcsufrS ay:aygufvmygonf? tnSD±Sd&m ,iftHkwwfouJhodk@/
cGJa&;udpPonf-yxrjzpf+yD;/ ya,m*±Sdv#if ya,m*onf 'kwd,jzpfayvdrfhrnf?
±Srf;jynfe,fcGJxGufa&;onf wpHkwckaomtqifhtxd rSefuefaom trsKd;
om;a&;udpP jzpfaeaomfvnf; t&rf;uma&m cGJxGufjcif;rsKd;(0g) bmbJjzpfjzpf
cGx
J u G jf cif;rsK;d onf rrSeu f efyg? xko
d @kd cGx
J uG jf cif;rsK;d onf ±Sr;f jynfe,ftm; tm±S
+idrf;csrf;a&;omru urBm@+idrf;csrf;a&;udkyg xdcdkufysufpD;Edkifonfh urBm@ppfrD;
avmifpmtjzpfodk@ usa&mufoGm;Edkifapygonf?
qH;k ±H;_ epfemaeaom ±Sr;f trsK;d om;rsm;. tcGit hf a&;rsm;udk cGx J uG jf cif;enf;
wenf;jzifhom q,fwifEkdifonfr[kwfyg? qHk;±H_;epfemcsuf. ta=umif;&if;cHjzpf
aom zqyv. vlrsKd;}uD;0g'udk tusKd;wl tjcm;vlrsKd;pkrsm;/ vlrsKd;}uD;0g'udk
raxmufcaH om Armtiftm;pkrsm;ESiyhf ;l aygi;f um Edik if aH &;t& wdu k yf qJG ifjcif;jzifh
vnf; trsKd;om;a&;. epfemcsufrsm;udk &,lEdkifonf[k usaemf,Hk=unfygonf?
zqyv onf-rdrd. vlrsKd;}uD;0g'trSm;udkrðyjyif/ vlrsKd;pkrsm;. qENudk
rav;pm;/ vdycf w J if;vif; qufvufwif;rmaernf qdu k mrS cGxJ u
G af &;vufeuf
udkaemufqHk;taeESihf toHk;ðy=u&ygrnf? cGJxGufa&;vufeufudk toHk;rðyrSD
cGJxGuf+yD;aemufawG@&rnfh tE W&m,frsm;rS wm;qD;Edkif&ef óudwifjyifqifr_rsm;
vkyfxm;&ygrnf?

&

U tun myint.pmd 81 27/1/2548, 9:09

 zqyvESihf vlrsK;d }uD;0g'
zqyv tzGJ@csKyf. zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk Oya'&nf±G,fcsufrsm;wGif vlrsKd;}uD;
0g't&dyt f a&mifrsm; ryg±adS omfvnf;/ zqyv acgi;f aqmifyikd ;f . vlrsK;d rsm;tay:
usio hf ;kH yHo
k abmxm;onf Great Nation Chauvinism ac:vlrsK;d }uD;0g' ±kyv f ;kH ay:
aygufaeonf udkawG@&ygonf?
vGecf o hJ nfh rwfv(7) &ufae@u jynfo@l vGwaf wmfnv D mcHwiG f ajym=um;
cJah om zqyv tzG@J csKyf OuUXEdik if aH wmf0ef}uD; OD;Ek.atmufygpum;&yfrsm;onf
zqyv. vlrsK;d }uD;0g'udk txGÉt f xdyaf &mufatmif o&zlaqmif;ay;vdu k of nf
ESifhwlygonf?
“ææ &cdkifjynfe,fray;jcif;rSm &cdkifudkrkef;Ir[kwfa=umif; trSefajym&
v#if jynfe,fonf aumif;aompepf r[kwfa=umif; jynfe,frsm;ay;cJhpOfu
pepfaumif;onf[k ,Hk=unfoabmusaoma=umifh ay;jcif;r[kwfa=umif; ææ
ZD;aphavmufEikd if w H iG f jynfe,ftuGu
J JG tjym;jym;rvdv k m;tyfa=umif;/ vGwv f yf
a&;óud;yrf;pOfu t*Fvdyf. aoG;cGJpepftkyfpdk;xm;r_a=umifh jy\emudkajz±Sif;Edkif
&ef jynfe,fuo kd abmwlc&hJ a=umif;?ææ jynfe,fpepfonf jynfaxmifpk twGuf
tusKd;t±SdqHk;jzpfonf[k ,Hk=unfIay;jcif;r[kwfa=umif;/ tajctae t&
ay;cJh&a=umif; ææ”
(10-3-57) ae@pGJyg-&efukef ae@pOfowif;pm e,fxkwf pmrsufESm(2)rS
aumufEkwfazmfjyygonf?)
vlrsKd;i,frsm;ta&;udk/ vlrsKd;}uD;u-0ifa&mufcs,fvS,fpdk;rdk;jcif;/ zdESdyfjcif;
onf/ vlrsKd;}uD;0g' (Great Nation Chauvinism) jzpfygonf? EdkifiHwEdkifiH onf
ZD;aph avmufomr[kwf-ESrf;aphavmufbJ±Sd±Sd/ vlrsKd;pktrsm;tjym; pkaygif;ae
xdkifv#if/ vlrsKd;pktoD;oD;twGuf vlOD;a&tvdkuf Autonomy ac:/ udk,fydkif
tk y f c sKyf a &; jynf e ,f t qif h t wef ; trsKd ; rsKd ; ay;&ygonf ? Autonomy ud k
tusdK;rJhawmif;qdk=urnfr[kwfyg? vlrsKd;}uD;. 0ifa&mufcs,fvS,f pdk;rdk;r_ zdESdyfr_
udkpdk;&drfI rdrdudk,fudkumuG,f&ef trsKd;udkxdef;odrf;apmifha±Smuf&ef twGuf
jzpfygonf?

&

U tun myint.pmd 82 27/1/2548, 9:09

 pdww f ul ,kd w
f l yl;aygi;f =uaom-jynfaxmifpk oabmw&m;tppftrSew f iG f
udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfa&;ESifh cGJxGufvdkucGJxGufa&;onfrygrjzpfonfh t*F g&yfrsm;
jzpfygonf? vlrsKd;i,frsm;onf Tt*F gESpf&yfudk vdkcsif=uonf? vlrsKd;}uD;u
ray;v#if-vlrsKd;}uD;v$rf;rdk;r_ 0g'yifjzpfonf? vlrsKd;}uD;pdk;rdk; cs,fvS,fr_udk Au-
tonomy jzifh/ yxrumuG,f=uygonf? Autonomy jzifh rvHkavmufonfh tcgrS/
cGJxGufa&;vufeufudktoHk;ðy=u&ygonf?
vlrsK;d pk-vlrsK;d i,frsm;±Sad e+yD;/ jynfe,fEiS hf cGx J uG cf iG u
hf kd ray;v#i/f wusu D sD
ESifh awmif;ae=urnfrSm rvGJyg? (Oyrm-a±S;utdkif,mvef/ ,ck &cdkif) vlrsKd;pk
rsm;. qENudk vdkufav#mjcif;rSwyg;wm;qD;Ium;r&Edkif? trsKd;ðyef;roGm;rjcif;
wusDusD wpmpm awmif;qdkae=uygrnf?
z-q-y-v acgif;aqmifydkif;onf vlrsKd;toD;oD;. qENESifhtnDrSefuef
aom vl r sKd ; a&;oabmxm;rxm;±S d E d k i f v #if =umjrif h r D t wG i f ; }uD ; rm;onf h
tE W&m,fESifh &ifqdkif&rnfrSmrvGJ[k usaemfxifygonf?
OD;Ek. jynfol@vGwfawmfnDvmcHwGif/ ajym=um;aom pum;&yfrsm;onf/
z-q-y-v/ pnf;rsO;f Oya'&nf±, G cf suo f abmxm;rsm;ESihf qef@usi-f rqef@usif
udk/ z-q-y-v tzGJ@0ifrsm; jyefvnfoHk;oyfoifhonf[k usaemf,lqygonf?
zqyv. vlrsKd;pkrsm;ESifh ywfoufaom oabmxm;udk/ zqyvzGJ@pnf;
tkycf sKyfytkH ajccHOya' tc%f;(1) tyd'k (f 3) &nf±, G cf surf sm;wGif atmufygtwkid ;f
a&;qGJxm;onf?
(u) vlwrsK;d onf-rdrw d @kd . uH=urRmudk rdrd w d @kd omv#if zefw;D Edik cf iG ±hf o
dS nf
tm;av#mfpGm trsKd;om;tm;vHk;. vHk;0vGwfvyfa&;&±SSd&eftvdk@iSm/ Arm
EdkifiHtwGif;±Sdwdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;tm;vHk; ‚if;wdk@rS qif;oufaygufzGm;aom
olrsm;/ wdkif;om;rsm;tjzpf cH,l&±Sdoltaygif;udk nD!Gwfpnf;±Hk;ap&ef?
(c) Armjynfu-kd Armjynf±w dS ikd ;f &if;om; vlrsK;d toD;oD;wd@k tm;vH;k oabm
wl vGwv f yfpmG zG@J pnf;aom wdik ;f jynf}uD;wnfaxmif&ef/Tod@k wnfaf xmif
&mY yg0ifaom vlrsK;d toD;oD;tm;-rdrw d @kd uH=urRmudk rdrw d @kd bmomzefw;D
EkdifaomtcGifhta&;ay;xm;&ef?

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U tun myint.pmd 83 27/1/2548, 9:09

 (*) “ArmEdik if u
H /kd wdik ;f oljynfom;vltrsm;. qENtwdik ;f jyefvnfxal xmif
&ef”
OD;Ek.ajym=um;csuf pum;&yfrsm;onf Tpnf;rsOf;oabmxm;rsm;ESifh
qef@usifaeonf[k usaemf,lqygonf?
“vlrsKd;toD;oD;tm; rdrdwdk@uH=urRmudk rdrdwdk@uom zefwD;EdkifaomtcGifh
ta&;ay;xm;&ef (Right of self determination) t&/ jynfe,fupd u P kd oufqikd &f m
vlrsKd;pk trsm;pkuom qHk;jzwf&ygrnf? ArmvlrsKd;}uD;u ay;oifhray; oifhpOf
pm;qHk;jzwfaep&mrvdkyg? (Oyrm-&cdkif-ytdk0fh oD;jcm;jynfe,fudpP) ,ae@
z-q-y-v acgi;f aqmifyikd ;f . wdik ;f &if;om; pnf;vH;k nD!w G af &;rlrmS / rSeuf efaom
jynfaxmifpkoabmw&m;t& wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;pktm;vHk;. wuJhapwem
pdwfqENt& pnf;vHk;nD!Gwfaeaomrlr[kwfbJ/ &mxl;tcGifhta&;ay;jcif;jzifh‚if;/
vlrsK;d pktiftm; 2-ck/ uGaJ pI tv,futav;wif;onfph epfjzif‚h if;/ aqmif±u G f
aeonfudkawG@&ygonf?
±Sr;f jynfe,fwiG f (1) bmbJjzpfjzpf cGrJ nf? (2) bmbJjzpfjzpf wGrJ nf[al om
t,ltq(2)&yfjzpfaeonfwiG f tusK;d ±Sv d #if wGrJ nftusK;d r±Sv
d #if cGrJ nf[al om
t,ltqopfw&yfukd ±Sr;f jynfe,fcaJG &;wGaJ &;jy\em pmtkyif ,fwiG af zmfjyxm;
ygonf?
Tpmtkyfi,f yxrt}udrf±dkufESdyfa0iSpOf/ a=umufpdwftawmfv$rf;ae=u
ygonf? odk@aomf ,cktcgonf a=umufpdwfrSmuG,faysmufoavmuf jzpfoGm;
onfudk0rf;ajrmufbG,f&mawG@&ygonf? 'Drkdua&pD tiftm;wvSrf;wufvmjcif;
yifjzpfonf?
,ae@cGJa&;wGJa&;jy\emudk/ ajAmifaqG;aEG;&Jvm=u+yD/ a0zefvm=u+yD?
usaemfwifjyxm;aom t,ltqud/k ±Sr;f jynfe,f vl}uD;ydik ;f / vli,fyikd ;f u
tajrmuftrsm;axmufcHtm;ay;vm=uygonf? tjcm;vlrsKd;pkrsm;jzpfaom csif;/
ucsif/ u,m;/ &cdkifrsm;rS axmufcHtm;ay;qufoG,fr_rsm; a&mufvmygonf?
txl;ojzifh ±Srf;jynfe,ftwGif;±Sd/ tqHk;pGefcGJa&;orm;aygif;rsm;pGmwdk@onf
usaemf. wifjycsufudkvufcHvmI 0rf;ajrmufrdygonf? xyfrHyHkESdyfxkwfa0&ef
awmif;qdkvm=uonf &HyHkaiGrsm;ulnDvm=uonf?

&"

U tun myint.pmd 84 27/1/2548, 9:09

 ,if;odk@-t&yf&yfrS axmufcHtm;ay;r_a=umifhom 'kwd,t}udrfyHkESdyf
xkwaf 0Edik jf cif;jzpfygonf? 'kw, d t}udryf EkH ydS jf cif;rðyrS/D &if;ES;D onfrh wd af qGrsm; xHrS
a0zefcsujf znfph u G cf suf t}uHay;csurf sm;/ awmif;cHc&hJ m trsm;pkurlv twdik ;f yif
xkwaf 0&eft}uHay;onft h wdik ;f / tcsut f vuf tcsK@d tenf;i,f jznfph u G jf yifqif
onfrSty rlvpmtkyftwdkif;/ tajcchoabmxm;rysuf xkwfa0 vdkufygonf?
rdwfaqGtrsm;tjym;u ±Srf;bmom-ytdk0fhbmomjzifhvnf; xkwfa0&ef
t}uHay;=uygonf? ±Sr;f bmom-ytd0k b hf momod@k jyefqv kd #u±f &dS m +yD;pD;vke;D yg+yD?
±Srf;bmomjzifhapmifa& 10000d-waomif;twGuf &HyHkaiG 5000d cef@vdkygonf?
ytdk0fhbmtwGuf 1000d cef@vdkygonf? ±Srf;bmom ytdk0fhbmomjzifh xkwfa0
Ekdif&ef &HyHkaiG0dkif;0ef;ulnDvdrfhrnf[k ar#mfvifh,Hk=unfygonf? jrefrmbmomjzifh
vnf; rlv&nfrSef;xm;onfhtwdkif; apmifa&wodef;txd qufvuf ±dkufESdyf
a0iSoGm; ygrnf?

(&yv) tzGJ@csKyf}uD;tm; a±S›aqmifzGJ@pnf;=urnf ±Srf;jynfvli,fudk,fpm;

vS,9f -OD;onf 1946-ckZefe0g&v D twGi;f wGiu f si;f yonfh zqyv/ tv,fypP,H
nDvmcHo@kd wufa&mufcyhJ gonf? zqyv/ nDvmcH+yD;pD;onfah emufwiG f ±Sr;f vli,f
udk,fpm;vS,frsm;ESifh zqyv tvkyftr_aqmif tzGJ@wdk@onf zqyv XmecsKyf
wGifawG@qHkI ±Srf;jynfa&;&mjy\emrsm; aqG;aEG;=uygonf? xdkaqG;aEG;yGJESifh
ywfoufI ±Srf;jynfvli,frsm;. a0zefcsufoabmxm;pmwrf; 20-2-46
ae@pGjJ zifh zqyv tzG@J csKyfo@kd ay;yd@k cJyh gonf? ta=umif;trsK;d rsK;d a=umifh xdpk mwrf;
udk v#Kd@0Sufxm;cJh&m ,ae@ 10-ESpfausmf vGefvmaomumv tajctaet&
(&yv) acgi;f aqmifrsm;. oabmxm;ud/k ±Sr;f jynfvx l }k uD;odoifh odxu kd o f nf
omru xdkpmwrf;yg tcsuftvufrsm;pGmonf ,ae@±Srf;jynftajc taeESifh
qDav#mf onf[k ,lq+yD; yHEk ydS x f wk af 0&ef (&yv)vkyaf zmfuikd zf ufa[mif; rsm;u
wdkufwGef; =uonfhtwGuf ±Srf;jynfe,f cGJa&; wGJa&;pmwrf;. aemufquf
wGJtaejzifh/ yHkESdyf xkwfa0vdkufygonf?
“±Srf;jynfe,f cGJa&;wGJa&;jy\em” wifjycsufonf (usaemfwOD;wnf;.
oabmxm;wifjycsufr[kwfyg?) jyjcif;jzpfygonf?

&#

U tun myint.pmd 85 27/1/2548, 9:09

 (&yv) tzJG@csKyf. oabmxm;vrf;pOfrsm;udk rSDjirf;ðyI wifjyjzif;jzpf
ygonf?
(&yv) tzGJ@csKyf}uD;. aqmifyk'frSm “±Srf;jynfonf-±Srf;wdkif;&if;om;rsm;
tbdk@”jzpf+yD;?
(u) ±Srf;jynf. uH=urRmudk-±Srf;wdkif;&if;om;rsm;uom zefwD;EdkifcGifh±Sd&ef
(c) ±Srf;jynftm; e,fcsJ@vufatmufrS EdkifiHa&;-pD;yGm;a&;/ vlr_a&;/
qufqHa&;wGif vHk;0vGwfvyfa&;&±Sdatmif vHk;yef;aqmif±Guf&ef?
(*) txufyg (u) (c) atmifjrifjzpfajrmuf&eftwGuf ±Srf;jynftwGif;±Sd
wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;tm;vHk;‚if;wdk@rS qif;oufaygufzGm;aomolrsm;/ wdkif;&if;om;
tjzpf cH,&l ±Sod rl sm;taygi;f udk pepfwus pnf;±H;k oGm;&ef[al om &nf±,
G cf surf sm;
csrSwfcJhygonf?
,ae@±Srf;jynfe,f. tajctaeonf-(&yv). aqmifyk'f&nf±G,fcsuf
rsm;ESifh omvGefIpyf[yfaeonf[k ,lqygonf?
(&yv). tvHawmfudk iGm;iGm;pGifhpGifh jynfvnfv$ifhwifEdkifatmif óud;pm;
=uygpdk@?
xGef;jrifh

awmif}uD;òrd@/ 1957-ckESpf/ {+yD 4-&ufae@pGJ?

&$

U tun myint.pmd 86 27/1/2548, 9:09

 ±Sr;f jynfe,fcaJG &;wGaJ &; jy\em
jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiHawmf zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk tajccH Oya'yk'fr(201)
ESifh (202) wdk@t&/ jynfaxmifpkwGifyg0ifzGJ@pnf;xm;aom jynfe,frsm;onf/
tajccHOya'twnfðyonfhae@rS q,fESpfausmfvGefvmonfhtcgcGJxGufvdku
cGJxGufEdkifaom tcGifhta&;rsm; ±Sd=uonf?
q,fESpfumvonf trSwfrxif csOf;eif;0ifa&mufvmav+yD? tajccH
Oya' twnfðycJhonfrSm 1957-ckESpf pufwifbmv24-&ufae@wGif q,fESpf
wif;wif;jynfhayawmhrnf?
jynfe,frsm;cGx
J u
G af &; od@k r[kwf qufvufy;l wGaJ &;jy\emonf obm0
vnf;ustcsdeftcgvnf; rSefonf[k,lqygonf?
š{›œ

,ae@jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiHawmfwGif/ ArmjynfrESifhwuG atmufygvlrsKd;

pka'orsm;yg0ifzGJ@pnf;xm;onf?
1? ±Srf;jynfe,f?
2? ucsifjynfe,f?
3? u,m;jynfe,f?
4? u&ifjynfe,f?
5? csif;0daoowdkif;?
txuf y g vl r sKd ; pk a 'orsm;teuf / ucsif j ynf e ,f - u&if j ynf e ,f E S i f h
csif;0daoowdkif;wdk@rSm tajccHOya'ygjyXmef;csufrsm;t&/ cGJxGufEdkifaom tcGifh
ta&;rsm; r±Sd=uyg? ±Srf;jynfe,fESifh-u,m;jynfe,frsm;om cGJxGufEdkifcGifh±Sd=u
ygonf?
xdjk ynfe,frsm;wGi/f jynfaxmifpEk iS hf qufvufwbJG ufI aevdo k rl sm;vnf;
±Sd=urnf? cGJxGufI oD;jcm;EdkifiH xlaxmif&ef qEN±Sdolrsm;vnf;±Sd=uayrnf?
qufvufwGJbufIaevdkolrsm;wGif?

&%

U tun myint.pmd 87 27/1/2548, 9:09

 OD;xGe;f jrif=h a&;

1? udk,fusKd;tcGifhta&;a=umifh qufvufwGJbufaevdkolrsm;
2? qufvufwI JG aejcif;jzifh rdrw
d @kd . jynfe,fvx l t
k wGuw f u,ftusK;d
±Sdrnf[k ±dk;om;pGm ,Hk=unfolrsm;[lI ESpfrsKd;ESpfpm;awG@Edkifayonf?
xdkenf;wl cGJa&;orm;rsm;wGifvnf;
1? udk,fusKd;tcGifhta&;r&±SdI odk@r[kwf xdcdkufIcGJxGuf&efqEN±Sdolrsm;?
2? cGJxGufIoD;jcm;EdkifiHxlaxmifjcif;jzifhom rdrdwdk@jynfe,frsm; wdk;wuf
}uD;yGm;Edkifonf[k ±dk;om;pGm,Hk=unfolrsm;[lI ESpfrsKd;ESpfpm;±Sd=uavonf?
qufvufI wGJbufaevdkonf[kqdkwdkif;/ udk,fusKd;±Smolrsm; tcGifhxl;cH
&mxl;rufolrsm;-trsKd;udkrcspfolrsm;[lI wbufowf ±H_csykwfcwfjcif;rðyoifh
ovdk cGJxGuf&efqEN±Sdolwdkif;tm;vnf; jynfaxmifpkòzdcGJ&ef}uHaqmifolrsm;/ EdkifiH
awmfopPmazmufrsm;/ e,fcsJ@yÍrHrsm;[lI wbufowfESdrfhcspGwfpGJjcif;rsm; rðy
oifhay?
ud,
k u f sK;d twGuf wGb J ufaevdo k rl sm;ESihf ud,
k uf sK;d tcGit
hf a&;r&±SI d cGxJ u
G f
&efvH_@aqmfolrsm;rSty-±dk;om;pGm wGJa&;udk,Hk=unfolrsm;ESifh ±dk;om;pGmcGJa&;udk
,Hk=unfolrsm;. rdrdwdk@bma=umifhwGJbufaevdk=uonf/ odk@r[kwfbma=umifh
cGJxGufaevdk=uonfqdkaom tusKd;ta=umif;csif;&mrsm;udk oabmxm;}uD;}uD;
xm;I av;av;pm;pm;avhvmem,loifh=uayonf?
oufqdkif&mjynfe,fvlxktm;-vGwfvGwfvyfvyfESifh us,fus,fjyef@jyef@
wifjyaqG;aEG;cGifhðy=u&rnf?
jynfe,fvlxktrsm;pk. qHk;jzwfcsufonfom tqHk;owfjzpfayvdrfhrnf?
usaemft h aeESihf ,ae@±Sr;f jynfe,fwiG f cGaJ &;-wGaJ &; jy\em}uD;ay:ayguf
vmjcif;onf ±Sr;f jynfe,fvx l }k uD;tm; rsuaf phziG ahf y;onfh tvGet f bd;k wefaom
EdkifiHa&;v_yf±Sm;r_}uD;[k jrifygonf?
TcGJa&;-wGJa&;jy\emonfyif ±Srf;jynfe,f. 'Drdkua&pD a&csdefudkaz: jy
ayvdrfhrnf?
xd@k a=umifh ±Sr;f jynfe,f cGaJ &;wGaJ &;twGuf qEN±o dS rl sm;udk csK;d ESrd jf cif;rðyoifh
ovdk wGJbufaevdkolrsm;udkvnf; wbufowfykwfcwfpGyfpGJjcif;rsm; rðyoifh[k
usaemf ,lqygonf?

&&

U tun myint.pmd 88 27/1/2548, 9:09

 cGaJ &;wGaJ &;jy\em

vGecf o
hJ nfh 28-12-56 ae@/ awmifoEd rDM ikd ;f &,fòrd@wGif usi;f yaom ±Sr;f jynf
e,f nD!Gwfa&;ygwD (jynfol@nD!Gwfa&;ygwD (Armjynf) ESifh rnfodk@r#rouf
qdik yf g) nDvmcHq;kH jzwfcsurf sm;wGif ±Sr;f jynfe,fjynfaxmifprk S cGx J u G &f ef qdak om
qHk;jzwfcsuf w&yfyg±Sdonfudk owif;pmrsm;wGifzwfvdkuf&ygonf?
,if;uJhodk@ jynfaxmifpkrScGJxGuf&efqdkaom qHk;jzwfcsufrSm EdkifiHa&;tzGJ@
tpnf;w&yftaeESihf 'Dru kd a&pDtcGit hf a&;t& csrw S Ef ikd cf iG ±hf adS yonf? od@k &mwGif
rnfonfhta=umif;rsm;a=umifh cGJxGufvdkonf [lIum; azmfjyxm;jcif;r±Sd?
xdknDvmcH. tjcm;aomqHk;jzwfcsufrsm;ESifh qufpyfI avhvm=unfhv#if
cGJxGufvdkaom ta=umif;&if;rsm;udk &dyfrdEkdifygonf?
cJGxGufEdkifa&;ESifh qufpyfEdkifonfh qHk;jzwfcsufrsm;rSm
1? ±Sr;f jynfe,fya'o&mZfapmfbmG ;rsm; tm%mpGe@f r_uo kd abmrwl/ ydak e+rJ
usm;ae+rJ olwe,f igwrif; qufvuftkyfpdk;vdkjcif;?
2? jynfaxmifprk S ±Sr;f jynfe,ftwGuf &oif&h xdu k af om tcGeaf wmfaiGrsm;
tcsKd;usr&±Sdjcif;?
3? ±Sr;f jynfe,ftwGi;f ±Sd vkyif ef;rsm;rS (Oyrm-erRwal bmfwiG ;f ) ±Sr;f jynfe,f
u (t"duoufqdkif&mapmfbGm;rsm;) tcsKd;ustusKd;cHpm;cGifh r±Sdjcif;?
4? tjrwfawmfcGef-tuf Oya' ±Srf;jynfe,fodk@ ysH@ESH@vmI apmfbGm;e,f
rsm;wGif o\ar" tcGefawmfraumufcHEkdifawmhjcif;/ apmfbGm;e,frsm; 0ifaiG
av#mhyg;jcif;?
xdk±Srf;jynfe,f nD!Gwfa&;ygwD(&ynz). qHk;jzwfcsufrsm; owif;pmrsm;
wGif ygvm+yD;onfhaemuf-p0fcGefcsKdacgif;aqmifonfh ±Srf;jynfe,f awmifwef;
om;pnf;vHk;nD!Gwfa&;tzGJ@ (&wpnz) u±Sif;vif;csufwapmif xkwfjyef
vdkufavonf?
xdk±Sif;vif;csuf. oabmrSm(&ynz). qHk;jzwfcsufrsm;onf(&wpnz)
ESihf rnfo@kd r#roufqikd /f (&wpnz)wGif wm0efr±S/d cGx J u G af &;udp(P &wpnz)wGif
raygi;f zuf [lI yifjzpfonf? ¡(&wpnz)onf cGx J uG af &;udpu P kd wdwv d if;vif;
razmfjyxm;ay?¢
(&wnz). ±Sif;vif;csufESifh ra±S;raESmif; wGJa&;bufawmfom;rsm;jzpf

&'

U tun myint.pmd 89 27/1/2548, 9:09

 OD;xGe;f jrif=h a&;

aom ±Srf;jynfe,fvHk;qdkif&mtzGJ@/ (&ynz)tm; wkef@jyefaomausnmcsuf

wapmif owif;pmrsm;wGif xGufay:vmonf?
xd k ± S r f ; jynf e ,f v H k ; qd k i f & mtzG J @ csKyf . ausnmcsuf o nf ( &ynz)tm;
jynfaxmifpkòzdcGJ&ef}uHpDol EdkifiHopPmazmufe,fcsJ@ yÍrHrsm;[k jypfwif±H_@cs+yD;/
wm0ef±adS om ±Sr;f jynfe,f0ef}uD;wOD;jzpfol OD;bd;k r_et f m; &mxl;rSxw k yf ,fypf&ef
awmif;qdkxm;ayonf?
Tonfvnf; tajccHrlrSefaom wkef@jyefcsufr[kwfay? jynfe,f0ef}uD;
wOD;onf-cGJxGufa&;udpP rajymqdk&[laom uef@owfcsufr±Sday?
±Sr;f jynfe,faumifpED iS hf ±Sr;f jynfe,ftpd;k &tzG@J onf jynfe,fta&;twGuf
udk,fydkifjyXmef;cGifh±Sd oD;jcm;uif;vGwfcGifhvnf; ±Sdavonf?
±Srf;jynfe,fcGJxGufa&;udpPay:aygufvmygu ±Srf;jynfe,faumifpDESifh
±Srf;jynftpdk;&onfyif yxrOD;pGmqHk;jzwf&ayvdrfhrnf?
xdk@jyif jynfe,faumifpDOuUXrsm;ESifh jynfe,f0ef}uD;rsm;onf tpdk;&tr_
xrf;rsm; r[kw=f u/ Edik if aH &;orm;rsm; jzpfonft h m;av#mpf mG cGaJ &;wGaJ &;udpw
P iG f
rdrw
d @kd óuduEf pS o f uf&mudk qH;k jzwfEikd o f nf/ axmufcEH ikd o f nf[u k saemf,q l ygonf?
±Srf;jynfe,fvHk;qdkif&mtzGJ@csKyfu/ wGJa&;orm;rsm;jzpfonfhtwdkif; cGJxGuf
jcif;onfbma=umifrh mS ;onf rnfuo hJ @kd tusK;d ,kwrf nf/ wGb
J ufaejcif;jzifh rnfo@kd
tusKd;±Sdonf ponfjzifh "rR"dXmefusus azmfjyoifhayonf?
xdkuJhodk@yif cGJxGufvdkolrsm;uvnf; bma=umifhcGJxGufvdkonf wGJbufaevdk
olrsm;uvnf; bma=umifh wGJbufoifhonf qdkaomjiif;cHkjcif;onfyif ±Srf;jynf
vlxktwGuf aqG;aEG;pOf;pm;&ef tajccH tcsufrsm;jzpfvmayvdrfhrnf?
š{›œ

usaemfonf ±Srf;˜Arm yl;aygif;a&;wGif t}uD;rm;qHk;ESifh wm0eft}uD;qHk;

tpdyt f ydik ;f u xrf;aqifcahJ om ±Sr;f jynf vGwv
f yfa&; tzG@J csKyf}uD;. taxGaxG
twGif;a&;r–; jzpfcJhonfhtm;av#mfpGm ,ae@±Srf;jynfe,fwGif ay:aygufvmaom
cGJa&;wGJa&;jy\emudk "rR"dXmefususESifh ,xmblwusus aqG;aEG;wifjyygrnf?

'

U tun myint.pmd 90 27/1/2548, 9:09

 cGaJ &;wGaJ &;jy\em

oabmxm;}uD;r_ av;pm;r_wdk@jzifh aqG;aEG;=uygukef/ a0zef=uygukef?

±Sr;f jynfe,fonf oD;jcm;vGwv f yfaom Edik if x
H al xmifEikd af om tajctae
±Sdygovm; @@@@@@?
1? ±Srf;wdkif;&if;om;rsm;onf txufxufu cdkifrmwnf+rJpGm wpkwa0;
wnf;jzpfaom vlrsKd;rsm;jzpfjcif;?
2? trsm;oHk; wlnDaom bmompum;±Sdjcif;?
3? waygif;wpnf;wnf;aom yx0D a&-ajr-a'o±Sdjcif;?
4? o,HZmw obm0ypPn;f aygrsm;ºuG,0f I pD;yGm;a&;tm;jzifh zlvckH ikd rf m
aom tajctae±Sdjcif;?
5? wlnDaom bmom,Ofaus;r_xHk;pH"avh±Sdjcif;?
paomvlrsKd;t*F g- 5&yfESifh jynfhpHkI oD;jcm;vGwfvyfaom EdkifiHxlaxmif
Edkifaom tajctaersm; ±Sdygonf?
oD;jcm;vGwv f yfaom Edik if x
H al xmifEikd I
f b,fenf;ESirhf qdck x JG u
G I
f oD;jcm;
EkdifiHxlaxmif&rnf[krqdkvdkyg?

oD;jcm;vGwv
f yfciG rhf &
±Srf;jynfe,fonf &mZ0ifwav#mufvHk;/ w}udrfwcgurS oD;jcm;vGwfvyf
aom EdkifiHtjzpfr&yfwnfcJh&bl;ay?
a±S;“arm”wdik ;f jynf wnfaxmifcphJ OfrS oDaygrif;ygawmfro
l nftxd y¾m
qufya'o&mZfEdkifiHjzpfcJh&onf? 1247-ckESpfwGif Armjynf w0Srf;vHk;ESifh twl
+Adwdo# e,fcsJ@pepfvufatmufodk@ usa&mufcJhonf?
1921-ckESpf 'dkiftmuDtkyfcsKyfa&;rStpðyI Armjynfrtm; tkyfcsKyfa&;
wpwp wdk;wufay;cJhaomfvnf; ±Srf;jynftygt0if awmifwef;a'orsm;tm;
aoG;cGt
J yk cf sKyfa&;wnf;[laom e,fcs@J ay:vpDt& ArmjynfrESihf cGjJ cm;umudv k ekd D
ya'o&mZfpepfjzifh tkyfcsKyfcJhonf?
e,fcsJ@tkyfpdk;r_ tESpf 60-umvtwGif; ±Srf;jynftm; EdkifiHa&;/ pD;yGm;a&;/
,Ofaus;r_ tbufbuftwGif rnfonfhbufwGifrS wdk;wufatmifaqmif±Guf

'

U tun myint.pmd 91 27/1/2548, 9:09

 OD;xGe;f jrif=h a&;

ray;cJhay?
EdkifiHa&;t& wm0efcHtkyfcsKyfa&;rsKd;udkrqdkxm;bd omref 'Drdkua&pDtcGifh
ta&;rsm;udkyif qefcsnfwr#ifr#avmuf cHpm;cGifhrðycJhay?
pD;yGm;a&;bufwGifvnf; ±Srf;ukef;jyifjrifha'oonf ajray:ajratmuf
o,HZmwypPnf;oHk;I rukefatmifaygrsm;ºuG,f0vifhupm; e,fcsJ@orm;onf
±S r f ; wd k i f ; &if ; om;rsm;twG u f pD ; yG m ;a&;vk y f i ef ; qd k I r,f r ,f & & bmwck r #
aqmif±Gufay;jcif;rðycJhay?

0g;wJuw
k pf w
k cf smcsm
±S r f ; vl x k o nf “ 0g;wJ u k w f p k w f c smcsmES i f h xrif ; &uf c sef a&&uf r S e f E S i f h
uyfusefrGJaw zGwfbdk;atrsm;jzpfcJh=u&.? yJykwfESifh rkHnif;udkwGifwGifpm;+yD; yifeD
yifjymudkom t+rJwef;qifjref;ae&±Sm.?”
usef;rma&;bufwGifvnf; “vlOD;a&woef;cGJausmf pwk&rf;rdkifig;aomif;
ajcmufaxmifausmfus,f0ef;aom ±Srf;jynfwGif q&m0ef}uD;'gZif0ufrjynfh/
q&m0efuav;w'gZifrjynfh wdkif;&if;om;rsm;rSm arG;uwnf;u iSufzsm;a&m*g
pGu
J yfvmumAdu k yf el u
H m;jzifh oufwef;raphraDS ocJ=h u&onf?” ysr;f r#jcif;oufwef;
24-ESpfom±Sdonf[k tqdk±Sdonf? cav; waxmifarG;wdkif; wESpfrjynfhrSD 480
aoqHk;cJh&onf?

pmwwfol 12 &mcdik Ef e+ ;f
ynma&;wGif=unfhygOD;“u}uD;-cacG;avmufoma&;wwfolrsm;ygxnfh
a&wGufygrS pma&;pmzwfwwfolOD;a& vlw&mv#if 12-a,mufom±SdcJhonf?
wuUodkvfrqdkxm;ESifh aumvdyfausmif;uav;yif r±SdcJhay?”
e,fcsJ@orm;onf ±Srf;jynfvlxk}uD;tm; wrifwumzdESdyfaoG;pkwfvmcJh+yD;
±Sr;f jynftm; t±Suu f if;rJph mG atmufusaemufus a'o[kac:qdv dk u
kd af o;onf?
š{›œ

'

U tun myint.pmd 92 27/1/2548, 9:09

 cGaJ &;wGaJ &;jy\em

+Adwdo#e,fcsJ@tkyfpdk;r_ tESpf 60-umvtwGif;/ rnfonfhyk*~dKvfwOD;

wa,mufr# ±Srf;jynfwdk;wufa&; vGwfvyfa&;wdk@twGuf awmif;qdkjcif;óud;yrf;
jcif;rsm;rðycJhay?

±Sr;f jynfvw
G v
f yfa&;tzG‹J csKyf
1947-ck ±Srf;jynf&mZ0ifwGif yxrOD;qHk; vlxkEkdifiHa&;tzGJ@}uD;jzpfaom
±Srf;jynfvGwfvyfa&;tzGJ@csKyf}uD;ay:aygufvmaomtcgrS/ ±Srf;jynfonf-±Srf;
wdkif;&if;om;rsm;tbdk@ ±Srf;jynfvHk;0vGwfvyfa7;ay;[laom aºuG;a=umfoHrsm;
onf ±Srf;jynfw0Srf;vHk;odk@ jyef@ESH@cJh&onf?
±Sr;f jynf vH;k 0vGwv
f yfa&;t&,l&mwGi/f ±Sr;f jynfonf oD;jcm;vGwvf yfa&;
t&,lrnfavm/ ArmjynfrESifh yl;wGJIvGwfvyfa&;t&,lrnfavm/ [laom
jy\emonf ±Srf;jynfwGif ay:aygufvmcJhonf?
xdktcg ±Srf;jynfe,fvlxkwyfOD;jzpfaom ±Srf;jynfvGwfvyfa&;tzGJ@csKyf}uD;
onf“e,fcsJ@pepfudk tðywfwdkufxkwfypf&ef ±Srf;Armyl;aygif;=updk@”[laom
aqmifyk'fudk a±S›wef;odk@xkwfcg vlxktm;pnf;±Hk;cJhonf?

ykwcf wf-uao;onf
xdkpOftcgu ±Srf;apmfbGm;rsm;onf ±Srf;jynfvGwfvyfa&;tzGJ@csKyf}uD;tm;
Armudk a&mif;pm;aomtzG@J [k orkwcf =hJ uonf? Armrke;f wD;a&;0g'jzef@cJ=h uonf?
±Sr;f Armyl;aygi;f I vGwv
f yfa&;t&,ljcif;om rSeu f efaomenf;jzpfonf[k
±Srf;jynfvGwfvyfa&;tzGJ@csKyf}uD;u ,Hk=unfonfhtwdkif; ±Srf;-Armyl;aygif;a&;ESifh
ywfoufaom oabmxm;udk ±Sr;f jynfvw G v
f yfa&;tzG@J csKyf OuUX}uD; OD;wifat;
onf(6-2-47) ae@txl;xkwf z-q-y-v owif;pOfwGif-

'!

U tun myint.pmd 93 27/1/2548, 9:09

 OD;xGe;f jrif=h a&;

tusKd;wlr[mrdwf
“u|Eykf w f @kd vH;k 0 vGwv
f yfa&;&vdo k nfrmS [kw+f yD od@k aomfxv
dk w G v
f yfa&;udk
&atmifb,fvdkvkyf&rvJ? u|Efkyfwkd@onf txD;wnf; vGwfvyfa&;udkr&Edkif
tusKd;wlaomr[mrdwfudk ±Sm&ayrnf”[lI ‚if;/
“Armvlxkonf u|Efkyfwdk@ESifh twlwuG+Adwdo#e,fcsJ@pepfvufwGif;odk@
oufqif;cJ&h .? xd@k a=umifh ArmvlxEk iS hf ±Sr;f vlxo k nf wavSxpJ ;D wc&D;xJomG ;
uHwltusKd;ay;rsm;jzpf=uonf? xdk@a=umifhtjcm;tcsuftvuf awGtyxm;+yD;
aemifyl;aygif;a&; cGJcGma&;wdk@tyxm;+yD; e,fcsJ@pepfudk wdkufzsuf+yD;vGwfvyfa&;
t&,l&mYrl ArmESihf xdxad &mufa&muf yl;aygi;f =u&rnf? TtcsuYf u|Eykf w f @kd
awmifay:om;rsm;onf awGa0,drf;,dkifaep&mr±Sd oHo,yGm;aep&mr±Sd/ u|Efkyf
wdk@onf ArmjynfESifhwygwnf;wef;wl vGwfvyfa&;udk&vdkonf[k woHxJ
wòydifxJ jyif;jyif;xefxefaºuG;a=umf=u&rnf? qENjyawmif;qdk=u&rnf? qHk;jzwf
csucf srw
S =f u&rnf? Ttcsuu f kd jrefjrefxufxufwjynfv;kH / òrd@wdik ;f e,fwikd ;f wGif
aqmif±Guf=u&rnf? Ttcsufudkrlwnfv#uf vlxkudkpnf;±Hk;=u&rnf”[lIyif
“ArmjynfrESifh yl;aygif;a&; cGJxGufa&;ESifhywfoufI/ zqyvuGefjrLepf
paom-wdk;wufaom EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm; acgif;aqmifrsm;onf/ u|Efkyfwdk@tm;
udk,fydkifjyXmef;cGifhudkay;xm;ayonf?
1? ,ck,m,Dyl;aygif;a&;onf aemifyl;aygif;a&; cGJxGufa&;udkrxdcdkufap&?
2? aemifyl;aygif;cJhaomfvnf;cGJxGufvdkjyefu cGJxGufEdkifcGifh±Sd&rnf?
3? wdik ;f jynfðyv$waf wmf ac:+yD;aemuf ryl;aygi;f Edik af o;v#if yl;aygi;f vdak om
tcg yl;aygif;Edkif&efvrf;zGifhay;xm;rnf?
4? u|Efkyfwdk@. jynfwGif;tkyfcsKyfr_rSm vHk;0vGwfvyfcGifh±Sdonf?
5? u|Efkyfwdk@. pmay,Ofaus;r_rsm;udk rapmfum;rxdcdkufap&?
Txufum; rnfolr#oabmxm;r}uD;Edkifyg? Twdk;wufacwfrSDaom
oabmxm;rsKd;udk u|Efkyfwkd@um; vd_ufvSJpGm axmufcH=u&rnf?

'"

U tun myint.pmd 94 27/1/2548, 9:09

 cGaJ &;wGaJ &;jy\em

awmifwef;a'orygbJ
“trSerf mS ArmjynfEiS hf ryl;aygi;f bJ u|Eykf w
f @kd csn;f oD;jcm;vkyI
f vGwv
f yfa&;
awmfawmfESifhr&Edkifyg? u|Efkyfwdk@awmifwef;a'orygbJESifhvnf; Armjynfr.
vGwfvyfa&;onf ppfrSefrnf/ wnf+rJrnf/cdkifcef@rnf[k u|Efkyfwdk@r,Hk=unf?
xkd@a=umifhe,fcsJ@pepfudk yl;aygif;I wdkufzdk@u|Efkyfwdk@ wdkif;&if;om;tm;vHk;.
wm0efESifhvkyfief;}uD;jzpfayonf” [lI‚if; aemufqHk;pum;ukef ajymvdkufrnf?
t*Fvdyfe,fcsJ@pepf xGufoGm;+yD;aemuf Armu vlrsm;pkqkd+yD; u|Efkyfwdk@±Srf;jynf
tm; e,fcsJ@aoG;pkwf&ef r[kwfw,kwftm;xkwfygu csif;/ *sif;azg/ u&if/ &cdkif
paomu|Ekfyfwdk@ wdkif;&if;om; vlrsKd;i,frsm; aygif;pnf;I Arme,fcsJ@pepfudk
atmifjrifpGmwGef;vSef òzdzsufypfvdkufEdkifygonf? pdk;&drfp&mr±Sdyg? oD;jcm;cGJxGuf+yD;
aevdkuvnf; aeEdkif=uygonf? ylp&mr±Sdyg?

[dpk Ofu avmavmq,f

“od k @ aomf - xd k j y\emum;vG w f v yf a &;&+yD ; aemuf r S ay:ayguf r nf h
tem*wfvyk if ef;jzpfygonf? avmavmq,fvyk if ef;um; e,fcs@J pepftðywfwu kd f
xkwfzkd@omjzpfonf?”
“xd@k a=umifh ±Sr;f / Arm/ u&if/ csi;f / *si;f azg wdik ;f &if;om;tm;vH;k yl;aygi;f I
vGwfvyfa&;ukd t&,l=uygpdk@”[lI‚if; ±Sif;vif;jywfom;pGmxkwfaz:a&;om;
cJhonf?

t&,l-updk‹
wzef 5-2-47 ae@wGif ArmjynfESifh yl;wGJI vGwfvyfa&;udk t&,l=updk@
[laomacgif;pOfjzifhxkwfjyefaom ±Srf;jynfvGwfvyfa&; tzGJ@csKyf}uD;. a=ujim
pmwrf;trSwf(4)wGifvnf;-
“avmavmq,fArmjynf. Ekid if aH &;tajctaet& awmifwef;a'otyg

'#

U tun myint.pmd 95 27/1/2548, 9:09

 OD;xGe;f jrif=h a&;

t0ifjzpfaom u|Efkyfwdk@ ±Srf;jynf. uH=urRmudk u|Efkyfwdk@pDrHzefwD;&eftifrwef

ta&;}uD;vm+yD”[k tpcsDcg Armjynftay:wGifxm;±Sdaom oabmxm;ESifh
ywfoufI atmufygtwdkif;yGifhyGifhvif;vif; az: jyxm;avonf?
“1247-ckESpfrSpI ArmjynfESifh wòydifwnf; u|efjzpfvmojzifh u|Efkyfwdk@
onf ArmjynfESifh wòydifxJwef;wl &nfwlvGwfvyfvdkonf ææ”
“ææ xdk@a=umifh u|Efkyfwdk@.ArmjynfESifh ywfoufaom oabmxm;udk
±Sif;vif;jywfom;pGm xkwfjyefygonf?”
1? ±Sr;f jynfonfe,fcs@J pepfatmufrS vGwaf jrmuf+yD;aomtcg woD; wjcm;
tm%mydkifEdkifiHwck tjzpfESifh wnfwef@aeEdkifonf[k ,Hk=unfonf?
2? ±Srf;jynfvuf±Sdtiftm; tajctaeonf e,fcsJ@pepfudkwdkufxkwfEdkif
avmufatmif tiftm;rjynfhpHk[k ,Hk=unfonf? odk@jzpfI±Srf;jynfESifh Armjynf
onf rvGwfvyfao;or#umvywfvHk; ArmjynfrESifh yll;wGJI aexdkifvdkonf
e,fcsJ@pepfudk tðywfwdkufxkwf&mwGif ±Srf;/ Arm/ csif;/ *sif;azg/ u&ifpaom
wdkif;&if;om;rsm;onf ruGJjym;bJnDnD!Gwf!GwfESifh wpD;wvHk;wnf; yl;aygif;
wdkufcdkufrSomv#if ±Srf;jynf/ Armjynf/ onfvHk;0vGwfvyfrnf[k,Hk=unfonf?
3? vGwfvyf+yD;onfhaemuf ESpfjynfaxmif tiftm;}uD;rm;&eftwGuf
vmrnfh wdik ;f jynfðyvGwaf wmfwiG f vlrsK;d i,frsm;ESihf ‚if;wd@k aexdik &f m e,fy,frsm;
twGuf vGwfvyfaomArmESifh vGwfvyfaom±Srf;/ csif;/ *sif;azg/ u&if paom
vlrsKd;rsm; tcsif;csif;nd‡Ed_if;wdkifyif+yD;aemuf wOD;ESifhwOD; tcGifhta&;wef;wl
&nfwcl ikd f vHak om *wd+rJjrefaom yËdOmOfrsm;ESihf jynfwiG ;f a&; ud, k yf ikd jf yXmef;cGihf
rsm;udkxnfh oGif;ay;+yD;aemufwae@ cGJxGufvdku cGJxGufEdkifcGifhrsm;udkyg ay;tyf
xm;ygu/ ‚if;tkyfcsKyfa&;pnf;rsOf;t&/ ArmjynfrESifh yl;wGJIaeoGm;&ef qEN±Sdyg
onf?
txufwGifazmfjycJhaom ±Srf;jynfvGwfvyfa&; tzGJ@csKyf}uD;. yl;aygif;a&;
rludk ±Srf;apmfbGm;rsm;ESifhwuG csif;/ ucsifpaom tjcm;vlenf;pkrsm;yg vdkufem
vufcHvmonf?

'$

U tun myint.pmd 96 27/1/2548, 9:09

 cGaJ &;wGaJ &;jy\em

yifvpkH mcsKyfe'd gef;

emrnfausmf yifvHkpmcsKyf. ed'gef;wGif “±Srf;/ ucsif/ csif;vlrsKd;rsm;onf
ArmjynfrESihf yl;aygi;f jcif;jzifh vGwv f yfa&; taqmwvsi&f Ekid v f rd rhf nf[k ,H=k unf
a=umif;”[lI az: jyxm;onf?
wzef 1947-ck rwfv23-&ufae@anmifa±$òrd@ anmifa±$a[mfwiG f usi;f y
aom ±Srf;/ ucsif/ csif;acgif;aqmifrsm; yg0ifzGJ@pnf;xm;aom awmifwef;om;
pnf;vHk;nD!Gwfa&; OD;pD;tzGJ@csKyf(puGyf). tpnf;ta0;wGif atmufygtwkdif;
qHk;jzwfcJhonf?
2? vlOD;a& tcsKd;tpm;t& ArmEdkifiH wdkif;jynfðyvGwfawmfodk@ yg0ifwuf
a&mufrnf? odk@&mwGif vlrsKd;pkrsm; a'oESihfoufqdkifaom udpPrsm;twGuf
oufqdkif&mvlrsKd;udk,fpm;vS,f 3yHk 2yHk rJr&bJ qHk;jzwfjcif;rðy&?
“(u) wef;wltcGifhta&;?
(c) awmifwef;a'orsm;twGufvkH;0 udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfa&;?
(*) vGwfvyfa&;&+yD;aemuf tcsdefra±G; ArmjynfrESifh cGJxGufEkdifa&;?”
&D(p)0Dv#H acgi;f aqmifaom e,fpyfa'opHpk rf;a&; aumfr±Sio f @kd awmifwef;
om; pnf;vH;k nD!w G af &; OD;pnf;tzG@J csKyfu ±Sr;f jynfe,fEiS yhf wfoufI wifjyaom
pmwrf;wGif atmufygtwdkif; yg±SdcJhonf?
(u) tcGifhta&;ESifh tqifhtwef; nDr#a&;?
(c) ±Srf;jynftwGuf vHk;0udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfa&;?
(*) vGwfvyfa&;&+yD;aemuf jynfaxmifpkrS tcsdefra±G;cGJxGufEdkifa&;wdk@
tay:wGif tajccHI ArmjynfrESihf jynfaxmifppk epft& yl;aygi;f rnfjzpfa=umif;?”
wzefe,fpyfa'o pHkprf;a&;aumfr±Sif. tpD&ifcHpmwGif-
“ArmjynfEiS yhf ;l aygi;f &ef vkv d m;aomoufaotrsm;pku jynfe,frsm;onf
tcsdefra±G;cGJxGufcGifh&&ef awmif;qdk=uyga=umif;”[k az: jyxm;onf?
xd@k a=umif±h rS ;f Armyl;aygi;f a&;onf xm0pOfy;l aygi;f a&;[laom t"dymü ,fukd
raqmifa=umif; xif±Sm;ygonf?

'%

U tun myint.pmd 97 27/1/2548, 9:09

 OD;xGe;f jrif=h a&;

wu,fppfreS af om jynfaxmifpok abmw&m;wGif cGx

J u
G v
f u
kd cGx
J u
G cf iG rhf mS
rygv#ifr+yD;aom t*F gw&yf jzpfonf?

rcGcJ siaf tmifvyk -f u

“cGx
J uG cf iG ahf y;&r,f/ rcGcJ siaf tmifvyk jf y&rSmu usKyfw@kd wm0ef”[k Adv k cf sKyf
atmifqef; ajymouJo h @kd jynfe,frsm; rcGx
J uG cf siaf tmifvyk jf y&rnfrmS Armjynfr
.wm0efjzpfonf?
jynfaxmifpk jrefrmEdkifiHawmf zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHka&;qGJ=upOf cGJxGufEdkifaom
tcGifhta&;tc%f;wGif -
TtajccHOya'tm%mwnfonfhae@rS q,fESpftwGif; cGJxGufEdkifaom
tcGit hf a&;udk toH;k rðy&” [ky'k rf -202-xnfo h iG ;f onfh tcg/ usaemfw@kd (&yv)
tzGJ@csKyfudk,fpm;vS,frsm;onf jyif;jyif;xefxef uef@uGufcJh=uygonf? ,if;odk@
uef@uGuf=ujcif;rSm ArmjynfrESifh yl;aygif;a&;udk rvdkvm;Ium;r[kwfyg?
jynfaxmifpk oabmw&m;ukdxdcdkufonf/ vlrsKd;i,frsm;. tcGifhta&;udk xdyg;
onf[k ,lqjcif;a=umifhomjzpfonf?
(&yv) tzG@J csKyfonf ±Sr;f jynfvx l tk m; rvSnphf m;cJyh g? txufwiG f azmfjy
cJhonfhtwdkif; e,fcsJ@pepfvufatmufrS vGwfajrmuf&ef ArmjynfESifhyl;aygif;rnf
±Sr;f jynfov l xl t k wGuf tusK;d ±Sv d #if qufvufy;l aygi;f rnf? tusK;d r±S[ d k xifjrif
onfhwae@wGif cGJxGufrnf[kwdtvif;wifjycJhonf?

š{›œ

(&yv). óu;d yrf;r+

(&yv) tzG@J . OD;aqmifóud;yrf;r_a=umifh ±Sr;f Armyl;aygi;f a&;onf q,fEpS f
wmr#=umjrifhcJhonf?
xdkq,fESpfwmumvtwGif; ya'o&mZfwdk@.ESdyfuGyfr_a=umifh &yvonf
òyduGJysufpD;cJhav+yD?

'&

U tun myint.pmd 98 27/1/2548, 9:09

 cGaJ &;wGaJ &;jy\em

(&yv). a±S›aqmifvrf;pOft& ±Srf;-Armyl;aygif;jcif;jzifh +Addwdo#e,fcsJ@

xrf;ydk;atmufrS/ ±Srf;a&m-Armyg tvGwf±Hk;xGufEdkifcJhav+yD?
q,fESpfwmumtwGif; yl;aygif;cJhjcif;. tusKd;tjrwfpm&if;udk qef;ppf&ef
vdt
k yfay+yD? qufvufy;l aygi;f a&; od@k wnf;r[kwcf x JG u
G af &;twGuf pOf;pm;=u&ef
tcsdefwefay+yD?
±Sr;f -Armyl;aygi;f cJah om q,fEpS o f mumv. Edik if aH &;/ pD;yGm;a&;/ ,Ofaus;r_
tusK;d tjrwfZ,m;udk udv k edk b
D 0tajctaeESihf E_id ;f ,SOIf t=urf;tm;jzifh ppfwrf;
xkwf=unfh=updk@?

taqmifta,mif
udv
k ekd b
D 0wGif Edik if aH &;t& wm0efct
H yk cf sKyfa&;r&±Scd /hJ 'Drukd a&pDtcGit
hf a&;
pdk;pOf;r# rcHpm;&cJh/ udkvdkeDya'o&mZftkyfcsKyfa&;om &±SdcJhonf? vGwfvyfa&;
q,fESpftwGif; taqmifta,mif wm0efcHtkyfcsKyfa&;jzpfaom ±Srf;jynfe,f
aumifpD ±Sr;f jynfe,ftpd;k &[lI ay:vmonf? 'Dru kd a&pDtcGit hf a&;wpdywf a'o
cHpm;vm&onf? odk@&mwGif twGif;cHya'o&mZf tkyfcsKyfa&;pepfum; ysufpD;
,kd,Gif;jcif;r±Sdao;ay? (zqyv)tpdk;&. axmufcHtm;ay;r_a=umifh tajccdkifcdkif
wnf+rJvsufyif±Sdao;onf?

±Sr;f vlxt
k wGurf awG‹&
udv
k ekd bD 0wGif ±Sr;f vlx}k uD;onf pkwcf smrGaJ wcJ.
h ? ,ckvnf;pkwcf smrGaJ w
v#uyf if/ yJyw k Ef iS hf rke@f n‡i;f pm;onfb
h 0u rwufao;ay? pD;yGm;a&;wae@wjcm;
ydkIydkI=uyfwnf;v#uf±Sd.? +Adwdo#e,fcsJ@orm;onf ±Srf;jynf. o,HZmw
obm0 ypPnf;rsm;udk e,fcsJ@t&if;±SifvlwpktusKd;twGuf xkwf,lcJh.? ,ck
zqyv tpd;k & onf ±Sr;f jynf. o,HZmwobm0 ypPn;f rsm;udk xkw, f vl #uf
±Sd.? xkwf,l&ef óud;pm;ae.? ±Srf;vlxktwGuf tusKd;aus;Zl;[lI wdwdusus
rawG@&ao;ay?

''

U tun myint.pmd 99 27/1/2548, 9:09

 OD;xGe;f jrif=h a&;

ra-ujimEkdifao;
ppfrjzpfrSDu ±Srf;jynfw0Srf;vHk;wGif pmoifausmif;aygif;(196)ausmif;±SdcJh
onf? (omoemðyESifh woD;yk*~vydkif ausmif; 90-&mcdkifE_ef;) 1947-ckESpfwGif
(138)ausmif;±Scd o
hJ nf? pma&;pmwwfol 12-&mcdik Ef e_ ;f ±Scd o
hJ nf? ,cktcg pmoif
ausmif;ajrmufrsm;pGmwdk;wufvmonf? tpdk;&txufwef;ausmif; (17)ausmif;
tv,fwef;ausmif;(19)ausmif;/ rlvwef;ausmif;(391)ausmif; ±Sdonf[kod&
onf? pma&;pmzwfwwfol OD;a&rnfr#w;kd wufvmonfukd a±S;tpd;k &u ,ckwikd f
ra=ujimEdkifao;ay?

vrf;yef;qufoG,fa&;
udv k ekd b
D 0wGif ±Sr;f jynfw0Sr;f vH;k Y aq;±HEk iS hf aq;ay;cef;aygi;f omoemðy
ESifh woD;yk*~vydkifrsm; tygt0if 33-ck±SdcJhonf? ,cktcg ±Srf;jynfw0Srf;vHk;wGif
aq;±Hak q;ay;cef;aygi;f rnfIrnfr#±o dS nfukd ±Sr;f jynfe,fOuUX. tpD&ifcpH mwGif
azmfjyxm;jcif;r±SdIrod&ay?
pmwdkuf-a=u;eef;ESifh vrf;yef;qufoG,fa&; wdk;wufr_vHk;0rawG@jrif&?
udkvdkeDb0 tajctaeb0yif rrSDao;?
Tum;"rR"dXmefusus qef;ppfxm;aom tusKd;tjrwfpm&if;t=urf;
wnf;?
ud, k uf sK;d tcGit
hf a&;rygaom ±d;k om;pGmcGx J u G v f akd om cGaJ &;orm;rsm;onf
TtusK;d tjrwfZ,m;udk rauseyf? cGx J uG I
f ud,
k =fh urRmud, k zf efw;D ygu Txuf
ydkI wdk;wuf}uD;yGm;Edkifonf[k ,lq=u[efwl.?
xdkenf;wlpGm udk,fusKd;tcGifhta&;rygaom ±dk;om;pGmwGJbufaevdkaom
wGJa&;orm;rsm;onf Tq,fESpfwmumv tusKd;tjrwfZ,m;onf wu,fh
tusKd;tjrwf}uJD;jzpfonf? a±S›qufvufI wGJbufaejcif;jzifhydkrdkI tusKd;tjrwf
rsm;vmrnf[k ,Hk=unf=u[efwlonf?
cGaJ &;orm;xJwiG f ±Sr;f jynfonfwcgrS rvGwv f yfao;I vGwv f yfcsio
f nf
qdkaom qENydkif;orm;rsm;vnf;±Sdonf?



U tun myint.pmd 100 27/1/2548, 9:09

 cGaJ &;wGaJ &;jy\em

±Srf;jynfonf ±Srf;vlrsKd;rsm;tbdk@ qdkaomrsKd;cspfrsm;vnf;±Sdonf?

zqyv/ qdk±S,fvpftpdk;&udk rauseyfI cGJxGufcsifolvnf;±Sdonf?
od@k &mwGif cGaJ &;orm;taygi;f wd@k onf cGx
J u
G +f yD;±Sr;f jynfe,ftm; rnfonfh
yHkpHrsKd;jzifh wnfaqmufIrnfodk@aom vkyfief;rsm;aqmif±Gufrnf[k xkwfaz:
wifjyjcif;r±Sd=uao;ay? tcsKd@urwifjy&Jbl; [kqdk=u.?
xdkenf;wl wGJa&;orm;rsm;uvnf; qufvufwGJbufaejcif;jzifh ±Srf;jynf
onf‚if; ±Srf;jynfolvlxkonf‚if; rnfonfhumvtydkif;tjcm;twGif;Y rnfodk@
aomtajctaetxd wdk;wufEdkifonf }uD;yGm;Edkifonf[laom ar#mfrSef;csufrsm;
rwifjyEdkif=uay?
tcsKd@u“'gwmhAsma&eJ@=umvdk jynfaxmifpkwdk;wufoavmuf ±Srf;jynf
vnf;wdk;wufrSmaygh”[kav#mcs=u.?
wcsKd@uawmh“wGJawmhwGJcsifw,f 'gayrJhwGJjcif;jzifh bmawGtusKd;±Sdr,f
qdk'gudk wifjy&rSmudk,fhvdyfjymudk,froef@bl;”[kaxmufuGufoabmajym=u.?
,if;odk@aom tajctaersKd;wGif ±Srf;jynfolvlxk}uD;onf cGJa&;wGJa&;udpP
twGuf b,fodk@v#ifqHk;jzwfcsufay;Edkifrnfenf;?

wifjy-uygukef
cGJa&;orm;rsm;onf tb,fa=umifhcGJxGufcsif=uonf? cGJxGufjcif;jzifh
b,fuJhokd@ tusKd;aus;Zl; ±SdEdkifrnfponfjzifh ol@rlighrl wifjy=uygukef?

rauseyfyg
usaemft h aeESihf vuf±±dS rS ;f jynfe,f. tajctae/ ya'o&mZfapmfbmG ;rsm;
tm%mwnf+rJaeonfh tajctae/ wdik ;f jynfz@HG òzd;a&;vkyif ef;rsm; rwnfaxmifEikd f
onfh tajctae/ aumvdyfausmif; wuUodkvftp±Sdonfh txufwef;ynma&;
ausmif ; rsm;ES i f h touf a rG ; 0rf ; a=umif ; ausmif ; rsm;r±S d o nf h tajctaeud k
rauseyfyg?



U tun myint.pmd 101 27/1/2548, 9:09

 OD;xGe;f jrif=h a&;

vuf±t dS ajctaexuf wd;k wufrr_ &±SEd ikd [

f q
k v
kd #if usaemfvnf; cGx
J u
G cf sif
ygonf? cGJa&;orm;wOD;jzpfygonf?
ya'o&mZfru
l rkd axmufcH
odk@aomf(&ynz)ESifh(&wpnz) ponfhtzGJ@tpnf;rsm;. cGJxGufa&;rludk
raxmufcHEdkifyg?
(&ynz)ESifh(&wpnz)wdk@ cGJxGufIwnfaxmifrnfh yHkpHrSm apmfbGm;rsm;
olwe,figwrif; xif&mpdkif;tkyfpdk;rnfh tar&duefvufatmufcH ±Srf;jynfe,f
rsKd;yifjzpfayvdrfhrnf?
,if;odk@cGJxGufjcif;rsKd;udk usaemfonf cGJa&;orm;wOD;taeESifhyif jyif;jyif;
xefxef uef@uGuf&ayvdrfhrnf?

cGx
J u
G v
f akd omrl
usaemf. cGJxGufvdkaomrlrSm atmufygtwdkif;jzpfonf?
1? ±Srf;jynfonfoD;jcm;EdkifiH xlaxmifEdkifaom tajctaewGif±Sdonf?
2? ±Sr;f jynf. yx0Da&ajra'ot&‚if;/ ajray:ajratmufo,HZmwypPn;f
rsm;t&‚if;/ acwfrSDwdk;wufaom EdkifiHwEdkifiHjzpfvmEdkifonf?
3? ±Sr;f jynfonf ArmjynfEiS hf qufvufwb JG ufaeI b,fenf;ESirhf # tusK;d
r±Sdawmh[k aemufqHk;,lqonfhtcg atmufygoabmxm;rsm;t& cGJxGufI
tcsKyftcsmtm%mydkif vGwfvyfaomjynfol@orRwEdkifiHxlaxmifrnf?
(u) cGJxGufjcif;onf jyify ya,m*uif;&rnf? jyifyEkdifiHrsm;. 0ifa&muf
pGufzufr_rsm;vHk;0uif;&rnf?
(c) cGJxGufjcif;jzifh ya'o&mZfESifh e,fcsJ@orm;rsm;. tm%mpuftwGif;
odk@ roufqif;ap&?
(*) ±Srf;jynfonf/ EdkifiHwumESifhwef;wl&nfwljzpfI urBm@+idrf;csrf;a&;udk
taxmuftulðyonfh EdkifiHjzpfap&rnf?
usaemfwdk@onf tajccHtm;jzifh cGJa&;orm;rsm;jzpfaomfvnf; usaemfwdk@



U tun myint.pmd 102 27/1/2548, 9:09

 cGaJ &;wGaJ &;jy\em

rcGJxGufcsifatmif AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; ajymouJhodk@Armjynfru vkyfjy&ayvdrfh

rnf? ±Sr;f jynfe,facwfrDS wd;k wuf}uD;yGm;atmif aqmif±u G af y;&ef vuf±zdS @JG pnf;
tkycf sKyfykH tajccHOya't& jynfaxmifpt k pd;k &tay:wGif t"duwm0ef±adS vonf?
tajccHOya'. jynfe,fOya'ðypm&if;ESihf tcGeaf wmfpm&if;rsm;ud=k unfv h #if
jynfe,frsm;onf wdkif;jynfxlaxmifa&; vkyfief;rsm;zGH@òzd;a&; vkyfief;rsm;bm
wckr#rvkyfEdkifonfudkawG@&rnf?
jynfe,fOya'ðypm&if;pD;yGm;a&; udpPrsm;wGif jynfe,frsmonf v,f,m
pdkufysKd;a&;udpPavmufom aqmif±GufEdkifonf?
jynfe,ftcGefawmf pm&if;wGifjynfe,frsm;twGif;. t"du0ifaiGrSm ajr
cGefawmfESifh opfawmcGefrsm;omjzpf+yD;/ jynfaxmifpkrSay;aom axmufyHhaiGrsm;
ay: t"durSDcdkae&onf?
tajccHOya't& jynfe,frsm;u aumufcHEdkifaom tcGefawmfaiGrsm;rSm
jynfe,frsm;wd;k wuf}uD;yGm;a&;twGurf qdx k m;bd jynfe,ftpd;k &. omreftoH;k
1956=57=ckEpS t
f wGuf cef‹rSe;f ajcrsm;
jynfe,ftrnf jynfe,fwGif;tcGefawmf&aiG omreftoHk;p&dwf
±Srf;jynfe,f 41˜27˜340d 172˜11˜000d
ucsifjynfe,f 39˜04˜230d 120˜69˜000d
u,m;jynfe,f 5˜06˜390d 29˜38˜000d
u&ifjynfe,f 20˜08˜430d 69˜16˜000d
“jynfaxmifpkrSay;aomaxmufyHhaiGrsm;”xnfhaygif;aomfvnf; jynfe,f
tppdk;&rsm;. omreftoHk;p&dwfudkrumrdao;ay?
jynfe,frsm; 1956-57-jynfaxmifpkrSay;aomaxmufyHhaiGrsm;
±Srf;jynfe,f 125˜00˜000d
ucsifjynfe,f 75˜00˜000d
u,m;jynfe,f 20˜00˜000d
u&ifjynfe,f 38˜00˜000d

!

U tun myint.pmd 103 27/1/2548, 9:09

 OD;xGe;f jrif=h a&;

p&dwftwGufyif rvHkavmufay?
jynfaxmifpkrS axmufyHhaiGrsm;rSm trSefpifppf axmufyHhaiGr[kwfay?
jynfaxmifpktpdk;&u A[dkcsKyfudkifxm;aom qdyfurf;taumufawmfcGef/ ,pfrsKd;
cGef ode;f xDtjrwfawmfceG f tp±So d nfh tcGeaf wmfaiGrsm;rS jynfe,frsm;u tcsK;d us
&oifh&xdkufaomaiGrsm;omjzpfonf?
,cktcg xdkaxmufyHha=u;rsm;udk rnfonfhtajccHrl rnfonfhtcsKd;tpm;
t& cGJa0ay;aeonfudk rod&bJ/ jynfaxmifpktpdk;&. pdwfqENt& apwem±Sd
oavmuf cGJa0ay;aeonfudkawG@jrif&onf?
xd@k a=umifh xdak xmufyahH =u;rsm;udk usm;oem;rSEmG ;csr;f omonfh axmufyhH
a=u;rsm;[k usaemfu “±Srf;jynfb,fvJ”pmtkyfwGif ac:qdkcJhygonf?
‚if;axmufyHha=u;rsm;udkom trSDðyIjynfe,frsm;. zGH@òzd;a&; wdk;wuf
}uD;yGm;a&;twGuf aqmif±u G &f rnfqv kd #if urBmajr}uD;ysuðf yef;oGm;rnfh jynfe,f
rsm;um; rnfonfhtcgrS wdk;wuf}uD;yGm;vmrnfr[kwfay?
jynfe,fz@HG òzd;atmif wd;k wuf}uD;yGm;atmif aqmif±u G af y;&ef jynfaxmifpk
tpdk;&wGif vHk;vHk;vsm;vsm; wm0ef±Sdaeayonf?
pmwkduf/ a=u;eef;/ rD;&xm;vrf;/ um;vrf; tp±Sdonfh acwfrSDvrf;yef;
qufoG,fa&;/ acwfrSDpdkufysKd;a&;/ "gwfowWKwl;az:a&;/ pufr_vufr_vkyfief;
xlaxmifa&; ponfhpD;yGm;a&;/ txufwef; pufr_vufr_ESifhtjcm;toufarG;
0rf;a=umif;ynma&;/ aumvdyfESifh wuUodkvfynma&;rsm; jynfe,frsm;wGif
wnfaxmifay;&rnf?
wnf±Sdaeaom o,HZmwypPnf;rsm;t& a'otvdkufvkyfief;}uD;rsm;
wnfaxmifay;&rnf? Oyrm ±Srf;jynfe,f awmif}uD;òrd@teD;rS wl;,laomoHESifh
oGyo f wWKrsm;udk rdik af ygi;f 400ausmf uGma0;onfh &efuek òf rd@od@k o,f,+l yD;&efuek f
òrd@teD;oHa&óud±Hk wnfaqmifjcif;/ oHr%dvkyfief;vkyfjcif;rsKd; rjzpfap&?
tqdkyga'otvdkuf wnfaxmifaom vkyfief;rS&aom tjrwfaiGrsmudk
oufqdkif&mjynfe,fzGH@òzd;a&;twGuf t"duoHk;pGJay;&rnf?
xdkr#ru jynfe,frsm;wGif (txl;ojzifh±Srf;jynfe,f) wdk;wuf}uD;yGm;a&;
twGuf vlr_twm;tqD;rsm;(ya'o&mZftkyfcsKyfa&;pepf) wnf±Sdaeonfudk

"

U tun myint.pmd 104 27/1/2548, 9:09

 cGaJ &;wGaJ &;jy\em

zsufodrf;ay;&rnf?
Tvkyfief;rsm;jzifhom jynfe,frsm;rcGJxGufcsifatmif jynfaxmifpku
vkyfjyonf rnfayvdrfhrnf?
,ae@jynfaxmifpktpdk;&.wm0efudk xrf;±Gufaeaomzqyv qdk±S,fvpf
tpdk;&onf rdrdwdk@acgif;a±SmifvdkaomudpPrsKd;qdkv#if“'gucifAsm;wdk@jynfwGif;a&;
udpP usKyfw@kd eJ@rqdik bf ;l usKyfw@kd 0ifr±_ycf sib
f ;l ”[k ajymavh±odS nf? vkycf sio f nfh
udpq P v
kd #if rnfonfh *k%o f u d mQ udrk S raxmufxm; ZGww f ±Gwv f yk u
f ikd af vh±o
dS nf?
(Oyrm-1952-ckESpf ±Srf;jynfe,fppftkyfcsKyfa&;Oya' 1956-ckArm-tpPa&;vf
pD;yGm;a&;yl;aygif;aqmif±Gufr_pmcsKyf)
t"dubmvJ´
±Srf;jynfe,f cGJa&;wGJa&;jy\emwGif udk,fusKd;tcGifhta&; jyifyya,m*
rygbJEdkifiHa&;t& tajccHususavhvmv#if e,fajrcGJa&;wGJa&;onf t"du
r[kwfay? ±Srf;jynfe,fwdk;wuf}uD;yGm;a&;omv#if t"dujzpfonf?
cGJxGufI ±Srf;jynfe,f}uD;yGm;wdk;wufa&; wGJbufI ±Srf;jynfe,f}uD;yGm;
wdk;wufa&;onfom ±dk;om;aom cGJa&;wGJa&;orm;rsm;. t"duta=umif;&if;
jzpfonfudk jynfaxmifpkom;wdkif;odxm;oifhygonf?
“trsK;d om;pnf;vH;k a&;”“jynfaxmifpw k nf+rJa&;”[laom *gxmudk wzGzG
ref;r_wfae±Hkr#jzifh/ cGJxGufa&;jy\emonf ryaysmufoGm;Edkifay? cGJxGuf0Hhrnf
r[kwf[kvnf; ,Hk=unfpdwfcsaeIrjzpf? EGm;uGJv#ifusm;udkufrnf qdkaom
pum;yHkudk a&vJESifhoHk;I+cdrf;ajcmuf aeIvnf;r+yD;?
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;. opPmpum;uJhodk@rcGJxGufcsifatmif vkyfief;rsm;jzifh
om jynfaxmifpktpdk;&u vkyfjy&vdrfhrnfjzpfownf;?
jynfaxmifpo k m;wdik ;f wajy;nDpmG wd;k wuf}uD;yGm;aom jynfaxmifp}k uD;
wnf+rJygap?

awmif}uD;òrd@
1957-ckESpf/ ZEMm0g&Dv (23) &ufae@?
xGef;jrifh

#

U tun myint.pmd 105 27/1/2548, 9:09

U tun myint.pmd 106 27/1/2548, 9:09
U tun myint.pmd 107 27/1/2548, 9:09
 &

U tun myint.pmd 108 27/1/2548, 9:09

 1957=ckEpS /f pufwifbmv 29=&ufae‹
&efuek òf rd‹/ òrd‹awmfcef;rYusi;f yaom
vlrsK;d pkaygif;pHk awG‹qHak qG;aEG;yGm}uD;wGif
±Sr;f jynf ud, k pf m;vS,rf sm;wifjyonfh

±Sr;f jynf.epfemcsufrsm;
obmywdrif;ESifhwuG ºuGa&mufvm=uwJh oHCmawmft±Sifjrwfrsm;/
*k%o f a&±Sd vl}uD;rif;rsm;/ trwfrsm;/ jynfe,ftoD;oD;rS vlrsK;d pkaoG;csi;f nD&if;
tpfudk udk,fpm;vS,fawmfrsm;udk usaemf'Dae&muae+yD; *g&0ðyvdkufygw,f?
v_dufvSJpGm aus;Zl;wifa=umif;vJajymvdkygw,f?
+yD;awmh usaemf[m twdkif;tqr±SdatmifbJ *k%f,ltm;wufrdygw,f?
usaemfbmjzpfvdk@ 'Davmufawmif*k%f,ltm;wufrdovJ qdkwmudkwifjyvdkyg
w,f? yxrtcsufuawmhckvdkjynfaxmifpk jrefrmEdkifiHordkif;rSm/ armfuGef;wif
use&f pfcrhJ hJ vlrsK;d aygi;f pHk awG@qHak qG;aEG;yG}J uD;rSm usaemf[m ±Sr;f jynfwikd ;f &if;om;
wOD;taeeJ@yg0if+yD; uae@±Srf;jynfrSmcHpm;ae&wJh epfemcsufrsm;udk yGifhvif;pGm
wifjyaqG;aEG;cGifh&vdk@jzpfygw,f? 'kwd,tcsuftaeeJ@ *k%f,ltm;wufrdwm
uawmh jynfe,ftoD;oD;rS vlrsKd;pkaoG;csif;nDtpfudkrsm;eJ@ usaemf[m&if;&if;
ESD;ESD;awG@qHkaqG;aEG;cGifh&wJhtwGufa=umifh jzpfygw,f? usaemfhenf;wlwjcm;
vlrsKd;pk toD;oDrS udk,fpm;vS,fawmfrsm;uvJ *k%f,ltm;wufrd=uvdrfhr,fvdk@
usaemfvHk;0 ,Hk=unfygw,f?
tJovdk usaemf*k%f,ltm;wufrdae,if; wcsdefxJrSmbJ vGefcJhwJh 10-ESpf
ausmaf vmufu yxrOD;pGm ckvv kd rl sK;d pkaygi;f pHak wG@qHak qG;aEG;cJw
h hJ tjzpfukd usaemf
jyefajymif;owd&rdygw,f? tJ'D yxrt}udraf wG@qHjk cif;uawmh uG,v f eG of mG ;±Sm
cJ+h yDjzpfwhJ Adv
k cf sKyfatmifqef;ESihf wuG/ vlrsK;d pkacgi;f aqmif}uD;rsm; pkpnf;+yD;/ 1947-
ckESpf azaz:0g&Dv 12-&uf±Srf;jynfyifvHkòrd@rSm +cdrfh+cdrfhoJ atmifjrifpGmusif;ycJhwJh

'

U tun myint.pmd 109 27/1/2548, 9:09

 OD;xGe;f jrif=h a&;

armfuGef;wif yifvHknDvmcH}uD;ygbJ? tJ'DyifvHknDvmcH}uD;rSmyJ usaemfwdk@vlrsKd;pk

nDtpfudkwawG[m awG@qHk&if;ESD;+yD; cdkif+rJwJhaoG;pnf;nD!Gwfr_}uD;udk t&
wnfaqmufc=hJ uygw,f? tck'aD qG;aEG;yG}J uD;uvJtvm;wl cdik rf mwJv h rl sK;d pkaygi;f pHk
aoG;pnf;nD!w G rf u
_ kd jyefvnftoufoiG ;f ay;Edik v
f rd rhf ,fv@kd usaemfEpS Ef pS u
f mum
,Hk=uygw,f?
obmywdeJ@ b0wlvlrsKd;pkudk,fpm;vS,fawmfrsm;cifAsm;?
±Srf;jynfe,frSm uae@awG@óuHcHpm;ae&wJh epfemcsuf tjzpftrSefawGudk
rwifjyrD/ twdwfu &mZ0ifudk tenf;i,fwifjyyg&ap?

twdw&f mZ0ifyikd ;f
twdwf&mZ0ifudk jyefvnfqef;ppfvdkufwJhtcgrSm ±Srf;jynfolawG[m
&mZ0ifwav#mufvHk;“ol@u|ef”jzpfcJh&wJhjzpftifudk 0rf;enf;a=uuGJbG,f&m awG@
jrifcJh&ygw,f?
jref r m{u&mZf r sm;tk y f p d k ; pOf t cgrS m &S r f ; jynf a pmf b G m ;òrd @ pm;rsm;[m
a±$yef;cdkif/ aiGyef;cdkif/ orD;unmqufoum cHpm;cJh&ygw,f? ±Srf;jynfolawGvJ
jrefrm {u&mZfw@kd &J@ aus;awmfrsK;d u|eaf wmfrsK;d rsm; jzpfc&hJ w,f? {u&mZfrif;wd@k
tcsif;csif;e,fy,fvkwJh ppfyGJrsm;rSmbJjzpfjzpf ,dk;',m;/ r%dyl&pwJhEdkifiHcsJ@
ppfyGJrsm;rSm bJjzpfjzpfyg0ifwdkufcdkuftr_xrf;cJh&ygw,f?
oDaygb&k if ygawmfrw l w
hJ csed x f rJ mS bJ/ ±Sr;f jynf[m Armjynfe@J twl +Adwo d #
e,fcs@J vufatmufo@kd usa&mufc&hJ w,f? 1942 ckEpS rf mS zufqpf*syef jrefrmjynf
udkodrf;ydkufpOftcgrSmvJ ±Srf;jynf[mwcgxJ *syefvufatmufudk a&mufcJh&jyef
w,f?
wzef *syefzufqpfw@kd tm; ArmjynfrrS &Jabmfrsm;ESit hf wl wduk x f wk v f u
kd w
f t
hJ cg
±Srf;jynfrSmvJ EdkifiHa&;t& Edk;=um;vmwmawG@&ygw,f? u|efb0udk±GH@rkef;vm
w,f? vGwfvGwfvyfvyf aexdkifvdkw,f? udk,fh=urRmudkzefwD;vdkvm=uw,f?
'gayrJh vGwfvyfa&;taqmwvif vdkvm;wJh±Srf;jynfolawG[mpnf;±Hk;r_
tiftm;raumif;ao;wmudkawG@&ygw,f? r[mrdwfvdkuf±SmwJhtcg uHwltusKd;



U tun myint.pmd 110 27/1/2548, 9:09

 ±Sr;f jynf.epfemcsurf sm;

ay;jzpfwhJ jrefrmjynfow l @kd udk awG@&ygw,f? jrefrmjynfvJ ±Sr;f jynfe@J twl +Adwo d #
e,fcsJ@vufatmufrSm ESpfaygif;w&mvHk;vHk;pHk;pHk;ðryfaewJhtcgrSm pD;yGm;a&;/
bmoma&;/ ,Ofaus;r_ "avhxHk;pHwdk@[mvJ wOD;ESifhwOD;eD;pyfcJhygw,f? +Adwdo#
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f El ikd af =umif;
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yifvHknDvmcHrSm AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;u/ pdwf±Snfvuf±SnfeJ@ tcsdeftawmf=um
atmif ±Si;f vif;cJyh gw,f? tJ't D cgrmS Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;acgi;f aqmifw(hJ zqyv)
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tcg/ yl;aygif;Edkif&ef vrf;zGifhay;xm;rnf?
4? ±Srf;jynf˜ jynfwGif;tkyfcsKyfr_rSmvHk;0vGwfvyfcGifh±Sd&rnf?
5? ±Srf;paomvlrsKd;pkwdk@. pmay,Ofaus;r_rsm;udk rapmfum;rxdcdkufyg?



U tun myint.pmd 111 27/1/2548, 9:09

 OD;xGe;f jrif=h a&;

'Dxufawmhb,forl S oabmxm;r}uD;Edik b f ;l qkw

d mudk tJ't D cgu vlrsK;d pk
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axmufcHcJhw,f? AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; ajymcJhwJhpum;rsm;udk oabm±dk;om;pGmeJ@
vlrsK;d i,frsm; ,H=k unfcw hJ ,f? tjcm;jynfr Ekid if aH &;acgi;f aqmifrsm;udv k /J Adv k cf sKyf
atmifqef;enf;wl oef@pifaomoabm±Srd ,fv@kd ,H=k unfcyhJ gw,f? 'gayrJ, h ckawmh
usaemfw@kd oabm±d;k om;pGmeJ@ jynfracgi;f aqmif}uD;rsm;udk odr;f óuH; ,H=k unfcjhJ cif;
[m usaemfwdk@&J@r[mtrSm;}uD;jzpfcJhygvm;qdkwm ,ae@jynfe,frSm cHpm;ae&
wJh tajctaeu oufaojyvsuf±Sdygw,f?
vlrsKd;i,frsm;[m/ usaemf tpD&ifcHovdk jynfracgif;aqmifrsm;&J@ *wd
pum;rsm;udk oabm±dk;om;pGmeJ@ ,Hk=unfudk;pm;tm;xm;+yD;/ e,fcsJ@t*Fvdyfudk
twlvufwu JG m wduk x f w k &f efoabmwl+yD; yifvpkH mcsKyfukd csKyfqv kd ufrw S af &;xk;d
cJhygw,f?
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5? e,fjcm;a'orsm;twGuf jynfwGif;tkyfcsKyfr_wGif vHk;0udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyf
cGifhudk rltm;jzifhvufcHonf?
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f m;aom tajccHtusK;d ESihf tcGit hf a&;
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uGJ&vdrfhr,f”vdk@ jywfom;pGmajymcJhygw,f?



U tun myint.pmd 112 27/1/2548, 9:09

 ±Sr;f jynf.epfemcsurf sm;

jynfaxmifpjk refrmEdik if H zG@J pnf;ykt

H ajccHOya'a&;qGpJ Ofu cGx J u
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f hJ tcGihf
ta&;tc%f;rSm“TtajccHOya'tm%mwnfonfhae@rS q,fESpftwGif;cGJxGuf
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h cg/ usaemfw@kd &J@
udk,fpm;vS,frsm;u jyif;jyif;xefxefuef@uGufcJh=uygw,f?
bmðyvdk@ uef@uGuf&ovJqdkawmh jynfaxmifpkoabmw&m;rsm;udk
xdcdkufvdk@ygbJ? vlrsKd;pkwdk@&J@ tcGifhta&;udk csKyfcs,fxdyg;vdk@ uef@uGufcJhygw,f?
'gayrJh AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;wdk@u xdkpOftcgrSm urBm@tajctae/ EdkifiH&J@
vGwfvyfa&;tajctaeudk ±Sif;jy+yD; 10-ESpfumvtwGif; 5-ESpfpDrHudef; 2-ck
avmuf **eevkyf+yD;/ jynfaxmifpk w0Srf;vHk;&J@}uD;yGm;wdk;wufa&;udk vufqkyf
vufuikd f jyyg&ap? tJovdk 10-ESpaf vmuf vkyjf y+yD;rS auseyfrr_ ±Sv d #if oabm
twdkif; cGJxGuf=uygvdk@ pdwfxdcdkufavmufatmif ±dk;om;pGmwifjyajymqdkwJh
twGuf 10-ESpfuef@owfjcif;udk vdkufav#moabmwlcJh=uygw,f?
'Denf;eJ@±Srf;jynf[m/ ArmjynfESifh yl;aygif;aoG;pnf;um/ ±Srf;a&m Armyg
+Adwo d #e,fcs@J xrf;yd;k atmufu vGwaf jrmufvmcJ=h uygw,f? ,ae@qd, k if-10ESpf
jynf@ajrmufvmcJyh g+yD? 'Dq,fEpS f umvtwGi;f yl;aygi;f cJjh cif;&J@ t±H;_ tjrwfpm&if;
udk pDppfa0zef&ef vkdvm+yDvdk@usaemf ,lqygw,f?
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,Ofaus;r_ t±H_;tjrwfZ,m;udk e,fcsJ@vufatmufcH udkvdkeDb0wHk;u tajc
taersm;eJ@ Ed_if;,SOf+yD; t=urf;tm;jzifh a0zefpDppfwifjyoGm;ygr,f?
tJovdka0zefpDppf&mrSm (1)usaemfwdk@rSm wef;wlnDr#wJh tcGifhta&;&r&/
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d wkd hJ t"durl 2-&yfay:
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yxrqH;k vlrsK;d pkvw
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ta&;[m qdwfokOf;qHk;±H_;cJh&ygw,f?

!

U tun myint.pmd 113 27/1/2548, 9:09

 OD;xGe;f jrif=h a&;

tm;vHk; od=uwJhtwkdif;yJ usaemfwdk@jynfaxmifpk ygvDrefrSm jynfol@

vGwaf wmf/ vlrsK;d pHk v$waf wmfq+kd yD; v$waf wmf 2-&yf±cdS yhJ gw,f? jynfo@l v$waf wmf
rSm vlO;D a& tcsK;d tpm;tvdu k f a±G;aumufwifajrSmuf&wJh twGuAf rmu vlrsm;
pk trwfae&m&ygw,f? wu,fv@kd 'Dvw $ af wmf w&yfxo J m±S,d if trsm;pkjzpfwhJ
Armwdk@u tcsdefra±G; rJEdkifaewmrdk@ tjcm;vlrsKd;pkwdk@rSm udk;uG,f&mr& jzpfae
=uygvdrfhr,f? tJ'ga=umifh vlrsKd;pkwdk@&J@ tcGifhta&;udk umuG,fapmifha±Smufbkd@
vlrsKd;pkv$wfawmfudk xm;±Sd&ygw,f? tJ'gtifrweformorwfuswJh tcsufjzpf
ygw,f? 'gayrJh vlrsKd;pkv$wfawmf[m vlrsKd;pkwdk@&J@ tcGifhta&;udk t[kwftrSef
umuG,fapmifha±Smuf Edkifyg&J@vm;qdkwm qef;ppf=unfh=uyg? a±S;OD;pGm vlrsKd;pk
v$waf wmf zG@J pnf;yHu k kd ppfaq;vdu k , f if rlrrSew
f mudk awG@&ygw,f? Oyrm-yk'rf
154(2) t& vlrsKd;pkv$wfawmfrSm yg0ifwJh±Srf;jynfe,f qdkif&mtrwftm;vHk;udk
±Sr;f jynfe,fapmfbmG ;rsm;[m rdrw d @kd apmfbmG ;rsm;xJrS a±G;aumuf wifajr‡muf=u&
ygw,f/ apmfbGm;rsm;[m jynfol@v$wfawmfrSm trwfjzpfEkdifcGifh r±Sdyg?
vlrsKd;pk v$wfawmfrSm ±Srf;jynfrStrwf 25-ae&m&ygw,f? 'gayrJh tJ'D
trwf 25-OD;udk jynfow l @kd u oabmtav#muf rJqENjzifh a±G;aumuf wifajr‡muf
cGifhr&bJ apmfbGm;rsm;xJrS olwdk@ESpfouf&m 25-OD;udk a±G;aumufwifajr‡muf=u
&ygw,f? 'gudk axmufjcif;jzifh(1)vlrsKd;pkv$wfawmfrSm ±Srf;jynfrS ppfrSefaom
jynfo@l ud, k pf m;vS,rf sm;udk rwifajr‡mufEikd yf g? jynfow l @kd taeeJ@ 'Dru kd a&pD tcGihf
ta&;qHk;±H_;cJhw,f? (2)apmfbGm;rsm;[m vlrsKd;pkv$wfawmfudk wufcGifh&ayrJh
jynfo@l v$waf wmfukd wufciG hf r&wJt h wGuf Ekid if aH wmfom;wOD;taeeJ@ 'Dru kd a&pD
tcGifhta&; qdwfokOf;qHk;±H_;cJhw,f? trSefrSmvlrsKd;pk v$wfawmftrwfrsm;udkvJ
±Srf;jynfwjynfvHk;rS apmfbGm;a&mjynfolyg 'Drdkua&pDusus rJqENeJ@ a±G;aumuf
wifajr‡muf+yD; apmfbGm;rsm;udkvJ a±G;aumufjcif;cH&,if jynfol@v$wfawmfudk
wufa&mufciG ðhf yoifyh gw,f? 'g[m vlrsK;d pkvw $ af wmf zG@J pnf;yHk rlrrSeyf kH jzpfygw,f?
'DurSwqifh jynfe,fOuUX cef@tyfa&;eJ@ ywfouf+yD; wifjyvdkygw,f?
tajccHOya' yk'fr(160) t&/ jynfe,fOuUXudk cef@xm;&mrSm 0ef}uD;csKyfu
±Srf;jynfe,f aumifpDESifh nd‡Ed_if;wdkifyif+yD;rS cef@xm;&w,f? tay:,H=unfhvdkuf
,if 'Dyk'fr[m wpHkw&m tjypfwifbG,fr±SdouJhodk@ xifjrif&ygw,f? trSefrSm

"

U tun myint.pmd 114 27/1/2548, 9:09

 ±Sr;f jynf.epfemcsurf sm;

0ef}uD;csKyf[m jynfe,fOuUXcef@tyf&mrSm qdik &f mjynfe,faumifpeD @J nSEd id_ ;f wdik yf if

oifw h ,f? 'gayrJh jynfe,fOuUX a±G;aumufwifajr‡mufEikd w f t
hJ m%m tppftrSef
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qdk,ifjynfe,fOuUXudk a±G;aumufwifajrSmufEdkifwJhtm%m[m/ qdkif&mjynfe,f
aumifpYD om ±So d ifw
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jynfe,f OuUXta±G;cH&ol[m0ef}uD;csKyf(wenf;)zqyvudak xmufco H jl zpfae,if
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vdkufw,f? tu,fI 0ef}uD;csKyf(wenf;)zqyvudk axmufcHrnfhol r[kwfbl;
qd, k if xdok ul 0kd ef}uD;csKyfu raxmufc?H tu,fIcef@xm;+yD;jzpfae,ifvJ twif;
ðzwfcsygw,f? ±Sr;f jynfe,f yxrOD;qH;k OuUXvif;ac;OD;xGe;f jrifu h kd ±Sr;f jynfaumifpD
u rJtrsm;pkjzifh 'Dru kd a&pDusus a±G;aumuf wifajr‡mufxm;ayrJh 0ef}uD;csKyf(OD;Ek)
u twif;òzwfcszdk@ óud;pm;cJhw,f? aemufqHk;Xmeajymif;vdkufygw,f? (qdkif&m
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pufpuf 0ifa&mufpu G zf ufaew,fqw kd mudk csi;f trsK;d om;rsm;u ydrk o kd abmayguf
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ta&;omaewm xif±mS ;aeygw,f? 'g[m'Dru kd a&pD tpOftvmeJ@ ajymifajymif
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aumifpD. wckvHk;udk rdrd&J@tvdkusjzpfatmif trdef@=oZmay;ovdk jzpfaew,f?
'Dtcsuu f kd ±Si;f yg&ap? wu,fv@kd jynfe,faumifprD mS trwftrsm;pku zqyv
ESifhqef@usifaewJhygwDu jzpfae,if/ olwdk@a±G;aumufvdkufwJh jynfe,fOuUX
avmif;vJ tJ'yD gwu D yJjzpfvrd rhf ,f? tJ't
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#

U tun myint.pmd 115 27/1/2548, 9:09

 OD;xGe;f jrif=h a&;

uvufcv H rd rhf ,f r[kwb f ;l ? 'ga=umifh zqyv 0ef}uD;csKyfvufcEH ikd w f hJ jynfe,f

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OuUXudkvJ zqyv axmufcHwJhvljzpfatmifvkyf&r,f? jynfe,faumifpDudkvJ
zqyvud k axmuf c H a tmif v k y f & r,f ? jynf e ,f w ck v H k ; ud k v J zqyvud k
axmufcaH tmif vky&f awmhr,f? 'ga=umifrh @kd vd@k vJ jynfe,f&@J ud, k yf ikd jf yXmef;cGiu
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w±k w f j zL&J @ t&d y f t a&mif u d k r # rjrif &wJ h anmif a ±$ e ,f / uavme,f /
awmif}uD;e,f/ rdkif;yGefe,f/ vG,fvifvJcsm;ESifh rdkif;udkife,fa'orsm;udk ppftkyf

$

U tun myint.pmd 116 27/1/2548, 9:09

 ±Sr;f jynf.epfemcsurf sm;

csKyfa&; e,fajrtjzpf owfrSwf+yD; wyfrawmf&J@ tm%mpufudk oGwfoGif;

cJh=uw,f?
'gayrJh zqyvjynfrA[dt k pd;k &&J@ Edik if aH &;usm;uGuq
f ef;[m rxdr0f u
S Ef ikd f
avmufatmif wae@wjcm; ay:vGiv f mcJw
h ,f? ppfppkH rf;axmufvrS ;f a&; wyfz@JG
0ifrsm;[m ppftkyfcsKyfa&;&J@ t±Sdefudk tcGifhaumif;,l+yD; vufeuftm;udk;eJ@
±Srf;jynfvlxktay: zufqpfqefqef um,uHajrmuf}uD;Edkifi,fnSOf;qJ ðyusifhcJh
=uw,f? apmfum;cJh=uw,f? &ufpufcJh=uw,f? 'Dvdkrw&m;ðyrlykHudk b,folrS
rjiif;uG,f Edkifygbl;?
±Sr;f jynfe,f tkycf sKyfa&; tr_tcif;awGrmS / ppfbufu rqDtqdik rf ydik yf gbeJ @J
0ifa&mufpGufzufcJhw,f? zrf;qD;cJhw,f? ESdyfuGyfcJhw,f? tJovdk tm%m±Sif
qefqefðyusifhvdk@ ,ck ±Srf;jynfvlxkw&yfvHk;[m wyfrawmfudk atmhESvHk;emae
=uw,f? zqyv A[dt k pd;k &[m rdr&d @J trSm;udk &yfwef;ur&yfbJ vlv,fvyk v f m
jyefao;w,f? 1955-ckEpS rf mS ppftyk cf sKyfa&; tm%mudk t±H;_ eJ@yJ jynfvnf±yk o f rd ;f
cJ+h yD; Edik if aH &;y&d,m,f usm;uGuq f ifcyhJ gao;w,f? tjriftm;jzifh ppftyk cf sKyfa&;
udk ±kyfodrf;cJhw,f qdkayrJh vufawG@tm;jzifh xl;jcm;csufr±Sdyg? ppftkyfcsKyfa&;udk
±kyfodrf;cJhw,f qdkayrJh ppfwyfudk r±kyfodrf;wJhtwGuf ±Srf;jynfvlxk[m olwdk@&J@
ppfbdeyf oHcGmatmufrSm tvl;tvGef@cHae=u&ygw,f? “ig”qdkwJhrmefudkpGJ+yD;
“ig”vkyf&ifjzpf&r,fqdkwJh oabmeJ@ zqyvA[dktpdk;&[mjynfol@wyfrawmfudk
ckw;kH vky+f yD; ±Sr;f jynfe,f&@J tkycf sKyfa&;rSm ajymifajymif}uD;0ifa&muf pGuzf ufaeyg
w,f?
'gawGuawmh w}udrfu rcsdatmifcHpm;vdkuf&wJh ppftkyfcsKyfa&;&J@qdk;0g;yHk
udk tusOf;òcH;+yD; wifjyjcif;ygbJ?

'Dru
kd a&pDa&;
'Drdkua&pDqef;ppfa&; u¾mrSm/ ,ck ±Srf;jynfe,frSm±SdaewJh 'Drdkua&pD
toGief @J tqift
h wef;udk ºuGa&mufvmwJh vlrsK;d pkaygi;f pHk a±Sa› rSmufrmS tcGi&hf vd@k
wifjyyg&ap? 'Drdkua&pD&J@ tESpfom&oabmw&m;udk tus,fw0ifh wifjybdk@

%

U tun myint.pmd 117 27/1/2548, 9:09

 OD;xGe;f jrif=h a&;

vdrk ,f rxifygb;l ? 'Dru kd a&pDqw kd hJ pum;vH;k [m urBmrSm acwfpm;vmcJw h mawmh

ESpfaygif; &mpkeJ@csD+yD;tawmf=umjrifhcJhyg+yD? 'ga=umifh xyfrH+yD; rwifjyvdkawmhbl;?
'gayrJh a,bl,s oabmudkawmh t=urf;tm;jzifh wifjybdk@vdkvdrfhr,fvdk@xif
ygw,f?
'Drdkua&pDpepf[m vlwdkif;vGwfvyfpGmawG;ac:EdkifcGifh/ vGwfvyfpGmajymqdk
a0zefEdkifcGifh/ vGwfvyfpGm a&;om;xkwfa0EdkifcGifh/ vGwfvyfpGmpnf;±Hk;EdkifcGifhqdkwJh
vl@tcGifhta&; t00awGay:rSm/ rlwnfw,fqdkwm tm;vHk;u vufcHoabm
ayguf+yD;jzpfygw,f? aumif;+yD 'Dvdkqdkawmh 'Drdkua&pDtajccH0g'ay:rSm rlwnf+yD;
xlaxmifxm;w,fqdkwJh jynfaxmifpk}uD;xJrSm =u,fwyGifhtjzpf 0if;0if;awmuf
yg0ifvmcJhwJh usaemfwdk@ ±Srf;jynf}uD;rSm/ bm0g'awGu}uD;pdk; v$rf;rdk;aeovJ
qdkwmudk wifjyvdkygw,f?
usaemfwdk@ ±Srf;jynf}uD;[m vGwfvyfa&;r&rDumv e,fcsJ@acwfwHk;uyif
jynfe,fwck&J@ tqifhrSm ±Sd+yD;a=umif;udk xyfrHrwifjyvdkawmhyg? [dkacwfu
tkyfcsKyfr_ tm%m[me,f±SifapmfbGm;}uD;rsm;&J@ vufxJrSm ±Sdygw,f? tJ'Dacwf
wH;k u ±Sr;f vlx}k uD; w&yfv;kH udk csKyfcs,af ewJh yk'rf (10)qdw k m ±Scd yhJ gw,f? 'Dy'k rf
(10)rSm ±SdwJh tm%mrsm;t& ±Srf;vlxktay: e,f±SifapmfbGm; òrd@pm;rsm;u
ta&;,lzrf;qD;EdkifcJhygw,f?
'Dyk'fr(10)udk ±Srf;jynfvlxk}uD; w&yfvHk;u tqdk;qHk;yk'fr jzpfw,fvdk@
[dkacwfuwJu rSwf,lcJh=uw,f? tJ'D yk'fr(10)[m wu,fvJqdk;0g;cJhygw,f?
e,fcsJ@t*Fvdyfacwf+yD;aemuf zufqpf*syefacwf a&mufvmjyefawmhvJ usaemf
wd@k &J@cHpm;&r_ 'D*&D[m ydrk qkd ;kd 0g;vmygw,f? Oyrm-yg;±du k /f em;±du
k /f t"rR ypPn;f
odrf;/ trsKd;orD;rsm;udk rk'def;usifhpwJhzufqpf wdk@&J@0g'twdkif; ±dkif;jypGmusifhoHk;
cJyh gw,f? usaemfw@kd ±Sr;f jynfow l &yfv;kH [m acgi;f iH@k cHc&hJ ygw,f? 'Dvzkd Ed ydS cf sKyfcs,f
r_atmufrSm rcHr&yfEdkifwJh vlxk}uD;u tHkºuGvm&wm[m obm0usygw,f?
1945-ckESpfydkif;qD a&mufvmwJhtcg zufqpf*syefudk usaemfwdk@jrefrmEdkifiH
w0Srf;vHk;±Sd vlxk}uD;w&yfvHk;u aoG;pnf;nD!Gwf+yD; wGef;vSefcJh=uwJhtwGuf
trsK;d om; atmify}JG uD;udk wcJeufqifEEJG idk cf yhJ gw,f? 'Daemuf +yD;cJw h ahJ cwfEpS af cwf
&J@cHpm;&r_[m ±Sr;f jynfoal wG&@J todw&m;xJrmS ude;f atmif;ae+yD; jzpfwt hJ wGuf

&

U tun myint.pmd 118 27/1/2548, 9:09

 ±Sr;f jynf.epfemcsurf sm;

a=umifh rdrdwdk@&J@ vGwfajrmufr_ xGuf&yfvrf;udkom ±SmcJh=uygw,f? 1948-ckESpf

rSm vlrsKd;pkaygif;pHk[m pkpnf;nD!Gwf=u+yD;e,fcsJ@t*Fvdyfudk t+yD;wdkifarmif;ESif
okwfoifum vGwfvyfa&; Adrmef}uD;udk wnfaqmufcJh=uygw,f?
'DvGwfvyfwJhjynfaxmifpkacwfrSm jynfh0wJh'Drdkua&pD tcGifhta&;awGudk
awmh rvG{J uef wif;jynfu h syjf ynfh cHpm;=u&awmhrmS yJv@kd ±Sr;f jynfow l &yfv;kH u
,Hk=unfar#mfrSef;cJh=uygw,f? 'gayrJhusaemfwdk@ ,Hk=unfar#mfrSef;cJhwJh 'Drdkua&pD
tcGifhta&;awG[m vGwfvyfa&;&vdk@ 10-ESpfom jynfhcJhw,f jynfh0pGmr&=uyg?
jynfaxmifpkzGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHktajccHOya'pnf;rsOf;t& usaemfwdk@&J@jynfe,fudk
vGwfvyfjynfh0wJh tkyfcsKyfr_tm%mudk ay;cJhygw,f? 'gayrJh vufawG@rSmawmh
usaemfw@kd ±Sr;f jynfrmS / zqyv qd±k , S vf pfawG&@J 0ifa&mufcs,v f ,S jf cif;udk cHae
=u&ygw,f? olwdk@&J@=oZmcHtzGJ@tpnf;awGudkaiGay; vufeufay;ajr‡mufpm;+yD;/
wdik ;f &if;om;tcsi;f csi;f aoG;uGaJ tmifzefw;D cJyh gw,f? aoG;cGt J yk cf sKyfw0hJ g' (DI-
VIDE AND RULE POLICY) udk usifhoHk;cJhw,f? 'DvdkEdkifiHa&;t&/ 0ifa&muf
pG u f z uf w mawG ruao;yJ / ppf a &;ES i f h w oG , f ±S r f ; jynf u d k ES d y f u G y f c sKyf c s,f
=uygw,f? ppftyk cf sKyfa&;tm%mudk 1952-ckEpS rf mS oGwo f iG ;f +yD; 1955-ckEpS rf mS
±kyfodrf;cJygw,f? 'gayrJh vufawG@usawmh ydk@xm;wJhppfwyfawGudk jyefvnf
±kyof rd ;f jcif; r±Scd yhJ gb;l / ppfwyf&@J tm%mpuf'%fukd ±Sr;f jynfvx l [ k m tvl;tvJ
qufvufcHpm;ae=u&qJ jzpfygw,f? ±Srf;jynfudkppfom;OD;a& ydkvdk@omydk@ae=u
w,f? 'Dawmh zqyvqdk±S,fvpfawG&J@yg;pyfu“cifAsm;wdk@jynfe,fta&;awGudk
0ifrpGufvdkygbl;”vdk@ wzGzGtoHaumif;[pfcJhayr,fvdk@“yg;pyfubk&m;bk&m;
vufu um;,m;um;,m;” qdkovdk vufawG@vkyfief;rSmawmh ajAmif0ifpGuf
aew,fqdkom/ jiif;uG,fvdk@r&ygbl;? Oyrm-vlxktzGJ@tpnf;jzpfwJh ytdk;
trsKd;om;tzGJ@(ytrz)udk tjrpfu vSef+yD;ajAmif òzdzsufwmudkwifjyyg&ap?
a±S;OD;pGm(ytrz)&J@ OuUXwOD;jzpfwhJ [deaf rmifukd ac:aqmifomG ;wm ,ck
xufwikd f tpterawG@&awmhygb;l ? tJ'u D pd EP iS hf ra±S;raESmif;ygb/J ytd;k trsK;d om;
acgi;f aqmifrsm;jzpf=uwJh OD;jzL/ OD;ausmpf ed /f OD;xGe;f &Dw@kd ud/k yk'rf (5)eJ@ rw&m;zrf;
qD;csKyfaESmifcJhygw,f? 'gwifruao;bJ 1956-ckESpf ygvDref a±G;aumufyGJ}uD;
rwdik rf uD yg0ifta±G;cHrhJ ytd;k acgi;f aqmif wOD;jzpfwhJ ygvrD eftrwf OD;atmifom

'

U tun myint.pmd 119 27/1/2548, 9:09

 OD;xGe;f jrif=h a&;

ESifhwuG taygif;yg 4-OD;wdk@udk “Adkvf}uD;ac:w,f”qdk+yD; ac:oGm;um&uf&uf

pufpuf owfjzwf vdkuf=uygw,f? ,ae@xufxd vlowform;w&m;cHrsm;udk
wm0ef±SdwJhtpdk;&[m razmfxkwfcJhao;ygbl;? tJ'Dvkd vlowfyGJvkyf+yD; t"rR0g'
qefqef 0ifa&mufpGufzufwJh tðytrl[m ±Srf;jynfvlxkw&yfvHk;&J@ ESvHk;oJyGwf
xJrSm oHrd_eJ@ ESufxnfhxm;ovdk pGJ+rJaeygw,f? tJ'Dvdk zqyv wkd@&J@ vlowf
t"rRr_awGudk ±Srf;jynfvlxk}uD;[m b,fawmhrS tcJa=urSm r[kwfbl;qdkwm
ajymvdyk gw,f? tckvkd vGwv f yfa&;&yg+yD qdw k ahJ cwfrmS zqyv qd±k , S vf pfawG&@J
jynfolvlxktay:&rf;um;yHk[m-zufqpf*syefwdk@&J@ &ufpufyHkESifhEd_if;pm&if
AdkvfawmifqGJaeygao;w,f?
'ga=umifrh @kd vJ at;csr;f om,mpGm aexdik =f uwJ±h mG ol±mG om;rsm;udk olyek ef @J
qufoG,fw,fvdk@ txif±Sd±HkeJ@nSOf;qJcJh=uw,f? ESdyfuGyfcJh=uw,f? owfjzwfcJh
=uw,f? twif;t=uyfajymif;a±G@apcJhw,f? Oyrm- jy&&ifvJcsm;e,f awmif
aemuf±mG / [dw k ikd ±f mG rsm;rS ±Gmol±mG om;rsm;udk vG,v f if od@k ajymif;a±G@ apcJw h ,f?
rajymif;ra¶G@wJh¶GmawGudkawmh rD;¶_d@ypfr,fqdk+yD; +cdrf;ajcmufcJhw,f? +yD;awmh
ta±S›ydkif;±Srf;jynf aus;vufawm±Gmuav;awG rSmvJ om; qif;&Jom;awGudk
a±Sw
› ef;ppfrsuEf mS rSm ulvt D jzpfe@J toH;k ðyzd@k zufqpf*syefuo hJ @kd ac|;wyfawGqcJG yhJ g
ao;w,f? ac|;wyfqcJG &H wJh ±Gmol±mG om;awG [m rdrw d @kd &J@tdrrf S pm;eyf&u d mQ rsm;
udk wygwnf;,laqmifoGm;=u&w,f? tJ'D ±Gmom;awG[m a±S›wef;ppfrsufESm
awGrSm vaygif;rsm;pGm &efolawG&J@wdkufyGJ usnfqH=um;rSm toufqHzsm;pGef@+yD;/
wyf r awmf & J @ cd k i f ; apcsuf u d k waoG r wd r f ; vd k u f e mvk y f a qmif a y;&ygw,f ?
tJ'v D akd =umufa=umuf±@HG ±G@H eJ@ vkyaf qmif ay;ae&wJ=h um; u ±du k Ef u
S nf O‡ ;f qJuef
a=umufr_awG tqpfuav;tjzpfeJ@ cH=u&±Smao;w,f? ±Srf;jynfta±S›ydkif;
erfhavGjrpf“wmydef;”ul;wdk@rSm wyfrawmfom;rsm;udk ul;wdk@ ydk@ay;wJhtcg
oabmcsif ; rwd k u f q d k i f w J h ul ; wd k @ orm;rsm;ud k a&xJ u ef c scJ h z l ; ygao;w,f ?
wyf r awmf toH k ; ðyzd k @ twG u f jrif ; rsm;uk d tca=u;aiG r ay;bJ t"rR q G J , l
toHk;ðycJhygw,f? tca=u;aiGr&wJhtjyif jrif;±Sifujrif;xdef;orm;iSm;&rf;+yD;
xnfah y;=u&ao;w,f? ppfa&;ppf&mawGrmS toH;k ðyzd@k qd+k yD; armfawmfum;awGukd
tcsed tf cgra±G; txyfxyftcgcg acsmqGjJ cif; cHae&wmudk ,ckwavmowif;pm

 

U tun myint.pmd 120 27/1/2548, 9:09

 ±Sr;f jynf.epfemcsurf sm;

awGrSm zwf±_rd=uayvdrfhr,f? ,ae@ ±Srf;jynfarmfawmfum;orm; avmurSm

rauseyfr_awG *,uf±dkufaewmudk b,fvdkrS jiif;uG,fvdk@ r&ygbl;?
±Sr;f jynfvx l w k &yfv;kH ,lóuH;r&jzpf&wJh tjzpfuawmh ±Sr;f jynfta±Sy› ikd ;f rSm
aomif;usef;aewJh rk'def;r_ygyJ? 'DxJrSm olawmfpifoDv±Sifwyg; rk'def;usifhcH&vdk@
aoqH;k oGm;wJh tjzpftysuaf v;[m jynfaxmifpk ordik ;f rSm t}uD;qH;k aom trJ
uGufwckygyJ? +yD;awmh ±Srf;trsKd;orD;av;rsm;udk wyfrawmfom;rsm;u/ òrd@}uD;
jy}uD;awGukd ac:aqmifvm+yD; a&mif;pm;=uyHak wGukd em;rcsr;f omp&m ESv;kH rcsr;f
ajr@p&m awG@jrifcHpm;ae=u&ygw,f?
+yD;awmh tifrwefrS yufpufvw S hJ tðytrlwckuawmh ±Sr;f trsK;d orD;av;
rsm;udk t&,lEdkifwJh Armhwyfrawmfom;rsm;udk qkaiGrsm;ay;r,fvdk@ ajr‡mufyifh
+yD; vlrsKd;a&;t& apmfum;ðyrl ae=ujcif;yifjzpfw,f?
tJ ' D v d k ±S r f ; jynf o l v l x k a wG [ mtk y f c sKyf a &;t&‚if ; / Ed k i f i H a &;t&‚if ; /
vlrsKd;a&;t&‚if;/ trsKd;rsKd;zdESdyfn‡Of;yef;0ifa&muf pGufzufr_awGudk tvl;tvJcH
ae&ygw,f? 'gawGa=umifh ±Sr;f jynfe,f[mEdik if aH &;t& udv k ekd ED ikd if t
H oGif vuQ%m
udk tjynfht0}uD;aqmifaea=umif; wifjyvdkygw,f?

pD;yGm;a&;ydik ;f
obmywdESifh b0wlwdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;pkrsm;cifAsm;?
±Srf;trsKd;om;awG[m EdkifiHa&;t& b,fvdkb0rsKd;rSm usa&mufcHpm;ae&
w,fqdkwmudk wifjy+yD;cJhwJhaemuf pD;yGm;a&;t& b,fvdkqHk;±H_;epfemae&w,f?
b,fvdkaoG;pkwfcHae&w,fqdkwJh tcsufudkqufvuf+yD; wifjyyg&ap?
jynfaxmifpkxJrSmyg0ifae=uwJh jynfe,frsm;teuf ±Srf;jynfe,f[m
pD;yGm;a&;tm;jzifh tawmifw h if;qH;k o,HZmwypPn;f OpPmawGtay:rsm; tºuG,f
0qHk;jynfe,fjzpfw,fqdkwmudk wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;pkrsm; tm;vHk;u od±Sd=u+yD;jzpf
ygw,f? +yD;awmh ±Sr;f jynf&@J t"dutoufaoG;a=um pD;yGm;a&;vkyif ef;awG[m-
(1) owWKvkyfief;?
(2) opfawmvkyfief;ESifh/

 

U tun myint.pmd 121 27/1/2548, 9:09

 OD;xGe;f jrif=h a&;

(3) v,f,m+cHajrpdkufysKd;a&;vkyfief;awGjzpfw,fqdkudkvJ wdkif;&if;om;

vlrsKd;pktm;vHk; od±Sd=u+yD;jzpfygw,f?
tJ'pD ;D yGm;a&;vkyif ef;awGrmS “±Sr;f jynfoal wGvJ cHpm;&ygw,f?”qdw
k hJ emrnf
uav;cHEikd ±f /kH t±d;k t&if;avmufom cHpm;&+yD;/ tqDtESpaf wGuakd wmh vH;k 0rcHpm;
&wJhta=umif;udk usaemfwckpD ±Sif;vif;wifjyoGm;ygr,f?

owWKwGif;vkyfief;
yxrqHk;taeeJ@ owWKwGif;vkyfief;udk wifjyygr,f? ±Srf;jynf&J@ajrwGif;±Sd
rukerf cef;Edik w
f hJ &wemtqDtESpaf wG[m rcef@rSe;f Edik af vmufatmif b,favmuf
xd aygrsm;ºuG,f0w,fqdkwmudk OD;pGmaz: jyvdkygw,f? ±Srf;jynfe,f t"dutyg
t0if oD;jcm;a'orsm;rS 1935-1940 ckEpS t f wGi;f ESppf Ofy#r;f r#xu
G w
f hJ "gwo
f wWK
wefcsdefeJ@wefbdk;aiG[m atmufygtwkdif;jzpfygw,f?
trSwpf Of owWKtrsKd;trnf xGufonfhyrm% wefbdk;aiG
1 aiG atmifp 6-oef;
2 cJ wefaygif; 77000 pwmvifaygif
3 oGwf wefaygif; 60000 4 h3oef;/ jrefrmaiG
4 tòzdufoH urBmuvdkoavmuf. 6-ukaË
10µESifh tifydkif,mu
vdkoavmuf. 35µ
'gawG[m e,fcsJ@acwfu xGufcJhwJhowWKtrsKd;tpm;eJ@ta&twGufom
jzpfygao;w,f? rwl;az:&ao;wJh wGif;xGuftqDtESpf&wemawG[mvJ rcef@
rSef;Edkif avmufatmif tajrmuftrsm; ±Sdygao;w,f?
1933-ckESpf a'gufwmaumh*sifeJ@ qGef'D (Dr. Coggin and Sondhi) wdk@&J@
tdE, Nd jynf yx0DaA'qdik &f m tpD&ifcpH mrsm;udk avhvm&if/ ±Sr;f jynfajrmuf ydik ;f &J@
wGif;xGuftqDtESpf &wemawG[mr,Hk=unfEdkifavmufatmif rsm;jym;ºuG,f0
a=umif; od&ygr,f?

U tun myint.pmd 122 27/1/2548, 9:09

 ±Sr;f jynf.epfemcsurf sm;

+yD;awmh*sDAGDa[mhAqGef (G.V. Hovson) &J@yx0DaA'tpD&ifcHpmrsm;udk

zwf±_avhvm&ifvJ ±Srf;jynfawmifydkif;&J@ wGif;xGufowWKrsm;[m tHhzG,fjzpf
avmufatmif awG@±Sdwl;az:Edkifa=umif; awG@&ygvdrfhr,f?
'Dtcsut f vufawG/ tpD&ifcpH mawGukd avhvmjcif;tm;jzif/h ±Sr;f jynf&@J ajr
wGif; tqDtESpf&wemypPnf;awG[m rukefEdkif/ rcef;Edkifatmif aygrsm;ºuG,f0
v#uf±Sda=umif; xifxif±Sm;±Sm;}uD;od±Sd&ygw,f?
'gayrJh 'Davmufaygrsm;ºuG,0f vSwhJ wGi;f xGut f qDtESpf &wemypPn;f awG
udk ±Sr;f jynfe,ftpd;k &taeeJ@ wl;l az:xkwv f yk Ef ikd w
f hJ tcGit hf m%mawG r&±Scd b hJ ;l ?
vuf±SdjynfaxmifpkzGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk tajccHOya'&J@ wwd,Z,m;yg pm&if;(1)
eJ@ (2)t& jynfe,fawG[m/ 'D&wemawGudkwl;az:cGifh wdk;wufatmif ðyvkyfEkdif
cGifhawGr±Sdygbl;? A[dktpdk;&rSmom 'Dtm%mawG±Sdw,f? vkyfaqmifEdkifw,fvdk@
qdkxm;ygw,f?
'g[m vuf±SdtajccH Oya't&jynfe,fawGrSm pD;yGm;a&;tm%mrJhyHkudk
az: jyjcif;w&yfygyJ?
vufawG@tm;jzifhvJ jynfe,frsm;tusKd;rJhaeyHkudk txl;xkwfaz:wifjy
vdyk gao;w,f? vuf±t dS usK;d rJyh u
kH kd wifjywJah e&mrSm/ udv k ekd aD cwfu pD;yGm;a&;t&
±Srf;jynf&J@cHpm;&csufawGudk vnf;pOf;pm;zdk@ vdkygw,f?
Oyrmtm;jzifh udv k ekd aD cwfu erRwl bm;rm;aumfyakd &;±Si;f [m wESpf wESpf
rSm odef;aygif; w&mausmf tjrwfaiG&±SdcJha=umif;udk atmufygpm&if;t& od±Sd&
ygw,f?
av;ESpt
f wGi;f 19=}urd af jrmuf tpD&ifcpH mt&
trSwfpOf ouU&mZf tjrwfaiG
1 1936 105 odef;
2 1937 165 odef;
3 1938 87 odef;
4 1939 69 odef;
pkpkaygif; ææ 426 odef;

 !

U tun myint.pmd 123 27/1/2548, 9:09

 OD;xGe;f jrif=h a&;

tJ'vD dk wESpv f #if ode;f w&mausm&f wJh tjrwfaiGawGukd e,fcs@J acwf udv k ekd D
b0wH;k u/ b,foal wG cHpm;&ovJq&kd if Edik if jH cm;t&if;±Sif ukr% ü }D uD;awGu &±Sd
cHpm;&ygw,f? ±Srf;jynfolawGtzdk@/ tJ'DtusKd;tjrwfudk wjym;wcsyfr#rcHpm;&
ygbl;?
tck vGwv f yfyg+yDqw kd hJ jynfaxmifpak cwf usjyefawmhvJ tJ'D erRwo l wWK
wGif;u &wJhtusKd;tjrwfawGudk ±Srf;jynfolawGcHpm;&ovm;qdkawmh rcHpm;&yg
bl;? e,fcs@J t&if;±Sif ukr% ü }D uD;eJ@ zqyvtpd;k &wd@k &J@ zufpyfvyk if ef;}uD; jzpfwhJ
twGuf ESppf OfEpS w f ikd ;f &wJt h jrwfaiGawGukd tpktpyf0ifoEl pS Of ;D om tusK;d cHpm;
ae&ygw,f? ydk+yD;qdk;wmu e,fcsJ@acwfudkvdkeDb0wHk;uqdk&if tJ'DtusKd;tjrwf
aiGawGukd ±Sr;f jynfoal wG rcHpm;&ayrJh erRwo l wWKwGi;f rS aumufc&H ±Sw d t hJ cGeaf wmf
aiG&@J 99-&mcdik Ef e_ ;f udak wmh ±Sr;f tpd;k &u &±Scd pH m;&ygao;w,f? vGwv f yf+yDqw kd hJ
'DjynfaxmifpkacwfusrS erRwlowWKwGif;&J@ tusKd;tjrwfawGa&m tcGefawmf
aiGawGudkyg/ ±Srf;jynfoleJ@ ±Srf;tpdk;&wdk@u vHk;0rcHpm;&bJjzpfoGm;&ygw,f?
wjcm;owWKwGif; vkyfief;rsm;eJ@ ywfoufvdk@qdk,ifvJ tusKd;tjrwfa&m
tcGeaf wmfaiGawGuykd g ±Sr;f jynfoal wGrcHpm;&ygb;l ? tusK;d tjrwfawGukd (M.R.D.C)
ac:wJh "gwfowWKyif&if; tajctjrpf wdk;wufa&; aumfydka&;±Sif;eJ@ jrefrmvlrsKd;
t&if;±SiftcsKd@wdk@uom cHpm;=u&ygw,f? tcGefawmfaiGawGudk A[dktpdk;&u
aumuf,lcHpm;cJhygw,f?
'gawGa=umifh ±Srf;jynfe,fu wGif;xGuftqDtESpf&wemypPnf;awG b,f
avmufyif aygrsm;ºuG,f0aeaomfvJ/ ±Srf;jynfolawGuawmh qif;&JrGJawvsuf
yifjzpfa=umif; txl;xkwfaz:wifjyvdkygw,f?
'Dae&mrSm apm'uwufEdkifwJh tcsufwckuawmh ±Sdygw,f? “jynfe,f
axmufyHha=u;”udk b,fae&mrSm oGm;+yD;xm;vdkufovJvdk@ ar;csif&ifvJar;Edkif
ygw,f? 'gudkawmh oufqdkif&mtcef;usrSyJ tus,fw0ifh ±Sif;vif;wifjyyg&ap?
opfawmvkyif ef;
owWKvkyfief;+yD;wJhaemuf 'kwd,vkyfief;jzpfwJh opfawmvkyfief;udk wifjy
a0zef&r,fqdk&ifvJ/ ±Srf;jynfe,frSm opfawmawG[m b,favmuftxdaygrsm;

 "

U tun myint.pmd 124 27/1/2548, 9:09

 ±Sr;f jynf.epfemcsurf sm;

ºuG,f0w,fqdkwmudk yxrqHk;wifjyyg&ap? 1938-39 ckESpf pm&if;t&qdk&if

opfawm&J@ tus,t f 0ef;[m pwk&ef;rdik af ygi;f 19036-jzpf+yD; opfawmvkyif ef;
rS ±Srf;tpdk;&u &±SdwJhtcGefawmfaiGuawmh 11-odef;ausmfjzpfygw,f?
tJ ' D a vmuf a ygrsm;ºuG , f 0 wJ h o pf a wmawG [ m/ ±S r f ; jynf r S m ±S d a yrJ h v J /
opfxkwfvkyfa&; vkyfief;awGvkyfudkifEdkifzdk@ tcGifhtm%mudkawmh owWKvkyfief;
enf;wlyif zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHktajccHOya't&/ ±Srf;tpdk;&u r&±Sdygbl;? A[dktpdk;&
uomv#if wdkuf±dkufxkwfvkyfydkifcGifh±Sdygw,f?
+yD;awmh opfawmawGu xGufwJhtusKd;tjrwfawGeJ@ tcGefaiGawGudk/
e,fcs@J acwf udv k ekd b
D 0wH;k u b,foal wGcpH m;=u&ovJq&kd if/ tusK;d tjrwfawG
udk e,fcs@J t&if;±Sif ukr% ü aD wGucHpm;&+yD; tcGeaf iGrsm;udk ±Sr;f jynfe,ftpd;k &u
&ygw,f? vGwfvyfyg+yDqdkwJh jynfaxmifpkacwfusawmh/ tusKd;tjrwfawGudk
“S.T.B”ac:wJh EdkifiHawmfopfvkyfief;tzGJ@u&±Sd+yD;/ tcGefaiGawGudkawmh A[dk
tpd;k &u&±Sw d t
hJ wGuf ±Sr;f jynfoel @J ±Sr;f tpd;k &[m tusK;d tjrwfa&m tcGeaf iGuykd g
wjym;wcsyrf #yif r&±Syd jJ zpfc&hJ ygw,f? 'ga=umifh ±Sr;f jynfe,f[m obm0tm;jzifh
opfawmawGeJ@ pdrf;vef;pdkajyaeayrJhvJ ±Srf;jynfolawG[m vlpifrrSDvlwef;raph
jzpfae&w,fqdkwm udk txl;xkwfaz:wifjyvdkygw,f?
'Dae&mrSmvJ “jynfe,faxmufyHha=u;”udpPeJ@ywfouf+yD;apm'uwufEdkif
ygw,f? 'gudkvJoufqdkifwJhu¾usrSyJ tus,fw0ifh±Sif;vif;wifjyyg&ap?

v,f,m_cHajrvkyfief;
opfvyk if ef;udw k ifjy+yD;aemufwwd,tcsujf zpfwhJ v,f,m+cHajrpdu k yf sK;d a&;
vkyfief;udk qufvufwifjyyg&ap?
pdu
k yf sK;d a&;vkyif ef;udk aemufq;kH rSwifjyayrJv
h J 'Dvyk if ef;[m owWKvkyif ef;/
opfawmvkyfief;awGeJ@ tjcm;ta&;}uD;wJh vkyfief;}uD;jzpfa=umif;udk owdðyap
vdkygw,f?
'Dpukd yf sK;d a&;vkyif ef;rSm bmawGyg0ifovJq&kd if qefpyg;/ *sK/H ukvm;yJ/ ajryJ/
tmvl;/ =uufoeG /f aumfz/D vbufajcmuf/ oeyfzuf/ emewfo;D / vdarRmf tp±Sw d hJ

 #

U tun myint.pmd 125 27/1/2548, 9:09

 OD;xGe;f jrif=h a&;

+cH,mv,fajrvkyif ef;awG ajrmufrsm;pGmyg0ifygw,f? ±Sr;f jynfe,fvOl ;D a&&J@ 80-

&mcdik Ef e_ ;f [m 'Dpu kd yf sK;d a&;vkyif ef;tay:rSm t"dutm;jzifrh cDS v kd yk u f ikd f pm;aomuf
ae&ygw,f?
'D+cH,mv,fajrpdu k yf sK;d a&;vkyif ef;udak wmh zG@J pnf;tkycf sKyfyt kH ajccHOya't&
±Sr;f jynfoEl iS hf ±Sr;f tpd;k &[mvGwv f yfpmG vkyu f ikd af qmif±u
G Ef ikd af =umif;od±&dS ygw,f?
'gayrJh ±Sr;f jynfoal wGtwGuf uHq;kd rd;k arSmifuscsiv f mawmh rar#mv f ifb h J 1956-
ckrwfvtwGif;rSm ±Srf;jynfe,fajr&J@ pdkufysKd;a&;ajr{uaygif;woef;udk “Arm
tpPa&;vfpD;yGm;a&;pmcsKyf”t& tpPa&;vft&if;±SifawGxH0uGufvdk@ tyfjcif;cHcJh
&ygw,f?
{uwoef;qdkwm[m ±Srf;jynf&J@pdkufysKd;EdkifwJhajr{uaygif;tm;vHk;&J@w0uf
cef@jzpfygw,f? ±Srf;jynfolawGtwGuf 'Davmufawmif ta&;}uD;wJhudpP}uD;rSm
awmif z-q-y-v A[dt k pd;k &[m ±Sr;f jynfoal wGe@J ±Sr;f tpd;k &udw k &m;0if wifóud
aqG;aEG;jcif;/ qENudk&,ljcif; vHk;0rðybJ ol@wOD;wnf;oabmt& pdwfxifovdk
cs,fvS,fvkyfudkifoGm;wmudkawG@&ygw,f? 'g[m ±Srf;jynfolawG&J@tcGifhta&;udk
wrifapmfum;vdkufjcif;jzpfygw,f? 'g[m EdkifiHawmf&J@ajr,mudk EdkifiHom;awG
uom pdu k yf sK;d vkyuf ikd &f r,fqw kd hJ tajccHOya'yg/ jyXmef;csuaf wGukd wdu k ±f u
kd cf sK;d
azgufvdkufjcif;jzpfygw,f?
tJ'ga=umifhvJ 'D“ArmtpPa&;vfpD;yGm;a&; yl;aygif;aqmif±Gufr_pmcsKyf”udk
±Srf;jynfu ausmif;om;awG/ tvkyform;awG/ v,form;awG/ tp±SdwJh rsKd;cspf
yk*~dKvfawGu wcJeufuef@uGufcJh=uygw,f? 'gayrJh z-q-y-v tpdk;&[m
'Duef@uGufcsufawGudk vspfv#L±_+yD;ZGwftwif;vkyfudkifcJhygw,f?
'gawGudk=unfhjcif;tm;jzifh z-q-y-v A[dktpdk;&[m jynfe,fudpPeJ@
ywf o uf v mvd k @ ol w d k @ rvk y f a y;csif w J h tcgrsm;qd k & if “'guawmh j ynf e ,f
twGif;a&; udpPrdk@ 0ifrpGufzufyg&apeJ@? pGufzufzdk@vJ vHk;0rvdkvm;ygbl;”qdkwJh
qifajcawG udkay;ay;+yD;/ 0ifa&mufpGufzufcsif wJhtcgrsm; qdk&ifawmh(tm;vHk;
od=uwJhtwdkif;ygyJ) wOD;wnf;oabmt& xifovdkcs,f vS,foGm;wmudk
awG@&ygw,f? 'g[m jynfe,fawGudk ,Of,Ofuav; eJ@apmfum;vdkufjcif;ygbJ?
'ga=umifhpD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;eJ@ ywfouf+yD; z-q-y-v A[dktpdk;&[m

 $

U tun myint.pmd 126 27/1/2548, 9:09

 ±Sr;f jynf.epfemcsurf sm;

“ArmtpPa&;vfpmcsKyf”udprP sK;d vdk a±Su › v

kd J xyfrI
H apmfum;armfum; rvkyb f ;l vd@k
b,folutmrcHcsufay;EdkifrSmvJ?
tJ'ga=umifh 'Dvrl sK;d pkaygi;f pHk tpnf;ta0;}uD;uae+yD; 'Dupd rP sK;d udk av;av;
eufeuf pOf;pm;Edkif&ef wifjy&jcif;jzpfygw,f?

jynfe,faxmufyahH -u;
obmywdeJ@ b0wlwdkif;&if;om; vlrsKd;pkrsm;cifAsm;?
txufyg±rS ;f jynf&@J t"dutoufaoG;cJvyk if ef;oH;k &yfukd ±Si;f vif;wifjy+yD;
wJah emuf apmapmydik ;f u usaemf&nf!e$ ;f ajymqdck w hJ hJ “jynfe,faxmufyahH =u;”udpP
udkf qufvufwifjytpD&ifcHoGm;ygr,f?
“axmufyahH =u;”qdu k wJuu kd / vl}uD;rif;wd@k od±=dS uwJt
h wdik ;f (LIABILITY)
vdk@ac:wJh/ ay;&efwm0eftaeeJ@ r[kwfbJ apwemtav#mufA[dktpdk;&u
jynfe,fawGudk ay;urf;pGef@}uJaxmufyHhjcif;vdk@teuft"dyüg,f&ygw,f? 'guwif
pD;wJhoabm/ tom;,lwJhoabmjzpfygw,f?
'Dtcsufudk ydk+yD;±Sif;atmif wifjyygtHk;r,f? e,fcsJ@acwfudkvdkeDb0wHk;u
±Srf;tpdk;&eJ@ Armjynfrtpdk;&wdk@&J@ b¾ma&;tquftoG,f[m 1940-1941
ckEpS rf mS b,favmuftxd±w dS ,fqw kd m usaemfwifjyvdyk gw,f? tJ'D b¾mawmf
ESpfrSmyJ ±Srf;tpdk;&u jynfrtpdk;&xHrS&ydkifcGifhtaeeJ@ tcsKd;ustcGefawmfaiG
&cJhwmuawmh -
1? xGufukef0ifukefrS &±SdwJhqdyfurf;taumufcGefpkpkaygif;. 7-&mcdkifE_ef;?
2? qm;/ o=um;/ aiGom;ESiphf ;D u&ufw@kd tay:rS &±Sw d hJ Edik if w
H iG ;f tcGeaf wmf
aiG. 6³7-&mcdkifE_ef;?
3? ±Srf;jynfodk@ wifydk@aom"gwfqD/ a&eHqDESifh rD;jcpfrsm;rS &±SdwJhtcGefawmf
aiGtm;vHk;?
4? erRwlbm;rm;aumfydka&;±Sif;rS &±SdaomtjrwfawmfcGef. 99-&mcdkifE_ef;?
5? ±Srf;jynftwGif;±Sd tpdk;&tr_xrf;rsm;ESifh rD;&xm;Xmetr_xrf;rsm;xHrS
&±Sdaom tjrwfcGeftm;vHk;?

 %

U tun myint.pmd 127 27/1/2548, 9:09

 OD;xGe;f jrif=h a&;

6? ±Srf;jynfYa&mif;&aom tpdk;&odef;xDaiG. 40-&mcdkifE_ef;?

7? ±Sr;f jynfo@kd wify@kd onfh wdik ;f &if;jzpfao&nfao&ufrsm;rS &±Sad om,pfrsK;d
cGeftm;vHk;?
8? EkdifiHjcm;odk@wifydk@aom csdyftay:rS &±SdonfhxGufukeftaumufawmf
. 93³1-&mcdkifE_ef;?
9? EdkifiHjcm;odk@wifydk@aom ±Sm;tay:rS &±SdonfhxGufukeftaumufawmf
. 2-&mcdkifE_ef;?
10? jrefrmjynfrD;&xm;rS&±Sdaom tjrwfawmfaiG. 7-&mcdkifE_ef;?
11? jrefrmjynfpmwdkuf/ a=u;eef;XmerS &±Sdaom tjrwfaiG. 7-&mcdkifE_ef;?
12? aiG'*F g;XmerS jrefrmjynftpd;k &u tdE, Nd tpd;k &xHrS tjrwfaiG&onft h cg
5-&mcdkifE_ef;?
ponfjzifh tcsKd;us&cJhwm[m pkpkaygif; 5˜888˜000d ajcmufoef;eD;yg;jzpf
ygw,f? ±Sr;f tpd;k &u jrefrmjynftpd;k &udk tJ'b D ¾mawmfEpS t f wGi;f rSmyJ“ay;&ef
wm0ef”taeeJ@jyef+yD; tcsKd;usay;cJh&wmuawmh -
1? qdyfurf;taumufawmfXme ukefusp&dwf pkpkaygif;.6³2&mcdkifE_ef;?
2? qm;/ o=um;ESifhrD;jcpftay: taumufawmf aumuf&mwGif ukefus
aomp&dwfaiG. 6³2-&mcdkifE_ef;?
3? jrefrmjynf rD;&xm;Xme±H_;aiG. 7-&cdkifE_ef;?
4? pmwdkuf/ a=u;eef;Xme ±H_;aiG. 7-&mcdkifE_ef;?
5? rD;&xm;/ pmwdu k af =u;eef;twGuf tdE, dN od@k ay;qyf&aom taºuG;aiG
. 7-&mcdkifE_ef;?
6? tdE, dN jynfo@kd jrefrmjynfuay;qyf&aom taºuG;aiG. 6³8-&mcdik Ef e_ ;f ?
7? umuG,fa&;XmewGif c&mZf,mefbmoma&;twGuf axmufyhHp&dwf.
6³8-&mcdkifE_ef;?
8? jrefrmjynftpdk;&. EdkifiHjcm;a&;&mudpPtwGuf ukefusp&dwfaiG. 6³8-
&mcdkifE_ef;?
9? oef;acgifpm&if; aumuf,la&;twGuf ukefusp&dwfudk/ vlOD;a&tcsKd;

 &

U tun myint.pmd 128 27/1/2548, 9:09

 ±Sr;f jynf.epfemcsurf sm;

tpm;twdkif;. &mcdkifE_ef;?
10? aiG'*F g; oGe;f vkyaf &;Y tdE, dN od@k jrefrmjynftpd;k &u ay;&aom aiG.
5-&mcdkifE_ef;?
11? yifpifvpmrsm;twGuf tdENd,odk@ jrefrmjynftpdk;&u ay;oGif;&aom
aiG. 6³8-&mcdkifE_ef;?
12? umuG,fa&;Xmeukefusp&dwf. 6³8-&mcdkifE_ef;?
ponfjzifh tcsKd;us twkdif;ay;cJh&wm[m pkpkaygif; 2˜382˜000d ESpfoef;
ausmfjzpfygw,f?
'gawGtm;vHk;udk jyef+yD;qef;ppfvdkuf&if/ udkvdkeDacwfwHk;u ±Srf;jynfeJ@
jrefrmjynfb¾ma&;tquftoG,[ f m ay;urf;“axmufy”hH wJo h abmrsK;d r[kwf
bJ “ay;&efwm0efe@J &&efyikd cf iG ”hf oabmrsK;d jzpfa=umif; txift±Sm;awG@&ygw,f?
udvk ekd b
D 0wH;k u ±Sr;f jynf[m&&efyikd cf iG t
hf aeeJ@ &,lciG ±hf cdS whJ mudk vGwv f yf
+yDqwkd hJ jynfaxmifpak cwfusr“S axmufyahH =u;”qdw k phJ um;vH;k udk oH;k vdu k wf m[m
pum;vHk;t&awmif vdkuf+yD;tESdrfcHae&wJhtwGuf tawmfyJ0rf;enf;p&maumif;
ygw,f?
'gawGbv J m;qdak wmh/ r[kwaf o;ygb;l ? vufawG@tm;jzifv h v
J w
G vf yfw,f
qdwk hJ jynfaxmifpak cwfuakd &mufcgr/S ±Sr;f tpd;k &eJ@A[dt k pd;k &wd@k b¾ma&;tquf
toG,f[m omwlnDr#oabmrsKd;tcsKd;usoabmrsKd;r[kwfbJ/ jynfe,fbuf
uom/ wbufowfepfemaea=umif; wifjyyg&ap?
±Srf;tpdk;&u A[dktpdk;&xHrS ESpfpOf&cJhwJh“axmufyHha=u;”ac: &ydkifcGifhawG
[m vlOD;a&tvdkuf wu,f&oifhwmxuf rsm;pGmav#mhenf;+yD;&cJha=umif;udk
atmufygpm&if;t& od±SdEdkifygw,f?

 '

U tun myint.pmd 129 27/1/2548, 9:09

U tun myint.pmd
!
OD;xGe;f jrif=h a&;
vlOD;a&tvdkuf vlOD;a&tvdkuf tom;wif jynfrrSaxmufyhH &oifhonfxuf
b¾ma&;ESpf &oifhaom uscHoifhaom &oifhaom
tcGefawmfaiG toHk;p&dwf tcGefawmfaiG aiG av#mh&aomaiG

130
1951-52 33˜128˜960 19˜883˜360 13˜254˜600 10˜277˜780 2˜967˜820
1953-54 68˜142˜560 30˜920˜800 37˜221˜760 14˜460˜000 22˜761˜760
1954-55 59˜729˜440 29˜107˜040 30˜822˜400 14˜460˜000 16˜362˜400
tckwifjyvdkufwJhpm&if;uawmh A[dktpdk;&&J@bwf*suftcGefawmf&aiGbuf uwGufcsuf+yD;jyvdkufwJh
pm&if;jzpfygw,f? bm*sutf oH;k aiGbufuvSn+hf yD; wGucf suv
f u
kd &f ifvJ ±Sr;f jynfe,f[m b,favmuftxd
epfemaea=umif;udk atmufygpm&if;eJ@ xyfavmif;wifjyyg&ap?

27/1/2548, 9:09
U tun myint.pmd
1952=53=ckEpS /f bwf*supf m&if;t&
jynfr±Sd vlOD;a&-14˜717˜097 ±Srf;jynf±SdvlOD;a& -1˜617˜000
trSwfpOf toHk;acgif;pOf toHk;cef@rSef;ajc vlwa,muf toHk;cef@rSef;ajc vlwa,muf
aiGaygif; wGufoHk;aiG aiGaygif; wGufoHk;aiG

131
1 opfawm 7˜663˜000 ²52 704˜340 ²44
2 t&yf&ygpD&iftkyfcsKyfr_ 21˜113˜000 1²43 1˜241˜250 ²77
3 w&m;a&; 7˜629˜000 ²52 115˜400 ²07
4 &JtzGJ@ 66˜974˜000 4²55 931˜000 ²58
5 ynma&; 52˜263˜000 3²55 2˜303˜700 1²42
6 aq;bufqdkif&m 11˜396˜000 ²57 1˜468˜700 ²91
7 jynfol@usef;rma&; 16˜356˜000 1²11 636˜850 ²39
8 pdkufysKd;a&; 6˜693˜000 ²45 586˜900 ²36
9 wd&p>mefaq;uk 1˜045˜000 ²07 293˜600 ²18
10 pufr_vufr_vkyfief; 1˜887˜000 ²13 26˜600 ²02

27/1/2548, 9:09
11 òrd@jyqdkif&mvkyfief; 32˜789˜000 2²23 3˜871˜200 2²39
12 pma&;u&d,mESifhyHkESdyfjcif; 4˜537˜000 ²30 39˜000 ²02
pkpkaygif;- 230˜345˜000 15²63 12˜208˜540 7²55

!
±Sr;f jynf.epfemcsurf sm;
 OD;xGe;f jrif=h a&;

tJ'Dvdkwef;wlnDr#tcsKd;us tcGifhta&;awG r&wJhtwGuf ±Srf;tpdk;&&J@

bwf*suf[m ESpfwdkif;vdkvdk toHk;p&dwfudkawmif rumrdbJjzpfae&a=umif;
atmufygjynfe,fbwf*sufpm&if;u oufaojyvsuf±Sdygw,f?

“1956=57 ckEpS f jynfe,fbwf*supf m&if;”

tcGefawmf A[dkrS axmufyHh omrmeftoHk;
jynfe,ftrnf
&rnfhaiG aiG p&dwf
±Srf;jynfe,f 4˜127˜340 12˜500˜000 17˜211˜000
ucsifjynfe,f 3˜904˜230 7˜500˜000 12˜069˜000
u,m;jynfe,f 506˜390 2˜000˜000 2˜938˜000
u&ifjynfe,f 2˜008˜430 3˜800˜000 6˜916˜000

'Dvokd mrmeftoH;k p&dwu f akd wmif rumrdwb hJ wf*surf sK;d eJ@om a±Su › qkd uf+yD;
pcef;oGm;ae&r,fq&kd if ±Sr;f jynf&@J wd;k wuf}uD;yGm;&m }uD;yGm;a=umif;pDru H ed ;f awG/
vkyfief;}uD;awGudk b,fvdkenf;eJ@ vkyfudkifaqmif±GufEdkifrSmvJ? tem*gwf}uD;yGm;
a&;twGuf b,fvdkaqmif±GufEdkifrSmvJ?
'gawGa=umifh apmapmydkif;u usaemfwifjycJhwJh ±Srf;jynfe,f&J@t"du
toufaoG;a=um pD;yGm;a&;vkyif ef;}uD;awGrmS ±Sr;f jynfoal wGtusK;d rcHpm;&yHak wG
A[dktpdk;&eJ@ jynfe,ftpdk;&wdk@ b¾mawmfaiGcGJa0oHk;pGJ&mrSm rnDrr#jzpfaeyHk
awG/ omrmeftoHk;p&dwfudkawmif rumrdwJhjynfe,fbwf*suftajctaeawGudk
=unfjh cif;tm;jzif/h ±Sr;f jynfe,f[m pD;yGm;a&;t&vJ udv k ekd ED ikd if &H @J toGif vuQ%m
awGudk tjynfht0}uD;aqmifaea=umif; xif±Sm;pGmawG@±Sd&ygw,f?

!

U tun myint.pmd 132 27/1/2548, 9:09

 ±Sr;f jynf.epfemcsurf sm;

ed*;kH
obmywdESifh wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;pktaygif;wdk@cifAsm;?
±Srf;jynfolawG[musaemfwifjytpD&ifcH+yD;wJhtwdkif;/ EdkifiHa&;t&a&m/
pD;yGm;a&;t&yg udv k ekd t
D oGiv
f uQ%mudk tjynft
h 0}uD;aqmifaea=umif;/ e,fcs@J
t*Fvdyfacwf udkvdkeDb0xufawmif tajctae[m ydk+yD;qkd;0g;aea=umif;udk
ºuGa&mufvmwJhb0wl wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;pktoD;oD;u aumif;pGmoabmayguf
&dwfpm;rd=u+yDvdk@ usaemf,Hk=uygw,f?
tJ'v
D ckd pH m;cJ&h wJb
h 0'%fcsuaf wGa=umifh ckcsed rf mS qd&k if ±Sr;f jynfe,ftwGi;f
rSm rauseyfoHawG/ nnf;!loHawG/ cGJxGufcsifwJhavoHawG[m wae@wjcm;
}uD;rm;onf;xefvdk@om xGufay:aewJhtajcudk qdkufa&mufaeyg+yD?
'ga=umifh ,ckv&kd mZ0ifwiG af prJh 'Dvrl sK;d pkaygi;f pHak wG@qHak qG;aEG;yG}J uD;uae+yD;
uHqdk;rdk;arSmifusaewJh ±Srf;jynf}uD;udk b,fvdkb,fenf;eJ@ xda&mufpGmu,fwif
Edik rf ,f? b,fenf;b,fvrf;eJ@ wd;k wuf}uD;yGm;atmifvyk Ef ikd rf ,f qdw k mudk tav;
teufxm;+yD;pOf;pm;aqG;aEG;=uyg&ef b0wlvlrsKd;pk toD;oD;eJ@tzdESdyfcHArm
jynfoludk,fpm;vS,fawGudk ±Srf;jynfwdkif;&if;om;rsm;&J@ udk,fpm; usaemfed*Hk;csKyf
taeeJ@ wifjytpD&ifcHcJhygw,fcifAsm;?

vlrsKd;pkaygif;pHkaoG;pnf;nD!Gwfa&;odk‹=

!!

U tun myint.pmd 133 27/1/2548, 9:09

U tun myint.pmd 134 27/1/2548, 9:09
U tun myint.pmd 135 27/1/2548, 9:09
 !$

U tun myint.pmd 136 27/1/2548, 9:09

 OD;ode;f azjrifh .

rdwfqufpum;
OD;xGe;f jrif(h awmif}uD;)rSm OD;xGe;f jrifu h av;jzpfI/ OD;xGe;f jrif(h vif;ac;)um;
OD;xGe;f jrif}h uD;jzpfonf? ,ckpmtkyif ,fukd a&;om;ol OD;xGe;f jrif(h awmif}uD;)onf
±Srf;jynfrS wdkif;ðyjynfðyv$wfawmftrwftjzpfjzifh wufa&mufcJhojzifh‚if;/ ±Srf;
jynfe,f0ef}uD;. yxrOD;qHk;ygvDref twGif;0eftjzpfjzifh aqmif±GufcJhojzifh‚if;/
wdkif;ðyjynfðy v$wfawmfonf ,m,DygvDrefjzpfvmaomtcg twdkuftcHwoD;
yk*~vygvDreftrwftjzpfjzifh xufxufjrwfjrwfajymqdkaqmif±GufcJhojzifh‚if;/
EdkifiHa&;orm;wa,muftjzpfjzifh xif±Sm;vmcJhonf?
OD;xGef;jrifhonf ±Srf;jynfEdkifiHa&;rSmomru jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiHw0Srf;
vHk;ESifhcsDaom urBmh+idrf;csrf;a&;ESifh jynfwGif;+idrf;csrf;a&;v_yf±Sm;r_rsm;wGif yg0if
aqmif±GufcJhojzifh ydkrdkxif±Sm;cJhavonf?
olonf rdcif±rS ;f jynfEiS hf ±Sr;f trsK;d om;rsm;udck sp. f ? od@k &mwGif jynfaxmifpk
ESifhvlrsKd;pHkcspf=unfa&;udk arhav#mhypfy,fwwfaom w,loefrsKd;cspfrsKd;vnf;
r[kwaf y? ol@tbd@k ud, k jhf ynfu, kd thf rsK;d cspjf cif;ESihf jynfaxmifpEk iS hf vlrsK;d pHck spjf cif;
r#wnD!$wfpGm aygif;pyfaeayonf?
xdk@a=umifh ,ckOD;xGef;jrifh wifjyvdkufaompmtkyfi,fudk tbufbufrS
av;pm;pGmavhvmxdkuf=uonf[k usaemf !ïef;vdkonf?
olonftcsuftvufEdkifoljzpf.? olonfwdkif;ðyjynfðyv$wfawmftrwf
wOD;taejzifh jynfaxmifpjk refrmEdik if zH @JG pnf;tkycf sKyfyt kH ajccHOya'udk puwnf;u
tu|r;f 0ifco hJ jl zpf.? Edik if aH &;wGiaf ±Sw
› ef;rS wufºuGpmG yg0ifonfjzpfap/ aemufwef;
rS cyf+idr+f idrvf u kd af eonfjzpfap/ Edik if aH &;rS tem;,laeonfjzpfap/ ±Sr;f jynfòrd@awmf
awmif}uD;rSmae+yD; ±Srf;jynftkyfcsKyfa&;udk rsufacsrjywf avhvmaeoljzpfonf?
tajccHOya' 13-ESpf oufwef;wGif tawG@tóuHtrsKd;rsKd;&±Sd=u&m/ OD;xGef;jrifh
onf ‚if;wdk@rS oifcef;pm xkwfEdkifolvnf;jzpfayonf?
OD;xGef;jrifhonf ±Srf;jynfuepfemor#awG tcsuftvufydkifydkifjzifh wifjy

!%

U tun myint.pmd 137 27/1/2548, 9:09

 xm;onf? xdk@a=umifhjrefrmvlrsKd;pmzwfy&dowfu jyif;xefonf[k xif=u
aumif;xif=uayrnf? odk@&mwGif tjcm;vlrsKd;pkrsm;url OD;xGef;jrifhESifh udk,fcsif;
pmem=uayvdrfhrnf? olwdk@. epfemcsufawG jznfhpGufajymqdkvdkaom qENrsm;yif
ay:aygufayvdrfhrnf?
OD;xGe;f jrifo
h nf epfemcsuaf wG wifjyjcif;rSm zG@J pnf;tkycf sKyfykH tajccHOya'
udk jyifqif&ef b,fr#vadk =umif; oufaoxlaejcif;omjzpfonf? jrefrmrke;f wnf;
pdwjf zifh wifjyaejcif;r[kw?f OD;xGe;f jrifuh jynfaxmifpjk refrmEdik if H zG@J pnf;tkycf sKyf
yHk tajccHOya'[kac:aomfvnf; jynfaxmifpkpepfrppfyHk/ ,lepfw&Dac: wrif;
wEdkifiHpepfomjzpfyHk az:xkwfwifjyxm;.? Ttcsufudk rnfolr# jiif;Edkifrnf
r[kwfacs?
jynfaxmifpkpepf ppfppfa±G;rnfavm/ wrif;wEdkifiHpepfudk a±G;rnfavm?
ordik ;f jzpfpOft&a&m vlrsK;d pkrsm;wnfaeyHt k &yg jynfaxmifppk epfppfppfukd a±G;cs,f
=u&ayrnf?
jynfaxmifpq k v
kd #if jynfe,ftcsi;f csi;f wef;wltcGit hf a&;±S&d rnf? wef;wl
&ef yxrqHk;jyifqif&rnfh t&mrSm jrefrmjynfrudk jynfe,fwcktjzpf jynfvnf
zG@J pnf;&efjzpfonf? wef;wlaom jynfe,fawG aygi;f vdu k rf S jynfaxmifpk ppfreS af y
rnf?
jynfe,fawGtcsi;f csi;f wef;wl&ef rnfo@kd rnfyb kH ¾ma&;cGaJ 0oifyh /kH rnfo@kd
rnfyHk tm%mtcGifhta&; cGJa0oifhyHk/ rnfodk@rnfyHk wm0efwef;wlcGJa0oifhyHk
awmfawmfpHkatmif wifjyxm;onf?
OD;xGef;jrifh.yef;wddkifrSm jynfaxmifpkwGif;rS cGJxGufI oD;jcm;aea&;r[kwf/
jynfaxmifpkcdkif+rJa&;jzpfonf? xdkyef;wdkifodk@ wef;wla&;[laom vrf;pOfjzifh
csDwuf&efjzpfonf?
Tpmtkyfi,fudk jrefrmESifh ±Srf;wdk@omru tjcm;vlrsKd;pkrsm;uvnf;
zwf±x _ u kd o
f nf[x k ifygonf? jynfaxmifpk cdik +f rJa&;twGuf 0dik ;f 0ef;óud;yrf;=u&m
wGif taxmuftul jzpfvrd rhf nf[k ar#mv f ifyh ga=umif;? ?
odef;azjrifh
(24-2-61)

!&

U tun myint.pmd 138 27/1/2548, 9:09

 jynfaxmifpw
k iG ;f rS

wef;wlaom±Sr;f jynf
“vlonf obm0tm;jzifh EdkifiHa&;owW0gjzpfonf”[k t&pPwdkwJvfu
qdok nf? usaemfonfvnf; Edik if aH &;owW0gwaumifyifjzpfonf? qdik ;f oH=um;v#if
xucsio f u l o
hJ @kd usaemfonfvnf; ud, k af &;ud,
k wf m t=uyftwnf;awG =um;rS
±Srf;jynf trsKd;om;a&;v_yf±Sm;r_rsm; wv_yfv_yfjzpfwdkif; xIucsifygonf?
“±Srf;jynf”trsKd;om;a&;&m v_yf±Sm;r_}uD;onf 'Da&tvm; wvSdrfhvSdrfh
wufv#uf¶Sdvmav+yD?
“±Srf;qdk;”[k ac:a0:aeonfh ±Srf;olykefxr_}uD;onfvnf; ±Srf;jynf trsKd;
om;a&;&m v_yf±Sm;r_}uD;. tpdyftydkif;wckjzpfonf?
r=umrSDu EdkifiHawmf0ef}uD;csKyfOD;Ek awmif}uD;odk@a&muf±SdaepOf/ ±Srf;olykef
ta&;ESifh ywfoufI aqG;aEG;onf[k=um;od&onf? ±Srf;olykef tiftm; b,f
avmuf±SdrnfxifovJ[k OD;Ekuar;jref;&m wm0efcHyk*~KdvfwOD;u vufeuf
udkiftiftm; 25˜000-cef@±Sdrnf[kajz=um;onf[k wqifhpum;=um;od&onf?
rnfodk@yifjzpfap/ ±Srf;olykefta&;onf rao;i,fawmhay?
±Sr;f olyek x
f onfh ta±Sy› ikd ;f a'oESihf usaemfaexdik o
f nfah 'orSm tvSr;f uGm
vSojzifh ±Srf;olykefta&;ESifh ywfouf+yD;Ed_ufEd_ufc|wfc|wf bmr#rodyg?
±Srf;olykefxaeonfrSm wESpfausmf=umjrifhvmyg+yD? ,ae@txd ‚if;wdk@.
0g'vrf;pOfESifh ywfoufIa=ujimcsufwapmifwavrS usaemfrzwf&ao;yg?
xdkt&yfa'orSa&muf±Sdvmaom rdwfaqGo*F[rsm;xHrS =um;od&o avmuf
qdv k #if ±Sr;f olyek w f @kd wGif tajccH0g'vrf;pOf[Il ±S[
d efrwlay? Armrke;f wD; a&;wGif
tajccH+yD;jzpfay:vm[efwlayonf? aemufydkif;wGif ±Srf;orRwEdkifiH oD;jcm;
xlaxmifvdkonf[k =um;&onf?
±Srf;olykefta&;ESifh ywfouf+yD; usaemf.EdkifiHa&;t& awG@jrifoHk;oyfcsuf
ud k pmwrf ; wapmif oyf o yf a &;om;&ef }uH ± G , f x m;cJ h y gonf ? od k @ aomf

!'

U tun myint.pmd 139 27/1/2548, 9:09

 OD;xGe;f jrif=h a&;

tbufbuf. txifrSm;r_/ òidjiifr_udk pdk;&drfIra&;jzpfcJhyg?

±Srf;olykefwdk@wGif oD;jcm;orRwEdkifiH xlaxmifvdkpdwf±Sdovdk/ ±Srf;-rsKd;cspf
yk*~dKvfajrmufrsm;pGmwdk@wGifvnf; oD;jcm;orRwEdkifiH ±dk;om;pGmxlaxmifvdkaom
qEN ,ae@ay:vGifv#uf±Sdavonf?
vlrsKd;wrsKd;onf ajr{&d,mtb,fr#ao;i,fI/ vlOD;a& tb,fr#enf;yg;
apumrl/ ud, k w fh ikd ;f jynf/ ud,
k vhf wG v f yfa&;/ ud,k t
hf csKyftjcmtm%mjzifh aexdik f
vdk=uonfrSm "rRwmyifjzpfonf?
usaemfhtm;“rif;oD;jcm;vGwfvyfwJh orRwEdkifiHtjzpfeJ@ raecsifbl;vm;”
[k ar;v#if aecsifygonf[k ajzygrnf?
odk@aomfTonfrSm qENydkif;omjzpfonf? wuJhjzpf&yfESifh jzpfEdkifonfu
wjcm;jzpfygonf?
vlrsK;d uGjJ ym;wdik ;f oD;jcm;Edik if w H nfaxmif=urnfqv kd #if ,ae@urBmay:wGif
oD;jcm;EdkifiHaygif; axmifaomif;ru ay:aygufvmygrnf?
tEkjrLacwf/ ò*dvfwkacwf/ 'Hk;ysHacwfwGif e*dk&fuGJjym;aeonfhEkdifiHrsm;yif
wenf;r[kwf wenf;jzifh yl;aygif;vsuf±Sd=uonf?
wae@wGif oD;jcm;wdik ;f jynf/ oD;jcm;tpd;k &/ oD;jcm;vlrsK;d rsm;yif ±Sad wmhrnf
r[kwfay/
±Srf;trsKd;om;rsm;onf ADZqENtav#muf oD;jcm;orRwEdkifiH xlaxmifvdk
=uonfudk rnfolutjypfwif0ef@=urnfenf;? vlrsKd;}uD;0g'uif;pifaom Arm
trsKd;om;rsm;uvnf; =unfjzLpGmcGifhðy=uayvdrfhrnf?
±Sr;f oD;jcm;orRwEdik if u H kd ±Sr;f trsK;d om;rsm;wGif vdck siqf ENjyif;jyvmonfrmS
usOf;ajrmif;aom trsKd;om;0g'a=umifh jzpfay:vmonf r[kwfyg?
±Sr;f trsK;d om;rsm;wGif epfemcsuaf wG±o dS nf? xdek pfemcsurf sm;wGi/f oD;jcm;
orRwEdik if o H nf pwifItjrpfw, G vf monf? ArmvlrsK;d }uD;0g'ESihf zdEydS af &;0g'onf
zGH@òzd;}uD;xGm;vmatmif ajrawmifajrSmufay;vdkufonf?
vlrsKd;}uD;0g'orm;rsm;onf rdrdwdk@.rSm;,Gif;aom0g'udkrjrif/ ±Srf;trsKd;
om;a&;qENudk e,fcsJ@ya,m*[lI‚if;/ usOf;ajrmif;aom trsKd;om;a&;0g'[lI
‚if;/ ac:a0:orkwf=uonf?

"

U tun myint.pmd 140 27/1/2548, 9:09

 jynfaxmifpw
k iG ;f rS wef;wlaom±Sr;f jynf

usaemfEiS hf &if;ES;D aomtvHe&D aJ bmfwOD;. vufo;kH pum;uJo h @kd “a±$awmif

a=umifha±$a&mifawmuf&jcif;”yif jzpfygonf?
ArmvlrsK;d }uD;0g'onf ,ae@ArmjynfwiG f vufsm*d% k ;f wGio
f mru/ vuf0J
*dk%f;wGifyif ay:aygufaeonf?
±Srf;jynfwGJa&;cGJa&; jy\emwGif‚if;/ vlrsKd;pkwdkif;jynfe,f&±Sda&;oabm
xm;wGif‚if;/ z-q-y-v/ y-x-p wGif omru y-r-n-w ESifh awmwGif;
ygwDrsm;xJY yif vlrsKd;}uD;0g'±Sd=uonf?
,ae@±Srf;jynftrsKd;om;a&;udpPwGif bDvl;pnf;vl@pnf; cGJjcm;ay;vdrfhrnf?
±Sr;f jynfe,f trsK;d om;pdw±f o dS rl eS o
f r#onf ±Sr;f jynfe,ftwGuf epfemcsuf
rsm; ±Sdonfudk em;vnf=uonf?
ol@±_a'gihf ud,
k ¶hf a_ 'girhf S epfemcsurf sm; az:xkw=f uonf? tajz±Sm=uonf?
odk@ESifh vGwfvyfa&;&+yD; 12-ESpfausmf 13-ESpfodk@csOf;eif;0ifa&mufvm
onf? tcsKd@tpdyftydkif;u Armudkeif;uefrkef;ypfvdkufonf? vufeufpGJudkif
olykefx =uonf? Armqdktukefowfcsifpdwfay:vmonf? vHkcsnf0wfxm;v#if
±Srf;wdkif; &if;om;rsm;udkyif csrf;omray; owfypfvdkufonf?
tcsKd@tpdyftydkif;onf awmcdkolykefrxaomfvnf; ±Srf;jynftajctaeudk
t*Fvdyfe,fcsJ@rS Arme,fcsJ@odk@ ykcHk;ajymif;vdkufwmyJ[k jrif=uonf?
tcsKd@uvnf; ±Srf;jynfonf udk,fydkifjyXmef;cGifh toifhtwifh±Sdonf? Arm
udkvdkeD[k rac:qdkEdkifaomfvnf; a±S;acwfyÀmqufEdkifiH tqifhavmufwGifom
±Sdonf[kqdkonf?
,if;odk@trsKd;rsKd;uGJjym;aeaom Oya'abmifwGif;±Sd ±Srf;jynftrsKd;om;a&;
orm;rsm;onf ,ae@qHkpnf;vm=uonf? tHh=obG,f&mwlnDaom jy\emwck
udk jrifawG@vm=uonf?
xdkjy\emum;-tjcm;r[kwf/
,ae@±Srf;jynf/ Armjynfyl;aygif;yHk yl;aygif;enf;onf ±Srf;trsKd;om;wdk@.
qENESifh udkufnDaomyl;aygif;enf;r[kwf/ jynfaxmifpkzGJ@pnf;yHk enf;pepfvnf;
rrSefuef/ tm%mcGJa0r_vnf;rr#w[lI wnDw!Gwfwnf;az:xkwfvm=u.?
wlnaD omjy\emtwGu/f wlnaD om tajz±Sm&efpak ygi;f I tajz±Smae=u

"

U tun myint.pmd 141 27/1/2548, 9:09

 OD;xGe;f jrif=h a&;

av+yD?
&±Sdrnfhtajzonf jynfaxmifpktwGuf tusKd;±Sdrnfavm-tusKd;rJhrnf
avm [lonfudk tajctaet&yf&yfu tqHk;tjzwfay;=uayrnf?
Armjynf±Sd/ ygwDtzGJ@tpnf;rsm;onf udk,fcsif;pmw&m;vufudkifxm;I
ul n D a z;r=uv#if jynf a xmif p k t wG u f t usKd ; ±S d r nf h tajzxG u f v mayrnf ?
odk@r[kwfbJ vlrsKd;}uD;0g'vufudkifxm;I zdESdyfzsufqD;v#if jynfaxmifpktwGuf
tusKd;rJhaom tajzxGufvmayvdrfhrnf?
vG e f c J h o nf h atmuf w d k b mvwG i f ; u usif ; ycJ h a om ygvD r ef j ynf o l @
v$wfawmfnDvmcHwGif jynfaxmifpkzGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHktajccHOya' jyefvnfpDppf
&efudpP ay:aygufvmcJhayonf?
rlvu w±kwfArme,fjcm;owfrSwfa&;udpP/ Ak'<bmomEdkifiHawmfbmom
ðya&;udpPESifh tjcm;udpP 3-4 &yftwGufom tajccHOya'udkjyifqif&ef&nf±G,f
cJo
h nf? od@k aomf ±Sr;f / u&if/ ucsi/f csi;f / u,m;trsK;d om;rsm;wGiv f nf; ‚if;wd@k
ESifhoufqdkifaomu¾rsm;twGuf tajccHOya'udk jyifqifvdkvm=uonf?
xdktajcxd jy\emrSm odyfr}uD;vSao;yg? odk@&mwGif jy\emt&yf&yf
nSdEd_if;&mrS vlrsKd;pkwdkif; wef;wlnDr#r_r±Sdonfudk‚if;/ zGJ@pnf;yHkpepf rrSefuefonf
udk‚if; awG@jrif=uum/ zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHktajccHOya'wckvHk;udk jyifqifvdk=uonf
txd }uD;us,fvmcJhonf?
jynf a xmif p k t pd k ; &u 0ef } uD ; a'guf w mOD ; at;armif a cgif ; aqmif a om
tajccHOya'jyifqifa&;aumfrwDw&yf zGJ@pnf;vdkufonf? jynfe,f0ef}uD;rsm;
yg0ifaom jynfe,frsm; jyefvnfoHk;oyfa&;aumfrwDzGJ@um jynfe,fvlxkrsm;
xHrS t}uHay;csufrsm;udk a=ujimIawmif;cJhonf? ±Srf;jynfe,fOuUX pyfcGefcsKdu
xdkxufwqifhwufI us,fjyef@pGmaqmif±GufcJhonf?
±Srf;jynfe,ftrwfrsm;tm;vHk;/ trwfrsm; rJqENe,frSudk,fpm;vS,f 2-
OD;pD;/ ±Srf;jynf±Sd ygwDtzGJ@tpnf;rsm;tm;vHk;rS udk,fpm;vS,f 3-OD;pDESifh ±Srf;jynf
a&;wGif pdwyf g0ifpm;aom woD;yk*v ~ rsm;ESihf wuG yifvpkH mcsKyfvufrw S f a&;xd;k
cJhaomyk*~dKvfrsm;/ ,cifwdkif;jynfðyv$wfawmf trwf a[mif;rsm;tm;vHk;udk
zdwfac:I trsKd;om;nDvmcHoabmrsKd;usif;ycJhonf?

"

U tun myint.pmd 142 27/1/2548, 9:09

 jynfaxmifpw
k iG ;f rS wef;wlaom±Sr;f jynf

xdknDvmcHobifodk@ wufa&mufaomudk,fpm;vS,ftm;vHk;uyif vuf±Sd

zG@J pnf;yHpk epfukd róudu=f uyg? ydrk wkd ud saom jynfaxmifppk epf (Federation) udv k ckd sif
a=umif;wifjy=uonf?
tajccHOya' jyifqifa&;udpPwGif wrsKd;om;vHk;onfwpnf;wvHk;wnf;
±Sd=uonfhtwdkif; wlnDaomtajccHrludk n‡dEd_if;+yD; tajccHOya'udk vkdtyfovdk
jyifqifEdkif&eftwGuf ±Srf;jynfe,ftpdk;&tm; t}uHay;&efygwDtzGJ@tpnf;wck
v#if udk,fpm;vS,f 3-OD;pDESifh woD;yk*~v 5-OD;yg0ifaom aumfrwDw&yfudk
xdknDvmcHobifrS zGJ@pnf;vdkufavonf?
xdkaumfrwDonf vkyfief;rsm;pvsuf±Sdayonf? vlrsKd;wdkif; wef;wlnDr#r_
ay:wGif tajccHaomjynfaxmifpk rludk ±SmazG=uvdrfhrnf[k usaemfxifonf?
rnfodk@yifjzpfap/ trsKd;om;nDvmcHobifwGif trsm;uqENjyif;jyonfh
oD;jcm;±Srf;orRwEdkifiHudk aemufydkif;odk@ydk@vdkuf+yD; wef;wlnDr#onfh jynfaxmifpk
rludk vkdvm;=uonfrSm aumif;aomvuQ%m[k usaemfjrifygonf?
trSerf mS usaemfw@kd wawGonf 1947-ckEpS u f tvkyu f kd ,ckrvS yk af e=u&
ygonf?
1947-ckESpf wdkif;jynfðyv$wfawmfwGif usaemfwdk@onf (1)EdkifiHa&;tawG@
tóuHEke,fao;jcif;? (2) Oya'u|rf;usifr_r±Sdjcif;/ (3)z-q-y-v acgif;aqmif
rsm;tay:,H=k unfu;kd pm;r_ vGeu f jJ cif;/ (4) wESpt f wGi;f vH;k 0vGwv f yfa&;&&efom
aZm}uD;aejcif;a=umifh vuf±SdtajccHOya'udk cyfayghayghyif vufcHvdkuf=uonf?
e,fcsJ@vufatmufu tjrefqHk;vGwf&efom ta&;}uD;onf? e,fcsJ@r±Sd
onfah emufyikd ;f aoG;&if;om;&if;/ nDtpfut kd csi;f csi;f ˜ rl;wif;˜ yJwif;vky=f uvdrhf
rnf[kxifcJh=uonf?
vGwv f yfa&;&+yD;onfh aemufyikd ;f wGiu f m; xdo k @kd r[kwyf g? yifvn kH v
D mcHEiS hf
wdkif;jynfðyv$wfawmfwGif xm;±SdcJhaompdwfxm;rsm; yaysmufukef+yD; Oya'pum;
vHk;rsm;udkom twdtusajymqdkvm=uayonf?
jynfaxmifpak xmufyahH =u;ESiyhf wfoufI jynfe,frsm;(txl;ojzifh usaemf
wd@k ±Sr;f jynfe,f)wGif r=umc%qdo k vk/d yGpyd pG jd zpfonf? ,if;od@k yGpyd pG jd zpfonfukd
ta=umif;ðy+yD; Adkvfcifarmifuav; b¾ma&;0ef}uD;tjzpfaqmif±GufaepOfu

"!

U tun myint.pmd 143 27/1/2548, 9:09

 OD;xGe;f jrif=h a&;

(Cabinet) tzG@J od@k pmwrf;wapmif wifjyonf[o

k &d onf? Adv
k cf ifarmifuav;
u ‚if;pmwrf;wGifvuf±SdzGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'ESifh tm%mcGJa0r_Z,m;rsm; udk
tajccHum wGufcsuf+yD;jynfaxmifpktpdk;&onf ±Srf;jynftm;ay;&efwm0ef
bmr#r±So d nfomru ±Sr;f jynfuyif jynfaxmifpt k pd;k &od@k ESppf Ofoed ;f 50-ausmf
jyefay;&OD;rnf[k az: jyxm;a=umif;=um;od&onf?
vuf±SdzGJ@pnf;yHkpepfESifh Z,m;rsm;t& Adkvfcifarmifuav;. wGufcsufr_
onf rSefaumif;rSefayvdrfhrnf?
vuf±SdzGJ@pnf;yHkpepfwGif Armjynfe,fESifh Armtpdk;&[lIoD;jcm;r±SdbJ
Armtpdk;&onf jynfaxmifpktpdk;&ESihf vHk;Ixm;vdkufonf?
Armjynfe,f-Armtpdk;&[lI oD;jcm;rxm;±SdonfhtwGuf Armjynfe,fESifh
Armtpd k ; &twG u f toH k ; p&d w f r sm;vnf ; oD ; jcm;r±S d a y? rsm;aomtm;jzif h
jynfaxmifpt k oH;k p&dwtf jzpf vH;k Ijyxm;vduk &f m jynfe,ftm;vH;k ESihf qdik o f nfh
tcGefawmf&aiGrS jynfe,frsm;&&efr±SdawmhbJ Adkvfcifarmifuav; wifjyouJhodk@
jynfe,frsm;u jyefIyif ay;&OD;rvdkvdkjzpfaeonf?
0ef}uD;csKyfO;D Ekuvnf; Adv
k cf ifarmifuav;uJo h @kd yifoabmxm;[efwo l nf?
jynfe,frsm;axmufyHha&;bkwftzGJ@ tpnf;ta0;wGif OD;EkutajccHOya'wGif
axmufyahH =u;ay;&rnfv@kd qdrk xm;bl;? usKyfw@kd ay;csirf aS y;Edik of nf? 'Davmufay;
wm cifAsm;wdk@ aus;Zl;wifbdk@aumif;onf[k ajyma=umif;=um;od &onf?
±Srf;jynfe,ftpdk;&wGif jynfwGif;tcGefawmfuvnf;bmrSr&-jynfaxmifpk
axmufyHha=u;uvnf; ravmufriSjzpfI 0ifaiGydkvm&ef ±Srf;jynfwGifpD;u&uf
pufwpufwnfaxmif&ef }uHpnfcJhonfqdkonf? pD;u&ufpufwpufwnfaxmif
v#if wESpfv#if 0ifaiGodef;aygif;w&mcef@&±Sdrnf[k cef@rSef;=uonf?
ESpfpOfjynfaxmifpkaxmufyHha=u;a&m jynfwGif;tcGefawmfygrSodef;aygif;
200-cef@om0ifaiG±Sdaom ±Srf;jynfe,ftpdk;&tbdk@ wESpfodef; 100-0ifaiGydk±Sd
v#if jynfol@tusKd;ðyvkyfief; ajrmufrsm;pGmvkyfEdkifvmrnf r[kwfygavm?
odk@aomf xkdpD;u&ufpuf pDrHudef;ESifhywfoufI Armtm%mydkifrsm;u
“±Srf;jynfrSm cifAsm;wdk@pD;u&ufpufwnfcsif wnfEdkifw,f? 'gayrJh tJ'DpD;u&uf
pufu xGufwJhpD;u&ufawGudk Armjynfvmra&mif;&bl;? vma&mif;&ifusKyfwdk@

""

U tun myint.pmd 144 27/1/2548, 9:09

 jynfaxmifpw
k iG ;f rS wef;wlaom±Sr;f jynf

tcGefaumuf&r,ff?”[kajymonfhtwGuf xdkpDrHudef;ysufoGm;onf[k =um;od&

onf?
vuf±SdzGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya't& ±Srf;jynfe,ftpdk;&onf puf±Hk-tvkyf±Hk/
owWKwGi;f vkyif ef;rsm; vkyEf ikd cf iG rhf ±S[
d o
k ed m;vnfc=hJ uonf? ,ck y-x-p tpd;k &
acwfusrS a'gufwmOD;at;armifu vkyfEdkifcGifh±Sda=umif; ajymonf[kod&onf?
okd@aomf xdkpuf±Hk/ tvkyf±Hk/ owWKwGif;rsm;vkyfudkif&ef aiG&if;±SmazGcGifhESifh
xGufukefypPnf;rsm; Armjynfodk@ vGwfvyfpGma&mif;cGifhr±Sdv#if OD;at;armif.
vkyfEdkifcGifh±Sdonfqdkjcif;onf rnfodk@t"dyüg,f±Sdygawmhrnfenf;?
±Srf;jynfwGifpufr_vkyfief;rsm; rxGef;um;ao;I ukefusp&dwfumrdrnf
r[kwfojzifhavmyDwv#yfppf"gwftm;udk ¶Srf;jynfodk@vGwfay;Edkif rnfr[kwf
a=umif; 0ef}uD;OD;&m±Spfuajymonf[kqdkonf? Ttwdkif;omqdkv#if ±Srf;jynf
tif;av;a&ukd ta=umif;ðy+yD;jzpfay:vmaom avmyDwv#yfppf"gwftm; udk
±Srf;jynfwGif pufr_vkyfief;rsm; xGef;um;vmonfhumvrS toHk;ðyEdkifayawmh
rnf?
Tonfwdk@um; vuf±SdzGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHktajccHOya'ESifh ArmvlrsKd;}uD;0g'
wdk@a=umifh ±Srf;jynftwGuf epfemaeonfhtcsufwdk@jzpfonf?
tajccHOya'udk jyefvnfpDppfI jyifqif&eftcGifhta&;&vmonfhtcg
'Drdkua&pDudk av;pm;aomtm;jzifh ±Srf;jynftrsKd;om;taygif;wdk@onf tajccH
Oya'udk oJorJ rJ jJ yifqif&ef óud;yrf;=uonfrmS obm0vnf;usonf? w&m;vnf;
w&m;onf[k usaemfxifygonf?
zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHktajccHOya'jyifqifa&;(0g)wef;wlnDr#I wajy;nDpGm
wdk;wufaomjynfaxmifpkjzpfay:a&;tay:wGif ±Srf;jynftrsKd;om;taygif;wdk@
onf trsKd;om;nD!Gwfa&;udk wvHk;wpnf;wnf; wnfaqmufvdkuf=uay+yD?
TtrsKd;om;nD!Gwfa&;}uD;onf cdkifrm}uD;xGm;v#uf±Sdavonf?
ArmvlrsKd;}uD;0g'. vufyg;aprsm;onf TtrsKd;om;nD!Gwfa&;}uD;udk
òzdcGJ&efóud;yrf;=uayvdrfhrnf?
Armjynfolvlxktaygif;onf jynfaxmifpkwnf+rJa&;udk }uD;pGmtE W&m,f
ðyaom ArmvlrsKd;}uD;0g'udk 0dkif;0ef;wdkufzsufum wef;wlnDr#I wajy;nDpGm

"#

U tun myint.pmd 145 27/1/2548, 9:09

 OD;xGe;f jrif=h a&;

wdk;wufaom jynfaxmifpk}uD;ay:aygufa&;twGuf ±dk;om;pGmóud;yrf;aeaom

usaemfwdk@ ±Srf;jynftrsKd;om;rsm;tm; az;rulnDvdrfhrnf[k ar#mfvifhygonf?
usaemfhtaejzifh wef;wlnDr#I wajy;ndpGmwdk;wufaom jynfaxmifpk
}uD;ay:ayguaf &;udk taxmuftulðypdrahf omiSg Edik if aH ygi;f 20-ausm. f zG@J pnf;yHk
pepfEiS hf urBmOh ya' ynm±Si}f uD;rsm;. pmtkypf mwrf;rsmudk rSjD irf;ðyum ±Sr;f jynf
wrsKd;om;vHk;vkdvm;aom “jynfaxmifpkpepf”aqmif;yg;udk qufvufIa&;om;
az: jyvdkygonf?
usaemfonf Oya'ynmwwfu|rf;em;vnfol r[kwfonfhtm;avsmfpGm
usaemf. aqmif;yg;wGif t"dyüg,faz: jycsufESifh Oya'udk;um;csufrsm; rSm;,Gif;
aeygv#if Oya'ynm±Sifrsm;onf usaemfhtm;cGifhv$wf=uyg&ef av;pm;pGmóudwif
I awmif;yefxm;tyfygonf?

“usaemfw‹kd vdv
k m;aom jynfaxmifppk epf”
(1)
zG@J pnf;tkycf sKyfyt
kH ajccHOya'udk jyifqif=u&mY“rl”udk rysupf ;D apbJ jyifqif
=u&rnf[k tpdk;&upnf;urf;owfrSwfxm;onfhtwGuf xkd“rl”ESifhywfoufI
jy\emay:cJhonf? tajccHOya'.“rl”qdkwmbmvJ[k ar;=ujref;=uonf?
Oya'yg&*lwOD;u jrefrmEdkifiHawmfzGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHktajccHOya'.“rl”[m
qdk±S,fvpfEdkifiH wnfaqmufa&;yJjzpfonf[k tajzay;onf?
wcsKd@u tajccHOya'. ed'gef;onf tajccHOya'.“rl”yifjzpfonf[k
ajym=uonf?
txufygwdk@rSm jy\em.tajztjynfhtpHkr[kwf/ tpdwftydkif;om
jzpfonf[k usaemf,lqonf?
1947-ZGefv(16)&ufae@ wdkif;jynfðyv$wfawmfnDvmcHwGif AdkvfcsKyf
OD;atmifqef; wifoGif;onfh vrf;!$efjyXmef;csuftqdkwGifyg±Sdaom tcsuf(7)
csufonfom tajccHOya'.“rl”rsm;jzpfygonf?

"$

U tun myint.pmd 146 27/1/2548, 9:10

 jynfaxmifpw
k iG ;f rS wef;wlaom±Sr;f jynf

vrf;!ïefjyXmef;csuftqdk
“awmifwef;om;rsm;ESihf u&ifeeD ,frsm;tygt0ifjzpfaom jrefrmEdik if aH wmf
ol-EdkifiHawmfom;wdk@. udk,fpm;vS,frsm;onf wdkif;oljynfom;wdk@. tmoDo
qENEiS hf av#mn f pD mG Edik if aH wmfz@JG pnf;tkycf sKyfyt kH ajccHOya'udk pDpOfa&;qG&J ef tvd@k iSg
pHknDpka0;=uv#ufatmufygjyXmef;csufrsm;udk csrSwf=ua=umif;?”
(1) EdkifiHawmfzGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHktajccHOya'onf “jrefrmjynfaxmifpk
Edik if aH wmf”[k ac:wGiaf paom vGwv f yfonft h csKyftjcmtm%mydik f orRwEdik if H
. zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHkOya'jzpfap&rnf? xdk@jyif-
(2) jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiHawmfwGif zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHktajccHOya'u
owfrw S af z: jyonfh woD;yk*v ~ jynfe,frsm;yg0ifapv#u/f (od@k ) owfrw S af z: jy
onf h woD ; yk * ~ v jynf e ,f r sm;onf zG J @ pnf ; tk y f c sKyf y H k t ajccH O ya'wG i f
owfrw S af z: jyxm;onfEiS t hf r# ud, k yf ikd t
f yk cf sKyfa&;tm%m&±Sad p&rnf? xd@k jyif-
(3) tcsKyftjcmtm%mydkif vGwfvyfaomorRwjrefrmEdkifiHawmfESifhwuG
tygt0ifjzpfonf/h jynfe,frsm;ESihf tpd;k &tzG@J tpnf;tm;vH;k wd@k . tcGit hf m%m
[lor#wdk@onf wdkif;oljynfom;wdk@xHrS oufqif;ap&rnf? xdk@jyif-
(4) jynfaxmifpjk refrmEdik if aH wmf. wdik ;f oljynfom;rSeo f r#onf vlra_ &;&m
Y‚if;/ pD;yGm;a&;&mY‚if;/ Edik if aH &;Y‚if;/ w&m;r#wr_±adS pv#uf tqift h wef; tcGihf
ta&;ESifh Oya'oufa&mufr_wdk@wGif qlóuHedrfhjrifhr±Sd/ yuwdwlnDap&rnfhtjyif
w&m;Oya'ESifhaomf‚if;/ trsm;jynfolwdk@apmifhpnf;tyfaom tusifhoduQmESifh
aomf‚if;/ rqef@usio f r# vGwv f yfpmG }uHpnfyikd cf iG /hf xkwaf z:ajymqdyk ikd cf iG /hf ,H=k unf
ydkifcGifh/ bmomw&m;udk;uG,fydkifcGifh/ 0wfðyydkifcGifh/ y&da,oe±SmrSD;ydkifcGifh/ pnf;±Hk;
ydkifcGifh/ ðyrlaqmif±GufydkifcGifh wdk@&±Sdwnf+rJap&eftwGuf zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHktajccH
Oya'wGif tckdiftvHkowfrSwfxm;±Sdap&rnf? xkd@jyif-
(5) TzGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk tajccHOya'wGifvlenf;pkrsm;tbdk@ vHkavmuf
aom umuG,fcsufrsm; xnfhoGif;jyXmef;xm;±Sdap&rnf? xdk@jyif-
(6) vGwv f yfaom tcsKyftjcmtm%mydik f orRwjrefrmEkid if . H e,fajrwd@k
waygif;wpnf;wnf; wnfwHhcdkif+rJa&;udk‚if;/ EdkifiHawmf. =unf;/ a&/ avwdk@udk

"%

U tun myint.pmd 147 27/1/2548, 9:10

 OD;xGe;f jrif=h a&;

tcsKyftjcm pdk;rdk;tkyfcsKyfydkifcGifhudk‚if;/ w&m;"rRESifhwuG jynfaxmiftcsif;csif;

Oya't& xdef;apmifhxm;±Sdap&rnf? xdk@jyif-
(7) &mZ0ifwGif xif±Sm;cJhaom jrefrmEdkifiHawmfonf urBmwGifrdrd.*k%f
=uufoa&ESifhav#mfnDpGm &oifh&xdkufaom tqifhtwef;odk@ a&muf±Sdap&rnfh
tjyif vlowW0gw@kd . wd;k wufa&;ESihf aumif;usK;d csr;f om jynf0h a&;wd@k udk wm0ef
tav#muf/ apwemjzifh tpGrf;ukefjznfhpGufxrf;±Gufum jynfaxmiftcsif;csif;
qdkif&mw&m;"rRESifh usifh0wfoduQmudktajcðyI urBmh+idrf;csrf;a&; a±S›±_v#uf
Edik if w
H umwd@k ESihf rdw0f wfrysuf wGb J ufy;l aygi;f aqmif±u G rf u_ kd cdik +f rJaomt"dXmef
jzifh apmifhxdef;awmhtHh?
vuf±zdS @JG pnf;tkycf sKyfyt
kH ajccHOya'udk xdrk (l 7)csuEf iS hf tnDt!Gwf a&;qGJ
xm;a=umif; OD;Ekuwdkif;jynfðyv$wfawmfnDvmcHwGif ±Sif;vif;cJh+yD;jzpfonf?
xdk@a=umifh tajccHOya'rlESifhywfoufI u|efawmfwdk@onf tjiif;yGm;ae
p&m/ pdwfwGif pEdk;paemifhjzpfaep&mrvdkawmhay?
vuf±SdtajccHOya'udk u|efawmfwdk@vdkvm;aom jynfaxmifpkpepfodk@
jyifqif ajymif;vJ&mI Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;csay;cJah om tajccH‘rl’ rsm;ESihf qef@usif
p&m xdcdkufp&mr±SdEdkif[k u|efawmf,lqygonf?
(Constitution) ud k j ref r mbmomjzif h ( Ed k i f i H a wmf z G J @ pnf ; tk y f c sKyf y H k t ajccH
Oya') [k ac:a0:xm;&m t"dyüg,ftjynfht0 az: jyxm;+yD;jzpfonf?
EdkifiHawmftm; b,fvdkyHkpHjzifhzGJ@pnf;I b,fvdk(rl)b,fvdk(pnf;rsOf;)jzifh
tkycf sKyfrnfponfw@kd udk a&;qGx J m;aom tajccHOya'onf (Constitution) yifjzpf
onf?
rpPwmatmfpwifu tajccHOya'onf tpdk;&taqmufttHkudk wnf
aqmufay;onf[kqdkonf? rpPwm'Dap;url EdkifiH.tcsKyftjcmtm%mrsm;udk
cGaJ 0&mwGi‚f if;/ vufawG@usio hf ;kH &mwGif ‚if;/ wdu k ±f u
kd -f od@k wnf;r[kw/f oG,0f u kd f
I oufqdkifapaom pnf;urf;Oya'tm;vHk;udk tajccHOya'[kac:a=umif;
t"dyüm,f az: jyxm;.?
urBmhOya'ynm±Sifrsm;. t"dyüm,faz: jycsufrSm u|efawmfwdk@vdk vl+ydef;
rsm;tbdk@ odem;vnf&ef cufcJygonf? jrefrm tac:ta0:onfom zwfvdkuf

"&

U tun myint.pmd 148 27/1/2548, 9:10

 jynfaxmifpw
k iG ;f rS wef;wlaom±Sr;f jynf

¶Hkjzifh t"dyüm,ftvHk;pHkudk iHkrdoGm;onf? odem;vnfoGm;aponf[k u|efawmf

,lqygonf?
a±S;-acgrynm±Sifrsm;onf zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk pepfudkpdk;rdk;tkyfcsKyfol ta&
twGufay:rlwnfI cGJjcm;=uonf?
tcsKyftjcmtm%monf vlwOD;wa,mufxw H iG x
f m;±Sv
d #if {u&mZfpepf
(Monarchy) [kac:wGi=f u+yD; vlwpkxw H iG f xm;±Sv
d #itf &pPwukd a&pD(Aristocracy)
[k ac:wGif=uonf? vlrsm;pkwGif tcsKyftjcmtm%m tyfESHxm;aompepfudk
ay:vDwD/ odk@r[kwf/ 'Drdkua&pD[k ac:wGif=uonf?
{u&mZfpepfESifh t&pPwdkua&pDwdk@onf urBmajrjyifrS wjznf;jznf; wdrf
aumyaysmufcJh+yD;jzpfonf?
rsufarSmufacwfzGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHkpepfrsm;wGif 'Drdkua&pDESifhtm%m±Sifpepf
2-rsKd;om awG@Edkifayawmhonf?
'Drdkua&pDpepfonfvnf; wdkif;jynfwjynfESifhwjynf rwluGJjym;jcm;em;=u
onf? 'Drdkua&pDtrsKd;rsKd;trnfemrtrsKd;rsKd;jzifh ac:wGif=uonf? (Oyrm-
qdkAD,uf'Drdkua&pD/ jynfol@'Drdkua&pD/ 'Drdkua&pDopf/ qdk±S,fvpf'Drdkua&pD/
taemufydkif;'Drdkua&pD) rsm; r=umrSDu tif'dkeD;±Sm;orRwqdkumEdk(Guided De-
mocracy) yJhudkif'Drdkua&pD[k xGifvdkufjyefonf?
tm%m±Sipf epfwiG vf nf; vlwef;pm;ay:wGif tajccHI zufqpftm%m±Sif
pepf/ ypPn;f rJh tm%m±Sipf epf/ jynfo@l 'Dru kd a&pD tm%m±Sipf epf[I l uGjJ ym;av
onf? r=umao;rDu tcsK@d Edik if rH sm;wGif ppftm%m±Sipf epfonf acwfpm;vmonf?

'Dru
kd a&pDqw
kd m
tcsKyftjcmtm%monf jynfoljynfom;rsm;xHwGifwnf±Sdv#if omref
tm;jzifh 'Drdkua&pD[lIem;vnf=uonf? odk@&mwGif t±G,fa&mufolwdkif; rJqEN
ay;Itpd;k &tzG@J tm; a±G;aumufwifajr‡mufciG &hf jcif;jzifh 'Dru
kd a&pDonf jynf0h +yD[k
r,lqEdkifao;ay? a±G;aumuf wifajr‡mufxm;aomtpdk;&tzGJ@tm; jynfol-
jynfom;rsm;u wenf;enf;jzifhjyefvnfcsKyfudkifxm;EdkifrS 'Drdkua&pDonf jynfhpHk

"'

U tun myint.pmd 149 27/1/2548, 9:10

 OD;xGe;f jrif=h a&;

+yD[kqdkEdkifavonf?
'Drdkua&pDudk vufawG@usifhoHk;&mI 'Drdkua&pDEdkifiH[lI ac:wGifaomEdkifiH
rsm;wGifyif wEdkifiHESifhwEdkifiH wlnDr_r±Sd=uacs?
t*FvefwGif usifhoHk;aom'Drdkua&pDonf tar&duefwGifusifhokH ;aom
'Drdkua&pDESifhjcm;em;onf? xdkenf;wlpGm urBmay:wGif'Drdkua&pD tjynfh0qHk;qdk
onfh qGpfZmvefEdkifiHwGifusifhoHk;onfh 'Drdkua&pDrSm t*Fvef/ tar&duefwdk@wGif
usifhoHk;onfh 'Drdkua&pDESifhrwl jcm;em;jyefonf?
wzef t*Fvef/ jyifopf/ tar&duef/ qGpfZmvef tp±Sdonfhtaemuf
'Drdkua&pDEdkifiHrsm;wGif usifhoHk;onfh 'Drdkua&pDonf ta±S›'Drdkua&pD[kac:onfh
qdAk ,
D uf,el , D H ESijhf ynfo@l 'Dru
kd a&pDEikd if rH sm;wGif usio
hf ;kH onf'h rD u
kd a&pDEiS hf tajccH
tm;jzifh jcm;em;jyefygonf?

'Dru
kd a&pDz‹JG pnf;yHpk epf
'Dru
kd a&pDay:tajccHI zG@J pnf;xm;aomtkycf sKyfypkH epfrsm;wGif(Federal) ac:
jynfaxmifpkpepfESifh (Unitary) ac:wjynfaxmifpepf(0g) wrsKd;wpm;wnf;
tkyfcsKyfonfhpepf(0g) tpdk;&wzGJ@wnf;[lI 2-rsKd; 2-pm;±Sd=uonf?
qdkAD,uf,leD,H/ tar&duefjynfaxmifpk/ qGpfZmvef/ uae'g/ ,l*dkpav;
AD;,m;/ =opaw;&D;,m; tp±So d nfh Edik if rH sm;rSm jynfaxmifppk epfjzifh zG@J pnf;xm;
=uonf?
+Adwed /f jyifopf/ b,fv*s,D /H csuu f q kd vdak A;uD;,m;/ tDwvD/ w±kwjf ynf
ponfwdk@rSm wjynfaxmifpepf(0g) tpdk;& wzGJ@pepfjzifhzGJ@pnf;xm;=uonf?

jynfaxmifppk epf
jynfaxmifppk epfqo kd nfrmS tcsKyftjcmtm%mydik f vGwvf yfaomEdik if rH sm;
wef;wl&nfw-l qENtav#mufy;l aygi;f zG@J pnf;um A[djk ynfaxmifpEk iS hf jynfe,frsm;
t=um;-tm%mESit hf cGit
hf a&;rsm; twdtuscaJG 0ay;xm;aom pepfyifjzpfonf?

#

U tun myint.pmd 150 27/1/2548, 9:10

 jynfaxmifpw
k iG ;f rS wef;wlaom±Sr;f jynf

yx0D0iftaetxm;jcm;em;r_a=umifh ‚if;/ Edik if aH &;/ pD;yGm;a&;tusK;d rwlnD

r_a=umifh‚if;/ vlrsKd;a&;uGJjym;jcm;em;r_a=umifh‚if;/ jynfaxmifpkpepfudk a±G;cs,f
zGJ@pnf;=uonf?
jynfaxmifppk epfwiG f yg0ifz@JG pnf;aom jynfe,frsm;.vlO;D a&tenf;trsm;
e,ftus,ft0ef; ponfwdk@onfwef;wlnDr#r_twGuf twm;tqD;jzpfp&m
ta=umif;r±Sdacs?
u|efawmfwdk@±Srf;jynfwGif ArmonfvlOD;a&rsm;jym;I ArmESifhaygif;v#if
tpOf t+rJepfemaernf[k ,lqolrsm;±SdbdouJhodk@ jrefrmjynfwGifvnf; e,fpyf
a'o jynfe,frsm;wGif vlOD;a&tvGefenf;ojzifh ArmESifhwef;wl tcGifhta&;
ray;xdkuf[k ,lqolrsm;±Sd=uonf?
tar&duefjynfaxmifpkwGif eDAm;'g;jynfe,fonf vlOD;a&woef;ydkydkom
±Sdonf? 0dkif,dkrif;ESifh 'vm;0J,m;wGif ESpfodef;cGJpDom±Sd=uonf? e,l;a&muf
jynfe,frSm 13-oef;cGJ±Sdonf?
qGpfZmvefjynfaxmifpkwGifvnf; (Cahton) ac: jynfe,f 22-e,f±Sdonfh
teuf Zl;&pfESifh bef;jynfe,frsm;rSm e,f}uD;rsm;jzpf+yD; aA;av;rSme,fi,f
uav;jzpfonf?
qdkAD,ufjynfaxmifpkwGifwnf; ±k±Sm;jynfe,fpkorRwEdkifiHonf tvGef
}uD;rm;+yD;/ tufpwdk;eD;,m;orRwEdkifiHrSm tvGefao;i,fygonf?
jynfe,ft}uD;ti,fvlOD;a&tenf;trsm;rSm jynfaxmifpkpepfzGJ@pnf;a&;
wGif ta&;r}uD;yg? A[djk ynfaxmifpt k pd;k &ESihf jynfe,ftpd;k &t=um; tm%mESihf
tcGifhta&;rsm;r#r#ww cGJa0r_omv#if ta&;}uD;ygonf?

tm%mcGaJ 0enf;
jynfaxmifpkpepfwGif tm%mESifhtcGifhta&; cGJa0yHkcGJa0enf;rSm 3-rsKd; 3-
pm;±Sdonf?
(1) jynfaxmifppk pfppf Edik if rH sm;wGif (Extremetype of federal system) A[dk
jynfaxmifpktm; trsm;ESifhqdkifaom tm%mESifhtcGifhta&;rsm;om ay;xm;+yD;

#

U tun myint.pmd 151 27/1/2548, 9:10

 OD;xGe;f jrif=h a&;

useftm%mESifhtcGifhta&;rsm;tm;vHk; (Residuary powers) udkjynfe,frsm;wGif

tyfEiS ;f xm;onf? Oyrm-qGpZf mvef/ tar&duefjynfaxmifp/k =opaw;vD,m;?
(2) jynfaxmifprk ppfwppfEikd if rH sm;/ wenf;tm;jzifh jynfaxmifpt k aysmph m;
EkdifiHrsm;wGif (Weak type of Federal syatem)jynfe,frsm;tm;toifhtwifh
tm%mESifh tcGifhta&;rsm;cGJa0ay;+yD;useftm%mESifhtcGifhta&;tm;vHk;udk
A[d k j ynf a xmif p k u od r f ; yd k u f x m;onf ? Oyrm-uae'g/ awmif t mz&d u
jynfaxmifpk/ jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiH?
(3) A[dkjynfaxmifpktwGuf oD;oef@tm%mrsm;ESifh jynfe,frsm;twGuf
oD;oef@tm%mrsm;[lI cGJjcm;owfrSwfxm;onfomru A[dkjynfaxmifpka&m
jynfe,frsm;yg aqmif±u G Ef ikd o
f nft h m%mrsm; (Concurrent Power) [lIowfrw S f
xm;onf?
Oyrm-qdkAD,uf,leD,H/ ,l*dkpav;AD;,m;?
,if; 3rsKd; 3-pm;tm%mESifh tcGifhta&;rsm;cGJa0=uaomfvnf; rnfonfh
trsK;d tpm; jynfaxmifpyk jJ zpfjzpf-jynfe,frsm;twGuf cGaJ 0xm;aom tm%mESihf
tcGit hf a&;rsm;udk A[djk ynfaxmifprk S 0ifa&mufpu G zf ufciG rhf ±Sad cs? wenf;tm;jzifh
jynfe,frsm;.jynfwGif;a&;udpPrsm;udk 0ifa&mufcs,fvS,fcGifhr±Sday? wenf;tm;
jzifh jynfe,frsm;onf vHk;0udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfa&;&±Sd=uonf?
oabmw&m;tm;jzifh jynfaxmifpkpepfwGif jynfe,frsmonf udk,fydkif
tkyfcsKyfa&; (Complete Autonomy ) &±Sd=uonfqdkaomfvnf; jynfaxmifpk
rppfwppfpepf(0g) jynfaxmifpktaysmhpm;pepfwGif jynfe,frsm;onf tcGifh
tm%mrsm; tvGefenf;yg;+yD;/ tiftm;enf;vGef;onfhtwGuf jynfe,f tqifhrS
yÀmqufEdkifiH (Vassal State)tjzpfodk@‚if;/ vufatmufcHe,fy,f (Province)
tqifhodk@‚if; usa&mufukef=uonf? Oyrm-uae'g/ jrefrm/awmiftmz&du?
jynfaxmifpkpepfqdkonfhtwkdif; oD;jcm;jynfaxmifrsm;pkaygif;xm;&m
jynfaxmifpktpdk;&[lI‚if;/ jynfe,ftpdk;&[lI‚if;/ jynfaxmifpkygvDref[lI‚if;
jynfe,fygvDref[lI‚if;/ jynfaxmifpkw&m;±Hk;[lI‚if;/ jynfe,fw&m;±Hk;[lI‚if;
oD;jcm;pD±Sd=u&avonf?
jynfe,frsm;onf ,if;uJhodk@oD;jcm;tpdk;&(tkyfcsKyfa&;)/ oD;jcm;ygvDref

#

U tun myint.pmd 152 27/1/2548, 9:10

 jynfaxmifpw
k iG ;f rS wef;wlaom±Sr;f jynf

(Oya'ðya&;)/ oD;jcm;w&m;±Hk;(w&m;pD&ifa&;)rsm;xm;±Sd+yD; vHk;0udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyf

a&; ±Sdjcif;onfyif jynfaxmifpkpepf. t"dutESpfom& jzpfayonf?

jynfaxmifpyk gvDref
jynfaxmifpk ygvDrefrsm;wGif v$wfawmf 2-&yfyg0if=up+rJjzpfonf? xdk
v$waf wmf 2-&yfukd wdik ;f jynftrsK;d rsK;d wGif trnfemrtrsK;d rsK;d jzifah c:wGi=f uonf?
vG,fulap&ef txufv$wfawmfESifh atmufv$wfawmf[lIyif ac:a0:=uygpdk@?
atmufv$wfawmfudk vlOD;a&ay: tajcwnfI a±G;aumufwifajr‡muf=u
onf? (Proportional Representation) jynfe,frsm;onfvOl ;D a& trsK;d tpm;vdu k f
trwfOD;a&apv$wfcGifh&=uonf? txufv$wfawmfonf jynfe,frsm; }uD;onf
i,f o nf r yl / wl n D a omtrwf O D ; a&apvG w f o nf ? txuf v G w f a wmf o nf
jynfe,f}uD; u jynfe,f i,frsm;tm; }uD;Edik if ,fniS ;f qJrsK;d r±Sad p&ef atmufvw $ f
awmftm; rJwif;ay;&ef twGuf zG@J pnf;jcif;jzpfonf? wenf;tm;jzifh jynfe,frsm;
tm; umuG,f&ef zGJ@pnf;xm;jcif;jzpfonf?
xkd@a=umifh v$wfawmf 2-&yfudk oabmw&m;tm;jzifh wef;wl-&nfwl
tcGifhtm%mwlxm;=uonf? odk@&mwGif vufawG@tm;jzifh v$wfawmf 2-&yf
onf tcGifhtm%mcsif;rwl=uay?
tar&duefjynfaxmifpkwGif txufv$wfawmfonf atmufv$wfawmf
xufyI kd tcGit hf m%m±So d nf? ydI
k *k%±f o dS nf? atmufvw$ af wmftrwfrsm;onf
wae@wGif txufv$wfawmftrwfjzpf&ef ar#mfrSef;=uonf?
qdkAD,uf,leD,HESifh qGDZmvefwGif oabmw&m;a&m vufawG@wGifyg
v$waf wmf 2-&yfonf wef;wl&nfw±l =dS uonf? wlnaD om tcGit hf m%m±S=d uonf?
usef±Sdaom jynfaxmifpkrsm;(uae'g/ =opaw;vD;,m;/ awmiftmz&du/
jrefrmEdkifiH) wGif atmufv$wfawmfonf txufv$wfawmfxuf tm%mydkI±Sd
onf ? tajccH O ya'wG i f aiG O ya'=urf ; rsm;atmuf v $ w f a wmf w G i f o mpwif
wifoGif;&rnf[k jyXmef;xm;onf? jrefrmEdkifiHtajccHOya'wGif xdkxufuJI
jynfaxmifpktpdk;&onf atmufv$wfawmfudkom wm0efcHa=umif; jyXmef;xm;

#!

U tun myint.pmd 153 27/1/2548, 9:10

 OD;xGe;f jrif=h a&;

onf?
txufv$wfawmfodk@/ tar&duefjynfaxmifpkwGif jynfe,fwe,fv#if
trwf 2-OD;pD‚if;/ uae'gjynfaxmifpkwGif 24-OD;pD‚if;/ qGDZmvefjynfaxmifpk
wGif 2-OD;pD‚if;/ =opaw;vD;,m;jynfaxmifpkwGif 6-OD;pD‚if;/ awmiftmz&du
jynfaxmifpkwGif 8-OD;pD‚if; toD;oD;apv$wfcGifh±Sd=uonf?
jrefrmjynfwGif(rl)ESifh tcsKd;tpm;r±Sday?

jynfaxmifpt
k pd;k &
jynfaxmifpt k pd;k &wd@k wGif orRwtm;tm%mtvH;k pHk tyfEiS ;f aom tpd;k &
ESifh ygvDreftm; tm%mtyfESif;aom tpdk;&[lI 2-rsKd; 2-pm;±Sdonf?
tar&duefjynfaxmifpt k pd;k &onf orRwtm;tm%mtyfEiS ;f aom tpd;k &
trsKd;tpm;jzpf+yD;/ tjcm;jynfaxmifpktpdk;&rsm;onf ygvDreftm; tm%m
tyfESif;aom tpdk;&trsKd;tpm;jzpf=uonf?
tar&duefjynfaxmifpkorRwa±G;aumufenf;rSm urBmay:wGifrnfonfh
EkdifiHESifhrwl wrljcm;ayonf? tar&dueforRwa±G;aumufyHk a±G;aumufenf;udk
a±Sw› iG f tar&duefjynfaxmifpt k a=umif;avhvmonft h cgtus,af z: jyygO;D rnf?
tar&dueforRwonf jynfaxmifpyk gvrD efvw $ af wmfw&yf&yf. trwfjzpf
&efrvd/k wdik ;f oljynfom;u wdu k ±f ukd af ±G;aumufwifajr‡mufonf? orRwonfrrd d
. tpdk;&tzGJ@udkrdrdpdufóuduftwdkif; trwfr[kwfolrsm;xJrS cef@tyfxm;onf?
orRwtpdk;&onf ygvDreftm;wm0efrcHay? ygvDref.Oya'=urf;ESifh jyXmef;csuf
rsm;udky,fcs&eforRwwGif ADwdktm%m±Sdavonf? orRwu ADwdktm%mjzifh
y,fcsvdkufaom Oya'=urf;rsm;udk v$wfawmf 2-&yfu 3-yHk 2-yHkrJjzifh jyefI
qHk;jzwfv#if orRwuoabmrwlaomfvnf; twnfjzpfavonf? Tenf;jzifh
orRwtm%mudk ygvDrefuxdef;uGyfxm;onf?
tjcm;jynf a xmif p k t pd k ; &rsm;onf ygvD r ef t m;tm%mtyf E S i f ; aom
tpd k ; &rsm;jzpf o nf ? tpd k ; &tzG J @ onf ygvD r ef t m;wm0ef c H & onf ? wenf ;
tm;jzifhtpdk;&tzGJ@onf ygvDref.tm%matmufwGif±Sdonf?

#"

U tun myint.pmd 154 27/1/2548, 9:10

 jynfaxmifpw
k iG ;f rS wef;wlaom±Sr;f jynf

0ef}uD;csKyfESifh 0ef}uD;rsm;onf ygvDreftrwfrsm;jzpf&onf? ygvDrefwGif

rJqENtrsm;pk. axmufcHr_&rSom tpdk;&tzGJ@onf wnfwHhcdkif+rJEdkifavonf?

jynfaxmifpw
k &m;pD&ifr+
urBmay:±SdjynfaxmifpkEdkifiHrsm;wGif (jrefrmjynfrSty)A[dkjynfaxmifpkESifh
jynfe,frsm;twGuf w&m;±Hk;rsm;oD;jcm;±Sd=uonf? A[dkjynfaxmifpktwGuf
tjrifhqHk;w&m;±Hk; (w&m;v$wfawmfcsKyf)rS aemufqHk;w&m;±Hk;txd wpifwzGJ@±Sd
ouJo h @kd jynfe,frsm;wGiv
f nf; tjrifq h ;kH w&m;±H;k (w&m;v$waf wmfcsKyf)rS aemuf
qHk; w&m;±Hk;txd wpifwzGJ@oD;jcm;pD±Sd=uonf? jynfaxmifpkw&m;±Hk;rsm; onf
jynfaxmifpkESifhoufqdkifaom tr_udpPrsm;udkom w&m;pD&if=u+yD; jynfe,f
w&m;±H;k rsm;od@k 0ifa&mufpu
G zf ufjcif;rðy=uay? jynfe,ftwGi;f w&m;pD&ifro _ nf
jynfe,fw&m;v$wfawmfcsKyfrsm;wGifyif tqHk;owf=uonf?

tajccHOya'jyifqifenf;
zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHktajccHOya'jyifqifjcif;ESifh ywfoufI tajccHOya'udk
2-rsK;d 2-pm;cGjJ cm;=uonf? tajccHOya'udk tjcm;Oya'rsm;ðyouJo h @kd ygvrD efrS
tvG,w f uljyifqifEikd v f #if ‚if;tajccHOya'udk jyifqifv, G af paom tajccHOya'
(Flexible Constitution) [kac:onf? +Adwe d jf ynfEiS hf tDwvDjynfwiG f tajccHOya'udk
omrefOya'rsm;twnfðyjyifqifwuJhodk@ ygvDrefujyifqifEdkifaom tm%m±Sd
=uonf?
tjcm;Edik if rH sm;wGif (Oyrm-tar&duef/ jyifopf/ qdAk , D uf,el ,D /H qGZD mvef/
jrefrmEdkifiH) tajccHOya'udk tjcm;Oya'rsm;enf;wl jyifqifEkdifcGifhr±Sdacs?
tajccHOya'jyifqifEdkifaomenf;udk tajccHOya'wGif txl;owfrSwf
jyXmef;xm;avonf? xdktajccHOya'rsKd;udk =uyfwnf;aomtajccHOya'(Rigid
Constitution) [kac:wGif=uonf?
jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiH tajccHOya'rsm;udk txl;ojzifh tvG,fwul

##

U tun myint.pmd 155 27/1/2548, 9:10

 OD;xGe;f jrif=h a&;

jyifqifjcif;rðyEdik &f ef jyXmef;xm;=uonf? xd@k a=umifh jynfaxmifpyk gvrD ef tajccH

Oya'rsm;onf rsm;aomtm;jzifh =uyfwnf;aomtajccHOya'rsm; jzpf=uonf?

cGJxGufcGifh
jynfaxmifpEk ikd if q
H o
kd nfrmS vGwv
f yfaomjynfaxmifprk sm; qENtav#muf
yl;aygif;zGJ@pnf;xm;jcif; jzpfay&m/ oabmw&m;tm;jzifh qENtav#mufjyefvnf
cGJxGufEdkifcGifhvnf; ±Sd&ayrnf? odk@aomf rsufarSmufumvwGif qdkAD,uf,leD,H/
,l*dkpav;AD;,m; jynfaxmifpkESifh jrefrmjynfaxmifpkwdk@. tajccHOya'rsm;wGif
om jynfe,frsm;cGJxGufvdku cGJxGufEdkifaomtcGifhta&;rsm; jyXmef;az: jyxm;
avonf?

wjynfaxmifpepf
u|efawmfwdk@vdkvm;aom jynfaxmifpkppfppfrsKd;rSr&v#if vuf±Sdjynf
axmifpk rppf wppftwdkif;qufaernfhtpm; cGJxGuf+yD;oD;jcm; orRwEdkifiH
xlaxmifv#if xlaxmif/ odk@r[kwf (Unitary)ac: wjynfaxmifpepf vkyfypf
vdkuf[lI pdwfvdkuf rmefyg ajymqdkaomyk*~dKvftcsKd@ ±Srf;jynfwGif±Sdonf?
(Unitary) ac:wjynfaxmifpepf(0g)tpd;k &wzG@J pepfqo kd nfrmS tm%m ESihf
tcGihf ta&;rsm;udk A[dt k pd;k &onf wOD;wnf;tm%mydik t f jzpfjzifh toH;k ðy onf?
rdrdoabmtav#muf a'oE W&tkyfcsKyfa&;tzGJ@rsm; zGJ@pnf;+yD;tm%m tyfESif;
vd k u tyf E S i f ; Ed k i f o nf ? a'oE W & tk y f c sKyf a &;tzG J @ rsm;od k @ tyf E S i f ; xm;aom
tm%mrsm; udkvnf; tcsdefra±G;jyefvnf±kyfodrf;Edkifavonf? a'oE W&tkyfcsKyf
a&;rxm;bJ wdik ;f rif;}uD;-c±dik 0f efrsm;rSwqifh tkycf sKyfapvdu k vnf; tkycf sKyfapEdik f
avonf? wenf;tm;jzifq h v kd #if wjynfaxmifpepfwiG f a'oE &W tpd;k &rsm;onf
A[dt k pd;k &. vufcw k w
f iG ;f rSa&uJo h @dk oGev
f o
kd eG f arSmufvakd rSmufEikd af omb0wGif
usa&mufaeonf? “usm;oem;rS EGm;csr;f om”b0rsK;d yifjzpfonf? wjynfaxmif
pepfrSm oabmw&m;a&;tm;jzifh ,if;odk@jzpfaomfvnf; vufawG@tkyfcsKyf

#$

U tun myint.pmd 156 27/1/2548, 9:10

 jynfaxmifpw
k iG ;f rS wef;wlaom±Sr;f jynf

=u&mwGif +Adwdef/ jyifopf/ b,fvf*sD,HEkdifiHrsm;±Sd a'oE W&tpdk;&rsm;onf

tar&duefjynfaxmifpk±Sd jynfe,frsm;enf;wl udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfa&; tm%mrsm;
&±Sdae=uonf[kqdk=uonf?
wjynfaxmifpepfonf vuf±SdjrefrmjynfaxmifpktwGuf b,fenf;ESifhr#
roifah v#maf y? ArmjynfrwGif vlrsK;d }uD;0g' v$r;f rd;k aeor#umvywfv;kH jynfe,f
rsm;wGif Armtay:rouFmr_EiS hf pd;k &drrf v
_ r$ ;f rd;k aeor#umvywfv;kH wjynfaxmif
pepfonfatmifjrifvdrfhrnf r[kwfay? tajctaeydkIyif qdk;oGrf;apvdrfhrnf?

(2)
jynfaxmifpk pepfuakd vhvm=uonft h cg tar&duefjynfaxmifpk qGZD mvef
jynfaxmifpk tpdk;&udk pHerlemtjzpfxm;+yD; avhvmavh±Sdonf? uae'gESifh
=opaw;vD;,m;wdk@udk t&Hjynfaxmifpkrsm;tjzpfxm;+yD;avhvm=uonf?
tb,fa=umifhqdkaomf tar&duefjynfaxmifpkESifh qGDZmvefjynfaxmifpk
wdk@rSm jynfaxmifpkppfwyf}uD;rsm;jzpf=uI‚if;/ uae'gESifh=opaw;vD;,m;wdk@rSm
jynfaxmifpkqdkaomfvnf; tm%mcGJa0yHk cGJa0enf;rSm wjynfESifhwjynfajzmifh
ajzmifhqef@usifaeI‚if;/ om"uwifjy&efvG,fulaoma=umifhjzpfonf?
qdAk ,
D uf,el , D oH nf urBmay:wGit f jrifrh m;qH;k jynfaxmifppk epfjzpfonf
[k qd&k ayrnf? qdAk , D uf,el ,
D o
H nf tar&duef/ qGZD mvefw@kd uJo h @kd vGwv
f yfI
tcsKyftjcmtm%mydkifaom(jynfe,frsm;)pkaygif;xm;onfomr[kwf? xdkxuf
ru vGwv f yfItcsKyftjcmtm%mydik af om(Federal Republics) (jynfaxmifprk sm;)
pkaygif;xm;avonf?
qdkAD,uf,leD,Honf jynfaxmifpk 3-qifhjzpfonf[kqdk&ayrnf? Oyrm-
qdAk ,
D uf,el , D w
H iG yf g0ifaom ±k±mS ;jynfaxmifpw k iG f ud,
k yf ikd t
f yk cf sKyfa&;a'orsm;
aygif;pnf;xm;aom jynfaxmifpkorRwEdkifiH(12)EkdifiHyg0ifv#uf±Sdonf? ,lu&def;/
tZmbdik *f s/H wm*sp/f cgZwf/ bdik vf ±kd ±k mS ;/ wyfcrif;/ cgZpforRwEkid if rH sm;onfvnf;
tvm;wl jynfaxmifpkrsm; jzpf=uonf?

#%

U tun myint.pmd 157 27/1/2548, 9:10

 OD;xGe;f jrif=h a&;

qdkAD,uf,leD,HwGif yg0ifaomjynfaxmifpkorRwEdkifiHrsm;onf vGwfvyf

pGmcGJxGufEdkifaom tcGifhta&;±Sd=uonfomru EkdifiHjcm;rsm;ESifh wdkuf±dkuf
qufoG,fcGifh oHwrefvJvS,fcGifhrsm; &±Sd=u+yD;udk,fydkifppfwyfrsm; zGJ@pnf;cGifhyif
&±Sdxm;=uavonf?
u|efawmfwdk@jrefrmjynfaxmifpkonf vuf±Sdtajctaet& qdkAD,uf
,leD,H uJhodk@jrifhrm;wdk;wufaomtqifhodk@ wufvSef;&ef rar#mfrSef;Edkifao;yg?
tar&duef ESifhqDGZmvef jynfaxmifpkyHkpHrsKd;&±SdEdkif&ef txl;óud;yef;=u&ayOD;rnf?
tar&duefjynfaxmifpkESifh qGDZmvmefjynfaxmifpkwdk@.yHkpHESifh pepfrsm;udk
t=urf;tm;jzifh avhvm=unfhygpdk@?

(3)
tar&duefjynfaxmifpk
tar&duefjynfaxmifpkonf tar&duefvGwfajrmufa&;ppfyGJrS aygufzGm;
vmcJo h nf? vGwaf jrmufa&;ppfyrJG wdik rf u
DS qdv
k #if aemifwiG t
f ar&duefjynfaxmifpk
[kac:wGifaom jynfe,f(13)e,frSm +Adwdo#.oD;jcm;udkvdkeDrsm;jzpf=uonf?
udkvdkeDwckv#if oD;jcm;bk&ifcHESifh oD;jcm;Oya'ðytzGJ@±Sd=uonf?
1776-ckESpf Zlvdkifv 4-&ufae@wGif udkvdkeD(13)e,fonf pkaygif;I
“vGwfvyfa&;a=ujimpmwrf;}uD;”udkwnDw!Gwfwnf; xkwfjyefa=ujimvdkuf=u
onf?
odk@jzifh +Adwdo#udkvdkeD(13)e,frSm tcsKyftjcmtm%mydkifvGwfvyfaom
EdkifiHtoD;oD;jzpfvm=uonf? odk@&mwGif vGwfajrmufa&;ppfyGJ qHk;crf;wdkifatmif
qufvufqifE&JG efEiS hf &+yD;aomvGwv f yfa&;udk xde;f odr;f umuG,&f eftwGu(f 13)
EdkifiHonf yl;wGJaqmif±Guf&ef vdktyfonfhtwdkif; 1777-ckESpf Edk0ifbmv 15-
&ufae@wGif rdwfo[m,yËdnOfpmcsKyfw&yfudk a&;qGJcsKyfqdk=uonf?

#&

U tun myint.pmd 158 27/1/2548, 9:10

 jynfaxmifpw
k iG ;f rS wef;wlaom±Sr;f jynf

pmcsKyf t yd k ' f ( 1)wG i f Trd w f o [mtzG J @ tm; tar&d u ef j ynf a xmif p k

[kac:wGifap&rnf[k az: jyxm;onf?
od@k &mwGif xdt k csed t
f xd tar&duefjynfaxmifprk mS “jynfaxmifp”k (Fed-
eration) r[kwa f o;ay? rdwo f [mtzG@J (Confederation)omjzpfao;onf?
pmcsKyftyd'k (f 2)wGif jynfe,ftoD;oD;onf rdrw d @kd . tcsKyftjcmtm%mESihf
vGwfvyfa&;udk rdrdwdk@.vuf0,fwGifxm;±Sda=umif;? xdk@jyif jynfaxmifpk
uGef*&ufv$wfawmfodk@ twdtusv$Jtyfxm;aom tm%mESifh tcGifhta&;
tm;vHk;udk odrf;ydkufxm;a=umif;az: jyxm;onf?
wenf;tm;jzifhqdkaomf jynfe,ftoD;oD;onf tcsKyftjcmtm%mydkif
vGwfvyfaomEdkifiHrsm;tjzpf qufvufwnf±Sd+yD; tm;vHk;ESifhoufqdkifaom
udpPrsm;avmufom uGef*&ufv$wfawmfodk@ v$Jtyfxm;=uavonf?
rnfonfhudpPrsm;udk v$Jtyfxm;onfudkaz: jyxm;jcif;r±SdbJ uGef*&uf
v$waf wmfwiG f pka0;=uonft h cgwiG rf S rnfonfu
h pd rP sm;udk twlwuGaqmif±u G f
=urnf[lIom oabmwlxm;=uonf?
pmcsKyftydk'f(3)wGif tusKd;wlyl;wGJumuG,fa&;/ vGwfvyfa&;/ cdkif+rJa&;ESifh
tjyeftvSefodk@r[kwf-trsm;tusKd;pD;yGm;wdk@twGuf cdkifrmaomr[mrdwftzGJ@
tjzpfzGJ@pnf;a=umif;/ usL;ausmfapmfum;r_-wdkufcdkufr_-tE W&m,frsm; ay:ayguf
vmv#if wOD;udkwOD;±dkif;yif;ulnD&ef oabmwlnDa=umif;az: jyxm;onf?
vGwaf jrmufa&;ppfy}JG uD; +yD;qH;k oGm;onfh aemufyikd ;f wGif ppfab;ppf'%fEiS hf
jy\emt&yf&yfwdk@udk ajz±Sif;onfhtcg uGef*&ufodk@ v$Jtyfxm;aomtm%m
rsm; rvHkavmufjzpfvmavonf?
odk@aomf +Adwdo#udkvdkeDb0rS vGwfvyfcgpjynfe,frsm;onf woD;yk*~v
pdw"f gwf jyif;xefaeqJjzpfonf wcsK@d jynfe,frsm;onf uGe*f &uftm; v$t J yfxm;
onfh xdkr#avmufaom tm%mudkyif rsm;ao;onf[k ,lq=uonf?
jy\emESifh tcuftcJrsm;onf }uD;rm;onfxuf}uD;rm;vm&m/ 1787-
ckESpfazaz:0g&DvwGif usif;yaom uGef*&ufv$wfawmfu rdwfo[mtzGJ@onf
jynfaxmifpkwnf+rJa&;ESifh tkyfcsKyfa&; udpPt&yf&yftwGuf tjynfht0 jznfhpGrf;
Edkifjcif;r±Sdonfudk awG@±Sd&a=umif;? xdk@a=umifh rdwfo[mtzGJ@ yËdnmOfpmcsKyfudk

#'

U tun myint.pmd 159 27/1/2548, 9:10

 OD;xGe;f jrif=h a&;

jyefvnfppD Ofo;kH oyf+yD; jynfaxmifpk wnfwef@cdik +f rJa&;ESihf tkycf sKyfa&;udpP t&yf&yf

twGuv f akH vmufaomjyXmef;csurf sm;yg0ifonfjh ynfaxmifpt k ajccHOya'w&yfukd
a&;qGJ&efvmrnfharvwGif/ zD;av;'JzD;,m;òrd@Y nDvmcHobifusif;y&ef qHk;jzwf
a=umif;a=ujimavonf?
xdknDvmcHobifwGif a*smh0g±Sifweftm; nDvmcHobif. OuUXtjzpf
a±G;aumufwifajrSmuf=uonf? rdwfo[m,tzGJ@ yËdnmOfpmcsKyfudkjyefvnf
rpDppfawmhbJ zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHktajccHOya'topfwckudk a&;qGJvdkuf=uonf?
vuf±Sdtar&duefjynfaxmifpk zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHktajccHOya'onf xdktcgupI
aygufzGm;vmcJhonf?
,ckjynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiHwGif tcsif;csif;pdk;&drfr_ r,Hk=unfr_rsm;±Sdovdk
xdkpOfu tar&duefjynfaxmifpk(13)jynfe,fwGifvnf;±SdcJh=uonf? Oya'ðy
tzGJ@tkyfcsKyfr_tzGJ@ESifh w&m;pD&ifa&;tzGJ@rsm; oD;jcm;vGwfvyfr_±Sd=uaomfvnf;
tqH;k pGet
f m%mrsm; ay;rxm;bJ/ wXmeESiw hf Xme tjyeftvSef csKyfxed ;f xm;=u
onfukd tar&duef tajccHOya'wGif awG@jrifEikd af yonf? (Checks and Balances)
tar&duefjynfaxmifpk tajccHOya'udk a&;qGJ=uonfhyk*~dKvfrsm;onf
atmufygrl}uD; 4-csufudkpGJpGJ+rJ+rJ ESvHk;oGif;xm;cJh=uonf?
1? tcsKyftjcmtm%mudk jynfoljynfom;rsm;u ydkifqdkifa&;?
2? jynfol jynfom;wdkif; vHk;0wef;wl nDr#r_&±Sda&;?
3? tkyfcsKyfa&;tzGJ@u tm%mudk rw&m;aomenf;jzifh odrf;ydkufjcif;/
tvGJoHk;pm;ðyjcif;wdk@rS umuG,fa&;?
4? jynfe,frsm;. tcGifhta&;rsm;udk A[dkjynfxmifpkrS 0ifa&mufpGufzuf
jcif;rS umuG,fa&;?

uGe*f &ufvw
$ af wmf
tar&duefueG *f &ufukd vGwaf jrmufa&;ppfyt JG wGi;f u zG@J pnf;cJo
h nf? rlv
uzGJ@pnf;cJhpOfu ,ckacwfygvDrefuJhodk@ aqmif±Guf&ef&nf±G,fI zGJ@pnf;jcif;
r[kwfacs? ygvDrefuJhodk@ aqmif±Guf&ef&nf±G,fcJhv#if ygvDref[lI yiftrnfay;
aumif;ay;cJah yrnf? tar&duefacgi;f aqmifrsm;onf uGe*f &uf[al om trnfukd
$

U tun myint.pmd 160 27/1/2548, 9:10

 jynfaxmifpw
k iG ;f rS wef;wlaom±Sr;f jynf

w*Fvm a±G;cs,fcJh=uonf? txufwGif azmfjyouJhodk@(13)jynfe,frsm;onf

jynfaxmifpk zGJ@pnf;&efr}uH±G,fcJhyg? rdwfo[m,zGJ@rsKd;om zGJ@pnf;cJhonf? xdk@
a=umifh ,ckacwfEikd if aH &; tzG@J tpnf;rsm; wyfaygi;f pkz@JG onfh enf;wl wlnaD om
vkyfief;rsm;yl;wGJaqmif±Guf&ef uGef*&ufzGJ@=ujcif;jzpfonf?
txufwiG f azmfjyonft h wdik ;f vGwaf jrmufa&;ppfy+JG yD;onfah emufyikd ;f wGif
tajctaet& ydkrdkwdusaomjynfaxmifpkzGJ@pnf;wnfaxmif&ef vdktyfcJhonf?
xdk@a=umifh wdusaomtajccH Oya'udka&;qGJ=uonf?
uGef*&ufonf rlv&nf±G,fcJhonfrS v$Jajymif;cgygvDref toGifodk@jzpfvm
cJhonf? tar&duefuGef*&ufwGif txufv$wfawmf (Senate)ESifh atmufv$wf
awmf (House of Representatives) [lIv$waf wmf 2-&yfyg0ifonf?
tar&duefjynfaxmifpk pwifwnfaxmifpOfu jynfe,f(13)e,fomyg0if
cJah omfvnf;,cktcg jynfe,faygi;f (50)jynfo h mG ;av+yD?atmufvw $ af wmftwGuf
vlOD;a&tcsKd;tpm;t& trwfrsm;a±G;aumufwifajr‡muf&&m trwfOD;a& pkpk
aygif ; 437 a,muf ± S d o nf ? txuf v $ w f a wmf t wG u f jynf e ,f w e,f v #if
trwfO;D a& 2-a,mufpaD ±G;aumuf=u&ojzifh txufvw $ af wmf trwfppk ak ygi;f
100-±Sdonf?
txufv$wfawmftrwf. oufwef;onf 6 ESpfjzpfaomfvnf; txuf
v$ w f a wmf o nf tpOf t +rJ w nf ± S d a eonf ? tb,f a =umif h q d k a omf txuf
v$waf wmftrwf oH;k yHw k yHo k nf 2ESpwf pf}udrf tvSnu hf sEw
_ x f uG af y;&+yD; topf
jyefvnf a±G;aumuf&aoma=umifh jzpfavonf? Tenf;jzifh tar&dueftxuf
v$wfawmfwGif tawG@tóuH&ifhusufaom yk*~dKvfrsm; tpOft+rJwnf±Sdaeonf?
atmufvw $ af wmftrwf. oufwef;rSm2ESpo f m±Sod nf? atmufvw $ af wmf
w&yfv;kH .a±G;aumufyu JG kd 2-ESpw
f }udrf a±G;aumuf&onf? tar&duef orRwudk
4-ESpfw}udrf a±G;aumuf&&m atmufv$wfawmftrwftm;vHk;ESifh txuf
v$wfawmftrwf oHk;yHkwyHkudkorRw ESifhwcsdefwnf; w}udrfa±G;aumuf=u+yD;
orRw. oufwef;w0ufwdwdwGif w}udrfa±G;aumuf&onf?
tar&duefv$wfawmf 2-&yfpvHk;onf Oya'ðy&eftm%mwef;wl &±Sd=u
onf? odk@aomfaiGOya'=urf;rsm;udk atmufv$wfawmfwGifompwif-wifoGif;

$

U tun myint.pmd 161 27/1/2548, 9:10

 OD;xGe;f jrif=h a&;

Edik o
f nf? Oya'=urf;rsm;udk v$waf wmf 2-&yfv;kH rS twnfðy+yD;onfah emuf orRw
xHo@kd vufrw S af &;xd;k &ef ay;yd@k &onf? orRwonf ADw G t kd m%moH;k +yD; Oya'=urf;
udk y,fcsEdkifcGifh±Sdonf? wenf;tm;jzifh vufrSwfrxdk;bJ aeEdkifonf? odk@&mwGif
v$wfawmf 2-&yfonfoHk;yHkESpfyHkrJjzifh jyefItwnfðyv#if xdkOya'=urf;rsm;onf
orRw vufrSwfrxdk;aomfvnf; tvdktav#muftufOya'tjzpf twnfjzpf
avonf?
tar&duef'w k , d orRwonf &mxl;tav#muftxufvw $ af wmf. OuUX
jzpfonf? tar&duef txufvw $ af wmf. xl;jcm;csurf mS txufvw $ af wmfonf
Oya'ðya&;udpPwckwnf;omru w&m;pD&ifa&;ESifh tkyfcsKyfa&;tm%mrsm;vnf;
&±Sdxm;onf? w&m;pD&ifEdkifcGifhqdk&mY omrefw&m;pD&ifa&;udk qdkvdkjcif;r[kwf
yg? orRw 'kwd,orRwESifh tjcm;yk*~dKvf}uD;rsm;wdk@tay: jypfwifpGyfpGJcsufrsm;
ay:ayguv f maomf txufvw $ af wmfonf w&m;pD&if&onf? txufvw $ af wmf
wGif pDrHcef@cGJa&;aumfrwD/ b¾ma&;aumfrwD/ EdkifiHjcm;qufoG,fa&;aumfrwD/
ppfa&;aumfrwD ponfjzifh tm%mtjynfhtpHk±Sdaom aumfrwDrsm;zGJ@pnf;xm;
&ojzifh tkyfcsKyfa&;Xmersm;tay: }uD;rm;pGm =oZmoufa&mufr_±Sdavonf?
xd@k jyiftar&duef txufvw $ af wmfuom orRwcef@tyfaom 0ef}uD;tp±So d nfh
&mxl;}uD;rsm;ESiEhf ikd if jH cm;ESihf csKyfqakd ompmcsKyfpmwrf;rsm;udk twnfðy&avonf?
xdk@a=umifh tar&dueftxufv$wfawmfonf vufawG@Y atmfv$wfawmfxuf
ydkI tm%m±Sd+yD; ydkI*k%f±Sdonf[k qdk=uonf? atmufv$wfawmfrSm txuf
v$wfawmf. oabmwlnDr_r±Sdv#if bmr#rvkyfEdkifacs?

tar&dueftpd;k &
tar&duefjynfaxmifpo
k nf jynfaxmifppk pfppfjzpfonft h wdik ;f A[dt
k pd;k &
onf trsm;ESifhqdkifaomtm%mESifh tcGifhta&;tuef@towf tenf;i,fom
,l+yD;useftm%mrsm;tm;vHk;udk jynfe,ftpdk;&rsm;odk@ tyfESif;xm;onf?
xdk@a=umifh tar&duefA[dktpdk;&wGif Xme(10)ckESifh 0ef}uD;-10OD;omxm;±Sdav
onf? ‚if;Xme 10ckrSm- 1?aiGwdkufXme 2?ppfXme 3?pmwdkufXme 4?a&wyfXme

$

U tun myint.pmd 162 27/1/2548, 9:10

 jynfaxmifpw
k iG ;f rS wef;wlaom±Sr;f jynf

5?jynfxJa&;Xme 6?pdkufysKd;a&;Xme 7?tvkyform;Xme 8?ul;oef;a&mif;0,fa&;

Xme 9?w&m;a&;Xme 10?EdkifiHjcm;a&;Xme wdk@jzpfonf?
xdkXme t}uD;tuJrsm;udk tjcm;EdkifiHtkyfcsKyfa&;rsm;ESifh Ed_if;,SOfIjzpfap/
jrefrmtac:ta0:ESifhjzpfap/ tpdk;&tzGJ@0if0ef}uD;rsm; ac:a0:aomfvnf; trSef
pifppftar&dueforRw. twGif;a&; twGif;0efrsm;omjzpfonf? xdk0ef}uD;rsm;
onf uGef*&ufv$wfawmftrwfrsm;vnf;r[kwf/ uGef*&ufv$wfawmfudkvnf;
wm0efrcH/ orRwudkom wm0efcH=uonf?
xd0k ef}uD;rsm;onf tar&dueforRwu txufvw $ af wmf.“oabmwlnD
csuf”jzifh cef@tyfxm;olrsm;jzpfonf? txufv$wfawmf. oabmwlnDcsuf
qdkonfrSm trSefpifppfvl=um;aumif;±Hkr#omjzpfonf? orRw. oabmtwkdif;
cef@tyfolrsm;udk txufv$wfawmfu vdkuf+yD;oabmwlay;&jcif;omjzpfonf?
txufvw $ af wmfonf trwfrsm;yg0ifz@JG pnf;xm;aomaumfrwDtoD;oD;
rSwqifh Ttpdk;&Xmersm;udk =oZmay;Edkifavonf? 'kwd,orRwonf &mxl;
tav#muftxufv$wfawmf. OuUXjzpfav&m/ orRwr±Sdonfhtcg=urSom
wm0ef0wW&m;aqmif±Guf&onf r[kwfbJ tkyfcsKyfa&;Xmersm;tm; wdkuf±dkufóud;
udkifEdkifcGifh±Sdonf?

tar&dueforRw
tar&dueforRwjzpfEdkif&ef touf 35ESpfjynfh&rnfhtjyif tar&duef
jynfaxmifpw k iG f 14ESpw f ikd w
f ikd af exdik o
f v
l nf; jzpf&avonf? xd@k jyif tar&duef
EkdifiHom;tjzpfcH,lxm;olr[kwf&bJ arG;uwnf;uEdkifiHom;jzpfolom orRw
tjzpfta±G;cHEdkifcGifh±Sdavonf?
tar&dueforRwESifh 'kwd,orRwwdk@tm; 4ESpfw}udrfa±G;aumufwif
ajrSmuf&onf? a±G;aumufyHk a±G;aumufenf;rSm atmufygtwdkif;jzpfonf?
tar&dueforRwESifh 'kwd,orRwudk jynfoljynfom;rsm;uwdkuf±dkuf
a±G;aumufonfqdkaomfvnf;/ trSeftm;jzifh 2-qifha±G;aumuf&onf? yxr
tqifhwGif jynfe,frsm;onf rdrdwdk@jynfe,f. uGef*&ufv$wfawmf 2-&yfodk@

$!

U tun myint.pmd 163 27/1/2548, 9:10

 OD;xGe;f jrif=h a&;

apv$wfcGifh ±SdaomtrwfOD;a&ESifh tnDr#a±G;cs,fol(Electors)rsm;tm; trsm;

jynf o l @ rJ q EN j zif h a±G ; aumuf w if a jrS m uf & onf ? Oyrmjynf e ,f w e,f o nf
uGef*&ufatmufv$wfawmfodk@ trwf 30/ txufv$wfawmfodk@trwf 2OD;
apv$wfcGifh±Sdv#if xkdjynfe,fwGif a±G;cs,fol 32 OD;a±G;aumufwif&onf?
a±G;cs,o f rl sm;onf uGe*f &ufvw $ af wmf w&yf&yf.trwfo@kd wnf;r[kwf
tusKd;tjrwf&mxl;wckckY xrf;±Gufaeolrsm;r[kwfap&yg?
'kwd,tqifhtaejzifh xkda±G;cs,folrsm;u wzefrdrdwdk@ óudESpfoufaom/
orRwESifh 'kwd,orRwudk rJqENay;=u&onf?
,cktcg tar&duefuGef*&ufwGif txufv$wfawmftrwf(100)ESifh
atmufv$wfawmftrwf(437)OD;±Sd&m vGefcJhonfhEdk0ifbmv(7)&ufae@wGif
tar&duefrq J EN±iS f 67-oef;ausmw f @kd onf jynfe,ftoD;oD;wGiaf ±G;cs,o f al ygi;f
537-OD;udk v#Kd@0SufrJay;pepfjzifh a±G;aumufwifajr‡muf=uonf?
'Drdkua&wpforRwavmif; uae'Donfrdrdudk rJay;rnfha±G;cs,foloHk;&m
ausmf&xm;onfhtwGuf orRwjzpfrnfhol[lI urBmutodtrSwfðyxm;=u
onf?
tajccHOya't&qdkv#if orRwa±G;cs,f&ef a±G;cs,forsm;onfvmrnfh
Zefe0g&Dv 'kwd,weif;vmae@wGif oufqdkif&mjynfe,frsm;pka0;I rJqENay;=u
&ygrnf?
tar&duefjynfaxmifpw k iG f ygwpD epfEiS hf 'Dru
kd a&pDusio
hf ;kH r_tvGe&f ifu
h suf
aeIom Tpepfonfatmifjrif+yD; ,ckuyifuae'Dtm; orRwjzpfrnfhol[lI
a=ujimEdkifjcif;jzpfavonf?
Armjynfvdk ae&mrsKd;rSmomqdkv#ifEdk0ifbmv(7)&ufae@ 'Dbufydkif;wGif
a±G;cs,fcH&aom a±G;cs,folrsm;tm;wnf+rJ/ oef@±Sif;uGJpOfutrwfrsm;uJhodk@
wHwdkif;txyfxyfumxm;+yD; txl;apmifha±Smufxm;&ayvdrfhrnf?
tar&d u ef o rR w &mxl ; onf ,ck t cgurB m h u H = urR m ud k z ef w D ; Ed k i f p G r f ;
±Sdavmufatmif wefcdk;xufrsufaeayonf? 4 ESpfoufwef;twGif; tar&duef
jynfolwdk@tay: tm%m±Sifwr# wefcdk;=oZm}uD;rm;ayonf?

$"

U tun myint.pmd 164 27/1/2548, 9:10

 jynfaxmifpw
k iG ;f rS wef;wlaom±Sr;f jynf

tar&duefw&m;pD&ifa&;
tar&duefjynfaxmifpkwGif jynfaxmifpkw&m;±Hk;rsm;wpifwzGJ@ oD;jcm;
jynfe,fw&m;±Hk;rsm; wpifwzGJ@oD;jcm;xm;±Sdavonf?
jynfaxmifpkw&m;v$wfawmfcsKyfonftcGifhtm%m3-&yfom,lxm;onf?
(1) tajccHOya'/ w&m;Oya'rsm;ESifh pmcsKyfpmwrf;rsm;rS ay:aygufvm
aom udpPrsm;?
(2) oHwrefrsm;ESifh yifv,fa&a=umif; pD&ifydkifcGifhtm%mESifh oufqdkif
aomudpPrsm;?
(3) jynfaxmifpkESifh jynfe,ftjiif;yGm;r_/ odk@r[kwfjynfe,ftcsif;csif;
tjiif;yGm;r_odk@r[kwf jynfaxmifpkESifh EdkifiHjcm;rsm;tjiif;yGm;r_udpPrsm;?
tajccH O ya'tm; xd e f ; od r f ; apmif h a ±S m uf a &;onf tar&d u ef w &m;
v$wfawmfcsKyf. t"duwm0efjzpfayonf?

tar&duefjynfe,frsm;
tar&duefjynfe,f 50rSm vHk;0udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfa&; ±SdaomorRwEdkifiHrsm;
jzpf=uonf?
jynfe,forRwrsm;udk ,cifudkvdkeDtpOftvmtwdkif; a*:0gem (Gover-
nor) [k ac:a0:=uonf?
jynfe,forRwrsmonf trsm;jynfol@qENrJjzifha±G;aumufwifajrSmufcH&
+yD; jynfe,ftwGif;wGifjynfaxmifpkorRwuJhodk@yif wefcdk;tm%mtvGef}uD;rm;
ayonf?
jynfe,fwdkif;onf ol@tajccHOya'ESifhol twdtus±Sd=uonf? Oya'ðy
v$ w f a wmf r sm;vnf ; txuf v $ w f a wmf / atmuf v $ w f a wmf [ l I ±S d = uonf ?
w&m;±Hk;rsm;vnf; w&m;v$wfawmfcsKyfrS atmuf±Hk;txdwpifwzGJ@ ±Sd=uonf?
jynfe,frsm;onf udk,fydkifumuG,ft&;tzGJ@rsm;( Militia )xm;EdkifcGifh±Sdonf?
odk@aomftar&duefjynfe,frsm;onf qdkAD,uf,leD,HrSmuJhodk@ EdkifiHjcm;ESifh

$#

U tun myint.pmd 165 27/1/2548, 9:10

 OD;xGe;f jrif=h a&;

wdu
k ±f u
kd o
f w
H ref qufo, G cf iG Ehf iS hf cGx
J u
G Ef ikd af om tcGit hf a&;rsm;cHpm;cGihf r±S=d u
acs?
tar&d u ef j ynf a xmif p k w G i f A[d k E S i f h j ynf e ,f r sm;tm%mcG J a 0a&;ES i f h
ywfoufI rpPwmb±du k (f p)u jynfe,frsm;onf trsm;qH;k &+yD; A[do k nf tjrifh
qHk;udk,lxm;onf? Tenf;tm;jzifh Xme 2-ckt=um; csdefcGifn‡mudk xdef;odrf;
xm;onf[k ajymqdkavonf?
The state gets the most but the nation the highest so that the balance
between the two is preserved.

(4)
qGZD mvefjynfaxmifpk
qGZD mvefjynfaxmifp. k tajccHOya'onf urBmay:wGif 'Dru kd a&pDtjynfh
0qHk;jzpfonf[k qdk=uonf? tb,fa=umifhqdkaomf qGDZmvefjynfwGifjynfol
jynfom;rsm;onf 'Drdkua&pDtm%mudk wdkuf±dkuftoHk;ðyEkdifcGifh ±Sdjcif;a=umifh
jzpfonf? (Direct Democracy)
'Drdkua&pDtm%mudk(3)enf;(3)rsKd; wdkuf±dkuftoHk;ðy=uonf?
(1) (Landsgemeide) ac:vlxktpnf;ta0;usif;yI qHk;jzwfenf;?
(2) (Initiative) rJqEN±Sifrsm; vufrSwfa&;xdk;I awmif;qdkenf;?
(3) (Referendum) jynfo@l qENay;yGu J si;f yI qH;k jzwfenf;?
eHygwf 1-ESihf 2-rSm urBmay:wGif qGZD mvefwjynfwnf;Yomusio fh ;kH onf?
jynfol@qENay;yGJrSm tcsKd@EdkifiHrsm;wGif oD;jcm;udpPtwGufusif;yay;avh±Sdonf?
jrefrmjynfaxmifp/k tajccHOya'wGif jynfe,fcx JG u
G af &;udpu P kd qH;k jzwfonft h cg
jynfol@qENay;qHk;jzwfap&ef jyXmef;xm;onf?
jynf o l v l x k u 'D r d k u a&pD t m%mud k wd k u f ± d k u f t oH k ; ðyEd k i f j cif ; onf
qDGZmvefjynfaxmifpk. txl;jcm;qHk;vuQ%mjzpfonf?

$$

U tun myint.pmd 166 27/1/2548, 9:10

 jynfaxmifpw
k iG ;f rS wef;wlaom±Sr;f jynf

jynfe,f 6-e,fwGif ESpfpOfESpfwdkif; {+yDvaemufqHk;ywf we*FaEGwGif

uGi;f jyifY vlxpk nf;a0;I (Landsgemeide) usi;f yavh±=dS uonf? xdv k x l pk nf;a0;yGJ
wGif trsm;jynfoEl iS hf oufqikd af omudprP sm;udk aqG;aEG;avh±=dS uonf? ta&;}uD;
aom qHk;jzwfcsufrsm;csrSwf=uonf? vdktyfv#ifjynfe,f. tajccHOya'udkyif
xdt k pnf;ta0;u jyifqif=uonf? w&m;Oya'rsm;udk jyXmef;onf? tcGet f wkwf
udk pnf;=uyfcef@cGo J nf? jynfe,ftpd;k &tay:xdxad &mufa&muf óud;udik =f uonf?
xdkvlxkpnf;a0;yGJrsm;udkvnf;pnf;urf;usus Áa¹EN&& oduQmorm"d±Sd±Sd
jzifhusif;y=uavonf? xdk@a=umifh ygarmuQb±Gwf(Prof.Brooks)u xdkpnf;a0;yGJ
rsm;ESifh ywfoufI“'Drdkua&pD.tvGefobm0usaom/ tvGefta&;ygt&m
a&mufaom/ tvGeEf pS v f b kd ,
G af umif;aom vuQ%mjzpfygayonf?”[k xkwaf z:
ajym=um;avonf?
useftjcm;jynfe,frsm;wGif vlxktpnf;ta0;yGJusif;yr_rsKd; r±Sdaomfvnf;
vufrw S af &;xd;k awmif;qdek nf;ESihf jynfo@l qENay;yGJ usi;f yenf;wd@k udk us,u f s,f
jyef@jyef@toHk;ðy=uavonf?
jynfe,f(11)e,fwiG f w&m;Oya'rsm; twnfðy&ef jynfo@l qENay;yGrJ vkyf
rae&ay? jynfe,ftm;vHk;onf w&m;Oya'ðyay;&ef vufrSwfa&;xdk;awmif;qdk
EdkifcGifh±Sd=uonf? omrefw&m;Oya'twGuf rJqEN±SifoHk;aomif; vufrSwfa&;xdk;
awmif;qdk&+yD; tajccHOya'jyifqifa&;twGuf/ ig;aomif;uvufrSwfa&;xdk;
awmif;qd&k avonf? jynfaxmifpt k ajccH Oya'jyifqifa&;wGif jynfo@l qENay;yGJ
rusif;ybJtwnfrðyEdkifacs?
qGZD mvefjynfaxmifpo k nf 1848-ckEpS /f rwdik rf DS jynfaxmifprk [kwaf o;yg?
a±S;wH;k uqdv k #if tJvyf pf f(Alps)awmifwef;wav#mufwiG f wnf±adS omjynfaxmif
uav;rsm;onf tusK;d wlvyk if ef;rsm;twGu“f wyfaygi;f pk”oabmzG@J pnf; aexdik f
=uonf?
jyifopfbk&ifeydkvD,Honf qDGZmveftm;0ifa&mufodrf;ydkuf+yD;aemuf
±Sd&if;jynfaxmifrsm;udk zsufodrf;um e,fedrdwftopfowfrSwfay;+yD;/ (18) c±dkif
zGJ@pnf;vdkufonf? xdk@aemufwjynfaxmifpepf (Unitary) tajccHOya' a&;qGJ
ay;vdkufonf?

$%

U tun myint.pmd 167 27/1/2548, 9:10

 OD;xGe;f jrif=h a&;

qGDZmveftrsKd;om;rsm;u vufrcHjiif;y,f=uonf? eydkvD,Hbk&ifonf

xdktajccHOya'udk ðyjyif+yD;twif;t"rRvufcHa0jyefygonf? odk@aomfratmifjrif
acs?
wzefeydkvD,Hbk&ifonf jynfaxmifrsm;tm; cGJ+yD;tajccHOya'wckpDjzifh
tkyfcsKyfjyefonf? eydkvD,Hbk&ifusqHk;onfESifh wòydifwnf; ol.pepfvnf;
ysufokef;oGm;avawmhonf?
eydkvD,H. pdk;rdk;r_atmufwGif qGDZmvefjynfaxmiftcsif;csif; vufwGJ
aqmif±Gufcsufrsm;onf aemifjynfaxmifpkzGJ@pnf;&ef rsKd;aphcsay;cJhonf?
qDGZmvefjynfaxmifrsm;onf wyfaygif;pktzGJ@udk jyefvnfzGJ@pnf;=uonf?
tar&duefjynfaxmifpktpOD;ydkif;uJhodk@ tusKd;wlvHkòcHa&;/ EdkifiHjcm;usL;ausmf
apmfum;r_rsm;rSumuG,af &;/ vGwv f yfa&;/ xde;f odr;f a&;/ jynfwiG ;f +idr0f yfyjd ym;a&;
wd@k twGuyf ;l wGvJ yk af qmif=uonf? jynfaxmiftoD;oD;um; ud, k yf ikd tf yk cf sKyfa&;
udk,fydkiftajccHOya'jzifh tkyfcsKyf=uonf?
(Federal Diet) ac:wyfaygif;pk v$wfawmfodk@ jynfol@udk,fpm;vS,frsm;
apv$wfjcif;rðybJ jynfaxmifrsm;. oHwrefrsm;qefqef awG@qHk=uonf?
xdkumvtwGif; tcsKd@jynfaxmifrsm;onf vHk;0cGJxGufI oD;jcm;aevdk
=uonf? tcsKd@uwyfaygif;pk oabmudkzsufodrf;+yD; ydkIpkpnf;aom 'Drdkua&pD
EdkifiHxlaxmifvdk=uonf?
1846-ckESpfwGif/ cGJa&;orm;ESifh wGJa&;orm;rsm; jynfwGif;ppfcif;=uonf?
wGJa&;orm;uEdkif+yD; qDGZmvefjynfaxmifpkudk 1848-ckESpfwGif zGJ@pnf;vdkuf=u
onf ? tar&d u ef j ynf a xmif p k . erl e mtwd k i f ; jynf a xmif p k y gvD r ef w G i f
txufvw $ af wmf (Council of states) ESiahf tmufvw $ af wmf (National Council)
[lIzGJ@pnf;vdkufonf? atmufv$wfawmfudk vlOD;a& tvdkuf a±G;aumufwif
ajrSmuf+yD; txufvw $ af wmfukd tar&duef txuf v$waf wmftwdik ;f (Canton)
ac: wjynfaxmifv#if (2)OD;=ua±G;aumuf=uonf? 0ef}uD;(7)OD;yg0ifaom
A[dktpdk;&tzGJ@jzifhtkyfcsKyf=uonf?
1848-ckESpf tajccHOya'onf tajccHOya'xuf r[mrdwfpmcsKyfESifh
ydkIwlonf[kqdk=uonf? jynfaxmifrsm;onf jynfaxmifpk0ifoabmxuf

$&

U tun myint.pmd 168 27/1/2548, 9:10

 jynfaxmifpw
k iG ;f rS wef;wlaom±Sr;f jynf

tcsKyftjcmydik v f w G v f yfaom Edik if t

H jzpfae=uonf? A[dt k pd;k &onf jynfaxmifpk
ygvDrefudk wm0efrcH ygvDrefESifh qufoG,fvdkrS qufoG,fonf? tpdk;&tzGJ@0if
0ef}uD;rsm;onfvnf; trsm;tusK;d xuf ud, k u
f ;kd uG,af ombmom/ ud, k ahf e&if;
a'otusKd;udk ydkIo,fydk;aqmif±Guf=uonf?
26-ESpw f ikd cf aJG &;wGaJ &; yËdyuQonf qufvufjyif;xefco hJ nf? aemufq;kH wGif
jynf a xmif p k o rm;rsm;u atmif j rif + yD ; 1874-ck E S p f w G i f vuf ± S d q D G Z mvef
jynfaxmifpktajccHOya'udk jyifqifa&;qGJvdkuf=uonf?
qGpfjynfaxmifpkygvDref
qGpfjynfaxmifpkwGifuefwHkac: jynfe,f(19)e,fESifh uefwHk0uf(6)e,f
wenf;tm;jzifh uefwHk(22)e,fyg0if=uonf?
(National Assembly) ac: jynfaxmifpkygvDrefwGif txufv$wfawmfESifh
atmufv$wfawmfyg0ifonf? txufv$wfawmfodk@ uefwHkwe,fv#if udk,fpm;
vS,f 2-OD;pDuefwHk0ufwe,fv#if(1)OD;pD apv$wfEdkifonf? xdkudk,fpm;vS,frsm;
. vpmESifhp&dwfudk oufqdkif&mjynfe,fu uscH&onf? atmufv$wfawmfodk@
vlOD;a&tvdkuf a±G;aumuf&m vlOD;a&(22000)v#if udk,fpm;vS,fwOD;us
a±G;aumufEdkifonf? odk@aomfvlOD;a&(11000)xufydkv#ifwOD;a±G;ydkifcGifh±Sdonf?

tm%mcGaJ 0enf;
jynfaxmifpkESifh jynfe,frsm;tm%mESifh tcGifhta&;cGJa0yHk cGJa0enf;rSm
tar&duefjynfaxmifpEk iS hf =opaw;vD;,m;jynfaxmifpw k @kd uJo h @kd yif jynfaxmifpk
tm; tm%mrsm; uef@owfay;+yD; jynfe,frsm;uuset f m%mtm;vH;k ud, k x
l m;
=uonf? odk@aomfvnf; jynfaxmifpktpdk;&ESifh jynfe,frsm;yl;wGJvkyfaqmifEdkif
aomftm%mrsm;vnf;±Sdonf? (Concurrent Powers)
jynfaxmifpyk gvrD efonf tpd;k &tzG@J / Edik if o
H rRw/ 'kw, d orRw/ ppfaoem
ywdcsKyfESifh w&m;0ef}uD;csKyfwdk@tm; a±G;aumufwifajr‡mufonf?
jynf e ,f r sm;wG i f & mxl ; xrf ; ±G u f v #uf ± S d a omyk * ~ d K vf r sm;tm;vnf ;
jynfaxmifpkygvDreftrwftjzpf ta±G;cHEdkifcGifh ðyxm;onf?

$'

U tun myint.pmd 169 27/1/2548, 9:10

 OD;xGe;f jrif=h a&;

qGpfZmvefjynfaxmifpkygvDrefwGif xl;jcm;csuf(2) csuf±Sdonf?

1? rdrdwdk@a±G;aumufwifajrSmufvdkufaom tpdk;&tzGJ@0if 0ef}uD;rsm;tm;
jyefvnfðzwfcsEdkifcGifhr±Sdjcif;?
2? w&m;Oya'rsm;tm; t+yD;owftwnfðyEdkifjcif;?
jynfov l x l t
k m; 'Dru kd a&pDtm%mudk wdu
k ±f u
kd u
f sio
hf ;kH Edik cf iG hf ðyxm;ojzifh
ygvDrefu w&m;Oya'rsm;udk t+yD;owftwnfðyI r&Edkifjcif;jzpfonf?

qGpjf ynfaxmifpt
k pd;k &
jynfaxmifpktpdk;&tzGJ@udk v$wfawmf-2&yfaygif;xm;onf? jynfaxmifpk
ygvDrefu a±G;aumufwifajrSmuf&onf? tpdk;&tzGJ@wGif 0ef}uD; 7-OD;yg0ifI
0ef}uD;rsm;onf v$waf wmfw&yf&yf. trwfrsm;rjzpfap&bJ trwftjzpf ta±G;cH
EdkifcGifh t&nftcsif;ESifh jynfhpHkaom wkdif;oljynfom;xJrSjzpf&onf?
jynfe,f}uD;u jynfe,fi,ftm; tEdkifusifhr_/ vuf0g;}uD;tkyfr_oabmrsKd;
r±Sdapjcif;iSm qGDZmvefjynfaxmifpktajccHOya'wGif tpdk;&tzGJ@0if0ef}uD;tjzpf
jynfe,fwe,fwnf;rS wOD;xufydkI wifajr‡mufcGifh r±Sda=umif; jyXmef;xm;av
onf?
jynf a xmif p k t pd k ; &Xme(7)Xmeom±S d o nf ? ‚if ; wd k @ rS m (1)Ed k i f i H j cm;a&;
(2)jynfxaJ &; (3)w&m;a&;ESiyhf vdyXf me (4)ppfa&; (5) b¾ma&;ESihf taumuf
awmf c G e f X me (6)pd k u f y sKd ; a&;/ ul ; oef ; a&mif ; 0,f a &;ES i f h puf r _ v k y f i ef ; Xme
(7)pmwdkufESifhrD;&xm;Xme?
tpdk;&tzGJ@0if0ef}uD;(7)OD;onf wOD;v#ifwXmepDudkif=u&rnf? tpdk;&tzGJ@
wGif EdkifiHawmf0ef}uD;csKyf[lI r±Sday?
ygvDrefu 0ef}uD;(7)OD;teufrS EdkifiHawmforRwESifh 'kwd,orRwudk
a±G;aumufwifajr‡mufonf? orRwESifh 'kwd,orRwwdk@.oufwrf;rSm 12-v
om±Sd+yD;/ 'kwd,t}udrfwqufwnf;jyefvnfta±G;cHcGifhr±Sdacs? EdkifiHawmforRw
onfyif tpdk;&tzGJ@wGifobmywdtjzpfaqmif±Guf&onf? obmywdqdkaomf
vnf; EkdifiHawmforRwtm; txl;tm%mrsm;ay;tyfrxm;ay? (7)Xmeteuf

%

U tun myint.pmd 170 27/1/2548, 9:10

 jynfaxmifpw
k iG ;f rS wef;wlaom±Sr;f jynf

‚if;wdk@ESifhqdkifaom XmewcktwGufom tm%m±Sdonf? wenf;tm;jzifh EdkifiH

awmforRwonf wESpfwmtwGuf tpdk;&tzGJ@. obmywdtjzpf aqmif±Guf
jcif;omjzpfonf?

“t_rJwrf;ppfwyfr±S”d
qGZD mvefjynfaxmifpw k iG f t+rJwrf;ppfwyf[Il xm;cGirhf ±Sad y? tajccHOya'
yk'rf (13)wGif twdtvif;jyXmef;xm;onf? yk'rf (18)t& qGpt f rsK;d om; tm;vH;k
onf ppfr_xrf;±Guf&onf? A[dkjynfaxmifpktaejzifh t+rJwrf;ppfwyf rxm;±Sd
aomfvnf;/ jynfe,frsm;onf vHkòcHa&;twGuf ppfom;tiftm;(300)xufrydk
aom ppfwyfrsm; xm;EdkifcGifhðyxm;avonf?
qGDZmvefjynfaxmifpkonf Oa&mytv,fydkif;wGif xl;jcm;pGmwnfaer_/
xl;jcm;aomzGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHktajccHOya'/ cdkif+rJaom=um;aea&;0g'/ xl;jcm;aom
qGpfvlrsKd;wdk@. pdwf"gwfwdk@a=umifh eydkv#H.usL;ausmfr_ aemufykdif;wGif ppfab;
ppf'g%fESifh uif;v$wfum +idrf;csrf;om,maom jynfaxmifpktjzpf wnfwHhvm
cJhavonf?
qGDZmvefjynf. 'Drdkua&pDwdkuf±dkufusifhoHk;r_rSm t"Gef@±SnfpGmwnfwHh
ayvdrfhrnf?

jrefrmjynfaxmifpk
(5)
urBmt&yf&yfjynfaxmifpkzGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'erlemrsm;udk t=urf;tm;
jzifh avhvm+yD;onfhaemuf u|efawmfwdk@jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiHawmfzGJ@pnf;
tkyfcsKyfyHktajccHOya'udk qufvufavhvm=unfhygpdk@?

%

U tun myint.pmd 171 27/1/2548, 9:10

 OD;xGe;f jrif=h a&;

zm;wydkif;ig;wydkif;
u|eaf wmfw@kd jynfaxmifpt k ajccHOya'udk tm%mESihf tcGit hf a&;cGaJ 0enf;
(3)enf;jzifh pHcsdefudk=unfhv#if jynfaxmifpkrppfwppftrsKd;tpm;(0g)jynfaxmifpk
taysmhpm;jzpfa=umif; txufwGifaz: jycJh+yD;jzpfygonf?
odk@&mwGif xyfavmif;IzGJ@pnf;yHk/ yHkpHESifh csdefxdk;=unfhygrl jynfaxmifpk
taysmhpm;yifr[kwfawmhbJ zm;wydkif;ig;wydkif; pepftjzpfawG@jrif&ayrnf?
u|awmfw@kd wGif usO;f ajrmif;aom vlrsK;d a&;0g'w&m;zH;k v$r;f aeI ,if;uJo h @kd
awG@jrif=uonf r[kwfyg?
1947-ckESpf wdkif;jynfðyv$wfawmfwGif tajccHOya'udk a&;qGJ=upOftcg
tajccHt}uHay;t&m±Sdtjzpf aqmif±GufcJhaom(0g) tajccHOya'a&;qGJ&mwGif
t"duwm0efudk xrf;aqmifcJhaom ,ckEdkifiHawmfw&m;v$wfawmfcsKyfw&m;
0ef}uD; tjzpfaqmif±Gufv#uf±Sdol ‘owdk;r[moa&pnfol’ OD;csefxGef;u-
“u|efawmfwdk@&J@ tajccHOya'-[m oabmw&m;tm;jzifh jynfaxmifpk
pepf jzpfayrJh vufawG@wGifwjynfaxmifpepfjzpfygw,f”[k ajymjya=umif;?
&efukef wuUodkvf&mZ0if ygarmuQa[mif;wifhum; (Hugh tinker) uol.
jynfaxmifpjk refrmEdik if aH wmf (The Union of Burma) pmtkyw f iG f xkwaf z:a&;om;
xm;onf?
(The Constitutional Advisor, Chan Htoon observed much later that “Our
Constitution though in theory federal, is in practice Unitary”)
xdk@a=umifh/ zm;wydkif; ig;wydkif;pepfrSm u|efawmfwdk@. tjrifoufouf
r[kwf OD;csefxGef;vdk yk*~dKvfuvnf; xkwfaz:0efcHxm;+yD;jzpfonf?
,if;uJhodk@jzpf&jcif;rSm rawmfwqa=umifhvnf;r[kwf u|efawmfwdk@
vlrsKd;pk rsm;u vkdvm;aoma=umifhvnf; r[kwfay?
EkdifiHa&;tawG@tóuHenf;yg;+yD;/ Oya'ynmem;rvnfaom u|efawmfwkd@
tm; Armacgif;aqmifrsm;ESifh Oya'ynm±Sifrsm;u “vSnfhpm;vdkufwmyJ”[k
u|efawmfwdk@ xifjrifvm=uygonf?
vGwfvyfa&;twGuf usKd;yrf;ae=upOfwHk;u vGwfvyf+yD;onfhaemuf

%

U tun myint.pmd 172 27/1/2548, 9:10

 jynfaxmifpw
k iG ;f rS wef;wlaom±Sr;f jynf

rnfonfyh pkH rH sK;d jzifh wdik ;f jynfuwkd nfaxmif=urnfenf;[k awG;awm}uHq=uonfh

tcg ArmtrsKd;om;acgif;aqmifrsm;onf Armjynfvkd wdkif;jynfi,fav;tbdk@
vlrsKd;pkrsm; tcGJcGJtjcrf;jcrf; tkyfcsKyfonfhrludk róuduf=uyg? wpnf;wvHk;wnf;
yHkpHwrsKd;wnf;aomtkyfcsKyfa&;rsKd; wenf;tm;jzifh wjynfaxmifpepftpdk;&
wrsKd;pm;pepf(Unitary)udkvdkvm;=uonf?
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;u u|efawmfwdk@tm;wpnf;wvHk;wnf;om 5-ESpf
pDrHudef; 2-}udrfajrmufaqmif±Gufvdkuf&v#if tm;vHk;wdk;wufrnf? Armjynfr
xuf wqifh edru hf saeaom e,fpyfa'o±Sv d rl sK;d pkrsm;onfvnf; ArmESihf wef;wl
wdk;wufvm rnf[k,Hk=unfa=umif; ajymjyzl;ygonf?
u|efawmfwdk@(&yv)acgif;aqmifrsm;onf AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;. ±dk;om;
aom apwemudk ,Hk=unf=uonf? av;pm;=uonf?
odk@aomf ±Srf;trsKd;om;rsm;taeESifh tajctaeuwrsKd;jzpfae=uygonf?
±Srf;vlrsKd;ESifh ArmvlrsKd;onf vlrsKd;jcif;rwl-jcm;em;onf? ±Srf;jynfa'o
ESifh Armjynfa'oonf ukef;jyifjrifhESifh ajrjyef@jcm;em;onf? &mZ0ift&-
±Srf;rsm;onf Armrsm;tay:pdk;&drf=uonf? ouFmruif;±Sd=uonf? tESpf(60)
ausmef ,fcs@J orm;. aoG;cGrJ a_ =umifh aoG;uGaJ e=uonf? vGwv f yfa&; usK;d yrf;ae
=upOf e,fcs@J jAL±du k &uf rsm;. aoG;cGrJ _ ajcxd;k r_ tE &W m,fuvnf; }uD;rm;ae
onf? usaemfwdk@ (&yv) acgif;aqmifrsm;tm; Armolv#KdawG Armudka&mif;
pm;olawG [lI apmfbGm;tcsKd@u pGyfpGJaecsdefvnf;jzpfonf?
u|ef a wmf w d k @ onf Ad k v f c sKyf a tmif q ef ; . apwemud k v nf ; aumif ; /
jynfaxmif pepfru l v kd nf;aumif;/ oHo,r±S=d uyg? Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef; OD;aqmif
aom Armjynf ESifh u|efawmfwdk@±Srf;jynftm; wjynfaxmifpepft& yl;aygif;
apumrl usaemfwdk@ tbkd@pdk;&drfylyefp&mr±Sd[k u|efawmfwdk@,lqonf?
vlyk*~dKvfydkif; tajctaet&xdkodk@jzpfaomfvnf; wuJhjzpf&yf tajc
taet&qdv k #if jynfaxmifpo k abmw&m;uv$I J tjcm;rjzpfEikd [ f k u|eaf wmfw@kd
(&yv)uqHk;jzwf=uonf?
u|eaf wmfw@kd (&yv)u atmufygjynfaxmifpo k abmw&m;udk a[majymyGJ
rsm;jzifh‚if;/ pm±Gufpmwrf;rsm;jzifh‚if;/ ±Srf;jynftESH@tjym;odk@csjyvdkufonf?

%!

U tun myint.pmd 173 27/1/2548, 9:10

 OD;xGe;f jrif=h a&;

jynfaxmifpo
k abmw&m;
(1) ArmjynfrESifh jynfaxmifpkpepft& yl;aygif;rnf?
(2) ,if;odk@yl;aygif;onfhtcg -
(u) tcGifhta&;ESifh tqifhtwef;wljzpf&rnf?
(c) ±Srf;jynftm; vHk;0udk,fykdiftkyfcsKyfa&;ay;&rnf?
(*) cGJxGufvdku - tcsdefra±G;cGJxGufcGifhay;&rnf?
(3) A[dktpdk;&tm; atmufygXmersm; v$Jtyfay;rnf?
(u) EkdifiHjcm;a&;?
(c) umuG,fa&;?
(*) pmwdkufESifh a=u;eef;?
(C) vrf;yefqufoG,fa&;?
(i) aiGpuULESifh aiG'*F g;xkwfvkyfa&;?
(p) qdyfurf;taumufawmfcGef?
(&yv). jynfaxmifpo k abmw&m;onf ±Sr;f jynfxx l t k wGi;f euf±KdS if;pGm
0ifoGm;onf? Armqdkv#iftvGefrkef;+yD; ArmjynfESifh raygif;vdkaom yk*~dKvfrsm;
yif v #if Tjynf a xmif p k o abmw&m;ud k vuf c H v m=uonf ? (&yv).
jynfaxmifpkoabmw&m;onf &Srf;jynfe,ferdwfrS ausmfvGefum e,fpyfa'o
wav#mufvHk;odk@ jyef@ESH@oGm;cJhonf? &Srf;/ ucsif/ csif; acgif;aqmifrsm;yl;aygif;zJG@
pnf;xm;aom awmifwef;om;pnf;vHk;nD!$wfa&;OD;pD;tzJG@csKyf (scouhp)u
vnf; jynfaxmifpkoabmw&m;udk vufcHvm=uonf?
jynfaxmifpo k abmw&m;. tESpo f m&onf emrnfausmyf ifvpkH mcsKyfwiG f
ygvm&onf? +Adwdo#avbmtrwf &dpfyDv#Hacgif;aqmifaom e,fpyfa'opHkprf;
a&;aumfr±Si. f tpD&ifcpH mwGiv f nf;jynfaxmifpo k abmw&m;udk a±Sw › ef;xkwI f
az: jyxm;&onf?
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;tp/ OD;Ektv,f/ OD;csefxGef;tqHk; ArmtrsKd;om;
acgif;aqmifrsm;uawmh jynfaxmifpkoabmw&m;udk róuduf=uyg?
OD ; baz/ a'guf w mAarmf / ocif A pd e f w d k @ vuf s m*d k % f ; om;rsm;uvnf ;

%"

U tun myint.pmd 174 27/1/2548, 9:10

 jynfaxmifpw
k iG ;f rS wef;wlaom±Sr;f jynf

róuduf=uyg?
od@k aomf OD;atmifqef;/ OD;Ekw@kd ESihf OD;baz/ OD;barmfw@kd . tajccHapwem
csif;rSm jcm;em;=uygonf?
vlrsKd;pkrsm;. jynfaxmifpkoabmw&m;udk y,fzsufI r&Edkifawmhyg?
wdkif;jynfðyv$wfawmfwGif AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;u tajccHOya'vrf;!$ef
jyXmef;csuf tqdkwifoGif;onfhtcg tydk'f(2)wGif jynfaxmifpkoabmw&m;udk
xnfhoGif;xm;&avonf?
odk@aomf AdkvfcsKyfwdk@usqHk;oGm;+yD;aemuf tajccHOya'udkt+yD;owfa&;qGJ
=uonft h cg u|eaf wmfw@kd tm; rvdrw hf ywfEyS v f ukd o
f nf[k u|eaf wmfawmhppJG +JG rJ+rJ
,lqaeqJjzpfonf?
toGiftm;jzifh u|efawmfwdk@ e,fpyfa'otm;ESpfodrfhap&ef jynfaxmifpk
toGiaf y;xm;+yD; tESpo f m&tm;jzifw h wfEikd o f r# wjynfaxmifpepfjzpf&ef zefw;D
xm;onf[k u|efawmfxifonf?
OD;csefxGef;u jynfe,frsm;tc%f; cGJxGufcGifhtc%f;rsm; tajccHOya'wGif
yg0ifxnfhoGif;xm;jcif;ta=umif;ESifh ywfouf+yD; EdkifiHa&;/ tkyfcsKyfa&; t&-
trSefvdktyfIr[kwfa=umif;/ e,fpyfa'otacgif;aqmifrsm;. oHo,pdwfudk
av#mhyg;ap&ef twGufomjzpfa=umif;/ Armrsm;tay:ESpfy&dap>'=um±SnfpGm pGJpGJ
+rJ+rJxm;±Sdvmaom r,HkouFmpdwfrsm;udk awmifay:om;rsm;onf ±kwfw&uf
pGef@v$wfEdkifjcif;r±Sda=umif;? xdkruFmpdwfrsm;udk ukpm;aomenf;wenf;om
jzpfa=umif;[lI ajym=um;a=umif;jzifh/ yarmuQwifhumu ol.pmtkyfwGif
qufvufaz: jyxm;avonf?
xd k r #ru/ OD ; csef x G e f ; onf wd k i f ; jynf ð yv$ w f a wmf w G i f “u|ef a wmf w d k @
,ck v uf ± S d tajcaersm;ud k axmuf x m;aomtm;jzif h tpd k ; &wzG J @ wnf ; u
tkyfcsKyfwm[m b,favmufyJaumif;w,fqdkwm usaemfwdk@tm;vHk; ,Hk=unf
=uapumrl ,ck tcsdefrSmjzpfv#if jynfaxmifpkEdkifiHudkomv#if zGJ@pnf;bdk@
&mjzpfaeygw,f?”[lI‚if; wzefqufvuf+yD; “u|efawmfwdk@tm;vHk;u odyf+yD;r
ESpfòcdufaomfvnf; ,ckvuf±Sd tajctaet& jynfaxmifpk EdkifiHwnfaxmifcJh&
wJhtwGuf aemifudk tajctae t&wOD;wnf; tpdk;&wzGJ@wnf;u tkyfcsKyfwJh

%#

U tun myint.pmd 175 27/1/2548, 9:10

 OD;xGe;f jrif=h a&;

EdkifiHrsKd;[m ydk+yD;vdkvm;tyfw,f? Armjynfudk=unfhvdkufv#if urBmESifhpmv#if

tifrwefi,fvdk@ aemifudktpdk;& wzGJ@wnf;ESifh jzpfEkdifwJh (Unitary) EdkifiHrsKd;udk
jzpfapcsiyf gw,fqv kd #if jynfe,f awGu oabmwlv#if u|eaf wmfw@kd zefw;D oGm;
bdk@&efonf Oya'rSmyg±Sdygw,f?”[lI ‚if; ±Sif;vif;ajymjyoGm;cJhygonf?
tajccHOya' t}uHay;t&m±Sdjzpf+yD; tajccHOya'a&;qGJ&mwGif t"du
wm0efxrf;aqmifcahJ om OD;csex f eG ;f onf jynfaxmifppk epfukd tb,fr#rvdv k m;
rESpfòcdufonfudk ol.pum;rsm;jzifh ay:vGifapygonf?
e,fpyfa'orS vlrsKd;pkrsm;qENjyif;jyI ‚if;/ rv$Jra±SmifomI‚if;/ wenf;
tm;jzifh e,fpyfa'orS vlrsK;d pkrsm;oHo, uif;ap&ef &aohpw d af jzðyEdik &f e t
f wGuf
jynfaxmifpyk pkH u H kd xnfo h iG ;f xm;ay;jcif;jzpfonf? od@k aomfArmacgi;f aqmifrsm;.
vdktifqENtwdkif; wjynfaxmifoabm a&mufEkdifor#a&mufap&ef zefwD;ay;
cJhjcif;yifjzpfonf?
jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiHawmfzGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHktajccHOya'onf ,if;uJhodk@
zm;wydkif; ig;wydkif;jzpfr_onf e,fpyfa'ovlrsKd;rsm;wGif udef;atmif;aeaom
oHo,ruif;r_udk rajyaysmufaponfhtjyif wdk;Iyif}uD;rm;vmapcJhygonf?

wjcrf;yJjh ynfaxmifpk
u|efawmfwdk@. tajccHOya'onf oabmw&m;tm;jzifh jynfaxmifpk[k
ac:qdkEdkifjcif;rSm -
(1) ±Srf;-ucsif-u&if-u,m;jynfe,frsm;zGJ@pnf;ay;xm;jcif;?
(2) jynfe,frsm;wGif udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfa&;toifhtwifh cGifhðyxm;jcif;?
(3) jynfe,faumifpDac: Oya'ðytzGJ@rsm;zGJ@pnf;ay;xm;jcif;/
(4) ±Sr;f ESiu
hf ,m;jynfe,frsm;tm; jynfaxmifp. k tjrifq h ;kH tqifjh zpfonfh
cGJxGufEkdifcGifh ay;xm;jcif;rsm;a=umifhjzpfonf?
Tr#avmufomuGuu f u
G uf av;=unfv h #if urBmay:±St
d jcm;jynfaxmifpk
rsm;ESifh toGiftm;jzifh wloa,mifa,mifjzpfonf?
jynfaxmifpkqdkonfrSm jynfaxmifac: jynfe,frsm;pkaygif;xm;jcif;jzpf

%$

U tun myint.pmd 176 27/1/2548, 9:10

 jynfaxmifpw
k iG ;f rS wef;wlaom±Sr;f jynf

onf? tjcm;vlrsK;d pkrsm;twGuf oD;jcm;jynfe,frsm;zG@J pnf;xm;aomfvnf; vlrsm;

pkjzpfaom Armtbdk@ jynfe,f[lI oD;jcm;r±Sdacs? oD;jcm;ygvDrefESifh oD;jcm;
tpdk;&vnf;r±Sdacs?
±kwfw&ufqdkv#if Armrsm;utepfemcH&oa,mif oabmaygufayrnf?
eufeufeeJ J pOf;pm;=unfyh gu Armrsm;onf jynfaxmifpt k pd;k &tm%mudk vH;k axG;
,lvu kd +f yD; vlrsK;d pkrsm;tay: tkypf v D u
kd jf cif;omjzpfygonf? Tonfukd axmuf±_
I OD;csefxGef;u “vufawG@wGif wjynfaxmifpepfjzpfonf” [kqdkvdkufjcif;jzpf
onf?
xdk@a=umifh u|efawmfujynfe,frsm;onf Armjynf.yÀmqufEdkifiHrsm;
tqifhodk@ usa&mufukefonf[k qkdvdkufjcif;jzpfonf?
yÀmqufEdkifiHac:(Vassal State) ESifhywfouf+yD; u|efawmftaeESifhtxl;
t"dygü ,zf iG jhf yp&m rvdyk g? Advk cf sKyfatmifqef;ruG,v f eG rf DS wdik ;f jynfðyv$waf wmfwiG f
t"dyüg,fzGifhjycJhonfu ydkIt"dyüg,fav;eufygonf?
(Vassal State) qdw k mu/ wynf-h u|eEf ikd if v H okd abmrsK;d yJ? u|ef qdak yrJv h @kd
(Colony) ud k v d k e D v nf ; r[k w f b l ; ? ol @ bmomol ol @ rif ; ES i f h ol @ tpd k ; &ES i f h yJ
tjyif b rf ; tm;jzif h a wmh vG w f v yf w ,f ? od k @ aomf v nf ; Ed k i f i H } uD ; wEd k i f i H & J @
=oZmv$r;f rd;k r_ csKyfcs,rf u _ kd txl;wvnf cHae&wJEh ikd if jH zpfv@kd (Vassal State)vd@k
ac:w,f? (wdkif;jynfðyv$wfawmfnDvmcHrSwfwrf;pmwGJ-1? tpnf;ta0;trSwf
4/ pmrsmESm 77)?
ArmvlrsK;d }uD;0g'ESihf yÀmqufEikd if [ H al ompum;rsm;udu k |eaf wmfwrifxiG f
vdkufonf[k u|efawmhrdwfaqGrsm;u qdk=uonf? trSefrSm Tpum;vHk;rsm;udk
u|eaf wmfuxGiv f ukd o
f nfr[kwyf g? jynfaxmifpjk refrmEdik if aH wmf. 10-ESpaf usmf
b0rS aygufzGm;vmaompum;vHk;rsm;om jzpfygonf?
Armrsm;twGuf oD;jcm;jynfe,f/ oD;jcm;tpdk;&-oD;jcm;Oya'ðytzGJ@[lI
oD;jcm;rxm;jcif;ESihf ywfoufI OD;csex f eG ;f uyif Armacgi;f aqmifrsm;. ud, k pf m;
wdkif;jynfðyv$wfawmfwGif ±Sif;vif;jycJhygonf?
“Armjynfr}uD;u tifrwef}uD;+yD;yg0ifrnfh jynfe,fawGu tifrwef
tus,ft0ef;rSm i,faewmudk awG@&ygw,f? Armjynfrtus,ft0ef;[m

%%

U tun myint.pmd 177 27/1/2548, 9:10

 OD;xGe;f jrif=h a&;

±Srf;jynf/ ucsifjynfe,f/ u&ifeDjynfe,f jynfe,foHk;jynfe,faygif;v#if awmifrS

Armjynf r S m usef w J h e ,f a wG & J @ tus,f t 0ef ; eJ @ qd k v #if oH k ; yH k w yH k / av;yH k
wyHkavmufyJ ±Sdw,f? vlOD;a&tm;jzifhqdkv#if om+yD;uGmjcm;ao;w,f? vlOD;a&
(17)oef ; ±S d w J h t euf Armjynf r u(15)oef ; ±S d w ,f ? ±S r f ; jynf / ucsif j ynf /
u&ifeDjynfe,fu±Sdv#if (2)oef;avmufyJ ±Sdw,f? +yD;awmh b¾ma&;udpP
tajcataerSmvnf; ,ckvuf±Sdtajctaeudk =unfhrnfqdkv#if ±Srf;jynfrSm
tawmf t oif h ± S d a omf v nf ; ucsif j ynf e ,f q d k v #if b¾ma&;tajctaerS m
trsm;}uD;csKd@iJhaeygw,f? EdkifiHa&;A[kokwudk =unfhjyefawmfvnf; tawmfyJ
uGmjcm;aewm±Sdw,f @@@@”[lI OD;csefxGef;u ArmjynfrESifh jynfe,frsm;uGmjcm;
r_udk ±Srf;jy+yD;/ tu,fIArmjynfrtwGuf oD;jcm;jynfe,fxm;&v#if Oya'ðyr_
twG u f trwf r sm;/ tk y f c sKyf r _ t wG u f tr_ x rf ; rsm;/ w&m;pD & if r _ t wG u f
w&m;ol}uD;rsm;/ trsm;tjym;vdkrnf jzpfonfhtwGuf vlrvHkavmufa=umif;
A[dkjynaxmifpkESifh ArmjynfrtwGuf xdk 3-XmecGJxm;&v#if b¾ma&;ESpfq
ydkI ukefusrnfjzpfa=umif;qufvuf±Sif;jyonf?
xdk@a=umifh“usefonfh jynfe,fawGrSmvdk ArmjynfrtwGufudkoD;oef@
jynfe,fwcktjzpfrxm;bJEiS hf A[dt k pd;k &u A[dOk ya'ðytzG@J uae+yD;awmh tkycf sKyf
wJhA[dktpdk;&ESifh aygif;xm;wJh/ waygif;wpnf;wnf; EdkifiHjynfrjzpf&rnf”[k
OD;csefxGef;u ±Sif;vif;cJhygonf?
[dkpOfu usaemfvnf; [kwfEdk;a,mifa,mif vufcHcJhygonf? Armrsm;
wu,ftepfemcHyguvm;[k txif}uD;cJhygonf? eufeufeJeJezl;ay: vufwif
pOf;pm;=unfhrS jynfe,frsm; arsmufavmif;jzpfukefonfudk awG@jrif&ygonf?
trS e f r S m Armrsm;twG u f o D ; jcm;jynf e ,f z G J @ pnf ; +yD ; Armjynf e ,f /
±Srf;jynfe,f/ ucsifjynfe,f/ u&ifjynfe,f/ u,m;jynfe,fponfh jynef,rsm;
yl;aygif;um jynfaxmifpkzGJ@ygrS wuJhjynfaxmifpk. t*F gESifhnD!Gwfayrnf?
,ckrlum; Armjynfe,f[lI ryg±SdonfhtwGuf usaemfwdk@. tajccHOya'onf
toGiftm; jzifhyif t*F grpHkwjcrf;yJh jynfaxmifpk}uD;jzpfaeavonf?
Tum;yxrOD;pGm awG@±Sd&onfh csKd@,Gif;csuf}uD;jzpfygonff?

%&

U tun myint.pmd 178 27/1/2548, 9:10

 jynfaxmifpw
k iG ;f rS wef;wlaom±Sr;f jynf

wdk‹ygvDref
u|efawmfwdk@jynfaxmifpkygvDref zGJ@pnf;yHkrSmvnf;obm0rusay? tjcm;
jynfaxmifpk ygvDrefrsm;wGif v$wfawmf2-&yfxm;±Sdjcif;rSm atmufv$wfawmf
onf 'Dru kd a&pDoabmt& tcsKyftjcmtm%monf jynfov l x
l x
k rH S qif;ouf
&rnf qdkonfhtwdkif; jynfolvlxkw&yfvHk;tm; udk,fpm;ðy&efjzpf+yD;/ txuf
v$wfawmfrSm jynfaxmifpkoabmw&m;t&/ jynfe,frsm;tm;udk,fpm;ðy&ef
jzpfayonf?
jynfe,f}uD;u jynfe,fi,frsm;tm; tEdkifusifhr_r±Sdap&ef txufv$wf
awmfodk@ ukd,fpm;vS,fOD;a&tnDtr#apv$wf=uonf?
v$wfawmfw&yf&yfonf tm%mudktvGeftuJ toHk;ðyEdkif&eftwGuf
v$wfawmfw&yfu tjcm;v$wfawmfw&yftm; xdef;uGyfEdkif&ef tcGifhtm%mwl
ay;xm;=uonf?
u|ef a wmf w d k @ .txuf v $ w f a wmf o d k @ jynf e ,f r sm;onf trwf O D ; a&
tnD t r# apv$ w f E d k i f c G i f h r ±S d = uyg? Armjynf e ,f [ l I oD ; jcm;r±S d j cif ; onf y if
jynfaxmifpk txufv$wfawmfzGJ@pnf;r_udk }uD;pGm±kyfqif;ysufapavonf?
wjynf e ,f v #if trwf O D ; a& tb,f r #pD a pv$ w f & rnf [ k tajccH O ya'wG i f
jyXmef;vdkufv#if Arm jynfe,fr±SdI jynfaxmifpktxufv$wfawmfwGif Arm
udk,fpm;vS,frsm; yg0if Edkifawmhrnfr[kwfacs?
u|eaf wmfw@kd .txufvw $ af wmfonf atmufvw $ af wmftm; xde;f uGyEf ikd f
aom tm%mvnf;r±dS? jynfe,frsm;tusKd;udk umuG,fEdkifpGrf;vnf;r±Sd jzpf
aeav&m ,cktwdkif;omqdkv#if EdkifiHawmforRwuJhodk@ wefqmqifxm;,Hkom
±Sad eay rnf?
Tum; 'kwd,csKd@,Gif;csufwnf;?

tm%mESit
hf cGit
hf a&;
jynfaxmifpkppfEdkifiHrsm;wGif A[dkjynfaxmifpktm; trsm;ESifhqdkifaom

%'

U tun myint.pmd 179 27/1/2548, 9:10

 OD;xGe;f jrif=h a&;

tcGithf m%mrsm;om ay;+yD;uset f m%mrsm;udk jynfe,frsm;u odr;f ydu k x

f m;=u
onf? uae'gjynfaxmifpw k iG o
f m A[djk ynfaxmifpt k m;vnf; tm%muef@owf
ay;+yD; useftm%mrsm;tm;vHk;udk A[dkuodrf;ydkufxm;onf?
u|efawmfwdk@jynfaxmifpktajccHOya'wGif jynfaxmifpkOya'ðypm&if;/
jynfe,f Oya'pm&if;[lIcGJjcm;+yD; useftm%mrsm;tm;vHk;udk A[dkjynfaxmifpk
tpdk;&odk@ay;tyfxm;&m uae'gjynfaxmifpkESifh tm%mcGJa0enf;wGiftwlwlyif
jzpfonf? tajccHOya'rlEiS yhf wfoufI±Si;f jypOf OD;csex f eG ;f u uae'g jynfaxmif
pkvrf;pOfudk vdkufxm;a=umif;0efcHcJhavonf?
xdkvrf;pOfudkrvdkufIvnf; tjzpfay? Armjynfe,f[lI oD;jcm;zGJ@pnf;
xm;jcif;r±Sjd zpav&m jynfaxmifppk pfppfrt l wdik ;f A[du k t kd m%mvH;k 0 uef@owf
ay;vdu k +f yD; uset
f m%mrsm;tm;vH;k udk jynfe,frsm;tm; ay;vdu k v
f #if Armjynfr
twGuf tkyfcsKyfIjzpfEdkifawmhrnf r[kwfacs?
Tum;usaemfwdk@ tajccHOya'. wwd,csKd@,Gif;csufyifjzpfayonf?

u|eaf wmfw‹kd jynfaxmifpt

k pd;k &
u|eaf wmfw@kd jynfaxmifpt k pd;k &tzG@J rsK;d udk tjcm;rnfonfjh ynfaxmifpk Ekid if H
wGifrS rawG@&yg?
jynfaxmifpk ppfppfjzpfonfh tar&duef-qDGZmvef-qdkAD,uf,leD,H/
=opaw;vD;,m;wdk@wGif ‚if;/ jynfaxmifpktaysmhpm;jzpfonfh uae'gwGif‚if;
jynfaxmifpt k pd;k &tzG@J wGif u|eaf wmfw@kd tpd;k &tzG@J uJo h @kd jynfe,f0ef}uD;Xmersm;
yg0ifzGJ@pnf;xm;jcif; r±Sd=uyg?
u|eaf wmfw@kd jynfe,f OuUXrsm;onf jynfaxmifpt k pd;k &tzG@J wGif jynfe,f
0ef}uD;rsm;tjzpfyg0ifae=uonf?
u|efawmfwdk@jynfaxmifpkwGif EdkifiHawmforRwonf jy±kyfr#omjzpf+yD;
tm%m t±SdqHk; yk*~dKvfrSm EdkifiHawmf0ef}uD;csKyfjzpfonf?
yk'fr 56(2)t& EdkifiHawmforRwonf 0ef}uD;csKyfu trnfwifoGif;aom
yk*~dKvfwdk@udk jynfaxmifpktpdk;&tzGJ@0if tjcm;0ef}uD;rsm;tjzpfcef@xm;&rnf?

&

U tun myint.pmd 180 27/1/2548, 9:10

 jynfaxmifpw
k iG ;f rS wef;wlaom±Sr;f jynf

yk'fr 56(3)t& “EkdifiHawmforRwonf 0ef}uD;csKyf. t}uHay;csuft&

jynfaxmifpt k pd;k & 0ef}uD;wOD;OD;. &mxl;E_wx
f uG pf mudk vufc&H rnf? od@k wnf;
r[kwf&mxl;rS &yfpJap&rnf?”
u|efawmfwdk@. t&yfom;pum;qdkv#if 0ef}uD;csKyfu óudufESpfoufI
a±G;cs,f olrsm;om 0ef}uD;rsm;jzpf&+yD; 0ef}uD;csKyfu tvdkr±Sdonfhwae@wGif
0ef}uD;&mxl; rS E_wfxGufay;&rnf?
u|eaf wmfw@kd jynfe,f0ef}uD;rsm;vnf; 0ef}uD;csKyfuoabmwlrS 0ef}uD;csKyf
jzpfEdkifonf? 0ef}uD;csKyfu oabmrwlonfhtcg 0ef}uD;rjzpfEdkifacs?
xdk@a=umifh jynfe,f0ef}uD;rsm;onf 0ef}uD;csKyf.oabmqENtwdkif;
aqmif±u G =f u&onf? jynfe,ftpd;k &rsm;onf ud, k yf ikd t
f yk cf sKyfa&;±SI
d jynfaxmifpk
tpd;k &onf jynfe,ftwGi;f a&;rsm;wGif 0ifa&mufpu G zf ufciG rhf ±S[d k qdak omfvnf;
jynfe,ftyk cf sKyfa&;. t}uD;tuJjzpfol jynfe,fOuUXrsm;rSm 0ef}uD;csKyf.qENEiS hf
qef@usiaf omudprP sm; bmrSrvkyEf ikd jf zpf=u&m jynfe,frsm;. ud, k yf ikd t
f yk cf sKyfa&;
rSm t"dyüg,fuif;rJhaeayonf?
wenf;tm;jzifh jynfaxmifp0k ef}uD;csKyfonf jynfe,ftwGi;f a&;udprP sm;udk
wdkuf±dkuf0ifa&mufpGufzufaep&mrvdk/ rdrdwdk@tpdk;&tzGJ@wGif yg0ifaeaom
jynfe,f0ef}uD;rsm;rSwqifh =oZmv$rf;rdk;Edkifonf? oG,f0dkufaomenf;jzifh0if
a&mufpGufzufEdkifavonf?
Tonfyif wjynfaxmifpepfudk xif±Sm;pGmaz: jyaeavonf?
xdk@a=umifh OD;csefxGef;u vufawG@wGifwjynfaxmifpepf (Unitary)jzpf
aeygonf[k ygarmuQwifhumtm; ajymjycJhygonf?
Tum;u|efawmfwdk@ tajccHOya'. pwkwÎcsKd@,Gif;csufjzpfonf?

jynfaxmifpb
k %ma&;
È

tm%mESifh tcGifhta&;cGJa0enf;uJhodk@yif b¾ma&;cGJa0r_onfvnf;

jynf e ,f r sm;tm; jynf e ,f t cG e f a wmf p m&if ; [l I cG J a 0uef @ owf a y;xm;+yD ;
useftm;vHk;udk A[dku,lxm;vdkufavonf?

&

U tun myint.pmd 181 27/1/2548, 9:10

 OD;xGe;f jrif=h a&;

Armjynfe,f[I l oD;jcm;zG@J pnf;xm;jcif;r±Sb

d J jynfaxmifp[ k I
l a&maxG;
zG@J pnf;xm;av&m A[dXk mersm;[lI oef@oef@cGjJ cm;&ef cufcaJ yonf? xd@k a=umifh
A[dkjynfaxmifpkESifh oufqdkifaom tcGefawmf0ifaiGrsm;udk b,fodk@cGJa0I
A[dkjynfaxmifpkESifh oufqdkifaomXmersm;twGuf b,fodk@uscH&rnfudk wdwd
usus owfrSwf&efrvG,fulawmhay?
tajccHOya'yk'rf 96 ¹cGi;f csuw f iG o
f m jynfaxmifpk tpd;k &onf“axmufyhH
&ef vdt k yfonf[q k ;kH jzwfowfrw S af om taxmuftyHah iGrsm;ud”k jynfe,ftpd;k &
rsm;tm;ay;Edkifonfpk azmfjyxm;onf?
‚if;jyXmef;csuft& &±SdaomtaxmuftyHhaiGrsm;jzifhom jynfe,frsm;
touf±LS ae=u&onf? TaxmufyahH iGrsm;udk A[dt k pd;k &u ay;vdu
k ay;Edik o
f nf?
ray;bJaevdu k vnf; aeEdik o f nf? Tenf;jzifh A[dt k pd;k &onf jynfe,ftpd;k &rsm;
. toufaoG;a=umudk xdef;csKyfxm;vdkufonf? Tonfudk axmuf±_Ivnf;
OD;csefxGef;u vufawG@wGif wjynfaxmifpepfjzpfonf[k ajym[efwlavonf?
jynfe,frsm; txl;ojzifh u|efawmfwdk@±Srf;jynf. rauseyfcsufrsm;onf
b¾ma&;cGJa0r_pepfay:wGif jrpfzsm;cHcJhonf?
tjcm;jynfaxmifpktajccHOya'rsm;wGif b¾ma&;cGJa0r_ESifh ywfoufI
twdtusjyXmef;xm;jcif; r±Sd=uacs? jrefrmjynfaxmifpktajccHOya'wGifom
twdtusjyXmef;xm;+yD; twdtusvdkufemae=uonf?
Tum; tajccHOya'. yÌrcsKd@,Gif;csufjzpfonf?
jynfaxmifpb k ¾ma&;ESihf ywfoufI‚if;/ jynfaxmifpEk iS hf jynfe,fb¾m
a&;cGJa0r_ESifh ywfoufI‚if; oD;oef@aqmif;yg;a&;ygOD;rnf?

tajccHOya'jyif-upd‹k
±Srf;jynfe,f. epfemcsuf-rauseyfcsufrsm; ajyvnfap&ef vuf±SdtajccH
Oya'udk jynfvnfpDppfI jyifqif=u&ayrnf? ,if;odk@jyifqifonfhtcg txuf
wGif u|efawmfavhvmqef;ppfxm;aom csKd@,Gif;csuf}uD;5-csufudk OD;wnf+yD;
jyifqif =u&ayvdrfhrnf?

&

U tun myint.pmd 182 27/1/2548, 9:10

 jynfaxmifpw
k iG ;f rS wef;wlaom±Sr;f jynf

,if;csKd@,Gif;csuf 5-csufwGif tóuH;0ifaom tcef;u¾rsm;/ yk'frrsm;/

Z,m;rsm;tm;vHk;udk jyifqifjcif;/ jznfhpGufjcif;/ E_wfy,fjcif;rsm; ðy&ayvdrfhrnf?
qGDZmvefjynfaxmifpk. 1848-ckESpf tajccHOya'udk 1874-ckESpfwGif
tajctaet& jyefvnfjyifqifouJhodk@yif jzpfayvdrfhrnf?
,if;uJhodk@jyifqifjznfhpGuf-E_wfy,fvdkufv#if u|efawmfwdk@vdkvm;aom
jynfaxmifpk}uD;onf t=urf;tm;jzifh atmufygyHko¾eftwdkif; ay:vGifvmyg
vdrfhrnf?
(6)
“usaemfw‹kd vdv
k m;aomjynfaxmifp”k
(1) jynfaxmifpk jrefrmEdkifiHawmfwGif -
(1) jrefrmjynfe,f?
(2) ±Srf;jynfe,f?
(3) ucsifjynfe,f?
(4) u&ifjynfe,f?
(5) u,m;jynfe,f?
(6) csif;jynfe,f?
(7) &cdkifjynefe,f
(8) rGefjynfe,frsm;yg0if=urnf?
(2) Tjynfe,frsm;onf wef;wl&nfwljzpf=u+yD; A[dkjynfaxmifpkodk@ v$Jtyf
xm;aomtm%mrsm;rSty vHk;0tcsKyftjcmtm%mydkif orRwEdkifiHrsm;
jzpf=u rnf? (qDGZmvefESifh tar&duefjynfaxmifpkrsm;uJhodk@)
(3) jynfe,ftoD;oD;wGif/ oD;jcm;tajccHOya'rsm;/ oD;jcm;Oya'ðytzGJ@rsm;/
oD;jcm;tpdk;&tzGJ@rsm; ±Sd=urnf?
(4) jynfaxmifpkygvDrefwGif jynfol@v$wfawmfESifh vlrsKd;pkv$wfawmf[lI
v$waf wmf 2-&yfyg0ifrnf? jynfo@l v$waf wmfukd vlO;D a&tvdu
k af ±G;aumuf
wifajr‡mufI vlrsKd;pkv$wfawmfodk@ jynfe,frsm;onf udk,fpm;vS,fOD;a&

&!

U tun myint.pmd 183 27/1/2548, 9:10

 OD;xGe;f jrif=h a&;

tnDtr# apv$w=f urnf? v$waf wmf 2-&yfpvH;k wef;wltm%m±S=d urnf?

(5) v$waf wmf 2-&yfy;l wGu J si;f yaom tpnf;ta0;rS jynfaxmifpk tpd;k &tzG@J
ESifh EdkifiHawmforRwudk a±G;aumufwifajrSmufrnf? tpdk;&tzGJ@yHkpHrSm
qGZD mvef tpd;k &ESihf cyfqifqifjzpfrnf? od@k aomfjrefrmjynfaxmifpk tpd;k &
tzGJ@onf ygvDref udk wm0efcH&rnf? tpdk;&tzGJ@0ef}uD;rsm;onf ygvDref
trwfrsm;omjzpf&rnf?
(6) atmufygXmersm;udk jynfaxmifpkXmersm;tjzpf owfrSwfxm;rnf?
(1) EdkifiHjcm;qufoG,fa&;?
(2) umuG,fa&;?
(3) aiGpuULESifh-aiG'*F g;xkwfvkyfa&;?
(4) pmwdkufESifh-a=u;eef;qufoG,fa&;?
(5) rD;&xm;ESifh ava=umif;qufoG,fa&;?
(6) qdyfurf;cGefaumufcHa&;?
(7) jynfaxmifpkb¾ma&;?
(8) jynfaxmifpkw&m;pD&ifa&;?
jynfaxmifpktpdk;&tzGJ@onf jynfaxmifpkppfppf tpdk;&tzGJ@jzpfav&m
jynfe,f0ef}uD;Xmersm; yg0ifvdrfhrnfr[kwfay?
(7) jynfe,frsm;tm;vHk;onf (Complete Autonomy)vHk;0udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfa&;
±S d = urnf ? jynf e ,f t csif ; csif ; u aomf ‚ if ; / jynf a xmif p k u aomf ‚ if ; /
jynfe,f twGi;f a&;udprP sm;wGif 0ifa&mufpu G zf ufEikd cf iG hf r±Sad p&? jynfe,f
tkyfcsKyfa&; t}uD;tr–;rsm;udk jynfe,forRwrsm;[k ac:wGifaprnf?
(8) jynfe,fwdkif;onf jynfaxmifpkrS cGJxGufEdkifaom tcGifhta&;±Sd=urnf?
(9) qGDZmvefjynfaxmifpkrSuJhodk@ jynfaxmifpkt+rJwef; ppfwyfxm;±Sda&;
r±Sda&;udk jynfaxmifpk ygvDrefu tav;teufpOf;pm;rnf?
Tum;-u|efawmfwdk@jyifqifvdkaom jynfaxmifpkyHkpHt=urf;jzpfygonf?
ygvDreftrwfrsm;ESifh Oya'ynm±Sif}uD;rsm;u tacsmudkif+yD; ±kyfvHk;az:
ay;=uvdrfhrnf[k u|efawmftxl;ar#mfvifhygonf?

&"

U tun myint.pmd 184 27/1/2548, 9:10

 jynfaxmifpw
k iG ;f rS wef;wlaom±Sr;f jynf

wef;wlnrD #I wajy;nDpmG wd;k wufaom jynfaxmifp}k uD; tjrefay:ayguf

ygapownf;?
±Srf;jynftrsKd;om; taygif;wdk@ pnf;vHk;nD!Gwf=uavmh -
(xGef;jrifh)

š{›œ

&#

U tun myint.pmd 185 27/1/2548, 9:10

U tun myint.pmd 186 27/1/2548, 9:10
 0d"&l ocifcspaf rmif
.
±Srf;rleJ‹
jynfaxmifpkaemifa&;

U tun myint.pmd 187 27/1/2548, 9:10

 yxryHkESdyfjcif;tkyfa& (50000)
1962=ck rwfv

xkwfa0ol
aAghpfawmhpmayjzef‹csDa&; (0359)
trSwf 21=ta±S›'D±Hk AdkvfcsKyfaps;
&efukefòrd‹?

yHkESdyfol
a-u;rHk=yHkESdyfwdkuf (0609)
trSwf=169/ AdkvfcsKyfaps;/ (ta±S›bufwef;)
&efukefòrd‹?

&&

U tun myint.pmd 188 27/1/2548, 9:10

 ocifcspaf rmif. trSmpum;
yxptpdk;&acwf. aemufqHk;ae@ aemufqHk;njzpfygonf?
xdkae@ xdknrSm 1962-ck rwfv 1-&ufae@nae 6-em&Djzpfygonf?
xdkae@xdktcsdefwGif &efukefòrd@ jynfvrf;r}uD;±Sd toHv$ifh±Hkopf}uD;wGif
tm;vH;k aom jynfe,fvrl sK;d pHak cgi;f aqmifrsm;ESihf jynfr±Sd yxp/ yrnw/ zqyv
paomEdkifiHa&; ygwD}uD;rsm;rS acgif;aqmifwdk@onf pka0;a&mufvm=uygonf?
udpPrSm aemifaomtcg “cg;usKd;oGm;aomvlrsKd;aygif;pHk ESD;aESmzvS,fyGJ}uD;”[lI
&mZ0ifwGif wGif&pfrnfh tpnf;ta0;}uD;odk@ wufa&muf=u&efjzpfygonf?
TaemufqHk;nwGif ææ yrnw udk,fpm;vS,ftjzpf u|efawmfu wifjy
ajymqd&k ef ESihf zqyv ud, k pf m;vS,t f jzpf OD;AaqGu wifjyajymqd&k ef jzpfygonf?
cef;r}uD;twGif;±Sd pifjrifhay:wGif obmywd EdkifiHawmf0ef}uD;csKyfOD;Ek/
EdkifiHawmftpdk;& t}uHay;tzGJ@0if a'gufwmbOD;/ a'gufwmodef;armif-OD;tHk;az/
OD;cspfaomif;/ tpdk;&a±S›aecsKyf}uD; OD;baqGESifhwuG tcef;tem;r–;/ ygvDref
twGif;0ef OD;oef;pdefwdk@yg pHknDpGm a&muf±Sdae&m,l=uyg+yD?
cef;r. trdk;rsufESmusuftwGif;rS azmufwGif;I vif;vsuf±Sdaeaom
=u,fykH vyHk rD;vH;k rsm;rSm ta&miftm;jzifh rvif;vGe;f rarSmifveG ;f r_id ;f wdik ;f wdik ;f
&DwDwD ±Sdae=uygonf? cef;wGif;&moDOwkrSm tat;"gwfay;xm;ojzifhvnf;
cyf p d r f h p d r f h at;vsuf ± S d a e.? pD p D & D & D E S i f h woD w wef ; }uD ; ae&m,l v suf ± S d a e
=uaom vlrsKd; aygif;pHkacgif;aqmifwdkif;rSm rdrdwdk@qdkif&m trsKd;om;0wfpHkrsm;
udk 0wfqifvsuf ta&mifrsK;d pH/k yHpk rH sK;d pHrk sm;jzifh wifw h ,fvyS =uufoa&±Sad e=u.?
ab;wbuf w csuf ± S d toH z rf ; qd k i f & m tcef ; rsm;twG i f ; Yvnf ; qd k i f & m
t&m±Sdrsm;ESifh tr_xrf;wdk@onf rdef@cGef;rsm;udk toHzrf;,l&ef toifhjyifqif
v#uf±Sdae=u.?
EdkifiHawmf0ef}uD;csKyf OD;Ekonf rdrdtm;+cH&Hv#uf±Sdaeaom tpdk;&t}uHay;
tzGJ@0ifvl}uD;rsm;ESifh òyH;òyH;±$if±$if wdkifyifESD;aESmvsuf aqG;aEG;yGJtzGifhpum;
ajym=um;&efpDpOfaeonfudk jrifae&ayonf? ol.=unfvifcsrf;ajr@bG,f&mtòyH;
onf “0ef}uD;csKyfb0”. aemufq;kH tòyH; aemufq;kH ae@ aemufq;kH n ESihf TndE‡ i_d ;f

&'

U tun myint.pmd 189 27/1/2548, 9:10

 0d"&l ocifcspaf rmif=a&;

zvS,fyGJ}uD;. aemufqHk;t}udrftjzpf olvnf;rod/ u|efawmfwdk@vnf;rodbJ

vsuf-
“ææ ,ae@aqG;aEG;yGJ}uD;[m 'kwd,t}udrfjzpfygw,f? yxrt}udrfu
jynfe,facgif;aqmif}uD;rsm;&J@ wifjycsufrsm;udk =um;emcJh=u+yD;aemuf tck
'kwd, t}udrfrSm jynfr±SdEdkifiHa&;ygwDacgif;aqmif}uD;rsm;u wifjyajymqdk=uyg
vdrfhr,f? yxr yrnw udk,fpm;vS,f/ 'kwd, zqyv udk,fpm;vS,fwdk@u
rdef@cGef;ajym =um;ygvdrfhr,f? 'Duae@nawmh 'Dr#eJ@yJtcsdefukefvGefygvdrfhr,f?
'Daemuf &yfem;=u+yD; rwfv 7-&ufae@rSmwzef wwd,t}udrfjyefp=uygOD;r,f
ææ” ponfjzifh csKdomav;eufaomtoH/ =unfvif±$ifjyaom rsufESmay;jzifh
obmywd}uD; OD;Ekonf aqG;aEG;yGJtzGifh trdef@udk cGef;[avawmhonf?
tm;vHk;+idrfoufpGm em;axmifae=uonf? jynfracgif;aqmif}uD;rsm;u
rnfodk@wifjy/ ajymqdk=urnfudk txl;tm±Hkapmae=u[efjzifh vlrsKd;pkacgif;aqmif
rsm;bufwGif ydkI+idrfoufv#uf rsufESmrsm;rSmvnf; wpHkwckudk tylwjyif;
apmifhpm;pl;pdkufae=u[ef±Sdae=uavonf?
xdk@aemuf tcrf;tem;r–; OD;oef;pdefu yrnw obmywdtzGJ@0if ocif
cspfarmifu- “yrnw tzGJ@}uD;&J@udk,fpm; rdef@cGef;pum;ajym=um;ygvdrfhr,f?
ocifcspfarmifºuGyg”[k a=ujimvdkufavonf?
u|eaf wmfonf obmywdxikd af e&mvuf0b J uf±dS toHcs@J pufwyfqifxm;
aom pum;ajymcH k w G i f ae&m,l = uI Tpmtk y f y g “yrnw tzG J @ }uD ; .
oabmxm;udk pwifajym=um;cJyh gonf? usaemf. rde@f cGe;f rSm wem&Dww d =d umI
obmywdESifhwuG tm;vHk;aom y&dwfowfrsm; awmfawmf}uD;tm±Hkðypl;pdkuf
em;axmifae=uonfudk owdðyrdygonf? 0ef}uD;csKyfOD;Ek/ a'gufwmbOD;ESifh
a'gufwmodef;armifwdk@rSm txl;yJpdwf0ifpm;pGm tm±Hkðyae=uonfudk rsufrSef;
wef;rdygonf? u|efawmfwdk@rSm usef;rma&;twGuf toHrSefjzifhzwf=um;ajymqdk
ae&mrS rdrd. rdef@cGef;wGif rdrdt±Sdef&I pdwf0ifpm;vmygawmhonf? em&D0ufcef@
t=um a&wusKdufaomuf+yD;aemuf toHrSmydkus,fydkjywfom;vm+yD; aemuf
rde@f cGe;f udk ed*;kH csKyfonftxd rdrv
d o
kd vdºk uGwufvmapaom avvdi_ ;f jzifh tqdik ;f
twGr±Sd ‘*dk;oGif;’ EdkifcJhygawmhonf?

'

U tun myint.pmd 190 27/1/2548, 9:10

 ±Sr;f rle‹J jynfaxmifpak emifa&;

xd@k aemuf zqyv tzG@J acgi;f aqmif}uD; OD;AaqGu qufvufajym=um;jyef

avonf? em&D0ufcef@=umayonf? OD;AaqGonf ol.rde@f cGe;f udk av;eufwnf+idrf
aom toHjzifh vdk&modk@ykd@aqmifcJhayonf?
rdef@cGef; 2-&yfajym=um;+yD;aemuf obmywd0ef}uD;csKyfOD;Ekonf 0rf;om
±$ifjytm;&aom avoHjzifh ed*Hk;csKyfpum;ajym=um;cg aqG;aEG;yGJ}uD;udk rwfv
7-&ufae@ odk@a±$@qdkif;vdkufa=umif; a=ujimavonf?
tm;vHk;rwfwyftxwGif tpdk;&a±S›aecsKyf}uD;OD;AaqGonf pifjrifhay:rS
u|eaf wmfx h oH @kd tjrefuav;qif;vm+yD; tvGeaf umif;wJrh ed @f cGe;f yJAsm ææ cs;D usL;
ygw,f”[k ajymqdkcgvufqGJE_wfqufavonf? xdk@aemuf 0ef}uD;a'gufwm
OD;at;armif/ OD;AaqG/ OD;ausmf+idrf;/ ocifomcif/ Adkvfcifarmifuav;ponf
wdk@uvnf; 0dkif;vm=ujyefavonf? “cifAsm;rdef@cGef;uvJAsm w0dkif;xJxdkif+yD;
n‡dxm;ovdk u|efawmfwdk@eJ@ wlrSwlwwfyav”[k zqyv acgif;aqmifrsm;u
woHxJ0dkif;ajym=uavonf? OD;ausmf+idrf;url “cifAsm;wdk@ uGefjrLepfawGrSmvJ
vlrsKd;}uD;0g'±Sdoudk;As” [kajymifavSmifavonf? OD;AaqGurl “cifAsm;ajymaewJh
rde@f cGe;f udk u|eaf wmfem;axmif&if; u|eaf wmftwGuf ajymp&muserf S useyf gawmh
rvm;vdk@ awmifpdk;&drfrdao;w,f? tao;pdwfup+yD;wlaeovdkjzpfaew,f”[k
0if+yD;aumufcsucf svu kd jf yefavonf? TwGif Adv k cf ifarmifuav;ESihf OD;ausm+f idr;f
wdk@u “rdef@cGef;uawmhaumif;ygw,fAsm 'gayrJhxHk;pHtwdkif; usaemfwdk@udk
aqmfwmESufwmawmh ygao;wmyJAsm[k tjypfwifjyef&m u|efawmfu “atmf
@@@@ 'guawmfAh smææ'Dvjkd zpf=u&wm u|eaf wmfw@kd jynfrbufu ajcmufjypfuif;
vkyv f @kd b,fjzpfrvJ trSm;±S&d if0efcv H ukd w
f m taumif;qH;k aygAh sm” [k u|eaf wmf
u acsy&m OD;AaqGu axmufcaH vonf?
Tod@k a&mufwwf&m&m 0dik ;f zG@J ajymqd=k u&if; vlpck cJG g{nfah qmifo@kd ul;vm
=uygonf? acgufqGJeJ@ aumfzDrsm;oHk;aqmif=u+yD;aemuf tjyifodk@xGuf vm=u
ygonf? tjyifwcH g;0wGif ±Sr;f jynfacgi;f aqmif wOD;jzpfol OD;xGe;f at; (,ck±rS ;f jynf
awmfveS af &;aumifpD OD;pD;tzG@J cs,, f mrif) ESiahf wG@cg “u|eaf wmfw@kd awmfawmfyJ
oabmayguf o G m ;+yD A sm aus;Zl ; wif y gw,f A sm”[k ajymajymqd k q d k vuf q G J
E_wfquf+yD; jymjymovJxGufoGm;onfudk awG@vdkuf&ygonf?

'

U tun myint.pmd 191 27/1/2548, 9:10

 0d"&l ocifcspaf rmif=a&;

Tod@k jzifh y/x/p tpd;k &acwfrif;aygi;f pH/k vlrsK;d aygi;f pHn k w D @kd . aemufq;kH n
arhEdkifbG,f&mr±Sdaom ±_cif;}uD;onf TwGifed*Hk;wygwf tqHk;owfcJhygonf?
xdknwGif u|efawmfonf tdrfodk@ 9-em&Dcef@wGif jyefa&mufygonf?
em&D0uf cef@tem;,l+yD;aemuf txl;ta=umif; r±Sv d #if 9-em&Dcw JG iG f tdy&f m0if
avh±o dS nfh twdik ;f tdy&f m0ifcyhJ gonf? 9-em&Dct JG yd &f m0if&onfrmS 10-em&Dxuf
aemufrus apbJ tdyfaysmfap&efjzpfygonf? 1960-ckESpf a±G;aumufyGJtwGif;rS
pI }uD;pGm ruse;f rmjzpf+yD;aemuf/ tdycf sed /f pm;csed /f vrf;av#mufcsed f ponfrsm;udk
pepfwus avhusifhae&aoma=umifhjzpfygonf? ±kyfudkavhusifh±Hkomru pdwf
avhusifhcef; rsm;pGmudkvnf; avhusifhcJh&ygonf? pdwfavhusifhcef;rsm;onf rdrd
tdyvf akd om tcsed I f ESpEf pS cf sKu
d cf sKu
d f tdyaf ysmEf ikd af p&e Ef iS hf 15-rdepf(od@k r[kw)f
rdepf 20-em&D0uftwGif; tdyfaysmfap &efvnf; avhusifhcJh&ygonf? tawmfyJ
atmifjrifr_ &cJhygonf?
od k @ aomf v nf ; xd k & mZ0if a usmf o nf h rwf v (1)&uf a e@nwG i f u m;
ta=umif; ±Smr&atmif tdyfraysmfEdkifjzpfcJh&ygonf? rarhEdkifaom naywnf;?
b,fvdk avhusifhcef;rsKd;awGudk vkyfvdk@rSr&awmhay? rdrdudk,fudk rdrd0rf;omaeI
avm 0rf;enf;aeIavm rnfonfh 0dbuf0dpm&rsm; pGJuyfae oenf;pojzifh
pdwfppfaq; csufawGudk jyefjyefvSefvSef ppfaq;tajz xkwf=unfhaomfvnf;
bmwckrS ta=umif; ±SmIr&ovdk [mwmwm}uD;jzpf+yD; tdyrf &Edik o f m jzpfaeyg
awmhonf? a=umifawmifawmifjzpfae&if;yif rwfv 2-&ufae@tul; eHeuf (3)
em&Dcef@wGif ukwu f ikd ;f *Gwv
W pfbufrS aoewforH sm;=um;&ygawmhonf? od@k aomf
vnf; u|efawmfhtbdk@ bmr#rodI bmrStr_rxm;acs? tdyfaysmf&efom óud;pm;
aeygonf tenf ; i,f r S d e f ; I td y f a ysmf o vk d v k d j zpf a epOf w,f v D z H k ; oH v m
ygawmhonf? tcsdef rSm eHeuf 4-em&Dcef@±Sdae+yD? qufolrSm AdkvfjraoG;jzpfI/
“ocif c spf a rmif v m;æ tajctaeawG raumif ; bl ; jzpf a ew,f owif ; &+yD
vm;”[k u|efawmfhudkar;ygonf? u|efawmfu “udk,fawmhbmowif;rSr&bl;/
bmawGjzpfaeowJhvJ ajymprf;ygtHk;” xdktcgAdkvfjraoG;u “apma±$odkuftdrfeJ@
0ef}uD;csKyftdrfudk ppfwyfawG0dkif;xm;w,fvdk@owif;oef@oef@ =um;ae&w,f?
twnf ð ycsuf & &if u|ef a wmf x yf + yD ; owif ; yd k @ ygtH k ; r,f ” [k ajymIjzwf

'

U tun myint.pmd 192 27/1/2548, 9:10

 ±Sr;f rle‹J jynfaxmifpak emifa&;

vdkufygonf?
u|efawmfrsufvHk;rsm;rSm“a=umif”ae±HkomruawmhbJ/ jyL;xGufoGm;
ygawmhonf? apmapmu =um;aomaoewforH sm;eJ@ quf=unf&h m wdik ;f jynfwiG f
wckck awmh jzpfae+yD[k tuJjzwfvdkufrdygonf?
eHeuf 5-em&Dcef@wGif 0ef}uD;csKyfESifh wuG0ef}uD;rsm;tm;vHk;ppfwyfu
zrf;oGm;+yDjzpfa=umif; AdkvfjraoG;xHrS twnfðycsufowif;udk u|efawmfxHodk@
xyfrHay;ydk@jyefygonf? a±$awmif=um;&yfuGufwckvHk;/ apmifjzL}uD;òcHxm;ovdk
ESi;f awGu wcJeufa0aeygonf? 5-em&DccJG ef@wGif u|eaf wmfonf ESi;f =um;xJcI JG
tdref ;D em;csi;f jzpfaom tpd;k &t}uHay;tzG@J OuUX}uD;a'guw f mbOD; tdrb f ufw@kd
av#mufomG ;avonf? OuUX}uD;OD;bOD;onf u|eaf wmft h m;eHeufapmapm}uD;awG@
v#ifawG@csif; tHhtm;oifhonfh trlt&mrjybJ“atmfæOD;cspfarmifvm;ævmyg
vmygærae@nuajymwJh rdef@cGef;uawmh tm;}uD;aumif;wmygyJ? 0ef}uD;csKyfvJ
awmfawmftm;&auseyfomG ;w,f”[k rqDrqdik q f ;D ajymavawmhonf? u|eaf wmf
rSm bmjyefajym&rSe;f rodb‘J OD;æc%ºuGygt;kH ’[k ol.{nfch ef;xJo@kd yifah c:oGm;+yD;
“wdkif;jynftajctaebmoHrsm;=um;rdovJOD;? bmvdkvdk nmvdkvdk owif;awG&
aevd@k ” [k ar;vdu k af wmhrS OuUX}uD;onf rsuEf mS ysuof mG ; cg“[kww
f ,f usKyfvJ
=um;aew,f wyfrawmfu tm%modr;f +yDqykd æ J ”[k at;aq;vSaom toH}uD;
ESifh jyefajymygawmhonf?
Todk@jzifh u|efawmfrSm rae@nu wufa&mufcJhaom vlrsKd;aygif;pHk rif;
aygif;pHk aqG;aEG;yGJobif}uD;rS jyefa&muf+yD;aemuf wa&;r#yif aumif;aumif;
rtdy&f ao; rSD aemufwae@eHeuf 6-em&Dtxd em&Daygi;f (12)em&Dr#twGi;f wGiyf if/
awmif}uD;rsm;±kwfw&ufòydI jrpf}uD;rsm; vrf;a=umif;ajymif;oGm;ouJhodk@
tajctaewdk@onf ajymif;vJoGm;jyef+yD wum;[k wqufwpyfwnf; oabm
ayguef m;vnfvu kd f &ygawmhonf? u|eaf wmfxufu|eaf wmf. rsuv f ;kH tpHw
k @kd u
wcsufr#rrSdwfcJh &onfh twGuf rnfr#avmufv#ifjrefpGm ajymif;vJoGm;onfudk
olwdk@u omvdk@yif oabmaygufcHpm;vdkuf&ygawmhonf?
jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiHwGif tajctaet&yf&yfESifh tpdk;&tajymif;tvGJ
wk@d onf b,fEpS q f ufyif qufIajymif;=uap/ vlrsK;d a&;&mjy\em}uD;udk +yD;jywf

'!

U tun myint.pmd 193 27/1/2548, 9:10

 0d"&l ocifcspaf rmif=a&;

atmifjrifatmif ajz±Sif;&ef wm0efum;qufvufusef±Sdaernfomwnf;? T

jy\em}uD;udk rajz±Si;f Edik b f v
J #uf rnfonft h pd;k &qif;qif; wufwuf Edik if aH wmf
wnfaqmufa&;c&D;udk rnfonfhenf;ESifhr# acsmarmajyjypfpGm csDwufEkdifrnf
r[kwfay? Tum;u|efawmfwdk@. cdkifrmaom aumufcsufwnf;?
tb,fa=umifhqdkaomf ææ
tb,fa=umifq h akd omf ææ jrefrmjynfonf&mZ0ifa=umif;t& vlrsK;d aygi;f
pHk aexdik af om Edik if }H uD;(Multi Nation State)jzpfaoma=umifah ywnf;? (THE ETH-
NOLOGICAL SURVEY OF BURMA 1917) 1917-ck Armjynf v l r sKd ; pk r sm;
a&;&mppfwrf;ESifh bmompum;pkt& vlrsKd;}uD;aygif;(11)rsKd; bmompum;i,f
aygif;(131)ck±Sd+yD; vlrsKd;tEG,ftm;jzifh (55)rsKd; ±Sda=umif;jyqdkcJhayonf? ‚if;ESifh
ygwfoufIpm&if;wcsyfrSm atmufygtwdkif;jzpfayonf?

bmompum;t& bmompum;
trSwf vlOD;a&
vlrsKd;pk}uD; i,faygif;
1 jrefrmpk 16 9062²694
2 u&if 17 1341²066
3 wdkif;(±Srf;) 18 1021²917
4 uluD-csif; 45 343864
5 rGef 1 305294
6 yavmif 11 176124
7 ucsif 9 153897
8 vdkvdk-rlqdk 12 93052
9 quf (K) 6 35237
10 r±dk 1 14049
11 rav; 2 6368
aygif; 11 aygif; 131

'"

U tun myint.pmd 194 27/1/2548, 9:10

 ±Sr;f rle‹J jynfaxmifpak emifa&;

‚if;tjyif ArmjynftwGi;f od@k qif;oufvm=uaom vlrsK;d tEG,}f uD; 3&yf

rSm (1)wdbufwb kd mrif/ (2)rGecf rmESihf (3)wdik ;f w±kw[
f I
l ±Sad =umif;rSwo f m;&yg
onf? wdbufwb kd mrifrS tEG,f 3-rsK;d xyfymG ;I (1)jrefrmESijhf refrmrsK;d wlpk (2)csi;f
ucsifvlrsKd;pkESifh (3)vkdvdkvlrsKd;pk[lI jzpfay:vma=umif;rSwfom;&jyefygonf?
xdwk b
d ufwb kd mrif tEG,}f uD;rS qif;oufayguzf mG ;vmaom tqdyk gtEG,f 3&yf
rSqif;oufvmaom vlrsKd;pki,frsm;rSm atmufygtwdkif;jzpfa=umif;awG@±Sd&yg
onf?

1? jrefrmESifhjrefrmrsKd;wlpkrS aygufzGm;vmaom vlrsKd;i,frsm;?

(1) jrefrmjynfrvlrsKd; (11) awmif±dk;
(2) &cdkif (12) wref;
(3) ,mrf;+yJ (13) a,m
(4) u'l; (14) r±dk
(5) zkef (15) acsmif;om;
(6) r±l; (16) xm;0,fom;
(7) vm±SD (17) +rdwfom;
(8) tufpD (18) rdkif;om;
(9) erf; (19) tif;om;
(10) '±l; (20) "Ek

2? csif;/ ucsif vlrsKd;pkrS aygufzGg;vmaom vlrsKd;i,frsm;?

(1) csif;
(2) ucsif
(3) em*
(4) a*g&D
(5) 'l;vif

'#

U tun myint.pmd 195 27/1/2548, 9:10

 0d"&l ocifcspaf rmif=a&;

3? vdkvdkvlrsKd;pkrS aygufzGg;vmaom vlrsKd;i,frsm;?

(1) vdkvdk
(2) vDpl(odk@r[kwf) a,m,if
(3) v[l
(4) rlqkd
(5) uDG
(6) aum
(7) tmudk

Tod@k jzifh wdbufwb dk mriftEG,}f uD;rS qif;oufaom vlrsK;d pkaygi;f rSm(32)

rsKd;±Sda=umif; rSwfom;awG@±Sd&ygonf? ‚if;jyif rGefcrmESifh wdkif;w±kwfwdk@rSvnf;
vlrsKd;i,faygif;(12)rsKd;ESifh(10)rsKd;pDtoD;oD; qif;oufaygufzGm;vm=ua=umif;
awG@±Sd&jyefygonf?
rGefcrmtEG,f}uD;rSqif;oufvmyHkrSm
(1) rGefodk@r[kwfwvdkif;/ (7) ,mtkd
(2) 0 (8) &Dtef
(3) vmh (9) ya'gif;
(4) yavmif (10) A&J
(5) yvJ (11) ,if;abmf
(6) rDtdk (12) Z&def;
wdkif;(±Srf;) w±kwftEG,f}uD;rSqif;oufvmyHkrSm
(1) ±Srf; (7) ±Srf;w±kwf
(2) u&if (8) ±Srf;Arm
(3) ,dk;',m; (9) awmifol
(4) cGef (10) vJrf;
(5) vl (11) vmtdk
(6) vmtdk

'$

U tun myint.pmd 196 27/1/2548, 9:10

 ±Sr;f rle‹J jynfaxmifpak emifa&;

Tod@k jzifh wdbufwb kd mrif tEG,}f uD;rS(32)rsK;d / rGecf rmtEG,}f uD;rS(12)rsK;d

wdik ;f w±kwf tEG,}f uD;rS(11) rsK;d / aygi;f vlrsK;d pkaygi;f (55)rsK;d ESihf bmompum;aygi;f
(131)rsK;d wd@k aexdik af jym=um;aom jrefrmjynfaxmifp}k uD;jzpfayonf? 1931 ckEpS f
oef;acgifpm&if;t&/ udk;uG,faom bmomrsm;t&qdkygv#ifvnf; Ak'<bmom
84&mcdik Ef e_ ;f / ewf 5²2µ/ [dELN 3²9µ/ rlpvif 4µ/ c&pf,ef 2²3µ/ uGejf zL;pD;,mh(pf)
0²2µ/ a&0wD 0²008µ/ qpf 0²07µESihf *sed ;f bmom 0²005µ[lI awG@±S&d ygonf?
xdkodk@aomwdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;pkrsm;/ bmompum;rsm;/ udk;uG,faombmomrsm;
tjyif e,fcsJ@acwfArmjynfaemufydkif; umvwGifum; EdkifiHjcm;om; w±kwf/
ukvm;/ Oa&mywdkufom;rsm;ESifh a&maESmaexdkif=u&onfhtwGuf w±kwfujym;/
ukvm;ujym;/ Oa&mywdkufujym; paomwdkif;&if;om;ujym; jy\emvnf;
jy\emw&yftjzpf ay:aygufvmcJhayonf? ‘Arm rlpvif’ujym;jy\emrSm
xdyfwef;ta&mufqHk;jzpfaeaom ujym;jy\emw&yfjzpfvmayonf? EdkifiHjcm;
om;vlenf;pktcGit hf a&;[lIvnf; u|eaf cwfro S nf,ae@txd Edik if aH &;/ tkycf sKyf
a&;/ pD;yGm;a&;wd@k wGif cs,v f , S v
f r$ ;f rd;k vmcJ&h m Tjy\emonfvnf; ,ae@wdik f
“,wdjywf”rajz±Sif;&ao;aom jy\em}uD;jzpfayonf?
xdk@a=umifh u|efawmfwdk@ jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiHonf vlrsKd;aygif;pHk
ºuG,fºuG,f 00 pHkpHkvifvif}uD; rSDwif;aexdkif&m EdkifiH}uD;jzpfonf? &mZ0if
wav#mufaexdkif cJh=uyHkrSmvnf; ajrjyef@om;/ awmifwef;om;[lI tydkif;}uD;
2 ydik ;f obm0t& jcm;em;+yD; rsm;aomvlrsK;d pkreS o f r#w@kd onf awmifwef;om;rsm;
tjzpfjzifhom &mZ0ifobm0t& ydkif;jcm;xm;aom a'orsm;wGifudk,fpDudk,fiS
aysmaf rG@pGm aexdik =f uonfukd awG@±S&d ayvdrrhf nf? tcsK@d aom vlrsK;d pkrsm;jzpfonfh
u&if/ rGef ponfwdk@rSm ArmjynfrtwGif;wGifom ae&mtESH@tjym; a&maESm
aexdkifvm=uonfudk awG@±Sd&ayvdrfhrnf? awmifay:om;trsm;pk vlrsKd;pkwdk@rSm
,ae@jrefrm jynfaxmifpk tus,t f 0ef;{&d,m. 43&mcdik Ef e_ ;f aom awmifwef;
a'orsm;wGif aexdkif=u+yD; vlOD;a&rSmrl 14&mcdkifE_ef;r#om±Sdayonf?
vlrsKd;pkrsm;teuf ±Srf;vlrsKd;pkrSm &mZ0ifajymifcJhaomvlrsKd;pk}uD;wckjzpfI
ouU&mZf 1287-rS 1531 txdumvonf ‘±Srf;acwf}uD;’[lIyif jrefrmEdkifiH
&mZ0ifwGifpmwifcJh&ayonf? tvm;wlyifrGefvlrsKd; rGefpmay&mZ0if &cdkifvlrsKd;

'%

U tun myint.pmd 197 27/1/2548, 9:10

 0d"&l ocifcspaf rmif=a&;

&cdkif&mZ0if [lIvnf;oD;jcm;ausmf=um;aom vlrsKd;pkrsm;ESifh &mZ0ifrsm;vnf;

±SdcJhayonf?
+Adwdo#e,fcsJ@orm;atmuf u|efoabmufjzpf=u&aomtcgwGifvnf;
awmifwef;om;vlrsK;d pka'orsm;udk tydik ;f (1)ESihf tydik ;f (2)[lI cGjJ cm;+yD; “oD;jcm;
a'o-oD;jcm;tkyfcsKyfa&;pepf”[lI e,fcsJ@bk&ifcHu wdkuf±dkufpDrHtkyfcsKyfcJhav
onf? Todk@jzifh tkyfcsKyfa&;wGif jynfrESifhawmifwef;a'orsm;udk “aumif;pGm
aoG;cJG”I&mZ0ifwav#muftkyfcsKyfcJhavonf? qdkvdk&if;rSmum; e,fcsJ@pepfESifh
ya'o&mZfpepfy;l aygi;f I awmifwef;om; vlrsK;d pkjynforl sm;udk }uD;pGmESyd pf ufni‡ ;f
qJ c J h j cif ; jyif j zpf a yonf ? jref r mvl r sKd ; pk jynf r ES i f h v nf ; trk e f ; }uD ; rk e f ; wD ; I
vHk;0,Hk=unfr_uif;rJhaeap&ef trsKd;rsKd;vkyf}uH zefwD;cJhayonf?
awmifwef;om;vlrsKd;pkrsm;. pD;yGm;a&;ESifhpmay,Ofaus;r_ponfh tqifh
twef;wdk@wGifvnf; ‘}uD;pGmaombufrnDr_}uD;’udk &ufpufpGmzefwD;xm;cJh=u
ayonf?
xdk@twl udk;uG,f&mbmomwdk@wGifvnf; vGwfvyfpGmudk;uG,fcGifhudk
ydwfqdk@wm;qD;I aoG;cGJa&;udkom epfempGmtajccHcJhayonf?
Todk@aomvlrsKd;a&;/ tkyfcsKyfa&;/ pD;yGm;a&;/ ,Ofaus;r_ESifh vlr_a&;uGJjym;
jcm;em;r_}uD;rsm;ay:wGif tajccHIArmvlrsKd;pk. acgif;aqmifr_jzifh e,fcsJ@udk
OD;wnfwdkufcdkuf=u&if; Armjynfonf EdkifiHa&;tcsKyftjcmtm%mudk jyefvnf
pdkufxlvmEkdifcJh=uayonf?
xdkonfESifh wòydifeufvGwfvyfaom jrefrmjynfudkrnfuJhodk@pkpnf;tkyfcsKyf
=urnfenf; [laom jy\em}uD;onf bGm;bGm;}uD;ay:cJhayonf? wcsdefwnf;
wGiv f nf; e,fcs@J orm;rsm;onf pkpnf;vd@k r&atmif }uD;pGmaoG;cGv J @H_ aqmfxm;=u
ayonf? TvdktajcwGif &mZ0ifwav#muf±SdcJhjzpfcJhaom vlrsKd;a&;/ tkyfcsKyfa&;/
pD;yGm;a&;t& uGjJ ym;jcm;em;r_ vlrsK;d ud, k pf aD 'ojcm;em;r_EiS hf b0oD;jcm;&yfwnfchJ
r_rsm;udk wzufu tav;teuftodtrSwfðyI wzufuvnf; vlrsKd;aygif;pHk
pkpnf;nD!Gwfaom EdkifiHawmfxlaxmifa&;udkvnf; tav;ðy&efjzpfayonf?
wenf;tm;jzifhvlrsKd;pkrsm;tm;vHk;udk b0udk,fpD&yfwnfr_ESifh cGJvnf;cGJxm;
wGJvnf;wGJxm;(0g)aygif;vnf;aygif;=u/ nDvnf; nD!Gwf=u&eftwGuf &mZ0if

'&

U tun myint.pmd 198 27/1/2548, 9:10

 ±Sr;f rle‹J jynfaxmifpak emifa&;

t& jrefrmjynfrudk A[dak cgi;f aqmifrE_ iS hf nD!w G af &; pkpnf;csut f jzpf(Centre of

Leadership and Unity) tajccH I jynf a xmif p k j ref r mEd k i f i H z G J @ pnf ; tk y f c sKyf y H k
tajccHOya'udk tnDt!Gwfa&;qGJjyXmef;cJh=ujcif; jzpfayonf? vlrsKd;aygif;pHk
acgif;aqmif}uD;rsm;. &mZ0ifwGif wGif&pfcJhaom ar#mfjrifcsuf}uD;wck[k qdkxdkuf
ayonf? tu,fI om“jynfaxmifpkppfppf”qdkaomrljzifh vlrsKd;pkwdkif;oD;jcm;
tcsKyftjcm tm%m& jynfe,frsm;tjzpfxlaxmifay;+yD; uGefzD'a&;±Sif;ac:
“jynfe,faygif;csKyf” EdkifiHtjzpf xlaxmifcJh&rnfqdkv#if tcsKd@aom vlrsKd;pkrsm;
twGuf jynfe,fb0 vlrsK;d pk w&yfb0od@k yif ul;ajymif;ae&ao;qJumvrsK;d wGif
rnfonfhenf;ESifhrS vufawG@rjzpfEdkifbJ e,fcsJ@axmifacsmuftwGif;odk@ rdkufrJpGm
ckefqif;=u&ouJhodk@ jzpfayvdrfhrnf?
Tum; 1948-ckESpf/ jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiHzGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHktajccHOya'
ay:aygut f ajccHr.l aemufa=umif;&mZ0ifEiS hf ±ky0f wÎKoufaorsm;jzpfayownf;?
vGwfvyfa&;a=ujim+yD;aemuf jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiHtm; +idrf;csrf;aom
nD!Gwfaom'Drdkua&pDjynfh0aom trsKd;om;pD;yGm;xlaxmifEkdifaom EdkifiHwEdkifiH
tjzpfjzifoh m xlaxmifEikd cf yhJ gt/hH ta±Su
› rBmwGif rkcscsr;f om0ajymaom Edik if }H uD;
wEdkifiHjzpfvm&rnfrSm wwftyfrvGJEdkifay?
odk@aomf,cktcg e,fcsJ@ya,m*jzifh aoG;acsmif;pD;aeaom EdkifiHwEdkifiHjzpf
ae±Hok mru jynfaxmifp}k uD;òyduaJG ptHah om vlrsK;d aygi;f pHrk auseyfr}_ uD;yg jzpfymG ;
Iaeay+yD? TuJhodk@bma=umifhjzpfcJh&onf b,fvdkajz±Sif;oifhonfrsm;udkrlum;/
y-x-p acwfaemufqHk;nwGif ajym=um;cJhaomusaemfwdk@. rdef@cGef;wGif zwf±_
=um;emEdkifygonf?
Trdef@cGef;udk‘±Srf;rleJ@jynfaxmifpkaemifa&;’[k trnfwyfxm;&m ±Srf;
acgif;aqmiftcsKd@. jynfaxmifpkppfppfrludk ±Srf;rl[kac:wGifcJhonfh twdkif;om
trnfwyfxm;jcif;jzpfygonf? ±Sr;f wrsK;d om;vH;k udk wifpm;Iac:a0: jcif; r[kwf
yga=umif; ±Sif;vif;awmif;yeftyfygonf?
TvlrsKd;pkjy\emrsm;udk EdkifiHawmfawmfvSefa&;aumifpDacwfwGif rnfodk@
ajz±Sif;oifhygoenf;?

''

U tun myint.pmd 199 27/1/2548, 9:10

 0d"&l ocifcspaf rmif=a&;

jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiHawmfudk xlaxmifcJh=u&mY atmufygvlrsKd;pkrsm;-

jynfe,f a'orsm;yg0ifcJhygonf? ‚if;wdk@. tcsif;t&mudkod±SdEdkif&ef tusOf;csKyf
az: jycsuf Z,m;wcsyfudk uyfIxnfhvdkufygonf?

a&ajrobm0ESihf
trnf tus,ft0ef; vlO;D a& t"duo,HZmw
ypPnf;rsm;
1§±Sr;f jynfe,f (1) apmfbmG ; 1˜483027 aiGwGif;-cJwGif;rsm;
e,faygi;f (17) ESifhopfawmrsm;?
(2) òrd@pm;
e,faygi;f (11)
(3)aiGcGefr–;e,f(4)
2§u&ifjynfe,f pwk&ef;rdkifaygif; 577563 tbdk;wefu|ef;opf
11600 ESifhopf±dkif;awm}uD;
±Gmaygif;-464±Gm rsm;oH±dkif;-cJ-
±Gmyg0ifonf? xHk;ausmufESifh
a&ylprf;rsm;
3§ucsifjynfe,f pwk&ef;rdkif 490796 tbdk;wef wd&dp>mefrsm;
aygif;-15000 ywWjrm;wGif;/ausmuf
pdr;f wGi;f / y,if;wGi;f
ESifha±$wGif;rsm;/
4§u,m;jynfe,f (5010)pwk&ef; 71786 tbdk;wefu|ef;opf/
rdkifaygif; opfrmawm}uD;rsm;
ESi±hf mS ;-csyd pf aom opf
awmxGufypPnf;rsm;/
tòrduf/oH/cJrjzL/
caemufpdrf;ESifh
ausmufrD;aoG;rsm;
a&wHcGefrsm;



U tun myint.pmd 200 27/1/2548, 9:10

 ±Sr;f rle‹J jynfaxmifpak emifa&;

5§csi;f 0da'owdik ;f ta±S›rauG; vlOD;a& uef@ulausmuf-oJ

wdik ;f /awmif wodef;cef@ ausmuf/ xH;k ausmuf
buf&cdik w f ikd ;f ausmufoifykef;
ESifhtaemufbuf ausmufESifhausmufrD;
tmoHjynfe,f aoG;ESifhtbdk;wef
=um;±Sdawmifwef; wd&dp>meftrsKd;rsKd;
a'orsm;

rSwfcsuf -±Srf;apmfbGm;rsm; tm%mpGef@v$wfa&;twGuf avsmfa=u;aiGaygif;

25863029-usyfay;&ef oabmwlcJh+yD;jzpfonff?

1962-ckrwfv 4&ufae@u Edik if aH wmf awmfveS af &;aumifpOD uUX Adv k cf sKyf

}uD;ae0if;ESifh oHk;ygwDacgif;aqmifrsm; awG@qHkaqG;aEG;=upOfu trSwfw&
ar;cGe;f (5)ck/ u|eaf wmfar;cJyh gonf? ‚if;teufwckaom‘ar;cGe;f rSm vlrsK;d pkjy\em
ajz±Si;f a&;wGif n‡Ed i_d ;f aqG;aEG;onfh Edik if aH &;enf;ESihf t=urf;zufajz±Si;f onfh ppfa&;
enf;’[lI enf;(2)enf;±Sd&m rnfonfhenf;udk t"duenf;tjzpfusifhoHk;&ef
&nf±G,fygoenf;[k ar;jref;&m AdkvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if;u yxrenf;udk t"duxm;I
oH;k ygrnf? e,fcs@J orm;ESiv hf ufawG@yl;aygi;f òzdco JG rl sm;udo k m rwwfomonft h qH;k
wGifrS ppfa&enf;udkoHk;&ygrnf[k ajym=um;cJhygonf? Toabmxm;twdkif;
qufvufusifhoHk;Edkifygap[k qENðyvdkufygonf?
odk@aomf xdkoabmxm;udk jrefrmjynfvlr_awmfvSefa&;. tajccHvrf;pOf
ESifh udkufnDpGmpyf[yfusifhoHk;bdk@ vGefpGmta&;}uD;ayonf?
jynfaxmifpjk refrmEdik if . H +idr;f csr;f a&;/ 'Dru kd a&pDa&;/ qd±k , S v f pfa&;ESihf vlrsK;d
aygif;pHkaoG;pnf;nD!Gwfa&;udk csDwufxlaxmif&mwGif rvkyfrjzpfaom tajccH
vkyfief;}uD; 3-&yfonf ±Sdayonf? ‚if;wdk@rSm æ
(1) jynfaxmifpktwGif;±Sd e,fcsJ@ya'o&mZftajccHpcef;rsm;udk zsufodrf;
a&;/ trsKd;om; 'Drdkua&pDtajccHpcef;opfrsm;xlaxmifa&;?
(2) jynfaxmifpt k wGi;f vlrsK;d pkwikd ;f vH;k 0ud, k yf ikd jf yXmef;cGirhf sm; &±Sad pa&;ESihf
(3) tvkyform;/ v,form;wdk@. EdkifiHa&;tm%mydkif qdk±S,fvpfEdkifiH



U tun myint.pmd 201 27/1/2548, 9:10

 0d"&l ocifcspaf rmif=a&;

xlaxmifa&;odk@ jywfjywfom;om;OD;wnfcsDwufa&;[lIjzpfygonf?
tu,fI AdkvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if;acgif;aqmifaom EdkifiHawmfawmfvSefa&;
aumifpDonf txufygtajccHvkyfief;}uD;(3)&yfudk tvkyform;/ v,form;
jynforl sm;ESihf twlvud_ v
f pJS mG yl;aygi;f aqmif±u
G o
f mG ;ygu ‘wcsucf w
k f 3csujf ywf’
qdkouJhodk@ aomifrwifa&rusjy\emt00wdk@udk useydkifEdkifpGm ajz±Sif;oGm;Edkif
rnfjzpfayonf?
xdkodk@r[kwfygbJ vGefcJhaom 14ESpfu tpdk;&rsm;uJhodk@ aºuG;a=umfawmh
“qdk±S,fvpfEdkifiHxlaxmifa&;/”vufawG@wu,fvkyfawmh wzufuvlrsKd;}uD;0g'
tajccH+yD;wzufu e,fcsJ@tm;udk;eJ@ t&if;±SifpepfabmiftwGif;rSmyif ðyjyifa&;
enf;udk usifhoHk;a&;qdkygv#if urBmhawmfvSefa&;vrf;a=umif;/ ArmhawmfvSefa&;
vrf;a=umif;ESifh rkcsqef@usifaeygojzifh twdwfacwfuJhodk@ yËdyuQr_aygif;rsm;pGm
ESifh &ifqdkif&avOD;rnfomjzpfa=umif; apwemaumif;ESifh trSmpum;a&;om;
vdkuf&ayownf;?

ae@pGJ 10-3-62 ocifcspfarmif(om,m0wD)

a±$awmif=um;
&efukefòr@

š{›œ

U tun myint.pmd 202 27/1/2548, 9:10

 ±Sr;f rle‹J jynfaxmifpak emifa&;

jynfaxmifpjk refrmEkid if H trsK;d om;nD!w

G af &;
wyfaygif;pkXmecsKyf
trSw=f 150(wwd,xyf)vGpv
P rf;/ &efuek òf r‹d ?
ae@pGJ 1-3-62

ta=umif ; t&m - 1962-ck E S p f azaz:0g&D v 24-&uf a e@wG i f u sif ; yonf h

jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiHvlrsKd;aygif;pHk ESD;aESmzvS,fyGJwGif y
r-n-w ud, k pf m;vS,.
f 1-3-62 ckae@Y ajym=um;aom
rdef@cGef;-
av;pm;tyfaom obmywd}uD;cifAsm; -
av;pm;tyfaom jynfaxmifpk vlrsKd;aygif;pHk nDawmf aemifawmf
udk,fpm;vS,ftaygif;wdk@cifAsm; -
jynf a xmif p k yd o k u mtrsKd ; om;acgif ; aqmif } uD ; Ad k v f c sKyf a tmif q ef ;
wnfaqmufcJhwJh/ vlrsKd;aygif;pHkcspf=unfaoG;pD;a&; Adrmef}uD;[m/ u|efawmfwdk@&J@
vufxufrSm tawmfyJ,dkifeJ@vsuf±Sdaeyg+yD? vlom;wkd@&J@ acwfwacwfqdkwJh
ESpfaygif;ESpfq,f/ tpdwfr#yifqufvuf rxdef;odrf;EdkifwJhtwGuf rdbtarGudk
r±dkaowwfwJh om;qdk;orD;qdk;rsm;tjzpfeJ@ u|efawmfwdk@tm;vHk;&mZ0ifrSm
wm0ef ruif;jzpfae=u&yg+yD? xdkwm0efudk tcsdefrSDjyefvnf xrf;aqmifEkdif=u
&eftwGuf ,ckvdkvlrsKd;aygif;pHk ESD;aESmzvS,fyGJ}uD;udk }uD;pGmaomaemifw/
eufeJaomrdom;pk pdwf"gwfeJ@ usif;y&jcif;jzpfw,fvdk@u|effawmfwdk@ vd_ufvSJpGm
cH,lygw,f?
u|efawmfwdk@tm;vHk;[m/ wpdrf;w&HpmvlawGr[kwfwJhtwGuf u|efawmf
wd@k &J@ jy\emudk u|eaf wmfw@kd &if;&if;ES;D ES;D yGiyhf iG v
hf if;vif;yJ a0zefaqG;aEG;yg&ap?

!

U tun myint.pmd 203 27/1/2548, 9:10

 trSm; rsm;±S&d ifvJ eufeufeeJ 0J efcyH g&ap? wa,muf&@J csK@d ,Gi;f csuu f kd wa,mufu
rdom;pkpw d "f gwef @J az:xkwzf iG [
hf Edik yf gap? ðyjyifEikd yf gapvd@k u|eaf wmftxl;yJ óudwif
awmif;yeftyfygw,f?
u|eaf wmfw@kd -jynfaxmifpt k wGi;f rSm±Sw d hJ vlrsK;d pkrsm;tm;vH;k [m tawmfyJ
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b,fawmhrS rajyvnfEdkifygbl;? Arma=umifhyJ/ u&ifa=umifhyJ/ ¶Srf;a=umifhbJqdk+yD;

"

U tun myint.pmd 204 27/1/2548, 9:10

 &efoludk &efol@abmifxJrSmr&Sm &efoludk rdwfaqG abmiftwGif;rSmyJvSnfh±Sm+yD;
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(2) jynfaxmifpyk o d u k m}uD; Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;[m vlrsK;d aygi;f pHk csp=f unf
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#

U tun myint.pmd 205 27/1/2548, 9:10

 Armjynfojl ynfom;rsm;tm; aoG;acsmif;pD;apjcif;yJjzpfvrd rhf ,f vd@k twdtvif;bJ
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(3) u|efawmfwdk@[m tJ'Dtcsdefup+yD;&efolaysmufcJh=uyg+yD? tcsif;csif;udk
&efox l ifc=hJ uyg+yD? &efoal ysmufav tcsi;f csi;f &J@aoG;udak omufv@kd r0Edik =f uav
jzpf+yD; aemufqHk;Zmwfwlom;csif; ppfcif;owfjzwf [oFmudk;aomif;Zmwfudk
cif;ae=u&wJhb0udk vHk;0usa&mufae=u&yg+yD?
(4) tJ'v D t
kd csed rf mS tm%m& z-q-y-v ygwt D wGuf &mZ0ifrmS wm0ef
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q&mhacgif;/ om;orD;raumif; rdbacgif;/ wdkif;jynfraumif; tpdk;&acgif;[lI
omtzHkzHkaom eDwdusrf;rsm;rSm tqdkðycJh=uygw,f? acwfopfEdkifiHa&; usrf;*ef
rsm;t&vJ 'Dru kd a&pDtpd;k &wdik ;f -wdik ;f jynfuw kd m0efc&H rnf qdok nfuh six
hf ;kH twdik ;f
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z-q-y-vtpdk;&twGufjynfwGif;ppfyavmifqlaewJhumvrSm &efoludkrdwfaqG
xifrw d af qGukd &efox l m;+yD; wygwt D m%m±Sief nf;a&m ppf0g'enf;a&m enf;rsK;d pHk
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Oya'wGif;ygvDrefwGif;uw&m;0ifvdkifpif& twdkuftcHudkaomfrS oufom
cGifhray;ygbl;? aocsifapmfeHatmifcHcJh=u&ygw,f? av;avmif;òydifig;avmif;òydif
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$

U tun myint.pmd 206 27/1/2548, 9:10

 =u&ygw,f? urBmh'Drdkua&pDxHk;wrf;pOfvmt& usif;ycJh=u&wJh a±G;aumufyGJ
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%

U tun myint.pmd 207 27/1/2548, 9:10

 tcktcgtm;vHk;odae =u+yD;jzpfae=uwJhtwdkif; zHk;xm;p&mrvdkawmhygbl;?
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&

U tun myint.pmd 208 27/1/2548, 9:10

 odyfoD;pGmpkpnf;a&;usKd;pm;ae&wJhumvrSm Armjynfaxmifpku uGJtufa&;
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awmif;qdkap+yD;r&&if cGJxGufcJh=uqdkwJh e,fcsJ@rsufESm &,fvdk@u|efawmfwdk@'Dvdk
rsufESm (2) bufudk wcsdefxJrSm xifxif±Sm;±Sm;ppfaq;awG@±Sdae&ygw,f?
(9) 'ga=umif'h jD ynfaxmifppk pfppfz@JG pnf;a&; qdw k ahJ wmif;qdck suu f kd jynfo@l
rsufESmbuf-±dk;om;aom vlrsKd;pkrsm;&J@ rsufESmbufu yHkpHjy\emtjzpfeJ@
wifjywmudk u|eaf wmfw@kd awG[m nDtud&k if;jcm rdom;pkpw d "f gwef @J pdw±f n S ±f n
S f
ZGaJ umif;aumif;eJ@ ,H, k =kH unf=unfajz±Si;f ndE‡ i_d ;f =u&efvykd gvrd rhf ,f? od@k aomfvnf;
wzufue,fcsJ@rsufESmjzpfwJh jynfaxmifpkòyduGJa&;jy\emudkawmh jywfjywf
om;om;yJ &ifqdkifckcH=u&vdrfhr,fvdk@ u|efawmfwdk@,lq=uygw,f?
obmywd}uD;cifAsm;? u|efawmfwdk@nDtudkvlrsKd;pkrsm;twGif;/ taxGaxG
rauseyfr_}uD;[m aemufqHk;jynfaxmifpkppfppfzGJ@pnf;a&;rl wifjyawmif;qdk

'

U tun myint.pmd 209 27/1/2548, 9:10

 vm=uonftxdb,fvdktwdwf ypPKyüefjzpfpOfrsm;twGif;rSay:aygufvmonfudk
&efo/l rdwaf qGc+JG yD; u|eaf wmfwifjycJ+h yD;yg+yD? ,ck 'kw, d tcsut f jzpfe@J ckvt
kd ajc
taersKd;rSm ±Srf;rlac:ac:odk@r[kwfjynfe,frsm;nD!Gwfa&;tzGJ@csKyfrSwifjywJh
rlac:ac: jynfr&J@acgi;f aqmifru _ kd tajccH+yD;jynfaxmifpzk @JG pnf;a&;rlukd y,fzsuf
+yD;uGezf uf'a&;±Si;f qefwhJ jynfaxmifppk pfppfru l kd zG@J pnf;cJyh gv#if apwemrajrmuf
aomfvnf; um,uHajrmuftm;jzifh jynfaxmifpkòyduGJa&;omjzpfvdrfhr,fqdkwm
u|efawmfwdk@uvHkavmufwJh ta=umif;tcsufrsm;udk n‡dEd_if;yg&ap?
(1) “wef;wlInDr#r_ tajccHeJ@jynfe,frsm;tm; aygif;pkzGJ@pnf;xm;jcif;udk
jynfaxmifpk[lI ac:ygonf?”tJ'Dpma=umif;[m EdkifiHa&;odyüHynmusrf;wdkif;rSm
yg±adS vh±w dS hJ a,bl,st"dygü ,af z: jycsujf zpfygw,f? od@k aomft'J o D abmw&m;udk
vuf a wG @ taumif t xnf a z:zd k @ uswJ h t cgrS m urB m ay:rS m ,ae@±S d = uwJ h
jynfaxmifpEk ikd if wH idk ;f [m(qdAk , D uf/ tar&duef/ qGpZf mvef/ uae'g/ =opa=w;vD;
,m;/ awmiftmz&duponfjzif)h rdrw d @kd &J@Edik if aH &;/ pD;yGm;a&;/ vlra_ &;/ tajctae
rsm;t&om yHkpHtrsKd;rsKd;&mZ0ifjzpfpOftrsKd;rsKd;eJ@csOf;uyf taumiftxnf
az:avh±=dS uygw,f? jynfaxmifpw k ikd ;f &J@tajccHt*F gw=l uayr,hf vufawG@jzpfpOf
eJ@aygif;pnf;yHkvuQ%mrsm;rSm rwl=uygbl;? 'g[m&mZ0ifoufao}uD;ygyJ?
oabmw&m;u'Dvq kd okd nft
h wGuf Edik if w H ikd ;f rSm'Dvykd wJ yHpk xH J wenf;xJjzpf&r,f
qdkwm[m r[kwfygbl;? qdkAD,ufrSmqdk AD,uftajctaeeJ@ qdkAD,ufenf;
t&zGJ@xm;ygw,f? tvm;wl tar&duefjynfaxmifpkrSmvJ tar&duefjynf
&mZ0ifjzpfpOft& wusKd; xJwcsDxJr[kwfbJ tqifhqifh wdk;csJ@zJG@pnf;vmcJh=u
ygw,f? tvm;wl tjcm;jynfaxmifpkEdkifiHrsm;rSmvJ olwdk@&J@b0tajctaet&
vufawG@rsufarSmufðy+yD; csOf;uyfyHktrsKd;rsKd;eJ@ zGJ@pnf;cJh=uygw,f? urBmay:rSm
tcsi;f csi;f acgi;f yHjk zwfru _ if;+yD;/ wef;wlnrD #q±kd , S v
f pfpepfb0rSmjzifh jynfaf xmifpk
ppfppftjzpfq;kH qdw k hJ qdAk , D uf,el ,D rH mS yJ tcktopfa&;qGq J J jynfaxmifptk yk cf sKyf
a&; pnf;rsOf;opfeJ@qdkygv#if 4-ck±Sdygvdrfhr,f? 1918ck/ ZlvdkifuGefpwDusL;±Sif;ESifh
‚if;aemuf 1924ck/ uGefpwDusL;±Sif;/ ‚if;aemuf 1936ck/ pvmvifuGefpwDusL;
±Sif;ESifh ,cka&;aeqJ uGefpwDusL;±Sif;[lI jzpfygw,f? tJ'D&mZ0ifoufaorsm;



U tun myint.pmd 210 27/1/2548, 9:10

 t& u|eaf wmfw@kd jynfaxmifpu k v
kd J u|eaf wmfw@dk &J@ bcif}uD;Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;eJ@
acgif ; aqmif } uD ; rsm;[m vl r sKd ; aygif ; pk H a exk d i f & mEd k i f i H . &mZ0if j zpf p Of t &
aygif;vnf;aygif;ae=u&efESifhnDvnf;nD!Gwf=u&ef [lIvufawG@b0 awmif;qdk
csurf sm;t& tar#mt f jrif}uD;pGmeJ@ zG@J pnf;xm;cJjh cif;jzpfygw,f? aygi;f om aygi;f =u
IrnD!Gwf=u&efr[kwfbJ/ aygif;vJaygif;nDvJnD!Gwf=u&efrlrsm;eJ@ wnfaqmuf
cJh=ujcif;jzpfygw,f? ‚if;udk&ufaygif;w&mjynfhatmifyif +idrf;csrf;pGmrprf;oyf
&ao;rSD &efou l rkd w
d af qGvyk /f rdwaf qGu&kd efoxl if+yD;/ jynfaxmifpw k ckv;kH yGuyf u
G f
vefatmif jynfwGif;ppfrD;}uD; awmufavmifcJhwm[m 'Duae@txdygwJh? urBm
rD;avmif om;aumifcseif;qdkwJhb0qdk;}uD;xJrSm pm±Gufay:uyHkpH[m rSm;aeyg+yD
vdk@ b,fvdkvG,fvG,feJ@aumufcsufcsEdkifyghrvJ av;av;eufeuf/ csdefcsdefqqeJ@
nd‡n‡dEd_if;Ed_if;vkyfaqmif=urS jzpf=uygvdrfhr,f? u|efawmfwdk@tm;vHk;wcJeuf
aoG;pnf;nD!Gwf=upOf 1947-ck/ arv z-q-y-v y%mrnDvmcH}uD;rSm
wpfo;kH vH;k aumfrwDrS a&;qGw J ifjycJwh hJ jynfaxmifpzk @JG pnf;yHrk rl sm; oabmxm;rsm;
[m u|efawmfwdk@&J@vufawG@b0eJ@b,fuavmuf udkufnDatmif&if;&if;ESD;ESD;
ndE‡ id_ ;f a&;qGcJ =hJ uw,fqw kd m &mZ0ifa=umif;udk jyefajymif;owd&=ubd@k jzpfygw,f?
xd k p Of u Armjynf r ud k j ynf e ,f w ck t jzpf z G J @ &ef jy\emray:cJ h = uwm[m
u|eaf wmf wd@k em;rvnfv@kd od@k r[kwf owdvpfomG ;=uvd@k vm; od@k r[kwf tjcm;
vHkavmuf aom&mZ0ifa=umif;/ EdkifiHa&;a=umif;/ pD;yGm;a&;a=umif;/ taxmuf
txm;rsm; a=umifhvm; ponfjzifh "rR"dXmefusus jyefvnfqef;ppfbdk@vdkyg
vd r f h r ,f ? jynf r [m jynf e ,f w ck r [k w f c J h a wmh o nf E S i f h u|ef a wmf w d k @ &J @
jynfaxmifpkt*F g}uD;[m uG,faysmufysufpD;cJhav+yDvm; odk@r[kwf yHkpHurSef
aomfvnf; ya,m*rsm; tajctaersm;eJ@ tkypf ;kd olw@kd &J@ oabmxm;eJ@vky&f yfu
rSm;cJh=uwmvm;pojzifh us,fjyef@wJh ppfaq;r_udk ðy=u&ygvdrfhr,f?
(2) aemufta=umif;jycsufw&yfuawmh-u|efawmfwdk@jynfaxmifpk[m
rlvtpuwnf;u e,fcsJ@ya'o&mZfpepf&J@ tarGqdk;awGudk cH,l+yD;wef;rnDI
rwd;k wufaomvlrsK;d pkrsm;/ a'orsm;/ jynfe,frsm;udak ygi;f pkIjynfrudk tajccHum
zGJ@pnf;cJh&wJhjynfaxmifpkjzpfygw,f? 'g[mu|efawmfwdk@&J@ vufawG@b0jzpfcJh



U tun myint.pmd 211 27/1/2548, 9:10

 ygw,f ? tJ v d k t ajcrS m jynf r u }uD ; pG m aomwm0ef e J @ rS e f u ef a omoabm
xm;rsm;udk tajccH+yD;jynfe,fvlrsKd;pktm;vHk;eJ@ wef;wl&nfwlaoG;pnf;nD!Gwf
zd@k vdyk gw,f? Edik if aH &;/ pD;yGm;a&;/ vlra_ &;wd@k rSm wef;wlnrD #jzpfatmif acgi;f aqmif
r_ay;+yD; pkaygi;f wnfaqmuf=ubd@k vdyk gw,f? tJ'g[m jynfaxmifp&k @J &mZ0ifay;
wm0ef}uD;jzpfw,f? 'Dwm0efukd u|eaf wmfw@kd raqmif±u G Ef ikd cf =hJ uvd@k &efoal ysmuf
+yD;tcsif;csif; owfcJhjzwfcJh=u&'geJ@ tcsdefukefcJh=u&w,f? wef;wlnDr#tajcodk@
a&mufatmif rjr‡iw hf ifraqmif±u G Ef ikd cf =hJ ubl;? tJ'v
D rkd v
l tajcqd;k rSmyJvufawG@
±kyf0wÎKoabmawGudk ab;csdwf+yD;twif;yJwef;wlnDr#jynfe,fawGtjzpfeJ@
tm;vHk;+cHcwf=uap+yD; jynfaxmifpkppfppfqdkonfudk zGJ@pnf;=uap&rnf qdkv#if
nD!GwfvdkI aygif;&efr[kwfbJ òyduGJvdkIomaygif;&efjzpfygvdrfhr,f? wef;wlnDr#
rjzpfao;wJh ±ky0f wÎKtajccHay:rSm ydI k omuGjJ ym;jcm;em;apwJeh nf;eJ@ usO;f ajrmif;
pGm aygif;pnf;jcif;omjzpfygvdrfhr,f?
(3) tJ'Dvdk“jynfaxmifpkppfppf”rsKd;[m odyfonf;pkpnf;wJhjynfaxmifpk
rsKd; jzpfrvmbJ uGJjym;jcm;em;r_awGtajccHwJh +cHpnf;±dk;twGif;rSm“uGmayguf/
[mayguf/ xdk;ayguf/ azgufayguf”awGtjynfhygvmwJh jynfaxmifpkomjzpfygvdrfh
r,f? jynfaxmifpkppfppfqdkonfrSm uGefzD'a&;±Sif;bufodk@ wdrf;apmif;oGm;
+yDjzpfygw,f? tJ'DvdkjynfaxmifpkrsKd;[m &efrsm;vSwJh'Duae@urBm 'Duae@
ta±S›awmiftm±S a'orSm b,fenf;eJ@rS touf±SnfEdkifbG,f&mr±Sdbl; qdkwm
u|efawmfwdk@vG,fvG,feJ@ oabmaygufEdkifygw,f?
(4) 'Dvdk[mayguf/ uGmaygufawGeJ@ jynfh0aewJh jynaxmifpkppfppfrsKd;udk
u|efawmfwdk@tckb,fvdktajctaersKd;rSm zGJ@pnf;bdk@awmif;qdkae=uygovJ?
±Si;f ±Si;f uawmh jynfaxmifpw k ckv;kH jy\emaygi;f (16000)eJ@ Edik if aH &;/ pD;yGm;a&;/
b¾ma&;/ ppfa&;t=uyftwnf;awGeJ@ 'kuQyifv,fa0aewJhumvqdk;}uD;rSm
ajymif ; vJ z G J @ pnf ; =u&ef j zpf y gw,f ? tcsif ; csif ; awG o wf j zwf a oa=uvd k @
rqHk;Edkifao; wJhumv nDtpfudkvlrsKd;pkaoG;csif;om;csif; tcsif;csif;wdk@[m
arwWmpdwu f if;+yD; ±G±H mS rke;f wD; r,H=k unf/ r,Hak e=uwJuh mv/ tJ'v D kd umvrsK;d rSm
udk,fh+cHudk,fcwf =updk@&J@vdk@ qdk&if arwWmeJ@vrf;cGJ=u&wmr[kwfbJ tmCmw

U tun myint.pmd 212 27/1/2548, 9:10

 awGeJ@vrf;cGJ=u&wm +cHcwf=u&wm omjzpf+yD; jynfaxmifpk nD!Gwfa&;[m
b,fenf;eJ@rS a&±Sncf rH nf r[kwyf g? rdwaf qGyo
D olcsi;f yif uawmufuqjzpfw;kH
vrf;rcGJao;bJ t±Snfar#mf+yD; cspfwHk;rSmomvrf;cGJ avh±Sd=uygw,f?
(5) xd@k xufa=umufp&mtaumif;qH;k uawmh tar&duefq;D wd;k &J@ tajccH
pcef;awG[m jynfaxmifpek ,fajrtwGi;f yHpk t H rsK;d rsK;d toGit f rsK;d rsK;d eJ@ 0ifa&muf
xk;d azmuf+yD; jynfrtwGi;f rSma&m vlrsK;d pkrsm;twGi;f rSma&m csrw S af rGaESmufjcif;cH
ae&wJu h mvrsK;d rSm“jynfaxmifppk pfppfq+kd yD;”uGmaygu[ f mayguaf wGe@J +cHcwf=u&if
u|eaf wmfw@kd &J@ jynfaxmifp[ k m a&wdref pf&awmhr,fv@kd ±d;k om;pGmpd;k &drrf yd gw,f?
usm;vufu0kd uGut f yfouJo h @kd aom tajctaeudq k u kd af &mufEikd yf gw,f? ,ae@
uGe*f -kd vmtkd oH;k uGaJ v;uGtJ ajctaersm;eJ@ *smreDEpS cf /k ud;k &D;,m;ESpcf /k AD,uferf
ESpfckwdk@&J@ jzpfaeyHkrsm;rS oifcef;pmxkwf,l=ubdk@vdkygvdrfhr,f?
(6) ta=umif;jycsuu f awmh jynfaxmifpjk refrmEdik if &H @J trsK;d om;pD;yGm;a&;
0g'eJ@ trsKd;om;pD;yGm;a&;xlaxmifr_tajctae[m 14ESpfoufwrf;twGif;rSm
b,fvdkrSwnf+idrfr_ te,fxdkifr_r&±Sdao;ygbl;? jynfaxmifpknD!Gwf&;eJ@ cdkifrm
wnf+rJa&;[m ‚if;&J@trmcHtkwfjrpfjzpfwJhwlnDwJh wnf+idrfwJhpD;yGm;a&;0g'eJ@
te,fxdkifvmwJhpD;yGm;a&;xlaxmifr_ vkyfief;rsm;ay:rSmrkcswnfaeygw,f?
t&if;±Sipf ;D yGm;a&;0g'eJ@ xlaxmifrt _ ay:rSmyJ tajccHc-H qd±k , S vf pfp;D yGm;a&;0g'eJ@
xlaxmifra_ y:rSmyJtajccHcH jynfaxmifpw k 0Sr;f vk;kH rSm pD;yGm;a&;0g'tm;jzifw h n
l rD _
ESihf cGaJ 0vkyaf qmifr_ vkyif ef;rsm;tm;jzifv h nf; te,fxikd rf ±_ &dS ayvdrrhf ,f? jynfru
wnfhrwfwJhacgif;aqmifr_eJ@ udk,fusKd;pGef@wJh tultnDrsm;ay;&ayvdrfhrnf?
acwfopfpD;yGm;a&;xlaxmifr_rsm;rSm rdrd&J@ajcaxmufay:rSm rdrdvHk;0&yfwnf +yD;
rdrd&J@tpGrf;owWdeJ@csDwufvdk@ rjzpfEdkifao;wJhb0rSm±Sdae=uao;wJhucsif/ u&if/
u,m;/ csif;/ rGef/ &cdkif pwJhjynfe,frsm;udk jynfrESifhtwl(on mutual develop-
ment basic) vd@k ac:wJh twlwuGw;kd wuf}uD;yGm;a&;tajccHay:rSm rsm;pGmusK;d yrf;
aqmif ± G u f & ef v d k t yf y gao;w,f ? tck t cgzG J @ pnf ; tk y f c sKyf y H k t ajccH O ya'u
&nf!$ef;wJhpD;yGm;a&;0g'eJ@ qdkufa&mufae&wJhpD;yGm;a&;b0[m rsm;pGmuGmjcm;
vsu±f +dS yD;/ b,fvrkd zS rf;vd@k qkyv
f @kd r&atmif rwnfr+idrjf zpfaeygao;w,f? vkyif ef;

!

U tun myint.pmd 213 27/1/2548, 9:10

 tm;jzifv h nf;te,fxikd rf [_ m bmwckrrS jyEdik af o;ygb;l ? tJ'v D t
kd ajctaersK;d rSm
usOf;ajrmif;wJhvlrsKd;i,f0g'eJ@tay:pD;vlrsKd;}uD;0g'tajccHwdk@eJ@jynfaxmifpk
twGif; udk,fpDudk,fiS+cHcwfòydifqdkif=u[Jhqdk&if A[dkpnf;csufESifh acgif;aqmifr_
(centre of unity and leadership) [muG,faysmufa&mh&J+yD;/ pD;yGm;a&;tm;jzifh ydkrdk
òyduGJbdk@&m jzpfygvdrfhr,f? tJ'DvdktrmcH tkwfjrpfup+yD; òyduGJjcm;em;ukef=u&if/
jynfaxmifp}k uD;[m ywfww k v
f @kd r&atmifòydub JG @kd ygy?J t&if;±Sipf epf/ qd±k , S v
f pf
pepf/ ya'o&mZfpepf ponfjzifhwjynfe,fESifh wjynfe,f/ acG@=ucwf=u/ ty
ya,m* rsm;udk zdwaf c:=u&onfh b0od@k wdik af tmif qdu k af &mufuek Ef ikd yf gw,f?
twlwuG wdk;wuf}uD;yGm;a&;tajccHay:rSm u|efawmfwdk@tm;vHk;[m 5 ESpf
pDrHudef; oHk;}udrfr#eJ@ tpGrf;ukefnD!GwfpGmusKd;yrf; xlaxmifEdkif=uygrS jynfe,f
jynfrnDr#wJh tajccHeJ@ tem*gwfudk aumif;pGmcsDwufEdkifrnfjzpfygw,f?
(7) ‚if;aemufta=umif;jycsiw f muawmh usaemfw@kd nDtpfukd vlrsK;d pkrsm;
&J@pmaytEkynmodyüHynmpwJh ,Ofaus;r_tqifhtwef;[m a=uuGJ0rf;eJbG,f&m
}uD; edrfhusaeao;jcif;yJjzpfygw,f? 'gawGudkjr‡ifhwifap&mrSm jynfe,fjynfrtwl
wuG wdk;wufjr‡ifhwifa&;vrf;pOfawGudk jynfrubJacgif;aqmifr_ay;+yD; udk,fusKd;
pGef@wJh tultnDawGeJ@qGJac: jr‡ifhwifay;&efrsm;pGmvdkayvdrfhr,f? 'De,fy,frSm
jynfru jynfe,fawGuw kd u,fwef; tm;jznfah y;zd@k vdyk gvrd rhf ,f? jynfrujynfe,f
awG&@J vlra_ &;eJ@,Ofaus;r_jr‡iw
hf ifa&;vkyif ef;awGukd pDruH ed ;f t&yf&yfe@J wu,fh
oabmxm;}uD ; }uD ; xm; tepf e mcH u m tul t nD a wG ay;=u&ygvd r f h r ,f ?
qdAk ,
D uf ,le, D jH ynfe,f orRwEdik if }H uD;awGu awmifyikd ;f tm&Sjynfe,fuav;
awGudk tjrefqHk;wdk;wufvm&ef tm;ay;cJhyHkawGudk om"uxm;&ef rsm;pGm
ta&;}uD;vS ygw,f? 'DvdktajccHoabmxm;awGudk axmufxm;+yD;awmh yJ
jynfrudk+cHcwf+yD; jynfe,fawGeJ@ tvSrf;ra0;uGmap oifhao;vdk@,lqygw,f?
epfemp&m±Sdv#if jynfe,fawGuom ydkIepfemukefyg vdrfhr,f?
(8) ta&;}uD;qHk;ta=umif;jycsufw&yfudk xyfrHwifjyvdkygao;w,f?
'guawmhtjcm;r[kwfygbl;? ,ae@usaemfwdk@jynfaxmifpk&J@ trsKd;om;umuG,f
a&;jy\em}uD;yJjzpfygw,f? urBmh+idrf;csrf;a&;/ vHkòcHa&;[mvHk;0pdwfcs&+yDvdk@

"

U tun myint.pmd 214 27/1/2548, 9:10

 b,fEdkifiH}uD;awGurS {uE WtmrcHcsufray;Edkifao;ygbl;? +idrf;csrf;a&;tvm;
tvmr#omjyqd=k uygao;w,f? taumiftxnfjzpfay:vm&ef urBmjh ynforl sm;
tm;vHk;0dkif;tHkusKd;yrf;ae=u&qJumvyJ±Sd=uygao;w,f? tjcm;a'orsm;wGif
pdwfrcs&onfxuf ta±S›awmiftm±Sa'oEdkifiHrsm;[m e,fcsJ@orm;rsm;&J@
pm;usufa[mif;eJ@qD;wdk;pwJhppftajccHpcef;rsm;tcdkiftrm wyfpGJ&ma'ojzpfwJh
twGuf usL;ausmfa&;ppfrsm;udk tcsdefra±G;ar#mfvifhumuG,f&rJh tajca&mufae
ygw,f? tdref m;eD;csi;f awGjzpfwhJ ,d;k ',m;/ AD,uferf/ vmtk/d uarBm'D;,m;Ekid if H
rsm;&J@tajcud=k unfyh g? +yD;awmhtar&duefurl ifwefwyfrsm; oH;k Edik if cH +G yD; usL;ausmf
xm;yHkudkvJ=unfhyg? tJ'DvdktajctaersKd;rSm jynfaxmifpkumuG,fa&;twGuf
Ekid if aH &;/ ppfa&;nD!w
G rf [
_ m b,favmufta&;}uD;w,fqw kd mcef@rSe;f Edik yf gw,f?
udk,fhtcsif;csif;owfvdk@jzwfvdk@ tm;r&Edkifao;ovdkjzpfae&wJhb0rdk@omaygh?
od k @ r[k w f y gu tar&d u ef u l r if w ef usL;ausmf a &;ppf t ºuG i f ; tusef a wG u d k
csufcsif;yJ±Sif;vif;oGm;atmif 0dkif;tHkwdkufcdkuftyfcJhtajctae}uD;jzpfygw,f?
trsKd;om;umuG,fa&;udk awmifhwif;atmifvkyfbdk@vkdwJh umv}uD;yJjzpfygw,f?
(9) aemufta=umif;jycsufuawmh rnfonfhwjynfaxmifEdkifiHrSmjzpfjzpf
rnfonfhjynfaxmifpkEkdifiHrSmyJjzpfjzpf vlrsKd;pkrsm; trsm;tjym;±Sd&mrSm t&nf
twGuftm;jzifh‚if;/ t&nftcsif;tm;jzifh‚if; wdk;wufjrifhrm;wJh vlrsKd;pk}uD;wck
[m tjcm;aomvlrsKd;pkrsm;&J@tusKd;pD;yGm;twGuf acgif;aqmifr_ay;&p+rJbJjzpfyg
w,f? 'Dae&mrSm acgif;aqmifr_eJ@vlrsKd;}uD;0g'udk cGJjcm;uef@owf&efawmh tvGef
ta&;}uD;ygw,fv@kd &J&}J uD;0efcyH gw,f? od@k aomfvaJ cgi;f aqmifru _ awmh ±S&d p+rJbJ
jzpfygw,f? w±kwjf ynfrmS “aemifawmf/ [efvrl sK;d pk”qdAk , D ufrmS “aemifawmf ±k±S
vlrsK;d pk”ponfjzifh ta&;awmfyt kH qufquf awmfveS af &;t00rSm acgi;f aqmifr_
ay;cJh=u±dk;±Sdygw,f? 'ga=umifhvJ e,fcsJ@orm;awG[mEdkifiHwEdkifiHudk wdkufcdkuf
odrf;ydkufr,f}uH&if acgif;aqmifvlrsKd;pk}uD;eJ@ tjcm;vlrsKd;pkrsm;tm;vHk; tjyif;
txef&efwdkufaoG;cGJjypfavh±Sdygw,f? 'Denf;eJ@acgif;aqmifr_uif;jywfqdwfoHk;ap
+yD; e,fcsJ@bufawmfom;vlrsKd;pktjzpfa&mufatmif odrf;oGif;avh±Sdygw,f?
‚if;twGufvlrsKd;}uD;0g'/ vlrsKd;i,f0g'rsm;udkvJ xdk;oGif;avh±Sd=uygw,f? ,ckvdk

#

U tun myint.pmd 215 27/1/2548, 9:10

 tajctaersKd;rSm jynfaxmifpkppfppfudkomzGJ@&v#if EkdifiHa&;wnf+idrfr_uvJ
enf;enf;rS vnf;r±Sdao;wJh umvrSm jynfe,fjynfrEdkifiHa&; acgif;aqmifr_
tqufjzwfa&;yJ jzpfygvrd rhf nf? ycH;k csi;f wdu
k /f vlcsi;f ±du
k q
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kd hJ Edik if aH &; tajctae
rsKd;udke,fcsJ@wdk@u rkcsajr‡mufyifhzefwD;ay;rnfomjzpfygw,f?
(10) usaemfwdk@&J@ aemufqHk;ta=umif;jycsufuawmh EdkifiHwum&mZ0if
oifcef;pmt& zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHktajccHOya'w&yfudk trsKd;om;nD!Gwfa&;
twufºuGqHk;tcsdefrSm acwfajymif;csdeftoD;tyGifhtjzpfeJ@ a&;qGJjyXmef;±dk;±Sd=u
ygw,f? b,fawmhrSolwvligwrif;eJ@ z±dkz&JtrsKd;om;nD!Gwfa&;awG òyduGJ+yD;
tcsif;csif;tmCmwawGeJ@ rD;awmufaewJhtcsdefrSm a&;qGJ±dk;vJr±Sdbl;? tajccH
oabmudk ajymif;vJjyifqif±dk;vJr±Sdygbl;? 'g[murBmhusifhpOf}uD;ygyJ? tJ'Dvdk
tcsed tf cgrsK;d rSm a&;qGjJ yifqifcsiv f rJ atmifjrifwt hJ jyif “rif;òydi/f pd;k òydi”f rsm;yif
jzpf a vh ± S d = uygw,f ? tJ ' D a wmh tck v J u saemf w d k @ &J @ tajccH O ya'ud k tck v d k
jynfaxmifpkrSm rD;avmifa&ar#mjzpfaeao;wJhumrSmrS tajccHup+yD; jyifqif
ajymif;vJ=u&r,f qd&k if b,fenf;eJ@rSoifah wmfvrd rhf ,fr[kwaf =umif; xyfavmif;
wifjyjcif;yJjzpf ygw,f?
obmywd}uD;cifAsm; jynfaxmifpkppfppfqdkwJhrl[m tckvdktajctaersKd;
rSmb,fenf;eJ@rS roifah wmfao;a=umif;/ Ekid if w H uma&;&m jynfwiG ;f a&;&m ±_a'gihf
rsm;uae+yD;/ ta=umif; (10)c sufr#jycJh+yD;yg+yD?
azaz:0g&v D 24-&ufae@ 'DE;DS aESmzvS,yf }JG uD;&J@ tzGiahf e@rSm zuf'&,frel @J
ygwo f uf+yD; 0ef}uD;apmcGecf sKed @J wuG/ jynfe,facgi;f aqmif}uD;rsm;&J@ ajymqdw k ifjy
csuaf wGukd usaemfw@kd jynfjh ynfph pkH =kH um;emcJ&h yg+yD? yGivhf if;wJt
h onf;ESv;kH eJ@vnf;
,Hk,Hk=unf=unfjyefvnfoHk;oyf=uygw,f? tJ'DvkdoHk;oyfppfaq;csufrsm;t&
“zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHktajccHOya'”±_a'gifhuyJ jyefvnfacsycGifhðy&ef awmif;yefvdkyg
w,f?
tajccHOya'±_jrifyHkt&/ usaemfwdk@eJ@jynfe,facgif;aqmif}uD;rsm;[m
zuf'&,frel @J ywfoufv@kd oabmuGv J cJG su[
f m ae&moH;k ae&mrSm ±Sad ew,fqw dk m
aumif;pGm&dyfpm;rdvmygw,f?

$

U tun myint.pmd 216 27/1/2548, 9:10

 yxrae&mu/ usaemfwdk@&J@jynfaxmifpk[m/ jynfrudktajccH+yD;/ jynfe,f
rsm;udk pkaygi;f zG@J pnf;xm;wJzh uf'&,frjl zpfygw,f? 'Dvzkd @JG pnf;jcif;[m usaemfw@kd
wdik ;f jynf&@J Edik if aH &;/ vlrsK;d a&;/ pD;yGm;a&;/ ,Ofaus;r_pwJh wd;k wufjzpfay:r_ &mZ0if
jzpfpOfrsm;twGi;f rS b0ESi[ hf yfI obm0ususxal xmifcjhJ cif;jzpfw,fv@kd usaemf
wkd@av;eufpGm ,Hk=unfw,f? jynfrudktajccHIjynfaxmifpkzGJ@pnf;jcif;[m
jynfaxmifpkwckvHk;twGuf (Centre of unity and leadership)vdk@ac:wJh A[dk
acgif;aqmifr_eJ@nD!Gwfa&;pkpnf;csuftjzpfeJ@om xlaxmifcJhjcif;jzpfygw,f?
vufawG@=unfyh g? jynfe,frsm;teuftcsK@d u&mZ0ift& jynfe,foabmaqmif
cJah omfvJ tcsK@d u,ckrS jynfe,fb0od@k ul;ajymif;zefw;D ae&qJjzpfw,f? tcsK@d u
,ckrS jynfe,fb0odk@xlaxmif&efjyifqifawmif;qdkae&qJ±Sdao;w,f? tcsKd@
vlrsKd;pkrsm;rSmawmh tjcm;vlrsm;pkrsm;ESifh a&maxG;,Sufwifaexdkif&qJb0rSm
±Sdw,f? EdkifiHa&;/ pD;yGm;a&;/ vlr_a&;jzpfpOfwdk@[m ,ckrS pwifoaE<,lae&qJ
ajymif;vJae&qJjzpfw,f? &mZ0ift& trsK;d om;vGwv f yfa&;wku d yf w
JG av#mufrmS
jynf r Armvl r sKd ; pk u ta&twG u f t m;jzif h ‚ if ; t&nf t aoG ; tm;jzif h ‚ if ; /
acgif ; aqmif + yD ; yef ; 0if c J h y gw,f ? wnf a eqJ p D ; yG m ;a&;/ vl r _ a &;epf t &uvJ
acgif;aqmifcsDwuf&rJhtaetxm;rSm±Sdw,f? tem*gwfEdkifiHa&;vrf;a=umif;udk
xdef;a=umif;csDwuf&rJhwm0efuvnf; jynfrrSm&mZ0ift& wm0efydk±Sdw,f?
tJ'Dvdktaetxm;rsm;t& zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHktajccHOya'udk a&;qGJwJ@tcgrSm
jynfrudk A[dak cgi;f aqmifre_ @J nD!w G af &;pkpnf;csut f jzpf tajccH+yD;tjcm; jynfe,f
rsm;/ a'orsm;udk pkaygif;um zGJ@pnf;cJhjcif;jzpfw,f?
'guu kd saemfw@kd u &mZ0ift&b0jzpfpOfe@J udu k nf w
D jhJ ynfaxmifprk jl zpfw,f
vdk@ jywfjywfom;om;,Hk=unfvufcHw,f?
usaemf w d k @ &J @ jynf e ,f n D t pf u d k a cgif ; aqmif } uD ; rsm;u jynf r [m
jynfaxmifpktm%mudk vuf0g;}uD;tkyf+yD;jynfe,frsm;/ vlrsKd;pkrsm;udkv$rf;rdk;
cs,f v S , f w ,f ‘ yÀmquf ’ e,f a wG t jzpf e J @ tEd k i f u sif h w ,f v d k @ ,l q w,f ?
'ga=umifh jynfr/ jynfe,fawGtm;vHk;toD;oD; udk,fhtcsKyftjcmtm%meJ@udk,f
wef;wl&nfw±l =dS u+yD;/ A[djk ynfaxmifpu k kd pkaygi;f zG@J pnf;&r,f oabmqENt&om
tm%mrsm;cG J a 0ay;r,f ? 'D v k d j ynf a xmif p k p pf p pf r l r sKd ; ud k o m tvd k ± S d w ,f ?

%

U tun myint.pmd 217 27/1/2548, 9:10

 tar&duef/ qGpZf mvef/ qdAk , D uf,el , D u
H o hJ @kd aom tajccHoabmrsK;d jzpfap&r,f
vdk@ ±Sif;vif;ajym=um;oGm;ygw,f? wenf;tm;jzifh uGefzD'a&;±Sif;qefqefzGJ@pnf;
&r,fvdk@qdkvdkygw,f? tJ'DvdkuGJv$Jaecsuf[m yxrae&mjzpfygw,f? tar&duef
qGpfZmvef/ qdkAD,uf,leD,Hwdk@ jynfaxmifpkzGJ@pnf;vmyHk &mZ0ifjzpfpOfb0eJ@
usaemfwdk@ jrefrmjynfaxmifpkouf0ifv_yf±Sm;vmyHk/ oaE<wnfvmyHkjzpfpOfeJ@
rsm;pGmjcm;em;r_ ±Sdaeygw,f? ynm±SdowdjzpfcJqdkovdk u|efawmftenf;i,f
Zmwfa=umif;jyefyg&ap?
tar&duefjynfaxmifpktajccHOya'[m/ trsKd;om;vGwfajrmufa&;ppfyGJ
}uD;u aygufzGm;ay;cJhygw,f? xdkppfyGJ}uD;rwdkifrSD +Adwdo#e,fcsJ@wdk@atmufrSm
+Adwdo#udkvdkeDjynfe,frsm;tjzpfeJ@ ol@&mZ0ifjzpfpOfeJ@oloD;jcm;wnf±SdcJhygw,f?
ol@bk&ifcHeJ@olOya'ðyvGwfawmfeJ@ oD;jcm;wnf±SdcJhygw,f? 1776-ckZlvdkifv 4
&ufae@ trsKd;om;vGwfajrmufa&;ppfyGJa=ujimpmwrf;}uD;xkwfjyefwJhtcgrSmvJ
ppfa=ujimydkifcGifh +idrf;csrf;a&;pmcsKyfcsKyfqdkEdkifcGifh rdrdóudufESpfoufovdk r[mrdwf
zGJ@pnf;ydkifcGifh pwJhtcGifhta&;rsm;udk vHk;0ydkifwJh tcsKyftjcmtm%mydkif jynfe,f
EdkifiHrsm;tjzpfeJ@ a=ujim+yD; vGwfajrmufa&;ppfyGJ}uD;E$JcJh=ujcif;jzpfygw,f?
tpuwnf;u tcsKyftjcmtm%mydkif EdkifiHrsm;tjzpfeJ@ oD;jcm;xlaxmif
I wdkufyGJ0ifcJhjcif;jzpfygw,f? ‚if;aemuf trsKd;om;vGwfajrmufa&;ppf}uD;udk ydkrdk
xda&mufpGmckcHwdkufcdkufEdkif=u&eftwGuf 1777-ckEdk0ifbmv 15 &ufae@rSm
(Article of Confederation) vdk@ac:wJh jynfe,faygif;csKyfpnf;rsOf; Oya'w&yfudk
a&;qGjJ yXmef;=u+yD; 13jynfe,f[m jynfe,ftvdu k of ;D jcm;vufct
H wnfðycJw
h ,f?
1871-ckrwfv 1 &ufae@rSm ar&Dvefjynfe,fu aemufq;kH vufct H wnfðyw,f?
tJ't D ajccHpnf;rsO;f yxryk'rf oH;k ckrmS yJ tar&duefjynfaxmifp}k uD;[m uGezf 'D a&;
±Sif;jzpfwJh ta=umif; jynfe,fwdkif;tcsKyftjcmtm%mESifh vHk;0vGwfvyfcGifh±Sd
a=umif;? bHk&efoludk pkaygif;wdkufcdkufa&;twGuf cdkifrmaomr[mrdwfzGJpnf;r_
(A firm League of Friendship) tjzpfeJ@ yk'fr 3 t& zGJ@pnf;a=umif;ponfjzifh
txift±Sm; yg±Sdygw,f?
tar&duefjynfaxmifp[ k m uGezf 'D a&;±Si;f upa=umif;txift±Sm;jyw,f?
aemufrS 1787 ckazaz:0g&v D 21 &ufae@uGe*f &ufusrS uGezf 'D a&;±Si;f zG@J pnf;yHrk #

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U tun myint.pmd 218 27/1/2548, 9:10

 ESihf jynfaxmifpt k iftm;[m rvHak vmufa=umif; jyefvnfjyifqef&efxu kd af =umif;
a=ujimcJhw,f? 'geJ@ 1787 ckarv 25-&ufae@rSma*smh0g±Sifwefudk OuUXwif+yD;
uGeAf if;±Si;f }uD;wckvyk +f yD;/ zG@J pnf;tkycf sKyfyt
kH ajccHOya'topfukd a&;qGcJ =hJ uw,f?
xdkOya'udk jynfe,ftvdkuftoD;oD;u jyefvnfvufcHtwnfðy=u+yD; 1789ck
rwfv 4&ufae@up+yD;/ toufoGif;cJh=uw,f?
tar&duefjynfaxmifpk&mZ0ifu bmoifcef;pmrsm;ay;ygovJqdkv#if
(1)rl v uwnf ; u tcsKyf t jcmtm%myd k i f j ynf e ,f r sm;tjzpf p wif c J h w ,f ?
(2)xdk@aemufuGefzD'a&;±Sif;zGJ@cJhw,f? (3)odk@aomfvnf;xdkb0ESifhrvHkavmuf
rudu k n
f wD t hJ cgrmS wqifah v#m+h yD;zuf'a&;±Si;f qdw k mzG@J cJ&h w,f? (4)&mZ0ifjzpfpOf
twGif;rSmyJ‘'Dpifw&,fvdkufaZ;±Sif;’u‘pifx&,fvdkufaZ;±Sif;udk’(a&mh&Jaom
A[dkcsKyfudkifr_wif;=uyfaom A[dkcsKyfudkifr_odk@)wajz;ajz;OD;wnfvmomudkawG@&
r,f? (5)tm%mydkiforRwpepf[m tar&duefjynfaxmifpk&J@ A[dkacgif;aqmifr_
eJ@ nD!Gwfa&;pkpnf;csufjzpfvmw,f? jynfaxmifpkwdkif;rSm A[dkacgif;aqmifr_eJ@
nD!Gwfa&;pkpnf;csuftwGuf wpHkwckaomtrmcHtESpfom&[m wyfqifyg±Sd
&p+rJqdkwmtav;teufvufcH,Hk=unfbdk@vdkygvrfhr,f?
qGpfZmvefjynfaxmifpk&J@ &mZ0ifjzpfpOfudkvnf; t=urf;zsif;avhvm
=unfh&atmif?
vuf±zdS @JG pnf;tkycf sKyfyt kH ajccHOya'[m ouU&mZf 1874 ckEpS u f p+yD; tvGef
±S n f v #m;aomjzpf p Of e J @ ayguf z G m ;vm&jcif ; jzpf y gw,f ? &mZ0if p yH k u vnf ;
tuf(yf)awmifwef;}uD;ywfvnfrmS ol@&mZ0if olajymqdw k b
hJ mompum;ud, k pf D
eJ@ oD;oD;jcm;jcm; tcsKyftjcmtm%mydkifjynfe,fuav;rsm;tjzpfeJ@ tpðycJh=u
w,f? usL;ausmfwdkufcdkufa&;orm;/ bHk&efolrsm;udkpkaygif;ckcHa&;twGufom
uGefzD'a&;±Sif;ac: jynfe,faygif;csKyfwckudk pwifarG;zGm;apcJh=uw,f? z,f'&,f
'dkif;,ufqdkwmzGJ@+yD; jynfe,fudk,fpDutnDtr# udk,fpm;vS,fapv$wf+yD; wESpf
w}udrfawG@qHk=uw,f? 'DvkdomawG@qHk=uw,f? trSefuawmhwe,fESifhwe,f
oHo,}uD;pGmeJ@=unfh+yD;z,f'&,f'dkif;,uf&J@ tqHk;tjzwf[m tcsKyftjcm
tm%mydkif jynfe,fawG&J@tay:rSmw&m;0if tusKd;oufa&mufjcif;r±SdcJhygbl;?
uGJuGJjym;jym;yJwnfaecJhwmyJ? 'ga=umifhvnf; 18&mpkaemufydkif;rSm jyifopf

'

U tun myint.pmd 219 27/1/2548, 9:10

 usL;ausmfa&;orm;rsm;[m qGpfZmvefjynfaxmifpkudk vG,fulpGmodrf;ydkufEdkifcJh
=uw,f? ±S&d if;pGt J ajccHjynfe,fawG ud, k yf ikd t
f csKyftjcmtm%mtaetxm;awG
a'o"avhxHk;pHtaetxm;awGeJ@ ighjynfe,frSigqdkwJhpdwf"gwfawGudk jyifopf
ppfbk&if}uD;eydkvD,Hbdkemywf [mtm%meJ@±dkufcsKd;zsufqD;ypf+yD; e,fopfawG
owfrSwf+yD;(Prefectures) qdkwJh/ jynfe,faygif; 18-ckudkowfrSwfw,f? udk,fpm;
ðytrsK;d om;tpd;k &eJ@ A[dt k m%mydik t f pd;k tzG@J w&yfukd zG@J ay;cJw
h ,f? 'gukd &mZ0if
rSm [,fvfbufwpforRwEdkifiHtajccHOya'vdk@ ac:wGifapcJhw,f? 1798-ck
{+yDv(12)&ufae@rSmjyXmef;ay;cJhw,f?
od@k aomfvnf; qGpZf mvefEikd if &H @J rdrw d @kd &J@rlvblwtcsKyftjcmtm%mydik f
jynfe,fcjJG cm;jcif;[m &mZ0ife@J cs+D yD;jyif;xefavawmh ratmifjrifcyhJ gb;l ? rsm;pGm
aomjiif;cHkyËdyuQr_}uD;awGjzpfcJh&+yD;aemuf jynfolawGudkyxrqHk; ADwdktm%m
pwiftyfwJh 1802 ckarv uGefpwD=uL;±Sif;udk a&;qGJjyXmef;cJh=ujyefw,f? 'DADwdk
Oya't& touf(20) jynfhwJhwdkif;oljynfom;wdkif; tajccHOya'twnfðya&;
twGufrJay;apcJhygw,f? rJqEN±Sifaygif;(72453)uoabmwlrJay;(92432)u
oabmrwlay;(167172)u=um;aecJhyw,f? tJ'gudk=um;aerJrsm;[moabwlrJ
rsm;jzpfw,fqdk+yD; tJ'DtajccHOya'udktwnfðya=umif;a=ujimcJhjyefw,f? rlv
tajccHOya'eJ@pmv#if ckjyifqifwOhJ ya'[m tenf;i,fatmifjrifvmw,f? 'gayrJh
eydkvD,H[moloabmeJ@ol“uifwGef”qdkwJh jynfe,fwdkif;udkoD;jcm;tajccH Oya'
udk,fpDa&;qGJjyXmef;ay;jyefw,f? tJ'gudkjzefajza&;Oya'vdk@ac:+yD; 1803 ck
azaz:0g&D 19&ufae@rSm xkwjf yefcw hJ ,f? od@k aomfvnf; aemufq;kH eydv k , D v
H nf;
tm%mus ol@Oya'awGvJysufcJhwmygyJ?
1815 ck=o*kwv f 7 &ufae@rSm jzefajza&;tajccHOya'udk &yfqikd ;f +yD; rlv
twdik ;f 'dik ;f ,ufujkd yefvnfxal xmif=u+yD; 22 ckaom uifweG (f Cantons)wd@k [m
jynfaxmifpo k abmwlncD suq f o
kd nfukd vdu k ef mygr,fq+kd yD;/ usr;f used cf =hJ uygw,f?
tcsKyftjcmtm%mydkifjynfe,fwdkif;&J@ ta&;ydkifoHtrwf}uD;awG awG@qHkwJh
'dik ;f ,ufvw $ af wmfygy?J qGpZf mvefjynfoal wGu a±G;cs,af pvGww f hJ ud, k pf m;vS,f
awGr[kwfcJhygbl;? tvGefa&mha&mh&J&JzGJ@pnf;xm;wJh“uGefzD'a&;±Sif;”wckygyJ? 'geJ@
aemufqHk;awmh udk,fhjynfe,feJ@udk,foD;jcm;a±S;usustwdkif;aevdkwJh“z,f'&,f

U tun myint.pmd 220 27/1/2548, 9:11

 vpf”awGeJ@/ 'gawGtukefzsuf+yD;wckwnf;aom nD!Gwfaom'Drdkua&pDEdkifiH
xlaxmifvdkwJh“a&'DuJ(vpf)”awGeJ@ESpfaygif; 30ausmfr#tjiif;yGm;r_ yËdyuQr_awG
jzpfcJh=u&ygw,f? tcsKd@uifwGefawGvJ cGJxGufukef=uygw,f? 1846 ckESpfrSm
jynfwiG ;f ppfjzpf&ygava&m? tJ't D cg“qGe'f gbefuifweG ”f awGta&;±H;_ edr+hf yD;cGx J uG f
wJjh ynfe,fawGukd uGezf 'D a&;±Si;f xJrmS jyefvnf0ifa&mufapcJw h ,f? 'Dtjzpftysuf
udk&mZ0ifrSm qGpf(pf)trsKd;om;nD!Gwfa&;atmifyGJtjzpfeJ@ todtrSwfðycJh=u
w,f?
tJ'v D jkd ynfwiG ;f ppf}uD;jzpf&+yD;onfrpS +yD; 1848 ckEpS rf mS 'dik ;f ,uf[m ,ae@
tajccHOya'}uD;udk pwifa&;qGJapcJhwmyJ? tJ'DtajccHOya'[mvJ a±S;rleJ@
acwfopfpkpnf;a&;rlESpfckudk aphpyfjzefajzxm;wJhOya'ygyJ?
tJ'DqGpfZmvefjynfaxmifpk Oya'opftped'gef;rSmyJ “bk&m;ocif&J@
tvdkqENtwdkif; jynfe,faygif;csKyfr[mrdwftzGJ@[k qdktyfaomTqGpf(pf)
uGefzD'a&;±Sif;onf qGpf(pf)trsKd;om;wdk@. *k%f=uufoa&ESifhwuG nD!Gwfa&;
tiftm;awmifhwif;a&;udk xdef;odrf;umuG,f&eftwGuf TzD'&,f uGefpwD
=uL;¶Sif;udkjyXmef;vdkufayonf”vdk@uGefzD'a&;±Sif;eJ@ zD'a&;±Sif;udk aphpyfa&mar$+yD;
olwdk@&J@&mZ0ifb0jzpfpOfeJ@ udkufnDatmif vkyfaqmifxm;wmudk awG@&yg
vdrfhr,f?
tJ'DrSmvJ qGpf(pf)uGefzD'a&;±Sif;[m puwnf;u tcsKyftjcmtm%mydkif
jynfe,fuifweG af wGtjzpfe@J pwifz@JG pnf;cJ&h mrSwjznf;jznf; pifw&,fvu kd af Z;±Si;f
qdkwJh A[dkacgif;aqmifr_eJ@ nD!Gwfa&;pkpnf;csufqDodk@ a±G@avsmvmwmudk
aumif;pGmawG@&ygvdrfhr,f?
qd k A D , uf j ynf a xmif p k & mZ0if j zpf p Of u d k a wmh ajymp&mrvd k a wmh y gbl ; /
r[matmufwdkbm qdk±S,fvpfawmfvSefa&;}uD;u pwifaygufzGm;ay;cJhjcif;ygyJ?
1918 ckESpf uGefpwDusL;±Sif;t& ±k±Sjynfr}uD;udktajccH+yD; acgif;aqmifzGJ@pnf;cJh
wmygy?J xd@k aemuf 1924 ck uGepf wDusL;±Si;f rSm jynfe,fav;ckyg0ifvm+yD; 1936ck
rSawmh 16 jynfaxmifpek ,fjzpfvmygw,f? qdAk , D uf,el ,
D &H @J A[dkacgif;aqmifr_
eJ@nD!Gwfa&;pkpnf;csuf[m tvkyform;vlwef;pm; EdkifiHa&;tm%mydkifpepfeJ@
qd±k ,S v
f pfp;D yGm;a&;vlr_ taqmufttH}k uD;yJjzpfygw,f? 'ga=umifhvJ awmif}uD;

U tun myint.pmd 221 27/1/2548, 9:11

 OD;xGef;jrifhwdk@ jynfe,fnD!Gwfa&;tzGJ@}uD;u tvdk±SdwmawGtukefvHk;tjyif
vlrsKd;pka&;&m jy\emrsm;ajz±Sif;a&;eJ@ ywfoufv#if urBmrSmpH,l&avmuf
atmif tcGifhta&;vHk;0tjynfhtpHkxnfhoGif;jyXmef;xm;Edkifjcif;yJjzpfygw,f?
ud, k yf ikd t
f yk cf sKyfa&;orRwEdik if aH wG/ ud, k yf ikd t f yk cf sKyfa&;a'oawG/ vlrsK;d pka'oawG
ponfjzifh vlrsK;d }uD;i,faygi;f (181) rsK;d / bmompum;}uD;aygi;f (55) rsK;d / ud;k uG,f
onfhbmomaygif; (22) rsKd;udk wu,fwef;wlnDr#zGJ@pnf;=u+yD; avmuedAŠmef
xlaxmifae=ujcif;jzpfygw,f? qdkAD,ufeJ@jrefrmjynfaxmifESpfjynfuvGJ&if
urBmrSmb,fjynfaxmifpkrSmrS r±SdwJhcGJxGufydkifcGifheJ@wuG vufeufudkifwyfrsm;
zGJ@pnf;cGifh/ EdkifiHumqufoG,fa&;rSm vGwfvyfpGmaqmif±GufydkifcGifh udk,hf=urRm
udk,fvHk;0zefwD;a&;twGuf pDrHudef;rsm;a&;qGJaz:xkwfydkifcGifh pwJhtcGifha&;rsm;
tjynfht0&±Sdapygw,f?
urBmrSm±Sdao;wJh tjcm;jynfaxmifpkrsm;qdkwJh uae'g/ =opa=w;vD;,m;/
awmiftmz&dursm; ta=umif;awmh t*Fvyd ±f iS b f &k ifopPmcH 'drk eD ,
D jH ynfaxmifpk
rsm;jzpfwJhtwGuf usaemftxl;rajymvdkawmhygbl;?
tJ'DawmhcsKyfvdkuf&if“Armjynfrudk tajccH+yD;jynfaxmifpkzGJ@pnf;xm;wm
[mEk d i f i H w umjynf a xmif p k r sm;jzpf a y:ayguf v myH k &mZ0if t &‚if ; ” A[d k
acgif;aqmifr_eJ@nD!Gwfa&;pkpnf;csuftwGuf‚if; 'Dtcsdef'DtcgrSm'DvdkudkyJ zGJ@&OD;
r,fqo kd m b0udu k ay;wJyh pPn;f / bk&m;udu k ay;wJyh pPn;f ygqw kd mxif±mS ;ygw,f?
'gayr,hf urBmhzGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHktajccHOya'rsm;eJ@qef@usif+yD; Armjynfr
vlrsKd;pk}uD;u jynfe,frsm;udktEdkifusifhxm;wmvm;vdk@ tajccHOya'a=umif;t&
bJ ppfaq;=unf=h u&atmif? (1) urBm'h rD u kd a&pDx;kH wrf;pOfvmt& jynfaxmifpk
jynfo@l v$waf wmfuv kd Ol ;D a&tcsK;d tpm;eJ@ a±G;aumufwifajrSmufap+yD; A[dt k pd;k &
udka±G;cs,fjcif; 'Dae&mrSm jynfaxmifpkudkrnfonfhenf; rnfonfhyHkpHeJ@ zGJ@pnf;
onfjzpfap a'otus,t f 0ef;eJ@vlO;D a&t& jynfrudt k ajccHwhJ A[dt k pd;k &udo
k m
xlaxmif&rnft h vm;tvm±So d nfukd owdðyoifyh gw,f? (2) vlrsK;d pkrsm;tm;vH;k
. n‡dEd_if;oabmwlcsuft& vlrsKd;pkv$wfawmfudk a±G;aumufzGJ@pnf;jcif;? (3)
urB m h ' D r d k u a&pD x H k ; wrf ; tpOf t vmt& aiG O ya'=urf ; rsKd ; rS w yg; jynf o l @
v$wfwmfESifhvlrsKd;pkv$wfawmfwdk@onf Oya'ðya&;wGif tm%mwef;wljzpfjcif;/

U tun myint.pmd 222 27/1/2548, 9:11

 (4)urBmhjynfaxmifpktpdk;&wdkif; jynfaxmifpknD!Gwfa&;twGuf ta&;w}uD;
umuG,f&r,fhjyXmef;csuf 6-csufteuf w&yfjzpfonfh vlrsKd;pk}uD;uvlrsKd;pki,f
rsm;udk rxdyg;Edik &f ef jynfaxmifpjk ynfo@l vGwaf wmfu a±G;cs,af omA[dt k pd;k &rSm
jynfe,faumifprD S ud, k pf m;vS,rf sm;tm; jynfaxmifp0k ef}uD;rsm;tjzpfe@J yl;aygi;f
zGJ@pnf;apjcif;/ nDwlnDr#wm0ef±Sdapjcif;/ (5) jynfe,fjynfrESifh jynfe,frsm;t
csif;csif; yËyuQrsm; ra=uvnfcsufrsm;udk Oya'a=umif;t&vHk;0vGwfvyfpGm
ajz±Si;f tqH;k tjzwfðyEdik &f eftwGuf w&m;v$waf wmfcsKyfo@kd tm%may; tyfxm;
jcif; (6) jynfaxmifpyk gvrD efro S ;kH yHEk pS yf kH oabmwlncD suf &rSom tajccHOya'udk
jyifqifEdkifjcif; (7) &mZ0iftpOftvm& tcsKyftjcmtm%m& jynfe,ftjzpf
xlaxmifcahJ om ±Sr;f jynfuo hJ @kd aom jynfe,ftm;cGx J u G cf iG uhf -kd rltm;jzifh tyfEiS ;f
xm;jcif;[lIjzpfygw,f?
'Dae&mrSm usaemfwdk@&J@jynfaxmifpkzGJ@pnf;yHk[m‘rl’t&‘yHkpH’t& urBmh
'Drdkua&pDtpOftvmeJ@ udkufnDa=umif;udkom tav;teufðyajymqdkaejcif;
jzpfygw,f? A[djk ynfaxmifpt k pd;k &&J@ tm%mudv k ufawG@udik w f ,
G u
f sio
hf ;kH ae=u
wJh yk*~dKvfygwDtzGJ@tpnf; tiftm;pkwdk@&J@ oabmxm;rSm;vkyf&yfrSm;}uD;awG
twGufawmh usaemfwdk@jynfolawGuwm0efrcHEdkifygbl;? 'gu (Subjective Fac-
tor) vdk@ qdkwJhuwWm;ydkif;qdkif&m jy\emjzpfygw,f? 'grsKd;usawmh EdkifiHa&; t&
&J&Jwif;wif; pm&if;±Sif;ypf&rnfjzpfygw,f?
om"utm;jzifh yxptpdk;&wuf+yD;aemuf rvHkavmufwJhta=umif;wck
jy+yD;jynfruufbdeuf jynfe,fvlrsKd;pkuufbdeuf&,fvdk@cGJpdwfypfcJhjcif;[m
um,uHajrmuftm;jzifh A[djk ynfaxmifpt k m%meJ@ A[djk ynfaxmifpk nD!w G af &;
udk cGpJ wd yf pfvu
kd jf cif;yif jzpfwt hJ wGuf usaemfw@kd rsm;pGmpdwef mcJyh gw,f? od@k aomf
vnf; }udwfrSdwf+yD;cHvdkuf&ygw,f?
tJ'Dawmh yxruGJvGJcsufae&mu jynfrudktajccH+yD;jynfaxmifpkzGJ@pnf;
jcif;[m &mZ0ifjzpfpOfe@J b0tajctaet& rSeu f efuu kd nf w D ,fv@kd u|eaf wmfw@kd
u ±d k ; om;pG m ,H k = unf , l q w,f ? jynf a xmif p k w d k i f ; &J @ A[d k a cgif ; aqmif r _ e J @
nD!w G af &; pkpnf;csuf tjzpfe@J tckvt kd csed t
f cgrmS tvGet f bd;k wefwhJ pDrcH suf
w&yfjzpfw,f vdk@ u|efawmfwdk@u tav;teufcH,lw,f? u|efawmfwdk@rSm

U tun myint.pmd 223 27/1/2548, 9:11

 jynfe,facgi;f aqmifrsm; &J@ zD'&,fppfppftqdðk ycsuaf wGuekd m;axmif&if;/ avhvm
&if;eJ@ tar&duef qGpfZmvefjynfaxmifpkwdk@&J@ &mZ0iftpu tvGefa&mh&JwJh
uGefzD'a&;±Sif; yHkpH awGudk jrifa&mif-=um;a&mifcHpm;rdygw,f?
jynfe,fnaD emifacgi;f aqmif}uD;rsm;u vuf±'dS yD zkH @JG pnf;xm;jcif;[m jynfr
[mjynf r u jynf e ,f v l r sKd ; pk a wG u d k csKyf c s,f v $ r f ; rd k ; xm;w,f v d k @ ,H k = unf
w,f/ 'Dvjkd zpfae ygw,f?
'kwd,uGJvGJcsufae&mu &yfwnfr_jcm;em;aecsufyJjzpfygw,f? (Stand
Point) vdk@qdkvdkygw,f? qdkvdk&if;uawmh u|efawmfwdk@ujynfaxmifpktwGif;
vlrsK;d pka&;&meJ@ ywfoufv@kd 'Duae@vufiif;jy\em(Order of the day)[jynfr
udk jynfe,fzGJ@&efr[kwfao; jynfe,f&xdkufaomvlrsKd;pkrsm; jynfe,f&a&;eJ@
jynfe,f&±Sd+yD; vlrsKd;pkrsm;vHk;0 udk,fydkifjyXmef;cGifh&±Sdr_jr‡ifhwifa&;yJvdk@ ,lqw,f?
jynfe,facgif;aqmifrsm;uawmh rdrdwdk@b0&yfwnfr_ay:rSm tajcrcHbJtm;vHk;
aom jy\emawG[mjynfrudk jynfe,fwckvkyfvdkuf&if udpPat;ukefr,fvdk@
,lqw,f? tJ'Dvdk&yfwnfr_rSmvJ jcm;em;aeygw,f?
wwd,uGJvGJcsufuawmh“jy\emcsOf;uyfyHk”jcm;em;csufyJjzpfygw,f?
(Question of Approach) vd@k qdv k ykd gw,f? u|eaf wmfw@kd u vlrsK;d pkjy\emrsm;ESihf
wuG jynfaxmifpkwckvHk;aomifrwifa&ruseJ@ EdkifiHa&;/ pD;yGm;a&;/ b¾ma&;/
ppfa&;rSpI t=uyftwnf;qdu k af e&wmawG rajyvnfra_ wG[m e,fcs@J ya,m*
awGe@J jynfwiG ;f ppfyËdyuQawGukd r±Si;f vif;Edik o f r# qufvufcpH m; ae&OD;r,fv@kd
,Hk=unfw,f? 'ga=umifh 'Djy\emawGajz±Sif;a&;[m vufiif;yxr/ jy\em
t00 +idrf;csrf; nD!GwfpGmajz±Sif;a&;[m'kwd,vdk@ u|efawmfwdk@u csOf;uyf
ygw,f ? jynf e ,f n D a emif &J a bmf } uD ; rsm;u jynf a xmif p k p pf p pf r l t &
udk,fh+cHudk,fcwf=ua&;onf yxr/ jy\emt00aemufusrS wnf;wl&nfwl
ajz±Sif;a&;onf 'kwd,vdk@,lq=uyg w,f? tJ'DvdkcsOf;uyfyHkrSmvJ jcm;em;
aeygw,f?
tJ ' D v d k j cm;em;uG J v $ J c suf r sm;[m(3)ae&mrS m awG @ ±S d c H p m;vm&ygw,f ?
'gawGudkvnf; u|efawmfwdk@eJ@ jynfe,facgif;aqmifrsm;[m tjyeftvSefwOD;eJ@
wOD ; nD & if ; tpf u d k rd o m;pk p d w f " gwf e J @ qEN w l o abmayguf =uap&ef ul n D

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U tun myint.pmd 224 27/1/2548, 9:11

 óud;yrf;=u&rnf jzpfygw,f? usaemfw@kd udv k nf; ulnóD ud;yrf;=uygv@kd arwWm&yfcH
ygw,f?
obmywd}uD;cifAsm; jynfaxmifppk pfppfqw kd rhJ [l m tckvt kd ajctaersK;d rSm
b,fenf;eJ@rS roifah wmfao;a=umif;jynfwiG ;f jynfya&;&m±_a'girhf sm;eJ@ Edik if w H um
tajccHOya'rsm;rS u|efawmfwdk@ta=umif;jyuef@uGufcJhyg+yD/ n‡dEd_if;cJhyg+yD?
u|eaf wmfw@kd udk apm'uwufp&mwckuseyf gvrd rhf ,f? 'gjzif&h ifjynfaxmifpk
ppfppfrl[m ArmjynfaxmifpkeJ@ b,fawmhrSrxdkufwefawmhbl;vm;vdk@ ar;p&m
±Syd gw,f? jrefrmjynfaxmifp&k @J tem*gw&f mZ0ifwauG@rSm jynfrjynfe,ftm;vH;k
wu,fwef;wlnDr#tjynfht0taumiftxnfaz:Edkif=urJh umvudkrkcsawG@
&ygvdrfhr,f? ‚if;umvuawmh jrefrmjynfaxmifpkqkd±S,fvpforRwEkdifiHawmfudk
xlaxmifEdkif=uwJhumvyJjzpfygw,f? vlwOD;eJ@wOD; wwef;pm;eJ@wwef;pm;
vlrsKd;pkwckeJ@wck jynfe,fwckeJ@wck EdkifiHa&;/ pD;yGm;a&;/ vlr_a&;tm;jzifh vHk;0
acgif;yHkjzwfaoG;pkyfr_uif;wJh qdk±S,fvpfvlr_taqmufttHkudk xlaxmifEdkif=uwJh
tcgrmS ,ae@qdAk , D ufjynfaxmifpk orRwEdik if rH mS uJo h @kd jynfe,ftm;vH;k vlrsK;d pk
tm;vH;k wd@k [m wu,fw h ef;wlnrD #tajccHay:rSmtpGr;f ukef vGwv f yfpmG wd;k wuf
r_±SdrnfrSmrkcsygyJ? qdk±S,fvpfjynfaxmifpkpepf twGif;rSm vlrsKd;pktm;vHk;wdk@
b,fuo hJ @kd wef;wlnrD # tjynft h 0±Sw
d ,fqw kd ,f qdAk , D uf,el , D [ H m b,f&efol
rdwfaqGurS tjiif;rwGufEdkifawmhbJ urBmhvufawG@oufaojycsuf}uD;tjzpfeJ@
&yfwnfvsuf±Sdygw,f? tJ'Dvdkxlaxmif&r,fh jynfaxmifpkppfppfqdk&ifusaemfwdk@
bmrStjiif;yGm;p&mvJ rvdkawmhbl;? wrsKd;om;vHk;&J@ vlr_awmfvSefa&;wdk;wuf
r_jzpfpOftwGif;u obm0ususay:xGufvmr,fh qdk±S,fvpfjynfaxmifpk jzpfwJh
twGufa=umifh &mZ0ifudku ay;tyfvmwJhjynfaxmifpkppfppf}uD;jzpfygvdrfhr,f?
qdkvdk&if;u ,ae@usaemfwdk@jynfaxmifpk&J@zGJ@pnf;yHk[m trsKd;om;awmfvSefa&;
}uD;uobm0ususn! D wG pf mG oD;yGiahf yguzf mG ;ay;cJo
h uJo h @kd tem*gwf qd±k ,S v f pf
awmfvSefa&;}uD;uvJ tem*gwfqdk±S,fvpfjynfaxmifpkpepfudk obm0usus
aygufzGm;oD;yGifhay;ygvdrfhr,f?
qdkcJhwJh qdk±S,fvpfjynfaxmifpkpepfudk +idrf;csrf;pGmyiful;ajymif;xlaxmif
Edik &f ef jynfwiG ;f jynfytvm;tvmrsm;uaejyygojzifh xdu k mvonf ra0;awmh

U tun myint.pmd 225 27/1/2548, 9:11

 +yDv@kd ,lq,H=k unfv#u±f ydS gw,f? ,ae@jynfaxmifpk vli,fw@kd &J@vlom; tquf
wqufrSmyJ jrefrmjynfaxmifpkqdk±S,fvpforRwEdkifiHawmf[mrkcsjzpfay:&awmh
r,fvdk@ usaemfwdk@,Hk=unfar#mfvifhv#uf±Sdaeygw,f? ,ae@u|efawmfwdk@jynfr-
jynfe,f±Sdjynfoltm;vHk;wdk@[m qdk±S,fvpfjynfaxmifpkudk OD;wnfcsDwuf&if;
trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDxlaxmifa&; vkyfief;pOfrsm;udk vufnDwufnDeJ@ tpGrf;ukef
óud;yrf;wnfaqmuf&efom vufiif;ta&;}uD;jzpfygw,fvdk@ av;pm;pGmwifjyvdk
ygw,f?
obmywd}uD;cifAsm;-u|efawmfwdk@udk apmuwufp&mwckusefygvdrfhr,f?
xdktcsufuawmh vuf±SdjynfaxmifpkzGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHktajccHOya'udk vuf±Sd
tajctaeeJ@tawG@tóuHrsm;t& bmrSjyifp&mrvdkawmhbl;vm;vdk@ ar;p&m±Sd
ygw,f? tajzuawmh-vuf±t dS "dutaetxm;eJ@yHpk t H wGi;f rSm jyifqifp&mawG
tawmfyJ±Sdygvdrfhr,f? 'gawGeJ@ywfoufvdk@ &mZ0ifa=umif;eJ@wuG vdkufemðyjyif
tyfwhJ tajccHrrl sm;udk u|eaf wmfw@dk &J@ vlrsK;d pka&;&mt}uHay;pmwrf;rSmxnfo h iG ;f
az: jyxm;ygw,f? xkdtus,fpmwrf;udk obmywd}uD;eJ@wuG vlrsKd;pkudk,fpm;
vS,fawmfrsm;tm;vHk;udk usaemfwdk@cspfcif&if;ESD;pGma0iS urf;vSrf;r,fjzpfygw,f?
odk@aomfvnf; 'Dae&mrSmta&;}uD;wJhtcsuftcsKd@udk az:xkwfwifjyvdk
ygw,f?
,ae@jy\em[m jynfr{&d,mukdjynfe,fwckzGJ@a&;awmif;qdk&efr[kwf
ao;/ jynfe,f&xdkufaom vlrsKd;pkrsm; jynfe,f&±Sda&;eJ@&±Sdxlaxmif+yD;jynfe,f
rsm;tm;vHk;wef;wlnDr#tajcwGif &yfwnfap+yD;udk,fwdkiftkyfcsKyfr_tcGifhta&;rsm;
tjynfht0&±Sdapa&;om t"dujzpfygonf?
‚if;twGuf-
(1) jynfaxmifpkA[dktpdk;&wGif jynfe,fudk,fpm;vS,frsm;tm; jynf
axmifpk wm0efcHrsm;tjzpf tm%mtjynfhtpHk&±Sdxrf;¶Gufapa&;?
(2) jynfaxmifpkESifh jynfe,frsm;tm%mcGJa0a&;Yjynfe,frsm;. vHk;0
udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfa&;rltay:wGif wdusjywfom;r_&±Sdapa&;?
(3) jynfaxmifpkeJ@jynfe,frsm;twGif;±Sd obm0o,HZmwypPnf;rsm;
$

U tun myint.pmd 226 27/1/2548, 9:11

 xkwfvkyfa&;wGif jynfaxmifpktajccHjynfe,ftajccH[lI cGJjcm;+yD;pDrHudef;rsm;ESifh
pepfwusqufpyfvkyfaqmifap&ef ‚if;twGuf jynfaxmifpkpDrHudef;aumfr±Sif
jynfe,ftvdkufpDrHudef;aumfr±Sifrsm;udk Oya't& tcdkiftrmzGJ@pnf;I qufpyf
vkyfaqmifoGm;a&;?
(4) jynfaxmifpw k ;kd wuf}uD;yGm;r_&yH akH iGw&yf zGiv
hf pS I
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l ;kH pGjJ cif;wk@d ðyvkyaf p&efe@J ‚if;tjyif jynfaxmifpu k jynfe,frsm;
odk@ jynfr. txl;axmufyHhaiGrsm;/ oD;jcm;ay;tyfa&;?
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xdef;csKyfðyjyifa&;?
(6) *syefppfavsmfa=u;ESifhwuG EdkifiHjcm;tultnDtaxmuftyHhrsm;udk
jynfe,frsm;tjrefqHk;wdk;wuf}uD;yGm;a&;twGuf jynfrxuftxl;tcGifhta&;
ydkrdkcHpm;cGifhay;a&;?
(7) jynfe,faumifpDrsm;udk jynfe,fOya'ðyvGwfawmftqifhtwef;odk@
jr‡ifhwifay;I jynfe,fOuUXrsm;udk vGwfvyfpGma±G;aumufwifajr‡mufcGifhðya&;?
(8) jynfe,fqdkif&mbwf*sufrsm; oD;oef@vkyfaqmifjyXmef;cGifh&±Sdapa&;ESifh
jynfaxmifpkESifhjynfe,ftcGefawmfcGJa0a&;wGif twdtusn‡dEd_if;owfrSwfapa&;?
(9) vuf±SdjynfaxmifpkOya'ðypm&if;Y ajr,m/ opfawm/ owWKwGif;/
a&eHwGif;rsm; pufr_vufr_xlaxmifa&;rsm;ESifh tjcm;n‡dEd_if;&±Sdaom bmom&yf
rsm;udk jynfe,f-jynfrpkaygif;oufqdkifaom wwd,pm&if;wGifxnfhoGif;&efESifh
jynfe,fwdkif;onf txufygvkyfief;rsm;wGif A[dkjynfaxmifpktpdk;&. 0g'ESifh
rqef@usifv#if vGwfvyfpGmvkyfaqmifcGifh tusKd;cHpm;cGifh&±Sdapa&;?
(10) tvkyform;tcGifhta&;/ ajr,mpepfðyjyifa&;/ 'Drdkua&pDa'oE W&
tkycf sKyfa&;pepfxal xmifa&; vkyif ef;rsm;wGif jynfe,fwikd ;f onf A[djk ynfaxmifpk
tpdk;&. pD;yGm;a&;/ vlr_a&;paom bkwfESifhaumfydka&;±Sif;rsm;wGif jynfe,f
udk,fpm;vS,frsm; wef;wl&nfwlyg0ifcGifh&±Sdapa&;?
%

U tun myint.pmd 227 27/1/2548, 9:11

 (11) jynfe,frsm;wGif A[dkjynfaxmifpktpdk;&.0g'ESifhtnD todynm
wdk;wufa&;twGuf vlrsKd;pkbmomtvdkufoD;jcm; toHv$ifh±Hkrsm; xlaxmifcGifh
&±Sdapa&;?
(12) jynfe,fwdkif; ya'o&mZfzdESdyfcsKyfcs,fr_ vlrsKd;}uD;0g'zdESdyfcsKyfcs,fr_
ppf0g'zdEydS cf sKyfcs,rf r_ sm;udzk ,f±mS ;I 'Dru
kd a&pDb0udk jynf0h pGmjznfw
h if;ay;a&;ESihf
(13) ta&;t}uD;qHk;n‡dEd_if;&rnfh tajccHtcsufw&yfrSm tem*wfwGif
jrefrm jynfaxmifpkqdk±S,fvpforRwEdkifiH xlaxmifa&;twGuf vuf±SdtajccH
Oya'ESifh jynfe,fqdkif&mtajccHOya'rsm;wGif wdusjywfom;aom &nf!ïef;csuf
rsm;udk tjynfhtpHkxnfhoGif;jyXmef;ay;a&;[lIjzpfygw,f?
obmywd}uD;cifAsm; vuf±SdzGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHktajccHOya'wGif jyifqif&ef
vdktyfaomtcsuftcsKd@udk usaemfwifjycJh+yD;yg+yD? usefºuGif;aomtcsufrsm;
rlrsm;rSm usaemfwdk@a0iSxm;aom pmwrf;tus,fwGifawG@±SdEdkifygw,f?
xd@k tjyif A[djk ynfaxmifpt k pd;k &u jynfe,frsm;.tpd;k &tm%mudk ta&;
w}uD;tajctaersm;wGif odrf;,lEdkifcGifhESifh ywfoufI,QKtpdk;&u jyifqif&ef
}uH&, G x
f m;csurf sm;ESiyhf wfoufI u|eaf wmfw@kd vH;k 0oabmrwl Edik yf g? txifrmS ;
tjrifrSm;jzpfp&mawG jzpfvmygvdrfhr,f? vuf±SdtajccHOya'rSm ±SdwJh yk'fr 94
t& twdkif;yifqufvufxm;±Sdoifhonf[k ,lqygw,f?
xd@k tjyif jynfe,frsm;cGx
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t*F ge@J tnD todtrSwðf yygw,f? urBmrSmawmh qdAk , D uf,el ,
D eH @J jrefrmjynfrmS
yJ±ydS gw,f? od@k aomfvnf; ,ae@jynfwiG ;f jynfytajctaersm;t& xdt k cGithf a&;
udk vufawG@toHk;ðy&ef rnfonfhenf;ESifhr#ravsmfuHao;a=umif; tm;vHk;
oabmaygufvufcHEdkif+yD;jzpfygvdrfhr,f? 'ga=umifhxdkjy\emeJ@ywfouf+yD;
jynfaxmifpek @J jynfe,frsm;tajytvnf aqG;aEG;n‡Ed i_d ;f =u+yD; jynfaxmifpw k ckv;kH
tcdkiftrmpkpnf;nD!GwfEkdifa&;twGuf tpGrf;ukefumuG,fapmifha±Smuf=u&ef
txl;yJarwWm&yfcHtyfygw,f?
obmywd}uD;cifAsm;/ ed*;kH csKyftm;jzifu h saemfw@kd y-r-n-w.oabmxm;

&

U tun myint.pmd 228 27/1/2548, 9:11

 rsm;udk atmufygtwdkif;vdk&if;udkwJhwdk;xyfrHwifjyyg&ap?
(1) ,ae@jynfwiG ;f jynfy tajctaersm;t& jynfaxmifppk pfppfqo kd nfrh u
l kd
xlaxmifv#if uGefzD'a&;±Sif;qefqefjzpfvm+yD; jynfaxmifpknD!Gwfa&;xuf
wpwptm;jzifh jynfaxmifpòk yduaJG &;udo
k m tm;ay;&ma&mufvrd rhf ,f? 'ga=umifh
usaemfwdk@oabmrwlyg?
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orm;wdk@. ya,m* tkyfpdk;olwdk@.oabmxm;rSm;/ vkyfcsufrSm;wdk@a=umifh
jynfe,fvlrsKd;pkrsm;wGif jynfoltm;vHk;ESifhtwl rsm;pmepfemae&onfudk txl;
vdu
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jynfaxmifpkzGJ@pnf;yHk yHkpHtwGif;rSmyif tpGrf;ukefvdkufavsmnd‡Ed_if;jyifqifay;&ef
vHk;0oabmwlygonf?
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t&if;±SifpepftajccHjynfaxmifpkppfppf[lI±Sdygonf? ‚if;wGifvlwOD;ESifhwOD;
vlwef;pm;w&yfESifhw&yf vlrsKd;pkwckESifhwck jynfe,fwckESifhwckzdESdyfaoG;pkwfr_
±Sdaeaom t&if;±Sifpepfudk tajccHonfhjynfaxmifpkppfppfqdkonfrSm yHkpHtm;jzifh
omppfI tESpfom&tm;jzifhum;twkomjzpfa=umif; tar&duefujynfaxmifpk
&mZ0if E S i f h w uG t jcm;t&if ; ±S i f j ynf a xmif p k & mZ0if u urB m wG i f a umif ; pG m
oufaocHae+yD;jzpfygonf? 'gha=umifh jynfaxmifpkppfppfudk yHkpHa&mtESpfom&yg
wu,ftvd±k ydS gv#if jrefrmjynfaxmifpk qd±k , S v f pforRwEdik if x
H al xmifa&;qDo@kd
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qdkonfhpum;t& jynfwGif;jynfyajctaersm;uvJ xdkyef;wdkifodk@ydk@aqmifvsuf
±Sdaeonfudk wnDw!ïwfpkaygif;toHk;cs&efjzpfygonf?
(4) ,ckusi;f yvsu±f wdS hJ vlrsK;d aygi;f pHn
k E‡d i_d ;f zvS,af &;yG}J uD;udk tjyeftvSef
vGwfvyfpGm n‡dEd_if;zvS,fa&;yGJtjzpfeJ@om todtrSwfðyyg? wOD;eJ@wOD; t=uyf
udkifI wpHkwckaomtqHk;tjzwfudk a&mufatmifvkyf&rnf? vkyfEdkifrnf[lI
r,Hk=unfyg-vufrcHyg? 1947-ckyifvHknDvmcH}uD;+yD;aemuf ,ckw}udrfom

'

U tun myint.pmd 229 27/1/2548, 9:11

 rsufESmcsif;jyefqdkif&onfudk wcgqufqHq,fcgvSefrjzpfapbJ tajytvnf
txyfxyftjyefjyef ndE‡ i_d ;f a&;wGio
f m tqH;k owfoifyh gonf? 'DE;DS aESmzvS,af &;
yG}J uD;udv
k J tzufzufr#wwJt h pDtrHawGe@J oabmxm;}uD;}uD;xm;+yD; usi;f y=u
&efjzpfygw,f?
(5) xdak qG;aEG;n‡Ed i_d ;f csurf sm;udk qdik &f mqdik &f mwk@d wGif jyefveS o f ;kH oyf=u+yD;
aemuf 1963ckESpfOD;wGif jynfaxmifpknD!Gwfa&;nDvmcHobif}uD;wck xyfrH
usif;y/ xyfrHn‡dE_dif;=u+yD;aemuf tpHktnDwufa&muf=uapcg qHk;jzwfcsufrsm;
csrSwfoifhygonf? 'g[musaemfwdk@&J@ vdk&if;oabmxm; 5 &yfjzpfygw,f?
obmywd}uD;cifAsm;? ,ckvw kd ikd ;f &if;om;aygi;f pHk aoG;csi;f rsm;pHn
k D aqG;aEG;
nd‡Ed_if;a&;obif}uD;rSm y-r-n-w tzGJ@}uD;&J@ukd,fpm;aqG;aEG;nd‡Ed_if;cGifh&±Sdyg
ojzifh obmywd}uD;ESifhwuG tm;vHk;aomnDawmfaemifawmftaygif;wdk@tm;
txl;vd_ufvSJpGm aus;Zl;wif±Sdyga=umif; tpD&ifcH&if; ed*Hk;csKyfygonfcifAsm;?

wdkif;&if;om;aygif;pHk aoG;pnf;nD!Gwf=updk@
qdk±S,fvpfpepf-jynfaxmifpkppfppfodk@csDwuf=updk@

y-r-n-w-XmecsKyf

š{›œ

!

U tun myint.pmd 230 27/1/2548, 9:11

 aemufqufwJG (1)
20/2/1989

!

U tun myint.pmd 231 27/1/2548, 9:11

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U tun myint.pmd 232 27/1/2548, 9:11
 jynfe,frsm;. nD!Gwfa&; tzGJ‹csKyf.

zGp
‹J nf;tkyc
f sKyfyp
kH nf;rsOf;Oya'

“ed'gef;”
jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiHawmftwGif;±Sd u|Efkyfwdk@jynfe,foljynfe,fom;
wdk@onf vGwfvyfaom u|Efkyfwdk@.EdkifiHawmfudk t"Gef@±SnfpGmwnfwef@cdkif+rJ&ef
aomf‚if;/ jynfaxmifpkol jynfaxmifpkom;taygif;wdk@rSm nD&if;tpfudkcspfcif
&if;ES;D r_ukd tpOfxm0& &±Sad p&efaomf‚if;/ w&m;r#wjcif;/ vGwv f yfjcif;/ nDr#jcif;
[laom avmuygvw&m;rsm;wdk@udktajcðyI +idrf;csrf;om,ma&;udk cdkif+rJ
wnfwef@atmif xdef;odrf;&efaomf‚if;/ tqifhtwef;nDr#r_/ tcGifhtvrf;nDr#r_
w&m;Oya'wGifnDr#r_wdk@udk EdkifiHawmfom;rsm;omwlnDr#cHpm;r_ &±Sd&efaomf‚if;
'D r d k u a&pD x G e f ; um;a&;ud k a omf ‚ if ; oEM d X mef c svsuf ( 1947)ck E S p f u tpðyI
ay:ayguv f maom awmifwef;om;rsm; pnf;vH;k nD!w G af &;tzG@J }uD;udk u|Eykf w
f @kd
±Srf;/ ucsif/ u&if/ u,m;/ csif;/ rGef/ &cdkif/ jynfe,faygif;pHkudk,fpm;vS,frsm;wdk@
onf jynfe,frsm;nD!w G af &;tzG@J tjzpfjzifh 1961-ckEpS /f ZGev f 16&ufae@ (1323
ckESpfyxr0gqdkvqef; 4-&uf)aom=umae@Y twnfðyjyXmef;vdkufyga=umif;?

š{›œ

!!

U tun myint.pmd 233 27/1/2548, 9:11

 jynfe,frsm;nD!w G af &;tzG‹J
zG‹J pnf;tkycf sKyfypkH nf;rsO;f Oya'
tcef; (1)
(trnfwnf&mXmeESihf &nf±,
G cf su)f
1? tzG@J trnf
“jynfe,frsm;nD!Gwfa&;tzGJ@”[k ac:wGifap&rnf?
jynfe,frsm;? ? t"dygü ,yf ikd ;f jcm;az: jycsu?f
jynfe,frsm;qdkonfrSm jynfaxmifpkorRwjrefrmEdkifiHawmfwGif;±Sd ±Srf;/
u,m;/ u&if/ ucsif paomjynfe,frsm;tjyif jynfe,f&±Sdxdkufaom *k%ft*F g
t&nftcsi;f ESihf jynfph o
kH nfjh ynfe,f&±Sq d J &±Sv d mwHah om-rGeaf 'o/ &cdik af 'oESihf
csif;0daoowdkif;wdk@vnf; yg0ifonf? ‚if;tjyiftem*gwfumvwGif ay:ayguf
vmrnfjzpfaomjynfe,frsm;wdk@vnf;yg0ifEdkifonf?
2? wnf&mXme
TtzG@J XmecsKyf±;kH ud“k &efuek ”f wGix
f m;±S&d rnf? od@k aomfvyk if ef;aqmif±uG f
&ef vG,fulapjcif;tvdk@iSg tr_aqmiftzGJ@.oabmqENt& tzGJ@0ifjynfe,f
òrd@awmf wckcYk xm;±SEd ikd o
f nf? jynfe,fwikd ;f Yjynfe,frsm;nD!w G af &;tzG@J (XmecG)J
wckpDxm;&rnf?
3? jynfe,frsm;nD!Gwfa&;tzGJ@wHqdyf
wHqdyfrSmatmufygtwdkif;a&;qGJ&rnf? puf0dkif;ESpfxyfY tjyifpuf0dkif;ESifh
'kwd,puf0dkif;wdk@.=um;wGif jynfe,frsm;nD!Gwfa&;tzGJ@(XmecsKyf)[k pmjzifh
a&;om;xm;&rnf? 'kwd,puf0dkif;. twGif;wGifig;a'gifh±Sdaom=u,fjzLckESpfyGifhudk
a&;om;xm;&rnf? oufqdkif&mjynfe,frsm;. wHqdyfrSmrl/ XmecsKyf[laom
pmwrf;tpm;(XmecGJ) ESifhoufqdkif&mjynfe,ftrnfxnfhoGif;&rnf? Oyrm/
u&ifjynfe,ftwGufjzpfv#if(XmecGJ-u&ifjynfe,f)[kxnfhoGif;&rnf?

!"

U tun myint.pmd 234 27/1/2548, 9:11

 4? jynfe,frsm;nD!Gwfa&;tzGJ@.tvHawmf
tvH.yHo k ¾mefrmS -a'girhf eS pf wk*jH zpfonf? ta&mifrmS rd;k jyma&mifatmuf
cHjzpfI/ tv,fwGifig;a'gifh±Sd=u,fckESpfyGifh0dkif;vsufxm;±Sd&rnf? =u,frsm;rSm
tjzLa&mifjzpf&rnf? tvH.tcsKd;tpm;-tvsm;-9-ay/ teH-5-ay±Sdv#if
=u,fyiG .hf tcsK;d tpm;rSm =u,ftv,fA[dEk iS =hf u,f. a'giw hf a'git hf uGmta0;rSm
6-vufr±Sd&rnf? tvH.tv,fA[dkESifh=u,f. tv,fA[dkwdk@rSm(1)ayESifh(9)
vufr±Sd&rnf? =u,fckESpfvHk;wdk@onf wvHk;ESifhwvHk;nDr#aomtuGmta0;xm;
±Sd&rnf?

“t"dyyg,faz:jycsu”f
tvHawmf.ta&mifudk rdk;jyma&mifatmufcHxm;&jcif;rSm jrLwdrfuif;pif
=unfvifaom tmumoaumif;uifuJhodk@ jynfe,frsm;nD!Gwfa&;tzGJ@onf
jzLpif=unfvifaom 0g'-&nf±G,fcsufESifhvkyfief;pOfrsm;±Sdonfhta=umif;udk
az: jyjcif;jzpfonf?
=u,fckESpfvHk;xm;±Sdjcif;rSm-tzGJ@0ifjynfe,f(7)jynfe,fwdk@onf pnf;pnf;
vHk;vHk;nDnD!Gwf!Gwf cspfcspfcifcif±Sd=uvsuf jynfaxmifpk}uD;udkpkaygif;umuG,f
&efjzpfonf?
5? &nf±,
G cf su?f
1? jynfaxmifpkwnfwef@cdkif+rJa&;twGuf tpGrf;ukefqmif±Guf&ef?
2? jynfaxmifpt k wGi;f yg0ifaom jynfe,frsm;onfrrd w d @kd . uH=urRmudrk rd w
d @kd
zef w nf ; Ed k i f c G i f h ± S d o nf h t m;av#mf p G m xd k t cG i f h t a&;t&vG w f v yf p G m
zefwD;Edkif&ef?
3? jynfaxmifpktwGif;wOD;ESifhwOD;cGJjcm;jcif;rðybJ vlrsKd;ra±G;bmomra±G;
jynfaxmifpkwdkif;&if;om;rSefor# cspf=unfpGmaygif;oif; qufqHjcif;udk
tm;ay;ulnD&ef?

!#

U tun myint.pmd 235 27/1/2548, 9:11

 4? ygvDrefx&D'Drdkua&pD0g't&/ &oifh&xdkufaomvl@tcGifhta&;rSefor#udk
jynfaxmifpw
k ikd ;f &if;om;wdik ;f wef;wlnrD #rr_ qH;k ±H;_ apa&;twGuf tpGr;f ukef
umuG,fapmifha±Smuf&ef?
5? jynfe,ftoD;oD;±Sd vlrsK;d wdik ;f wk@d . zG@H òzd;wd;k wufa&;udk a±S±› a_ qmif±u
G &f ef?
6? TtzGJ@yg0ifaomjynfe,frsm;onf jynfe,frsm;ESifhoufqdkifvmrnfh udpP
t00wdk@wGifwnDw!Gwfwnf; pkaygif;Ijy\emrsm;udk wpnf;wvHk;
wnf; aqmif±Guf&ef?

tcef; (2)
6? jynfe,frsm; nD!Gwfa&;tzGJ@. vkyfief;pOf?
(u) EdkifiHa&;tykdif;?
1? jynf a xmif p k o rR w Ed k i f i H a wmf . vG w f v yf a &;ud k x d c d k u f y suf p D ; aprnf h
usL;ausmfr_[loIudk trsm;jynfolwdk@ESifhtwl jynfaxmifpkwnf+rJa&;
twGuf umuG,fapmifha±SmufoGm;&ef?
2? +idr;f csr;f pGmtwl,OS w
f aJG exdik af &;rl (5) csuEf iS hf Edik if aH wmf=um;aea&;0g'udk
xdef;odrf;oGm;&ef?
3? jynfe,fwikd ;f ESihf vlrsK;d pkwikd ;f . ud,
k yf ikd jf yXmef;cGiw
hf if;jynfuh syjf ynf&h ±Sad p&ef
udk aESmifh,Sufxdyg;aprnfh tE W&m,frSefor#udk pkaygif;umuG,f&ef?
4? r[mvlrskd;}uD;0g'ESifh usOf;ajrmif;aomtrsKd;om;a&;0g'wdk@udk qef@usif+yD;
vlrsKd;pHkcspf=unfaoG;pnf;a&;udk tpGrf;ukefwnfaqmifoGm;&ef?
5? jynfa xmifpkwdkif;&if;om;wd k i f ; ygvD r ef x &D ' D r d k u a&pD t cG i f h t a&;rsm;
wif;jynfhusyfjynfhcHpm;cGifh &±Sdap&efESifh tcGifhta&;wef;wlnDr#r_twGuf
tpGrf;ukef pkaygif;aqmif±Guf&ef?
6? jynfe,fwdkif;±SdvlrsKd;pkrsm;. EdkifiHa&;/ pD;yGm;a&;ESifhvlr_a&;t00wdk@udk
wdk;wufzGH@òzd;atmiftpGrf;ukefaqmif±Gufay;&ef?

!$

U tun myint.pmd 236 27/1/2548, 9:11

 7? jynfe,fwdkif;ESifh vlrsKd;pkwdkif;wdk@. &oifh&xdkufaomtcGifhta&;rsm;ESifh
epfemqHk;±H_;r_rsm;udkta&;qdk&mYygvDrefjyifyrSjzpfap/ twGif;rSjzpfap/
jynfe,frsm;nD!w G af &;tzG@J rS wnDw!Gww f nf;pkaygi;f aqmif±u
G o
f mG ;&ef?
(c) pD;yGm;a&;tydkif;?
1? EdkifiHjcm;vuf0g;}uD;tkyf/ csKyfcs,fr_rSuif;vGwfaom trsKd;om;pD;yGm;a&;udk
wnfaqmuf&ef?
2? acwfrSD v,f,mpdkufysKd;a&;pepfudk wnfaqmuf&ef?
3? jynfe,frsm;twGi;f Y trsK;d om;ydik pf ufrv _ ufrv _ yk if ef;rsm; wnfaqmuf&ef
4? or0g,rpepfjzifph ak ygi;f xkwv f yk af &;ESihf pkaygi;f a&mif;0,fa&;udk tm;ay;&ef
5? jynfe,fwikd ;f ±Sad jray:ajratmuf o,HZmwypPn;f rsm;udk wdik ;f &if;om;rsm;
vkyu f ikd Ef ikd af &;twGuf rdrw
d @kd qdik &f m jynfe,fwikd ;f Yud, k yf ikd jf yXmef;cGi±hf &dS ef?
6? jynfe,ftcsif;csif; pD;yGm;a&;udpP&yfrsm;wGif wOD;ESifhwOD;tjyeftvSef
ulnDyl;aygif;aqmif±Guf&ef?
(*) vlr_a&;tydkif;
1? jynfe,frsm;±Sdjynfe,fol jynfe,fom;rsm;. pm;0wfaea&;tqifhtwef;
udk jr‡ifhwifay;&ef?
2? vlrsKd;pkrsm;. pmay,Ofaus;r_ "avhxHk;pHrsm;udk xdef;odrf;apmifha±Smuf
jr‡ifhwifaz:xkwfay;&ef?
3? jynfe,foljynfe,fom;. jynfol@usef;rma&;ESifh ukd,fvuf}uHhcdkifa&;udk
tpGrf;ukefjr‡ifhwifay;&ef?
4? toufarG;r_ ynmoifausmif;rsm;ESifh wuUodkvfausmif;rsm;az:xkwfay;
&ef?
5? acwfrSDwdk;wufr_udk rydwfyifaomjynfe,frsm;±Sd vlrskd;pkrsm;. a±S;a[mif;
"avh x H k ; pH t &/ w&m;pD & if q H k ; jzwf r _ x H k ; wrf ; pOf v mrsm;ud k xd e f ; od r f ;
apmifha±Smuf ay;&ef?

!%

U tun myint.pmd 237 27/1/2548, 9:11

 tcef; (3)
jynfe,fwe,ftwGi;f ±St
d zG‹J 0ifrsm;
7? jynfe,frsm;nD!Gwfa&;tzGJ@.&nf±G,fcsuf
1? 0g'vkyfief;pOfrsm;ESifh tcgumvtm;avsmfpGmowfrSwfjyXmef;csufrsm;udk
vufcHvdkufemaom jynfe,ftwGif;±Sd tm;vHk;aomEdkifiHa&;tzGJ@rsm;onf
tzGJ@tpnf;tvdkuf0ifcGifh±Sdonf?
2? tzG J @ 0if r sm;. tjcm;t&nf t csif ; owf r S w f c suf r sm;ud k tcgumv
tm;avsmfpGm XmecsKyfOD;pD;tzGJ@ujyXmef;Edkifonf?
3? tzGJ@tpnf;tvdkuf tzGJ@0ifav#mufv$mrsm;udk XmecGJtvkyftr_aqmif
tzGJ@uomv#if vufcHEdkifonf?
4? vufcHoifhrcHoifhtjiif;yGm;vmv#if tpnf;ta0;wufa&mufaom XmecGJ
OD;pD;tzGJ@. oHk;yHkESpfyHkuqHk;jzwfv#if xdkqHk;jzwfcsufonf twnfjzpfap&
rnf?

XmecsKyf.tzG‹J 0ifrsm;
8? XmecsKyfOD;pD;tzGJ@
TtzGJ@udk jynfe,faygif;pHkrS ukd,fpm;vS,frsm;yg0ifaom OD;pD;tzGJ@jzifh
}uD;r–;a±S›aqmifoGm;&rnf?
(u) OD;pD;tzG@J od@k jynfe,fwe,fv#if uk,d pf m;vS,f (6) OD;uspwD ifajr‡muf
&rnf?
(c) OD;pD;udk,fpm;vS,frsm;udk jynfe,ftwGif;±SdEdkifiHa&; tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;rS
tcsKd;usudk,fpm;vS,frsm;yg0ifaom jynfe,fqdkif&mXmecGJ OD;pD;tzGJ@rS
XmecsKyf OD;pD;odk@udk,fpm;vS,f a±G;cs,fapv$wf&rnf?
9? XmecsKyftvkyftr_aqmiftzGJ@?
XmecsKyfO;D pD;tzG@J 0ifrsm;teufrS (14) OD;xuf renf;yg0ifaom tvkyt
f r_

!&

U tun myint.pmd 238 27/1/2548, 9:11

 aqmif tzGJ@wzGJ@udkzGJ@pnf;&rnf?
tvkyt f r_aqmiftzG@J 0ifrsm;tm; atmufygtwkid ;f wm0efa0cGxJ rf;aqmif
ap&rnf?
(1) OuUX? (8) jyef=um;a&;r–;?
(2) 'k-OuUX? (9) pm&if;ppfr–;?
(3) 'k-OuUX? (10) tr_aqmif?
(4) taxGaxGtwGif;a&;r–;? (11) ‚if;
(5) wGJbuf-twGif;a&;r–;(tkyfcsKyfa&;)? (12) ‚if;
(6) wGJbuf-twGif;a&;r–;(pnf;±Hk;a&;)? (13) ‚if;
(7) b¾ma&;r–;? (14) ‚if;

jynfe,frsm;nD!w
G af &;tzG‹J (XmecG)J . tzG‹J 0ifrsm;
10? XmecGJOD;pD;tzGJ@?
TtzG@J udjk ynfe,ftwGi;f ±Sd Edik if aH &;tzG@J tpnf;aygi;f pHrk S ud, k pf m;vS,rf sm;
yg0ifaomOD;pD;tzGJ@jzifh }uD;r–;a±S›aqmifoGm;&rnf?
(u) OD;pD;tzGJ@wGiftzGJ@0ifOD;a& (35) xufrrsm;aom OD;a&yg±Sdap&rnf?
(c) OD;pD;ud,k pf m;vS,rf sm;onfjynfe,frsm;nD!w G af &;tzG@J .&nf±, G cf suf
vkyfief;pOfESifh pnf;rsOf;Oya'rsm;wdk@udk ,Hk=unfvufcHaomjynfe,ftwGif;±Sd
EdkifiHa&;tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;rS tcsKd;usudk,fpm;vS,frsm;jzpf&rnf?
c|if;csuf jynf e ,f t wG i f ; ±S d E d k i f i H a &;tzG J @ tpnf ; aygif ; pH k r S ud k , f p m;vS , f r sm;
yg0ifaom OD;pD;tzGJ@ujynfe,fwGif;±Sdrnfonfh yk*~dKvfudkrqdk OD;pD;tzGJ@
xJY yg0if oifah =umif; ,lqqH;k jzwfv#if 5-OD;xufrrsm;aom yk*Kd~ vfukd
XmecGJOD;pD;tzGJ@wGif yg0ifapEdkifcGifh±Sdonf?
11? jynfe,frsm; nD!Gwfa&;tzGJ@XmecGJtvkyftr_aqmiftzGJ@?
XmecGOJ ;D pD;tzG@J 0ifrsm;teufrS (11) OD;xufrenf; yg0ifap&rnf? tvkyt
f r_
aqmiftzGJ@rsm;tm; atmufygtwdkif; wm0efcGJa0xrf;aqmifap&rnf?

!'

U tun myint.pmd 239 27/1/2548, 9:11

 (1) OuUX?
(2) 'k-OuUX?
(3) taxGaxGtwGif;a&;r–;?
(4) wGJbuftwGif;a&;r–;?
(5) b¾ma&;r–;?
(6) jyef=um;a&;r–;?
(7) pm&if;ppfr–;?
(8) pnf;±Hk;a&;r–;?
(9) tr_aqmif?
(10) ‚if;
(11) ‚if;
12? tzG@J &HyakH iG?
jynfe,fwe,ftwGi;f tzG@J 0if/ tzG@J tpnf;rsm;onf tcgumv tm;avsmf
pGm XmecGOJ ;D pD;tzG@J u owfrw
S af om&HyakH iGrsm;wd@k udk jynfe,frsm; nD!w G af &;tzG@J
XmecGo
J @kd ay;aqmif&rnf? wzef&yH akH iGrsm;udk jynfe,frsm; nD!w G af &;tzG@J XmecsKyf
u tcgumvtm;avsmfpGm owfrSwfonfh &HyHkaiGudk XmecGJrsm;rS XmecsKyfodk@
ay;aqmif&rnf?

tcef; (4)
zG‹J pnf;yHEk iS t
hf yk cf sKyfykH
13? zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHkrSm atmufygtwkdif;jzpfonf?
(1) tajccHtzGJ@rsm;?
(2) XmecGJtvkyftr_aqmiftzGJ@?
(3) XmecGJOD;pD;tzGJ@?
(4) jynfe,fqdkif&m XmecGJnDvmcHobif?

"

U tun myint.pmd 240 27/1/2548, 9:11

 (5) XmecsKyftvkyftr_aqmiftzGJ@?
(6) XmecsKyfOD;pD;tzGJ@?
(7) jynfe,frsm;nD!Gwfa&;tzGJ@qdkif&m XmecsKyfnDvmcHobif?
14? tajccHtzG@J rsm;onf TzG@J pnf;tkycf sKyfyOkH ya'tcsut
f vufrsm;/ XmecsKyf
OD;pD;tzGJ@ESifh XmecsKyftvkyftr_aqmiftzGJ@wdk@. pnf;urf;csufrsm;twGif;/ rdrd
wdk@.tzGJ@wGifaqmif±GufbG,f ±Sdonfrsm;udk aqmif±Guf&rnf?
15? jynfe,frsm;nD!Gwfa&;tzGJ@odk@0ifa&mufcGifh &aomtzGJ@tpnf;rsm;onf
rdrdwdk@ESifhwdkuf±dkufoufqdkif&m udpPrsm;wGif tzGJ@.&nf±G,fcsuf0g'/ qHk;jzwfcsuf
Oya'pnf;rsOf;udk rqef@usifapbJ/ rdrdwdk@pnf;rsOf;twdkif; aqmif±GufcGifh±Sdonf?
16? jynfe,frsm;nD!Gwfa&;tzGJ@XmecGJwGif jynfe,fqdkif&mnDvmcHobifonf
t}uD;qH;k aomjynfe,ftm%mydik t
f zG@J jzpfonf? jynfe,fqikd &f m nDvmcHr±So
d nfh
tcg XmecGJOD;pD;tzGJ@onftm%mydkifjzpfonf? XmecGJOD;pD;r±Sdonfhtcg XmecGJ
tvkyftr_aqmifonftm%mydkiftzGJ@jzpfonf?
17? xd@k twl jynfe,faygi;f pHn k vD mcHobif}uD;onf tm%mtydik q f ;kH jzpfonf?
jynfe,faygif;pHknDvmcHr±Sdv#if XmecsKyfOD;pD;tzGJ@utm%mydkifI/ OD;pD;r±Sdv#if
jynfe,frsm;nD!w G af &;tzG@J XmecsKyftvkyt
f r_aqmiftzG@J u tm%mydik jf zpfonf?

tcef; (5)
tkycf sKyfypkH epfEiS hf enf;vrf;rsm;?
18? tzGJ@rsm;wGif tkyfcsKyfpDrH&ef t"dutcsufrSmtrsm;qENjzifh a±G;aumuf
wifajrSmufI A[dkrSOD;pD;onfhpepfjzpfonf?
(1) tm;vH;k aomtr_aqmiftzG@J ESihf ud,
k pf m;vS,rf sm;udk trsm;qENtwdik ;f
a±G;aumufwifajrSmuf&rnf?
(2) atmuftzG@J u txuftzG@J .trde@f udk vdu k ef m&rnf? txuftzG@J ESihf

"

U tun myint.pmd 241 27/1/2548, 9:11

 atmuftzGJ@oabmuGJvGJv#if atmuftzGJ@u xdkESpfzGJ@xuf}uD;aomtzGJ@odk@
t,lcH0ifEdkifonf? odk@aomf t,lcH0ifpOfatmuftzGJ@onf txuftzGJ@.trdef@
udk vdkufemaqmif±Guf&rnf?
19? XmecGt J vkyt f r_aqmiftzG@J onf pnf;±H;k &mY‚if;/ tkycf sKyf&mY‚if;/ wd;k wuf
r_udk a±S›±_Ic±dkifrsm;odk@‚if; òrd@e,frsm;odk@‚if;/ wm0efcHrsm;udk qdkif&maumfrwD
rsm;tm; ulnD&efcef@xm;apv$wfEdkifonf? odk@aomf tqdkygwm0efcHrsm;onf
qdkif&m tr_aqmiftzGJ@rsm;. trdef@twdkif; vkdufemaqmif±Guf&rnf?
20? XmecGJOD;pD;tzGJ@onf ESpfpOfESpfwdkif;/ jynfe,fXmecGJppfaq;a&;tzGJ@udk cef@
xm;&rnf? ‚if;ppfaq;a&;tzG@J onf tzG@J rsm;.b¾ma&;ud‚k if;/ tkycf sKyfa&;ud‚k if;
t+rJwef;ppfaq;+yD;v#if jynfe,fXmecGJtvkyftr_aqmiftzGJ@ESifh jynfe,fXmecGJ
OD;pD;tzGJ@odk@ tpD&ifcHpmwifjy&rnf? tajccHtzGJ@rsm;wGif tcsif;jzpfyGm;aom
tr_tcif;rsm;udk ppfaq;a&;tzGJ@u ppfaq;jzefajzay;&rnf? jzefajzIr&onf
±Sad omf XmecGtJ vkyt
f r_aqmiftzG@J ESihf XmecGOJ ;D pD;tzG@J od@k oifah wmfovdk ta&;,l
&eftpD&ifcH&rnf?
21? txufygjynfe,fXmecGJppfaq;a&;tzGJ@. tm%mrsm;ESifh wm0efrsm;udk
tcgumvtm;avsmpf mG jynfe,fXmecGt J vkyt f r_aqmiftzG@J uaomf‚if; jynfe,f
XmecGJOD;pD;tzGJ@uaomf‚if;/ owfrSwfxm;±Sd&rnf?
22? xdkenf;twl tzGJ@0ifjynfe,ftcsif;csif;jzpfyGm;aom udpPrsm;twGuf Xme
csKyfOD;pD;tzGJ@uaomf‚if;/ XmecsKyftvkyftr_aqmiftzGJ@uaomf‚if; ppfaq;a&;
tzGJ@wzGJ@udkapv$wf&rnf? ‚if;aemufqHk;jzwf&efXmecsKyftvkyftr_aqmiftzGJ@odk@
wifjy&rnf? r+yD;jywfv#ifXmecsKyfOD;pD;tzGJ@odk@wifjy&rnf?
23? XmecsKyftvkyftr_aqmiftzGJ@uaomf‚if; XmecsKyfOD;pD;tzGJ@uaomf‚if;
oufqdkif&mjynfe,f. udk,fpm;vS,f(oHk;yHkESpfyHk)rygbJ qHk;jzwfcsufrcsrSwf&?
24? qHk;jzwfcsufrsm;csrSwfjcif;
tpnf;ta0;qHk;jzwfcsufrsm;csrSwf&mY tm;vHk;oabmwltajytvnf

"

U tun myint.pmd 242 27/1/2548, 9:11

 aqG;aEG;+yD;ajyvnfapaomenf;udk txl;tav;*±kðy&rnf?
25? tm;vHk;oabmwlaomenf;jzifh r+yD;jywfEdkifrSomv#if tpnf;ta0;odk@
wufa&mufvmaom udk,fpm;vS,fvl}uD;oHk;yHkESpfyHk. oabmwlnDcsufjzifh
qHk;jzwfap&rnf?

tcef; (6)
jynfe,frsm;nD!w
G af &;tzG‹J nDvmcHobifEiS hf
tpnf;ta0;rsm;
26? omreftm;jzifh wESpfv#ifw}udrf jynfe,frsm;nD!Gwfa&;tzGJ@XmecsKyf.
nDvmcHobifuu kd si;f y&rnf? od@k aomfvakH vmufaomta=umif;rsm;±Su d XmecsKyf
OD;pD;tzG@J uaomf‚if;/ XmecsKyftvkyt f r_aqmiftzG@J uaomf‚if;/ a±$@qdik ;f Edik o
f nf?
TnDvmcHobifonf XmecsKyf. EdkifiHa&;pnf;±Hk;a&;udpPt00ESifhywfoufI
tjrifhqHk;aom tm%mydkifjzpfonf?
27? txl;nDvmcHobifrsm;udk ta=umif;tm;avsmfpGmXmecsKyftvkyftr_
aqmiftzGJ@ujzpfap/ XmecsKyfOD;pD;tzGJ@ujzpfapac:Edkifonf? jynfe,f(3)e,fu
tpnf;ta0;ac:&ef awmif;qdkv#ifac:qdkay;&rnf?
28? nDvmcHobifwGif udk,fpm;vS,ftjzpfESifh{nfhonfawmftjzpfjzifh wuf
a&mufEdkifolrsm;rSm
(1) ukefqHk;onfhESpftwGuf XmecsKyfOD;pD;tzGJ@0ifrsm;?
(2) jynfe,frsm;nD!Gwfa&;tzGJ@XmecsKyfOD;pD;tzGJ@uaomf‚if;/ XmecsKyf
tvkyt f r_aqmiftzG@J uaomf‚if;/ jynfe,fwe,ftwGuf owfrw S af y;vdu
k o
f nfh
tzGJ@0ifOD;a&?
(3) XmecsKyfO;D pD;tzG@J uaomf‚if;/ XmecsKyftvkyt
f r_aqmiftzG@J uaomf‚if;
owfrSwfonfh{nfhonfrsm;?

"!

U tun myint.pmd 243 27/1/2548, 9:11

 29? jynfe,frsm;nD!Gwfa&;tzGJ@XmecsKyfOD;pD;tzGJ@. tpnf;ta0;rsm;
(1) OD;pD;tzGJ@tpnf;ta0;udk(6)vv#if(1)}udrfxufrenf;usif;y&rnf?
(2) tvkyt f r_aqmiftzG@J trsm;pku ta&;ay:OD;pD;tpnf;ta0; ac:qdu k si;f y
oifo h nf[q k ;kH jzwfv#if tvkytf r_aqmiftzG@J OuUXuaomf‚if;/ taxGaxG
twG i f ; a&;r– ; uaomf ‚ if ; / xd k ( 2)OD ; r±S d v #if 'k w d , OuU X ES i f h w G J b uf
twGif;a&;r–;uaomf‚if; OD;pD;tpnf;ta0;udk zdwfac:usif;yay;&rnf?
(3) jynfe,fwckck. XmecsKyfOD;pD;tzGJ@0if(oHk;)yHk(ESpf)yHku ta&;ay:OD;pD;tpnf;
ta0;ac:qd k u sif ; yay;&ef awmif ; qd k v mv#if tvk y f t r_ a qmif t zG J @
OuUXuaomf ‚if;/ taxGaxGtwGif;a&;r–;uaomf‚if; ta&;ay:tpnf;
ta0;udk &ufowWywf ESpfywftwGif;zdwfac:usif;yay;&rnf?
(4) tvkyt f r_aqmiftzG@J wGif rajyvnfEikd af omudpjP y\em&yfrsm;ESihf tjcm;
ta&;}uD;aomjy\em&yfrsm; ay:aygufvmv#ifta&;ay:OD;pD; tpnf;
ta0;udk zdwfac:usif;ya&;&rnf?
30? jynfe,frsm;nD!Gwfa&;tzGJ@XmecsKyftvkyf tr_aqmif
tzGJ@.tpnf;ta0;rsm;-
tvkyt f r_aqmiftzG@J . tpnf;ta0;udk omreftm;jzifEh pS v f v#if wpf}udrf
xufrenf;usif;y&rnf?
(1) OuUXu tvkyt f r_aqmiftzG@J tpnf;ta0;usi;f yoifo h nf[k qH;k jzwf
wdkif; OuUXtrnfjzifhjzpfap/ taxGaxGtwGif;a&;r–;trnfjzifhjzpfap
tpnf;ta0; udk zdwaf c:usi;f yEdik af p&rnf?
(2) tvkyftr_aqmifrsm;&mpku ta&;ay:tvkyftr_aqmiftpnf;ta0;
ac:&efOuUXESihf taxGaxGtwGi;f a&;r–;xH awmif;qdjk cif;ðyv#iOf uUX
ujzpfap/ taxGaxGtwGi;f a&;r–;ujzpfap ta&;ay:tvkyt f r_aqmif
tpnf;ta0;udk zdwaf c:usi;f yay;&rnf?
(3) jynfe,fwckcrk S XmecsKyfO;D pD;tzG@J 0iftrsm;pkujy\emt&yf&yftwGuf
aqG;aEG;qHk;jzwfay;&eftvdk@iSg tvkyftr_aqmiftzGJ@odk@ awmif;qdk

""

U tun myint.pmd 244 27/1/2548, 9:11

 vmonfhtcg wdkif; txl;tvkyftr_aqmiftpnf;ta0;udk OuUXu
jzpfap/ taxGaxGtwGi;f a&;r–;ujzpfap zdwaf c:usi;f yay;&rnf?
31? tvkyt f r_aqmifxuf0ufxufrenf; wufa&mufro
S mtpnf;ta0;tx
ajrmufonf?
32? jynfe,frsm;nD!w G af &;tzG@J XmecGn
J v
D mcHobifEiS hf tpnf;ta0;usi;f y&ef
vdkufem&rnfhtcsufrsm;vnf; txufaz: jyygtwdkif;jzpfonf?
33? jynfe,frsm;nD!Gwfa&;tzGJ@XmecsKyf. nDvmcHobifodk@wufa&muf&ef
zdwf=um;vmv#if wufa&muf&ef±Sdaomjynfe,frS udk,fpm;vS,fawmfrsm;udk
jynfe,frsm;nD!w
G af &;tzG@J XmecG.
J OD;pD;uaomf‚if; tvkyt
f r_aqmifuaomf‚if;
owfrSwfa±G;cs,f&rnf?
34? XmecsKyftvkyftr_aqmiftzGJ@ujzpfap/ XmecsKyfOD;pD;ujzpfap/ nDvmcH
obifusif;y&mY enf;vrf;wusjzpfap&efvdktyfaom pDpOfr_rsm;udk tcgumv
tm;avsmfpGm pDpOf!ïef=um;&rnf?
35? nDvmcHobifr±Sdonfhtcsdef XmecsKyfOD;pD;tzGJ@onf tm%mydkiftzGJ@jzpf
onf? nDvmcHobifqHk;jzwfcsufrsm;ESifh ywfoufItajctaetcgumvtm;
avsmfpGm jyifqif&ef awG@±SdcJhaomf XmecsKyfOD;pD;tzGJ@uaomf‚if; XmecsKyfOD;pD;tzGJ@
u vGJtyfojzifh XmecsKyftvkyftr_aqmiftzGJ@uaomf‚if; jyifqifaqmif±Guf
oGm;Edik o f nf? od@k &mwGif +yD;pD;cJah omnDvmcHobifu,kd pf m;vS,t
f m; ta=umif;
=um;xm;&rnf? odk@ta=umif;=um;onfhtcg xdkudk,fpm;vS,frsm;teufrS(4)
yH(k 1) yHu
k awmif;qdck ahJ omf txl;nDvmcHobifjzpfap/ nDvmcHobiftopf jzpfap
usif;yay;&rnf? odk@r[kwfygrl omreftm;jzifhusif;ytyfaom aemufnDvmcH
obifwGif twnfðycsuft&,l&rnf?
36? XmecsKyftvkyftr_aqmiftzGJ@. tm%mrsm;udk XmecsKyfOD;pD;tzGJ@u
owfrSwfay;&rnf?

"#

U tun myint.pmd 245 27/1/2548, 9:11

 37? omreftm;jzifh usif;yaomnDvmcHobifwGif tvkyftr_aqmifopfudk
a±G;aumuf&rnfqo kd nft
h pDtpOfukd XmecsKyfO;D pD;tzG@J ujzpfap XmecsKyftr_aqmif
tzGJ@ujzpfap/ pDpOfay;&rnf? xdkrStytjcm;vdktyfaom pnf;rsOf;rsm;udkvnf;
pDpOfay;&rnf?

tcef; (7)
taxGaxG
38? TzGJ@pnf;yHkOya'udk omreftm;jzifh jynfe,fvHk;qdkif&m jynfe,frsm;
nD!Gwfa&;tzGJ@XmecsKyf. nDvmcHobifuomv#if jyifqifEdkifonf? odk@&mwGif
tajctaeESihf rudu k n
f o
D nfuakd wG@v#if XmecsKyfO;D pD;tzG@J tpnf;ta0;udk ac:I
XmecsKyfOD;pD;tzGJ@upOf;pm;+yD; jyifqifoifhonf[kxifu nDvmcHrac:rSD ,m,D
jyifqifEdkifonf?
39? TOya'tcsuf t vuf E S i f h ywf o uf I r±S i f ; vif ; onf h t csuf r sm;ud k
XmecsKyfOD;pD;tzGJ@ujzpfap/ XmecsKyftr_aqmiftzGJ@ujzpfap qHk;jzwfay;&rnf?
40? TzGJ@pnf;yHkOya't& vdktyfaomenf;Oya'rsm;udk OD;pD;tzGJ@ujzpfap/
XmecsKyftvkyftr_aqmiftzGJ@ujzpfap/ jyXmef;EdkifcGifh±Sdonf?
41? aiGa&;a=u;a&;udpPrsm;ESifhywfoufI pm&if;tif; usepGmxm;±Sd&rnf?
pm&if;pma&;/ aiGa&;a=u;a&;wdk@ESifhywfoufonfh pnf;rsOf;rsm;udk XmecsKyfOD;pD;
tzG@J ujzpfap/ XmecsKyftvkyt
f r_aqmiftzG@J ujzpfap/ XmecsKyfppfaq;a&;tzG@J ESihf
wdkifyifIðyvkyf&rnf?
42? TzGJ@pnf;yHkOya'wGif rnfodk@yifqdkapumrl/ tcdkuftwef@umvtwGif;
Oya'udktwnfðy&mY rnfuJhodk@pDpOfoGm;&efvdkonf[k xifjrif,lqv#if xdkodk@
xifjrif,lqonfhtwdkif; XmecsKyfOD;pD;tzGJ@ujzpfap/ XmecsKyftvkyftr_aqmif
tzGJ@ujzpfap/ ‚if;.oufwef;tawmtwGif; tcdkuftwef@Oya'tcsuftvuf

"$

U tun myint.pmd 246 27/1/2548, 9:11

 rsm;wDxGifEdkifonf?
43? jynfe,frsm;nD!Gwfa&;tzGJ@tm; ysufpD;&mysufpD;a=umif;udk vkyfaqmif
ajymqdkr_±Sdaom tzGJ@0iftm;XmecsKyftvkyftr_aqmiftzGJ@u ta&;,ltjypfay;
Edik o
f nf? od@k aomfta&;,ltjypfay;jcif;cH&aom tzG@J utxuftqifq
h ift
h ,lcH
0ifa&mufEdkifcGifh±Sdonf?

tcef; (8)
enf;Oya'rsm;
44? c±dkiftzGJ@0ifrsm;vkdufem&efenf;Oya'rsm;?
(u) jynf e ,f r sm;nD ! G w f a &;tzG J @ XmecsKyf . &nf ± G , f c suf r sm;ud k
axmufcH&ef?
(c) XmecGJu c±dkiftwGif;±SdEdkifiHa&;tzGJ@toD;oD;wdk@onf &nf±G,fcsuf
rsm;udkaxmufcHap&eftwGuf pkpnf;aoG;pnf;&ef?
(*) XmecsKyfrSvGJtyfaomwm0ef0wW&m;rsm;udk xrf;±Guf&ef?
(C) XmecsKyf.oabmwlnDcsuft&tzGJ@rsm;utcgumv tm;avsmf
pGm owfrw S af om&nf±, G cf surf sm;udk atmifjrifpmG aqmif±u G &f ef?
(i) jynfe,frsm;nD!Gwfa&;tzGJ@onf(jynfe,ftvdkufvkdtyfv#if)
c±dkiftzGJ@ rsm;zGJ@pnf;aqmif±GufEdkifcGifh±Sdonf?

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"%

U tun myint.pmd 247 27/1/2548, 9:11

U tun myint.pmd
"&
jynfe,fwe,f. jynfe,fnD!Gwfa&; jynfe,frsm;nD!Gwfa&;
nDvmcH}uD; nDvmcHobif}uD;

248
jynfe,fwe,f. jynfe,frsm;
jynfe,frsm;nD!Gwfa&;OD;pD;tzGJ@
nD!Gwfa&;OD;pD;tzGJ@

jynfe,frsm;nD!Gwfa&;
tvkyftr_aqmiftzGJ@

jynfe,fwe,f. jynfe,frsm;
nD!Gwfa&;tvkyftr_aqmiftzGJ@

27/1/2548, 9:11
jynfe,fwe,f. jynfe,fwe,f. jynfe,fwe,f. jynfe,fwe,f.
EkdifiHa&;toif;tzGJ@rsm; EkdifiHa&;toif;tzGJ@rsm; EkdifiHa&;toif;tzGJ@rsm; EkdifiHa&;toif;tzGJ@rsm;
 aemufqufwJG (2)
16/09/1984

"'

U tun myint.pmd 249 27/1/2548, 9:11

 #

U tun myint.pmd 250 27/1/2548, 9:11

 OD;tke;f aza&; ]yifvp
kH mwrf;^ a0zefcsuf
“yifvHkppfwrf;”qdkwJhtrnfeJ@ pmtkyf&J@toGiftjyifudkjrifvdkufwJhtcg
tJ'Dpmtkyf[musrf;}uD;usrf;cdkifpmtkyfwtkyfvdk@ xif&w,f? usrf;}uD;usrf;cdkif
r[kwfawmif“okawoepmwrf;”jzpfrSmyJ,lqrdw,f? t+rD;oabm omref
vSef=unfhvdkufwJhtcg/ vlodenf;wJhtjzpftysufawG/ tudk;tum;awGtrsm;}uD;
awG@&wJhtjyif pmtkyfaemufydkif;rSm udk;um;&nf!$ef;wJh pmtkyfpm&if;udkvnf;
woD}uD;awG@&wJhtwGuf ±Srf;jynftwGuf wuJhusrf;}uD;usrf;cdkifwapmifawmh
ay:+yDvdk@tm;&0rf;omjzpfrdw,f?
'gayrJh pmtkyfzGifh+yD;pm±Gufw±Gufcsif;vSefavSmzwf=unfhvdkufwJhtcg
txifeJ@tjrifwvGJpDjzpfoGm;w,f? axhvHk;awGaighvHk;awG/ bef;pum;awG0wÎK
qefqeftzGJ@tEGJ@awGudk [dkae&m'Dae&mrSmawG@vm&awmh/ usrf;}uD;usrf;cdkif&J@
cef@nm;r_/ uspfvpfodyfonf;r_t*F g[m aysmufoGm;+yD;zwf&wmayghysufysufjzpf
oGm;w,f? qGrf;qefxJ ºuGufacs;a&maeovdkrsKd;aygh?
pmtkyt f pydik ;f ordik ;f aemufc[ H mawmfawmfzwfv@kd aumif;w,f? u|eaf wmf
rrS/D rod/ rawG@xdwt hJ ykid ;f yg? 'gayrJt h csK@d ae&mawG[mta&;tom;tqD tai:
rxnfhbl;? pmtkyfaemufydkif;awmfawmfrsm;rsm;awGrSmvnf; tJ'DvdkyJtqDtai:
rwnf?h tydt k qmawGrsm;+yD;qdv k &kd if;ra&muf tpaysmufomG ;wmawGawG@&w,f?
'guawmhpma&;q&mr[kwfwJhOD;tkef;azudk cGifhvGwf&rSmyJ? pma&;0gr&ifhao;wJh
olawGjzpfavhjzpfx±SdwJhtjzpfrsKd;vdk@qdk&r,f?
pmzwfoludkajymjycsifwmawGrsm;vGef;tm;}uD;awmh qdkifwmawGa&mrqdkif
wmawGa&m =um;xJu0ifvm+yD; AvH;k AaxG;eJ@OD;wnfcsuaf r#moGm;+yD; tpaysmuf
oGm;wwf=uwmyJ? w&m;a[mwJt h cg óudwifjyifqifrr_ ±Sw
d hJ pum;a=um±Snw
f wf
wJhvlrsKd;vdkaygh/ pum;a=um±SnfwmeJ@ qdkvdk&if;ra&mufbJ tpaysmufoGm;wJh
oabmrsKd;ygyJ? 'gayrJhpmtkyfa&;wmeJ@ pum;ajymwmtajctaecsif;rwlbl;?
pum;ajym wJ h t cg yg;pyf u xG u f w J h p um;vH k ; awG [ mavxJ v G i f h o G m ;w,f ?
pmtkyfa&;wmus awmh óudwiftcef;cGJ&w,f? tuGufcs&w,f? ta=umif;
t&mtcsuftvuf awGudkpD&w,f? a&;cs+yD;wJhpmudk jyefppf&w,f? jyef+yD;

#

U tun myint.pmd 251 27/1/2548, 9:11

 okwo f if&w,f? 'ga=umifh pmtkyaf &;wJt h cg pum;ajymwJh tcgrsK;d vdt k paysmuf
wmrsK;d r±So d ifbh ;l ? +yD;tquftpyftqDtai:rwnfw h mrsK;d vnf; r±So d ifb h ;l ? rqdik f
wmtydktqmawGvJ rygoifhbl;?
“yifvHkppfwrf;”udk tqHk;tpzwf+yD;wJhtcg/ bmudkppfwef;xkwfxm;ovJ
qdw k m usaemfah cgi;f xJrmS ±Si;f roGm;bl;? yifvt kH rnfbma=umif, h x l m;ovJqw kd m
vJawG;r&bl;? yifvpkH mcsKyfukd ordik ;f aemufceH @J ppfwef;xkww f mqd&k if pmtky[ f m
tJ'Davmuf}uD;±Snfvsm;p&mr±Sdbl;? pmtkyfrSm ed'gef;wdk@trSmwdk@rygawmhawG;
&cufwmaygh?
±Srf;jynf[moD;jcm;wdkif;jynfr[kwfbl;/ Armjynf&J@tpdyftydkif;omjzpfw,f
vdk@ OD;tkef;azuqdkcsif&if“yifvHkppfwrf;”rSm ay:vGifatmif axmufjyxm;wm
rawG@&bl;? ±Srf;jynf[mjrefrmbk&if&J@ y¾mqufEdkifiHvm;/ vufatmufcHe,f
y,fvm; qdw k mudv k nf; OD;tke;f azuuGi;f uGi;f uGuuf u G af y:atmifra&;xm;bl;?
±Srf;jynfrSmordkif;wav#mufvHk;apmfbGm;òrd@pm;/e,fpm;awGya'o&mZfpepfeJ@ pkd;rdk;
tkycf sKyfvmwmudk yHak z:wJt h cgrmS vnf; qdik w f ma&mrqdik w f ma&mtydt k qmawG
rsm;oGm;vdk@pmtkyf[m omrefyk*~dKvfawG0,frzwfEdkifatmif azgif;yGaps;E_ef;}uD;
oGm;wmaygh?
u|efawmhftaeeJ@“yifvHkppfwrf;”udk 'Dvdkaumufcsufcsw,f?
±Srf;jynf[mordkif;wav#mufvHk;oD;jcm;EkdifiHtjzpfeJ@r±SdcJhbl;? ArmjynfeJ@
y¾mqufEdkifiHodk@r[kwf vufatmufcHe,fy,ftpdyftydkif;jzpfcJhw,f? 'ga=umifh
yifvHkpmcsKyfrSm udk,fydkifjyXmef;cGifhrludk todtrSwfðycJhwm[m tajccHtm;jzifh
rrSefbl;? tajctaet&vdkufavsmr_wmjzpfw,f? +yD;awmhAdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;
rlcsrSwf+yD;vkeD;eD; a&;qGJcJhwJhzGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHktajccHOya'rSm ±Srf;jynfe,fudk
cGJxGuf cGifhay;xm;wmvJ tajctaet&tav#mhay;wmjzpfw,f? rltm;jzifh
rrSefuefbl;? ±Srf;jynfrSmordkif;wav#mufvHk;ya'o&mZfuHau|;cspepfeJ@ tkyfcsKyf
pd k ; rd k ; vmw,f ? 1948-ck E S p f vG w f v yf a &;&+yD ; awmh v nf ; ol w vl i gwrif ;
ya'o&mZfuHau|;pepf atmufrSm jynfolvlxk[m vnfpif;cHvmcJh&w,f?
AdkvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if;acgif;aqmifwhJ awmfvSefa&;aumifpDwufvm+yD; vrf;pOfygwD
vufxufusrS bJow l vl igwrif;ya'o&mZfpepfut kd +yD;tydik zf suof rd ;f Edik w
f ,f?

U tun myint.pmd 252 27/1/2548, 9:11

 tJ'v D kd OD;tke;f azu ppfwef;xkwx f m;w,fv@kd usaemfaumufcsucf sw,f?
tJ'Davmufqdk&if OD;tkef;az[mcJcJ,Of;,Of;±SmazGpkaqmif;xm;wJh tcsuf
tvuf/ taxmuftxm;/ tukd;tum;awGeJ@ cdkifcdkifvHkvHkuspfuspfvpfvpf
odyfodyfonf;onf;cef@nm;pGm a&;om;wifjyoGm;r,fqdk&if cH,lcsufcsif;wlwm
rwlwmz,fxm;+yD;/ tJ'Dpmtkyf[m aemifvmaemufom;awGtwGufvufudkif
xm;±S&d rJh tbk;d wefpmwrf;wapmiftjzpf wnf±o dS mG ;rSmrvGb J ;l ? +yD;awmh pmtkyf
[mvnf;tckavmufrazgi;f yGbJ omrefvrl sm;0,fzwfEikd w f hJ t±G,t f pm;avmuf
yJ±Sdayvdrfhr,f?
'guawmh“yifvHkppfwrf;”tay:usaemf&J@a,bl,sa0zefcsufjzpfygw,f?
tao;pdwaf vhvmzwf±w _ t
hJ cg OD;tke;f az[m“avzrf;'ef;pD;”vkyx f m;wm
ae&mrsm;rsm;rSmawG@&w,f? bef;pum;eJ@ajym&&if +zD;xm;w,faygh?
u|efawmfrrSD/ rod/ rawG@xdwJhtcef;ydkif;awGudk z,fxm;+yD; usaemfodrd/
awG@xd cJw h t hJ cef;u¾awGrmS wdr;f aewm/ apmif;aewm/ vGaJ ewm/ acsmaf ewm/
rSm;aewm/ ,Gi;f aewm/ ae&mtawmfrsm;rsm;rSmawG@&ygw,f? wcsK@d wae&mawG
rSm OD;tkef;azuoludk,fwdkifudk,fusyg0ifcJhwJh taetxm;rsKd;eJ@ a&;om;w,f?
tJ'Dae&mrsKd;rSmawmif c|wfacsmfvGJrSm;aewmawG@&w,f? wcsKd@ae&mawGrSm
um,uH±SifawG toufxif±Sm;±Sd&ufom;eJ@ rar;rprf;/ rnd‡Ed_if;cJhbJeJ@wlw,f?
wvGJwacsmfawGjzpfaew,f?
'kw, d urBmppf}uD;rjzpfrDS 4§5ESpaf vmufuqd&k if OD;tke;f az[m awmif}uD;
atbDtrfausmif;rSmuav;yJ±SdOD;r,f? ppf}uD;twGif;a&mufrSvlysKdvl±G,fjzpfvm
+yD;/ ppf+yD;acwfa&mufawmhrS ±Srf;jynfEdkifiHa&;ZmwfcHkrSm udk,fwdkifukd,fusyg0if
ujycJhwmjzpfw,f?
ppfrjzpfrDS ppf}uD;twGi;f eJ@ ppf+yD;acwfo;kH umvtwGi;f a±Sr› aDS emufryDS *k Kd~ vf
awG 'Dae@txdawmfawmfrsm;rsm; toufxif±mS ;±Sad e=uygao;w,f? oufqikd &f m
ta=umif;u¾awGrSm tJ'Dyk*~dKvfawGeJ@ OD;tkef;azawG@+yD;nd‡Ed_if;cJh&if c|wfacsmf
wdrf;yg;csufawG[m ol@pmtkyfxJrSmtrsm;}uD;av#mhenf;oGm;rSmaocsmw,f?
Oyrm-pmrsufESm(146)“±Srf;apmfbGm;rsm;ausmif;”ta=umif;a&;xm;wm
tcsut f vufawGrw S o f m;p&maumif;ygw,f? 'gayrJh q&mawG[mt*Fvyd v f rl sK;d

#!

U tun myint.pmd 253 27/1/2548, 9:11

 eJ@ ujym;awGcsnf;yJvdk@a&;om;vdkufawmh c|wfacsmfoGm;wmygyJ? q&mpdefaz/
q&mxGe;f [ef/ q&mbd}k uD;/ q&mpHcsed f tp±Sw d w
hJ ikd ;f &if;om;q&mawGukd OD;tke;f az
rDvdkuf[efrwlbl;? a':rDrDcdkifuawmhppf+yD;acwf ‘uarBmZ’ ausmif;vkyfawmhrS
a&mufvmolyg?
pmrsufESm (172) jynfaxmifpkorRwjrefrmEdkifiHawmfyxrOD;qHk; ,m,D
orRw cef@xm;a&;udpPrSm awmifydkifapmfbGm;}uD; cGefyef;pdefudk pOf;pm;&m xm;cJh
&mrS “awmifydkifapmfbGm;}uD; udk,fwdkifu vufrcHjiif;y,fcJhaoma=umifhom/
anmifa±$apmfbGm;}uD;onf abGaqmfOD;orRw odk@r[kwf ,m,DorRw}uD; jzpfcJh
onf”vdk@ OD;tkef;azua&;xm;ygw,f? tJ'DudpPrSm “awmifydkifapmfbGm;}uD;
udk,fwdkifu jiif;y,fcJhwm[m [kwfr[kwf/ OD;Ek/ OD;bZH/ OD;xGef;tHkeJ@ usaemfwdk@
av;a,muf[mtodqHk; yg? 'Dae&mwdrf;apmif;r_twGuf OD;tkef;azudk tjypf
rqdEk ikd yf g? olu;kd um;wJh OD;azcif ud, k wf ikd u
f aoaocsmcsm rodwm jzpfygw,f?
orRw&mxl;ay;wmjiif;y,frJhol 'DurBmrSm±SdEdkifyghrvm;?
pmrsufESm(224)“bZH*sr'g”vdk@a&;xm;wmvJ vGJaew,f? udkbZH[m
udpk yH iG ehf @J twlyt D adk c: taumufceG t
f &m±St d vkyu f &kd oGm;ygw,f? +yD;awmh(ABM)
a,muf s m;uav;txuf w ef ; ausmif ; ta=umif ; a&;&mrS m vnf ; ausmif ; rS m
rD;owfacgif;avmif;wvHk;eJ@ ausmif;wufacgif;avmif;wvHk;ESpfvHk;xm;w,fvdk@
a&;xm;wm atbD t rf a usmif ; om;a[mif ; awG t wG u f &,f p &m}uD ; aygh ?
tufpfbDatac:ausmif;om;rsm; Ak'<bmomtoif;ta=umif;rSmvnf; (SBA)
xJrmS q&m+idr;f Ak'b < momausmif;om;rsm;yg0ifw,fv@kd a&;xm;w,f? q&m+idr;f
ausmif;om;awG[m (SBA) xJvHk;0rygbl;? Ak'<bmomausmif;u ausmif;om;
awGrdk@ c&mZf,mefausmif;rSm ynmoif=um;ae&wJh Ak'<bmomausmif;om;
nDtpfukd armifErS awGukd vm+yD;OD;aqmifygv@kd bdwaf c:wmudk ypfypfcgcgjiif;y,fchJ
=uygw,f?(247)
pmrsuEf mS (275)/ 1946ckZEM0g&v D a±$w*d t kH v,fypP,rH mS usi;f ywJh zqyv
nDvmcHta=umif;a&;wJhtcg “AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; OuUXrdef@cGef;±Snf}uD;¹rGuf=um;
cJo
h nf/ Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;armIem;aomtcg OD;ausm+f idr;f wd@k u ulIzwf&onf”
vdk@OD;tkef;azua&;xm;w,f? 'gvJvGJaew,f? AdkvfcsKyfem;vdk@qufzwfwJhol[m

#"

U tun myint.pmd 254 27/1/2548, 9:11

 ocifcspfjzpfw,f? udkwif{acgif;aqmifwJh u|efawmfwdk@ ±Srf;jynfvli,f udk,fpm;
vS,f (18) OD;[m tJ'DzqyvnDvmcHudk tptqHk;wufcJh=uygw,f? +yD;awmh
OD;azcif wifoiG ;f wJt h qd[ k m“±Sr;f jynfta&;”tqdrk [kwb f ;l ? “awmifwef;a'o
ta&;” tqdjk zpfw,f?
1946 ck r wf v rS m usif ; ywJ h yxryif v H k n D v mcH t a=umif ; u¾rS m vJ
wdr;f apmif;c|waf csmrf a_ wGwoD}uD;bJ? OD;tke;f azu olu, kd wf ikd Of ;D aqmif+yD; jynfo@l
&Jabmf(15)a,mufeJ@twlyifvHknDvmcHa&mufcJhw,fvdk@ a&;xm;w,f? pvG,f
jzLeD=um;eJ@ &JabmfEpS af ,mufukd ±d;_ wef;vkyI f yGx
J v
J w $ xf m;w,fv@kd a&;xm;w,f?
udkbZH/ udkwif{acgif;aqmifwJhvli,ftrsKd;orD;trsKd;om; 20 ausmf
tJ'DyifvHknDvmcHudk tptqHk;wufcJhwm OD;tkef;azodcJh[efrwlbl;? vli,fawG
xJuudkwif{/ udkcGefxD;/ udkpHaz/ vif;ac;OD;xGef;jrifheJ@ u|efawmfwdk@ nDvmcHrSm
a[majym cJh=uw,f? udkwif{uynma&;ta=umif;/ udkcGefxD;u pD;yGm;a&;
ta=umif;/ udpk aH zutEkynmta=umif;/ vif;ac;OD;xGe;f jrifu h bvl;Aif;aq;wef
aomufaq;vkyif ef;ta=umif;/ u|eaf wmfu pm;eyf&u d mQ zlvakH &;twGuf qefpyg;
wdk;csJ@ pdkufysKd;a&;ta=umif;toD;oD;a[majymcJh=uw,f?
tJ'DtcsdefrSm udkwif{[mOD;tkef;aza&;ovdkya'o&mZfawmifausmif;
ausmif;tkyrf vky&f ao;bl;? yifvn kH v D mcH+yD; (3) vavmufaerS ausmif;tkyo f mG ;
vkyfwmyg? +yD;awmhudkpHazvnf;vli,ftpnf;t±Hk;tr_aqmifr[kwfao;ygbl;?
±Srf;jynfvli,frsm;tpnf;t±Hk;udk usaemfwdk@yifvHkujyef+yD;awmhrS {+yDvtwGif;
rSmzGJ@=uygw,f?
yifvHknDvmcHrSmOD;apm&J@'kdrDeD,Hw&m;vGrf;rdk;oGm;wmrSefw,f? rdwÎDvm
OD;b&ifynma&;ta=umif;a[mwm&,f/ ocifEku ¶Srf;ArmaoG;pnf;nD!Gwfa&;
a[mwmudk OD;tke;f az r=um;cJb h ;l eJ@wlw,f? ocifE&k @J &J&aJ wmuf Edik if aH &; w&m;
a[myGJrsKd;rawG@róuHzl;wJhvlawG yg;pyfta[mif;om;eJ@ wtHhw=o em;axmif
=uwmudkvnf; OD;tkef;azawG@cJh[efrwlbl;? 'ga=umifh“ocifEkwdk@-yifvHkwGif
ae&modyrf &ay? ocifEw k @kd vlpb
k mrSr,fr,f&&rvkycf &hJ bJ yifvkH rSvn S chf &hJ onf”
vdk@ OD;tkef;azuaz: jyxm;w,f?
yifvn kH vD mcHwuf&if; óuHóuduw f ;kH usaemfw@kd vli,fwawGEikd if aH &; aqG;aEG;

##

U tun myint.pmd 255 27/1/2548, 9:11

 yGaJ wGvyk cf =hJ uao;w,f? zqyv tv,fypP,n H v D mcHtawG@tóuH/ ArmEdik if aH &;
tajctae/ EkdifiHwuma&;&mtajctae/ ±Srf;jynfpnf;±Hk;a&;udpPeJ@ apmfbGm;rsm;
tay: oabmxm;ponfw@kd udk us,u f s,jf yef@jyef@aqG;aEG;yGaJ wG vkycf =hJ uw,f?
ocifEk/ OD;b*srf;eJ@ref;bcdkifwdk@udkusaemfwnf;cdk&mae&mxd vm+yD; &efukefrSm
u|eaf wmfw@kd eJ@ zqyvtr_aqmifaqG;aEG;yGv J yk wf ek ;f u oabmuGv J cJG w
hJ hJ udpu
P kd
Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;&J@apcdik ;f csut f & usaemfw@kd eJ@ ta=utvnf';l wdu k f aqG;aEG;
cJhygao;w,f?
yifvHknDvmcHujyefvm+yD; csrSwfxm;wJhpnf;±Hk;a&;&nfrSef;csuftwdkif;
awmif}uD;òrd@jynfol@pm=unfhwdkuftr_aqmifrsm;eJ@ usaemfwdk@aqG;aEG;n‡dEd_if;+yD;/
±Srf;jynfvli,frsm;tpnf;t±Hk;udk {+yDvtwGif;rSmzGJ@pnf;cJhygw,f? vli,ftpnf;
t±Hk;zGifhyGJudk awmif}uD;toHxGuf±kyf±Sif±HkrSmusif;ycJhwmvnf;[dkav;wausmf
jzpfcJhwmygyJ? jrefrmhtvif;owif;axmufudkpHatmifu tJ'DzGifhyGJrSmvli,f
waxmifausmfwufw,fvdk@owif;ydk@vdkufwm jrefrmhtvif;upmvHk;rJ}uD;eJ@
azmfjyvdk@jy\emwufcJhao;w,f? vlwaxmifausmfwufwJhtwGuf toHxGuf
±Hkòydrusbl;vm;vdk@ ta&;ydkifume,fvdcsfuxkacsv$mawmif;w,f? +yD;awmh
ume,fvdcsfutaygpm;0g'jzef@csDr_vdk@ ykwfcwfvdkufw,f? +yD;awmh vli,f
tpnf;t±Hk;[m EdkifiHa&;tzGJ@tpnf;wckjzpfw,fvdk@ajym=um;vdkufwJhtwGuf
a':cif=unftp±SdwJh vli,ftpnf;t±Hk;em,utcsKd@[m wcgxJtpnf;t±Hk;u
E_wfxGufoGm;=uw,f?
±Srf;jynfvli,ftpnf;t±Hk;udk ppf+yD;acwf±Srf;jynf&J@EdkifiHa&;v_yf±Sm;r_wck
tjzpfOD;tkef;azu todtrSwfðy[efrwlbl;? 'ga=umifhol@pmtkyfrSm atbDtrf
ausmif;eJ@ anmifa±$abmfvHk;yGJta=umif;/ jrrmvmtoif;/ jroDwmtoif;
ta=umif;awG wcef;wem;azmfjyayrJh ±Srf;jynfvli,frsm;tpnf;t±Hk;u¾udk
ðryfxm;cJhw,f?
vli,ftpnf;t±H;k zGiyhf rJG mS udpk aH tmifowif;yd@k ovdk vli,fwaxmifausmf
wufrwuftaotcsmrodbl;? toHxGuf±Hkjynfhv#H+yD; rif;vrf;ay:txdvli,f
awG±Sdaewmawmhaocsmw,f/ tJ'Dtcsdefuawmif}uD;òrd@vlOD;a&[m ±Spfaxmif
xufrydkEkdifbl;? toHxGuf±Hkv#HatmifwufwJh vli,ftiftm;[menf;enf;

#$

U tun myint.pmd 256 27/1/2548, 9:11

 aemaemawmhr[kwfbl;aygh?
vli,ftpnf;t±Hk;zGifh+yD; ESpfvavmuft=umrSm ,cif±Srf;apmfbGm;om;
rsm; ausmif;udk ya'o&mZfawmifausmif;vd@k trnfajymif;+yD; udw k if{udk ausmif;
tkyfcef@vdkufw,f? vli,ftpnf;t±Hk;tr_aqmiftrsm;pk[m ausmif;q&m
vkyfzdk@udkwif{eJ@twlygoGm;=uw,f? usaemfeJ@ udkpHazwdk@avmufyJtcsdefjynfh
tr_aqmiftaeeJ@ vli,ftpnf;t±Hk;rSmusef&pfcJhw,f?
&yvac:wJh±Srf;jynfvGwfvyfa&;tzGJ@csKyfudk 1946ck =o*kwfvrSm zGJ@pnf;
cJ h w ,f ? yif v H k p pf w ef ; rS m a&;ovd k p uf w if b mvr[k w f b l ; ? OD ; tk e f ; azu
±Srf;jynfrSmEdkifiHa&;wyfaygif;pkzGJ@pnf;zdk@ oleJ@Adkvfb&Dwdk@pwifaqmf=owJhoabm
rsK;d a&;xm;w,f? 'gawmho@l bufu, kd bhf ufae&mvkwo hJ abmjzpfrmS pd;k vd@k tus,f
rjiif;vdkawmhbl;? odk@aomft"duZmwfaumifwaumifjzpfwJh udkxGef;aztcef;u
aysmufaeygw,f? aqmf=owJo h al wG aps;twGi;f udb k jzL/ udck ifp;kd wd@k qHyifny‡ qf ikd f
rSmpka0;=uw,fqdkwmvnf; enf;enf;awmhwdrf;apmif;aew,f? vbuf&nf
tvum;aomuf&vdk@ OD;tkef;azwdk@qHyifn‡yfqdkifudk c%c%oGm;wmjzpfcsif
jzpfr,f? &yvzGJ@pnf;a&;twGufaqmf=oolawGuawmh vli,ftpnf;t±Hk;
pm=unfw h u
kd rf mS csed jf ynfx
h ikd +f yD;tvkyv f yk cf =hJ uw,f? udxk eG ;f azwa,muf nDvmcH
jyifqifa&;twGufpm;yGJrSm xdkif+yD;wukwfukwfeJ@ EdkifiHa&;csufcJhwm usaemf'Dae@
txdrsufpdxJrSmjrifaeao;w,f? vli,ftpnf;t±Hk;pm=unfhwdkuf[m OD;tkef;az
acgif;aqmifwJhjynfol@&JabmfwyfzGJ@vkyfxm;wJhwJtdrfeJ@ uyfvsufwef;vsm;pkwf
}uD;yJ?
+yD;awmh aqmf=ooltzG@J rSmavxD;qif;&Jabmfpw H ifygaewm[mvJrrSeb f ;l ?
&Jabmfpw H if[mnDvmcHusi;f yzd@k zdwaf c:awmhrS ±Sr;f jynfajrmufyikd ;f u &JabmfawG
eJ@ twlwufa&mufvmolyg? óudwifa&mufrvmygb;l ? +yD;awmha'guw f momat;
wa,ufvJ&yvtr_aqmifzGJ@wJhtcg OuUXwufvkyf&Jolr±Sdvdk@ol@udkqGJwif&wm
yg? OuUXvkyfawmhrS“cGef”qdkwJhbGJ@udk usaemfwdk@0dkif;+yD;wyfay;vdkuf=uwmyg?
&yvtr_aqmifpm&if;rSm udkvSrif;wa,mufemrnfygaewmvJr[m
trS m ;}uD ; yJ ? ud k v S r if ; [m &yvzG J @ pnf ; a&;nD v mcH r wuf c J h w J h tjyif & yv
tzGJ@0ifwcgrSrjzpfcJhbl;? usaemfwdk@&yvpnf;±Hk;a&;twGuf rdk;rdwfoGm;wHk;uvJ

#%

U tun myint.pmd 257 27/1/2548, 9:11

 tawG@rcHbl;? wrifa±SmifoGm;cJhw,f? &yvudkazmufjyefwJhtzGJ@tpnf;vdk@
tjyif;txefa0zefykwfcwfcJholyg? +yD;awmhudkpHazwa,muf[m &yvzGJ@pnf;zdk@
aqmf=owJt h cg nDvmcHvyk w f t hJ cg/ zG@J pnf;+yD;wJt h cgwufwufºuGºuGyg0ifcahJ yr,fh
tvkyftr_aqmifvkyfzdk@ vufrcHcJhbl;? ta=umif;&if;uawmh udkpHazudk,fwdkifeJ@
ol@ZeD;avmif;rvSoif;wdk@todqHk;jzpfr,f?
+yD;awmhjrefrmjynfrmS zqyveJ@uGejf rLepfygwu D +JG yD;wJah emuf jynfo@l &Jabmf
wyfzGJ@vnf;uGJ+yD; uGefjrLepfygwDuwyfeDvdk@pwifaxmifvdkufw,f? awmif}uD;
rSmvJOD;tkef;az[m jynfol@&J@abmfwyfzGJ@eJ@ uGJ+yD;usm;wyfzGJ@pnf;cJhw,f? tJ'D
tcef;udkvnf; yifvHkppfwrf;rSmrawG@rdbl;?
&yvzGJ@+yD;wJhtcsdefup+yD; yifvHkpmcsKyfumvtxdrSm usaemf[m ±Srf;jynf
Edik if aH &;ZmwfcakH y:rSm t"duZmwfaumifwaumiftjzpfyg0ifcw hJ t
hJ wGuf “yifvkH
ppfwrf;”&J@ tJ'u D mvtydik ;f udk yd+k yD;a0zefEikd yf gw,f? 'gayr,f“h yifvpkH pfwrf;”rSm
tJ'DumvtwGif; wdrf;apmif;c|wfacsmfvGJrSm;csufawGu 'keJ@a';±Sdaewmu
wa=umif;/ tajccHt,ltqt& OD;tkef;azeJ@ usaemfrwluGJjym;vm+yD;jzpfwJh
twGuf tJ'Dtydkif;udk a0zef&v#ifusaemfha0zefcsuf[m pmwrf;wapmifjzpfoGm;
ygvdrfhr,f? 'ga=umifhqufvufra0zefvkdawmhyg? tajctaeay;awmhrS pmwrf;
wapmifoyfoyfðyyg&apawmh?
ed * H k ; csKyf t aeeJ @ OD ; tk e f ; az&J @ “yif v H k p pf w rf ; ”rS m usaemf w cgrS rod z l ; /
r=um;zl; rawG@zl;wJhtcsuftvufta=umif;t&mwdk@udk az: jyxm;wm&,f?
±Sm;±Sm;yg;yg; pm±Gufpmwrf;taxmuftxm;rsm;udk pkaqmif;az: jyxm;wm&,f/
+yD;awmh usaemftvGev f ckd siw
f hJ &yveJ@ywfoufwhJ csut f vuf a=ujim pmwrf;
awGukd ±SmazGaz: jyxm;wm&,fawGukd awG@&wJt h wGuaf wmh usaemfO;D tke;f azudk
av;av;pm;pm;csD;=uL;*k%fðyvdkufygw,f?

(xGef;jrifh)
awmif}uD;òrd@? 16§9§1984

#&

U tun myint.pmd 258 27/1/2548, 9:11

 aemufqufwJG (3)
20/02/1989

#'

U tun myint.pmd 259 27/1/2548, 9:11

 $

U tun myint.pmd 260 27/1/2548, 9:11

 odk@§
a':atmifqef;pk=unf
taxGaxGtwGif;a&;r–;
trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyf
&efukefòrd@?
awmif}uD;òrd@? 1989-ck azaz:0g&Dv (20) &uf
a':atmifqef;pk=unfcifAsm;-
(13/2/89) ae@naexrif;pm;yGJt+yD; a':atmifqef;pk=unfeJ@u|efawmf
aqG ; aEG ; wJ h t cg/ a':atmif q ef ; pk = unf b uf u ajymp&m±S d w majym+yD ; /
a':atmifqef;pk=unfrmS óudwifcsed ;f qdw k u hJ pd ±P adS evd@k qd+k yD;/ xrif;pm;yGu
J xGucf mG
oGm;wJhtwGuf u|efawmf'Dpmudka&;vdkuf&wmjzpfygw,f? tJ'Dnaeuom
u|eaf wmf bufu jyefvnfajymqdck iG &hf cJ&h if/ u|eaf wmf'pD mudak &;zd@k vdck sirf v S rkd mS yg?
EdkifiHa&;jy\emwck[m wdk;vdk;wef;vef;r±Sdtyfygbl;? ajyvnfr_±Sdzdk@vdkyg
w,f? jywfom;wJhtajzwck&zdk@vdkygw,f?
a':atmifqef;pk=unf ±Srf;jynfawmifydkif;c&D;xGufvmr,fvdk@=um;od&wJh
tcgusaemfw@kd &J@tzG@J csKyf (±Sr;f jynfvrl sK;d pkrsm;'Dru kd a&tzG@J csKyf) taeeJ@ trsK;d om;
'Dru
kd a&pDtzG@J csKyf&@J acgi;f aqmifxrH S wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsK;d pkrsm;jy\emeJ@ ywfouf
vdk@wduswJhoabmxm;=um;&vdrfhr,fvdk@ ar#mfrSef;xm;cJh=uygw,f?
(13/2/89) ae@ reufyikd ;f aqG;aEG;yGrJ mS tJ'w D u
d swo hJ abmxm;udk u|eaf wmf
wdk@tzGJ@csKyftaeeJ@ar;jref;=uzdk@ygyJ? 'gayrJhy¶dk*&rfpDpOfolawGuyJ/ tJ'D aqG;aEG;yGJ
[m ygwD p H k v l p H k j zpf a evd k @ aqG ; aEG ; yG J + yD ; wJ h t cg u|ef a wmf w d k @ tzG J @ csKyf e J @
owfowfaqG;aEG; zdk@pDpOfxm;ygw,fvdk@ usaemfhudkajymygw,f? tJ'Dreufydkif;rSm
a':atmif q ef ; pk = unf t wG u f tjcm;jynf h E S u f a ewJ h t pD t pOf a wG a =umif h
u|efawmfwdk@tzGJ@csKyfeJ@ oD;jcm;aqG;aEG;zdk@tcsdefray;EdkifcJhygbl;?
naexrif;pm;yGJusawmh a':atmifqef;pk=unfhwdk@aemufwae@reuf
jyef=uawmhr,fvdk@usaemfod&w,f?

$

U tun myint.pmd 261 27/1/2548, 9:11

 OD;rdk;ol&J@=um;0ifpDpOfay;r_a=umifh a':atmifqef;pk=unfeJ@usaemf&J@
aqG;aEG;yGJ[m óudwifpDpOfr_r±SdbJ/ ±kwfw&ufjzpfay:cJhjcif;jzpfygw,f?
trSefuawmh 'DudpPrsKd;[mat;at;aq;aq;tcsdef,l+yD; ta=utvnf
aqG;aEG;&rJhudpPjzpfygw,f?
tckawmhóudwifppD Ofrr_ ±Sb d /J ±kww
f &ufjzpfay:vmcJw h t
hJ jyifa':atmifqef;
pk=unfukd cspcf ifav;pm;wJ{h nfyh &dwo f wfuvJ 0dik ;f &HaewJt
h wGu/f usaemfbufu
txl;owdxm;+yD;ajymqdkcJh&ygw,f? a':atmifqef;pk=unf[m 'Dae@trsKd;om;
acgif;aqmifwa,muftjzpfa&muf±SdaewJh tcgrsKd;rSmusaemfwdk@[m acgif;aqmif
wa,muf&J@*k%foduQmusqif;aprJh tðytrltajymtqdkrsKd;udk a±Smif&r,fvdk@
usaemfc, H xl m;ygw,f? 'ga=umifyh J usaemf[ma':atmifqef;pk=unfpum; t±Snf
}uD; ajymaepOf usaemfeJ@oabmxm;jcif;rwdkufqdkifayrJh =um;jzwf0ifa&muf
E_wfvSef xdk;jcif;rðycJhygbl;? a':atmifqef;pk=unf ajymvdkwmajym+yD;awmhrSyJ
usaemf&J@ xifjrif,lqcsufawGudk at;at;aq;aq; jyefwifjyr,f vdk@pdwful;
cJ h y gw,f ? 'gayrJ h a':atmif q ef ; pk = unf r S m ta&;}uD ; wJ h aemuf t pD t pOf
wcktwGuf ±kwfw&uf xGufoGm;&awmh usaemfhtwGuf ra=urvnfjzpf+yD;
usef&pfcJhygw,f? 'ga=umifh 'Dpmudkaumufa&;&jcif;jzpfygw,f? OD;rdk;ol udkawmh
usaemft&dyft¹rGufajymjycJh ygao;w,f?
'Dpm[ma0zefa&;vd@k yJ,q l apvdyk gw,f? a0zefa&;eJ@ud, k u
hf ,
kd u
f akd 0zefa&;
[m 'Drdkua&pDEdkifiHa&;&J@toufjzpfygw,f? a0zefa&;uif;rJhwJh EdkifiHa&;[m
uarmufurrjzpfwwf±Hkr#ru/ tm%m±SifpepfqDodk@vnf; OD;wnfoGm;wwfyg
w,f?
pmtvGef±SnfoGm;rSmpdk;wJhtwGufusaemfvdk&if;udka&;ygawmhr,f-
usaemfwdk@tzGJ@csKyftaeeJ@ wdkif;&if;om;aygif;pHkaexdkifwJhjrefrmEkdifiHawmf
udk wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;tcsif;csif;/ jynfe,ftcsif;csif;wef;wlnDr#r_udk tcdkifrSmqHk;
tmrcHcsufay;EdkifwJh zuf'&,f,leD,HrsKd;wnfaqmufEdkifrSom jynfe,frsm;eJ@
wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;rsm; wef;wlnDr#r_trSefwu,f&±Sd+yD;/ trSefwu,faoG;pnf;
nD!w G rf &_ Edik rf ,fv@kd cH,x
l m;ygw,f? 'Dvckd ,
H x
l m;wm[m t=uyfuikd af wmif;qdk
jcif;rsKd;vnf;r[kwfovdk/ pdwful;,Ofawmif;qdkjcif;rsKd;vJr[kwfygbl;? ordkif;pOf

U tun myint.pmd 262 27/1/2548, 9:11

 qufoifcef;pmt&yf&yfay: tajccH+yD;/ usaemfw@kd ±Sr;f tp±Sw d hJ wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsK;d
rsm;vdkvm;awmif;wr_tay: &yfwnfcH,lxm;jcif;omjzpfygw,f?
A[dktpdk;&wrsKd;wpm;wnf;uóud;udkiftkyfcsKyfwJh ,leDx&D,leD,HrsKd;ukdawmh
vGwfvyfa&;oufwrf;wav#muf awG@=ujzpfysufcHpm;r_t&yf&yfa=umifh usaemf
wdk@b,fvdkenf;eJ@rS rvkdvm;/ rESpfoufEdkif=uygbl;?
a':atmifqef;pk=unfod±SdawmfrlwJhtwdkif; ,ae@urBmay:rSmzuf'&,feJ@
,lex D &DEikd if EH pS rf sK;d ESppf m;xJb±J ydS gw,f? wwd,trsK;d tpm;r±Syd gb;l ? 'g[m oDt&dk D
r[kwfygbl;? vufawG@om"uawGyg?
w±kwfjynfol@orRwEdkifiHwcsKd@u zuf'&,feJ@,leDx&Da&mpyfxm;wJh EdkifiH
vd@k ,lq=uygw,f? trSeu f awmh w±kwjf ynf[m ,lex D &DEidk if jH zpfygw,f? vlrsK;d pk
awGe@J jynfe,fawGukd txku d t f avsmufu,
kd yf ikd t
f yk cf sKyfrt
_ cGit hf a&;awGay;xm;
wm rSefayr,fhvdk@ wu,fhtESpfom&tm;jzifh A[dktpdk;&uóud;udkiftkyfcsKyfwJh
,leDx&DEdkifiHjzpfw,fqdkwmb,folrSrjiif;Edkifygbl;?
+AdwdefeJ@jyifopfEkdifiHwdk@[m ,leDx&DEdkifiHppfppf}uD;awGjzpfygw,f? 'gayrJh
tJ'ED ikd if aH wGrmS ±Sw d hJ a'oE &W tkycf sKyfa&;rsm;[m zuf'&,fEikd if aH wGuo hJ @kd ud,
k yf ikd f
tkyfcsKyfcGifhtjynfht0±Sd=uygw,f? 'gawmifrS t*Fvdyfr[kwfwJhpaumh/ a0veJ@
tdkif;&pfvlrsKd;wdk@[mrauseyfEdkifvdk@ tJ'Dxufydk+yD;udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfr_±SdwJh oD;jcm;
jynfe,fawmif;qdk=uao;w,f r[kwfygvm;?
csufudkpvdkAufuD;,m;EdkifiH[m emZDvufatmufuvGwfajrmuf+yD;aemuf
,leDx&DEdkifiHtjzpfwnfaxmifcJhygw,f? csufeJ@ qvdkAufvlrsKd;[lI ESpfrsKd;±Sd&m
csufuvlrsm;pk qvdkAufuvlenf;pkjzpfaevdk@ tajccHOya'xJrSm qvdkAufvlrsKd;
twGuf wduscdkifrSmwJhtcGifhta&;awGudk oD;jcm;xnfhoGif;a&;qGJxm;cJhygw,f?
'gayrJh vlrsKd;csif;wef;wlr_rjynfh0ao;bl;vdk@ ,lq=uvdk@vGefcJhwJh 3-4 ESpfuyJ
zuf'&,ftajccHOya'opfudka&;qGJ+yD; zuf'&,fEdkifiHtjzpf jyefvnfwnfaqmuf
cJh=uw,f r[kwfvm;?
tem*wfjrefrmEkdifiHawmfwnfaqmuf&mrSmtem*wfacgif;aqmif tjzpf
tvm; tvmtrsm;qHk;±SdwJh a':atmifqef;pk=unfeJ@vlrsKd;pkt}uD;qHk;wnf±SdwJh
±S r f ; jynf e J @ vl r sKd ; pk o abmxm;ausvnf x m;zd k @ vd k y gw,f ? wd u sjywf o m;

$!

U tun myint.pmd 263 27/1/2548, 9:11

 xm;zdk@vdkw,f vdk@,lq+yD;? usaemfwdk@taustvnf aqG;aEG;xm;zdk@ qEN±SdcJh=u
jcif;jzpfygw,f?
a':atmifqef;pk=unfu trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyfausnmcsuf(9)rSm
yg±SdwJhoabmxm;[m tm;vHk;udkòcHiHkrdw,fvdk@qdkcJhygw,f? omreftm;jzifh
=unfh&if òcHiHkrdovdkxif&ygw,f? aoaocsmcsmavhvm =unfhwJhtcg wdusr_r±Sd
wJ h t jyif / 0g;wm;wm;jzpf a ewmawG u d k awG @ &wJ h t wG u f OD ; rd k ; ol r S w qif h
a':atmifqef;pk=unfeJ@ aqG;aEG;Edkifzdk@ usaemfcGifhawmif;cJhjcif;jzpfyg w,f?
usaemfuwdwu d susoabmxm;udk ar;vdu k wf thJ cg a':atmifqef;pk=unf
[meJeJpdwfqdk;oGm;w,fvdk@ usaemfxifygw,f? pdwfqdk;oGm;wmr[kwfbl; qdk&if
usaemfudkcGifhvGwfyg? usaemftJ'DvdktuJcwfrdcJhvdk@yg?
usaemf'Dvdkoabmxm;oufa&mufwJhar;cGef;ar;cJhwm a':atmifqef;
pk=unfrSwfrdr,fxifygw,f?
a=ujimcsu(f 9)rSm“æ jynfaxmifp}k uD;.tem*wfc&D;vrf;!ïerf sm;udk csrw S f
Ekdifrnfh wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;aygif;pHk trsKd;om;n‡dEd_if;r_nDvmcHw&yfæ”ac:,lr,f
vdk@az: jyxm;w,f? tJ'DtrsKd;om;nDvmcHujyXmef;csufrsm;eJ@ vrf;!ïefw&m;
rsm;udt k ajccH+yD;“æ Edik if aH wmfz@JG pnf;tkycf sKyfyt kH ajccHOya'opfw&yfukd 'Dru kd a&pD
wk d i f ; jynf ð yvG w f a wmf w G i f n‡ d E _ d i f ; a&;qG J r ,f æ ”vd k @ vnf ; qd k x m;ygw,f ?
a':atmif q ef ; pk = unf t aeeJ @ tajccH O ya'opf & ,f / tJ ' D t ajccH O ya't&
wnfaqmufrnfhjynfaxmifpk}uD;qdkwm&,f b,fvdkEdkifiHtrsKd;tpm;udkqdkvdkwm
vnf;/ zuf'&,fvm;/ ,leDx&Dvm;æ”
tJ't
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oG m ;ygw,f ? toH v J e J e J r mvmw,f v d k @ usaemf x if y gw,f ? 'ga=umif h
a':atmifqef;pk=unfeJeJpdwfqdk;oGm;w,fvdk@ xifrda=umif;usaemfqdkcJhwmyg?
r[kwfbl;qdk&if usaemf'kwd,t}udrfxyf+yD;awmif;yefygw,f?
a':atmifqef;pk=unfu“jynfaxmifpkudkt*FvdyfbmomeJ@,leD,Hvdk@
jyefxm;ygw,f? usrwdk@uvnf;,leD,HudkyJqdkvdkwm? zuf'&,fwdk@/ ,leDx&Dwdk@
qd k w moD t d k & D o abmw&m;awG b J / vuf a wG @ eJ @ wjcm;pD y g? oD t d k & D a wG u d k
ae&mwumvufawG@oH;k vd@k r&bl;? b,fvjkd ynfaxmifprk sK;d vnf;qdw k m usrtck

$"

U tun myint.pmd 264 27/1/2548, 9:11

 rajymEdik bf ;l ? trsK;d om;nDvmcHa&mufraS qG;aEG;ndE‡ i_d ;f =u&r,f? usrtaeeJ@awmh
tm;vHk;oabmwlqHk;jzwfxm;wmudk vufcHrSmyJ? tJ'DvdkyGifhvif;wJhpdwfrsKd;xm;
w,f”pojzifh t±Snf}uD;ajymoGm;+yD;wJhaemuf “usrtaeeJ@vlrsKd;pkawGtay:rSm
apwemtvGefoef@w,fqdkwmawmh,Hk=unfyg? trsKd;om;nDvmcHrSm tefu,f
wdk@udkvnf;nSdEd_if;rSmygæ”vdk@ajymcJhygw,f? tJ'Daemufusaemfhtay:yk*~v"dXmef
vm;/ usaemfudk,fpm;ðywJhtzGJ@csKyfudkyJ&nf!Gef;wmvm;-'guawmhusaemf
aoaocsmcsmrajymEdkifbl;? a':atmifqef;pk=unfuóudwifpOf;pm;awG;awmwJh
t,ltq(Pre. conceived Ideas)rxm;±St d yfwt hJ a=umif;jypfwifa0zefomG ;ygw,f?
wqufwnf;trsKd;om;nDvmcH}uD;udk(Pre. conceved Ideas)awGeJ@vmvdk@awmh
rjzpfbl;? usrwdk@vufrcHEdkifbl;? tm;vHk;yGifhvif;wJhpdwfxm;(With open mind)eJ@
wufa&mufvm=urSjzpfr,fvdk@vnf;ajymcJhygw,f?
(Pre.conceived Ideas)eJ@ywfoufvdk@ a':atmifqef;pk=unfu b,fvdk
ðyovJawmhusaemfrodbl; -
vlwa,mufqDrSm t,ltqwckpDawmh±Sdp+rJyg?
udpPcyfodrf;aqmif±Guf&mrSm óudwifpOf;pm;-awG;awmr_awmh±Sd=urSmtrSef
ygyJ-
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w&m;vrf;pOf&,fvdk@ toD;oD;±Sd=up+rJyg? EkdifiHa&;ygwDwck 'grSr[kwf EdkifiHa&;
acgi;f aqmifwa,muf[m aqG;aEG;yG/J pnf;a0;yGw J ckukd wufa&mufawmhr,fq&kd if
oabmw&m;wckodk@r[kwf t,ltqwckudkawmh óudwifawG;awmpOf;pm;+yD;
,laqmifvmrSmrvGJyg?
wdkif;&if;omvlrsKd;aygif;pHk trsKd;om;nDvmcHobifudk wufa&mufvm=urJh
yk*~dKvf/ tzGJ@tpnf;toD;oD;[mvnf; wdkif;&if;om;aoG;pnf;nD!Gwfa&;eJ@
ywfoufvdk@ rdrdwdk@udk,fydkiftawG;tac:oabmw&m; t,ltqrsm;,laqmif
rvmvdk@rjzpfygbl;? a':atmifqef;pk=unfajymcJhwJh(Pre. conceived Ideas)qdkwm
'gawGeJ@roufqdkifbl;vm;/ óudwifawG;awm}uHqxm;wJhtawG;tac:oabm
w&m;t,ltq rudkifaqmifvm&wJhnDvmcHrsKd;udkusif;yvdk@&r,fvdk@ usaemf
rxifrb d ;l ? oabmw&m;t,ltqrsK;d pHu k akd wmh ,laqmifvm=u&rSmyJ? nDvmcH

$#

U tun myint.pmd 265 27/1/2548, 9:11

 usrStJ'Doabmw&m;t,ltqawGudk nd‡Ed_if;aqG;aEG;=u&r,f? wlnDwJhtajzudk
±Sm=u&r,fvdk@ usaemf,lqygw,f?
a':atmifqef;pk=unfpum;ajymaewkef; TtcsufawGudk usaemf0ifajym
csiv
f u kd w
f m yg;pyf,m;aewmyJ? 0dik ;f tH;k aewJv h tl yk af ±Sr› mS a':atmifqef;pk=unf
udkav;pm;aomtm;jzifh usaemf+idrfoufpGmyJ em;axmifaecJhygw,f?
a':atmifqef;pk=unfcifAsm;? usaemfhpm[m rlv}uH±G,fxm;wmxuf
trsm;}uD;±Snfvsm;vmwJhtwGuf usaemfhudkcGifhvGwfyg? EdkifiHa&;qdkwmyGifhvif;&
ygr,f? tm;rem&ygbl;/ rajymr+yD;/ rwD;rjrnfqdkovdkyJ/ ajymp&m±Sdwmawmh
ukefatmifajymyg&ap?
tcka':atmifqef;pk=unfxH 'Dpmt±Sn}f uD;a&;aeovd/k wku d w f u
kd q
f ikd q
f ikd f
vGecf w
hJ hJ (43) ESpw
f w d ud / a':atmifqef;pk=unf&@J zcifxt H vm;wlpmt±Sn}f uD;
wapmifa&;om;ay;ydk@cJhzl;ygw,f? ±Srf;-jrefrmqufqHa&;twGufordkif;0ifpm
wapmifvdk@tcsKd@yk*~dKvfawGu todtrSwfðyxm;=uygw,f? tJ'DpmxJuqDav#mf
wJhtcsufwcsKd@udk tusOf;r#az: jyyg&ap?
1946-ck/ a±$w*d b kH &k m;tv,fypP,rH mS usi;f ywJh (zqyv) jynfv;kH u|wf
nDvmcHudk usaemfwdk@±Srf;jynfuvli,fudk,fpm;vS,f (10) OD;wufa&mufcJh=uyg
w,f? w&m;0ifu, kd pf m;vS,af wGr[kwyf gb;l ? t*Fvyd t f m%mydik af wGrodatmif
wdwfwqdwfcdk;wufcJh&wJh udk,fpm;vS,fawGyg?
usaemfwdk@(10)OD;rSm(1)udkwif{(2)udkpHaz(3)udkcGefxD;(4)udkbwif(5)
ukdtkef;az¡tkef;oD;vl;¢(6)udkat;ausmf(7)udkokw(8)udkoef;az(9)udkjrrif;(10)
usaemfw@kd jzpfygw,f? tJ'(D 10)a,mufteuf udck eG x f ;D eJ@usaemf(3)a,mufyJ 'Dae@
toufxif±Sm;±Sdae=uygw,f?
tJ'D 1946ck/ zqyvnDvmcHrSm usaemfwdk@±Srf;jynfeJ@oufqdkifwJhtqdk
wck y gygw,f ? usaemf w d k @ ±S r f ; jynf v l i ,f r sm;wif o G i f ; wJ h t qd k r [k w f y gbl ; ?
awmif}uD;òrd@rSm c%acwWvma&mufaexdkifzl;wJh ArmrGwfqvifuGefu&uf
udk,fpm;vS,fOD;azcifuwifoGif;cJhwmyg? zqyvnDvmcHudk,fpm;vS,ftm;vHk;
xJrSm OD;azcifwa,mufyJ ±Srf;jynfeJ@eD;pyfoljzpfygw,f? tqdk&J@acgif;pnf;u
“c|if;csefxm;aome,frsm;jrefrmjynfrESifhyl;aygif;a&;”vdk@jzpfygw,f? pum;vHk;

$$

U tun myint.pmd 266 27/1/2548, 9:11

 twdtusawmhusaemfrrSwfrdbl;?
tqdk&J@pmudk,frSm-puULjzLpmwrf;t&/ ±Srf;jynf/ ucsifawmifwef;/ csif;
awmifwef;pwJh e,frsm;udk ArmjynfucGx J wk x
f m;w,f/ tJ'eD ,frsm;u Armjynf
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tJ'v D akd wmifwef;a'oe,frsm;udk cGx J w k xf m;wJt
h wGuf 'DzqyvnDvmcH }uD;u
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tJ'DtqdkygvmwJhtwGufusaemfwkd@udk,fpm;vS,ftzGJ@u 0rf;ajrmuf
0rf;omóudqv kd ukd +f yD;/ zqyvtvkyt f r_aqmiftzG@J eJ@ ±Sr;f jynfta&;aqG;aEG; Edik &f ef
twGut f csed af y;ygrnfh ta=umif;nDvmcHtwGi;f a&;r–;xHpma&;yef=um;cJyh gw,f-
usaemf&@J yef=um;csut f & nDvmcH+yD;wJah emuf 1946ckazaz:0g&v D (8)&uf
ae@rSm zqyvtvkyt f r_aqmiftzG@J eJ@usaemfw@kd aqG;aEG;ygw,f? aqG;aEG;yGJ rwdik rf D
aqG;aEG;yGt J wGuv f rf;!ïerf t _ jzpfusaemfw@dk uar;cGe;f (8)ck óudwify@kd xm; cJyh gw,f?
zqyvtvkyftr_aqmiftzGJ@udk a':atmifqef;pk=unf&J@zcif AdkvfcsKyf
atmifqef;uOD;aqmif+yD; atmufygyk*~dKvfrsm;wufa&mufcJh=uygw,f?
(1) ocif c spf (2) OD ; baz (3) OD ; wif ( jref a tmif ) (4) OD ; cspf a rmif
(5) OD; quf (6) OD;b*sr;f (7) OD;atmifpaH 0 (8) OD;b±Sed f (9) OD;wif (jrefrmhtvif;)
(10) OD;wifarmif (11) OD;bcsKd (12) ocifwif-
tJ'DaqG;aEG;yGJcsif;eJ@&cdkifudk,fpm;vS,frsm;vnf;yg0ifwJhyl;wGJaqG;aEG;yGJ
jzpfygw,f?
'DaqG;aEG;yGJeJ@ ywfoufvdk@tus,fraz: jyawmhygbl;? usaemfwdk@ay;ydk@
xm;wJhar;cGef; (8) ckteuftrSwf (7) ar;cGef;udkyJ tusOf;csKyfazmfjyygr,f?
trSwf (7) ar;cGef;[mc|if;csefxm;wJh e,frsm;rygbJ/ ArmhvGwfvyfa&;udk
&Ed k i f w ,f v d k @ zqyvu,l q ygovm;? c|if ; csef x m;wJ h e ,f r sm;rygbJ Armh
vGwfvyfa&;ay;&ifaum zqyvu,lygr,fvm;vdk@ oabmwufa&mufwJh
ar;cGef;jzpfygw,f?
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atmufygtwdkif;tusOf;csKyfaz: jyxm;ygw,f?
“ar;cGe;f (7) ESiphf yfvOS ;f I jzpfay:vmaom tajctaet&om aqmif±u G f

$%

U tun myint.pmd 267 27/1/2548, 9:11

 &rnfjzpfa=umif;”
usaemfwdk@&J@ar;cGef;(8)ckpvHk;udk AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; wOD;wnf;uyJ 'dkifcH
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usaemf w d k @ tonf ; u|J 0 if c wf v d k u f o vd k c H p m;cJ h & ygw,f ? aqG ; aEG ; yG J w &m;0if
xkwfjyefwJhrSwfwrf;rSm tm;vHk;tusOf;csKyfyJa&;xm;ygw,f? trSefwu,f
ajz=um;pOfu AdkvfcsKyf[mcyf±Snf±Snfajz=um;ygw,f? ar;cGef;(7)udkajz=um;pOf
c|if;csefxm;wJhe,frsm;rygbJ ArmhvGwfvyfa&;&Edkifr,f? tajctaet&,lwef
,l&rSmyJvdk@ajymcJhygw,f? wenf;tm;jzifhajym&&if zqyv[mc|if;csefxm;wJh
e,frsm;rygcsiaf eyap/ ArmjynfrtwGuo f ;D jcm;vGwv f yfa&;udk ,lwef,&l r,fv@kd
cH,lxm;jcif;jzpfygw,f?
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rvnfjzpfcJhygw,f? wjcm;ar;cGef;awGeJ@ ywfoufvdk@vJb0ifruscJh=uyg? usaemf
wdk@±Srf;jynfudpPtjyif/ csif;/ &cdkifudpPrsm;udk qufvufaqG;aEG;+yD; aemufwjcm;
udprP sm;±Sad ewJt h wGuf Adv k cf sKyf[maqG;aEG;yGu J kd tusO;f csK;H +yD;xGucf mG oGm;cJyh gw,f?
tJ'DaqG;aEG;yGJrSm ausrvnfjzpfcJhr_eJ@ ywfouf+yD;usaemfwdk@ ±Srf;jynf
jyefa&muf +yD;wJah emuf 1946ckEpS /f azaz:0g&(D 27)&ufae@rSmAdv k cf sKyfatmifqef;qD
txuf wGifazmfjycJhwJhtwdkif; a0zefcsufpmwrf;±Snf}uD; wapmifudka&;om;ay;
yd k @ cJ h y gw,f ? pmxJ r S m ar;cG e f ; (8)ck & J @ tajzrsm;ud k w ck p D a 0zef + yD ; usaemf w d k @
±Srf;jynfvli,f tzGJ@&J@ cHpm;csufeJ@ oabmxm;udk jyefvnfwifjyvdkufygw,f?
pmygta=umif;t&m tm;vH;k udk 'DpmrSmraz: jyawmhygb;l ? txufygar;cGe;f (7)eJ@
ywfoufwJh a0zefcsufeJ@ usaemfwdk@&J@oabmxm;udkyJ tusOf;csKH;az: jyygr,f?
usaemfwdk@&J@ay;pmrSmæar;cGef;(7)eJ@ywfoufI/ c|if;csefxm;aome,frsm;
rygb/J Armhvw G vf yfa&;&Edik o f nf[k zqyvu,lqaeygonf? “Toabmxm;
onfzqyv. rlvjzpfygonf? (c|i;f csex f m;aome,frsm;ta&;udk zqyvonf)
ud, k t hf a&;[koabmrxm;bJ/ ol@ta&;[koabmxm;onfæ”vd@k a0zefvu kd +f yD;
usaemfwdk@&J@cH,lcsufoabmxm;udk atmufygtwdkif;a&;om;vdkufygw,f?
“wdkif;&if;om;vlenf;pkawGryg0ifbJ/ ppfrSefcdkif+rJaomArmhvGwfvyfa&;udk
b,fenf;ESifhr&Edkif/ r&±SdEdkifojzifhArmvnf;epfemrnf? vlenf;pkrsm;vnf;epfem

$&

U tun myint.pmd 268 27/1/2548, 9:11

 rnf? ±Srf;udkoem;vdk@r[kwf/ Armhta&;yifjzpf&rnfæ”
wjcm;a0zefcsufeJ@ oabmxm;t}uHay;csufrsm;udkawmh tvGef±Snfvsm;
oGm;rSmpdk;vdk@ 'DpmrSmraz: jyvdkawmhyg? tJ'Dusaemfwdk@&J@ay;pma=umifh 1946ck
rwfvrSm usif;ycJhwJhyxryifvHknDvmcHwufa&mufzkd@ apv$wfcJhwJhocifEk/
OD;b*srf;/ ref;bcdkifwdk@yg0ifwJh zqyvudk,fpm;vS,ftzGJ@udk ±Srf;jynfa&mufwJh
tcg usaemfwdk@vli,frsm;eJ@ taustvnfaqG;aEG;zdk@AdkvfcsKyfutxl;wm0ef
ay;vdkufa=umif; tzGJ@acgif;aqmifocifEkuusaemfwdk@udkajymjyygw,f? yifvHk
nDvmcHtwGif; usaemfwdk@tcsdef,l+yD; tawmf=umatmifaqG;aEG;vdkuf&vdk@
jy\emajyvnfoGm;cJhygw,f? ocifEk[m,ae@wdkiftoufxif±Sm;±Sdaeygao;
w,f?
usaemfwdk@ay;pma0zefcsufeJ@ oabmxm;a=umifhvdk@usaemfrajym&Jygbl;?
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;[m aemufwcgArmhvGwfvyfa&;ta=umif;ajymwdkif; c|if;csef
xm;wJhe,frsm;udkvnf; wygwnf;vGwfvyfa&;ay;&r,fvdk@xnfhajymvmwm
awG@&ygw,f? bdvyfaqG;aEG;yGJrsm;rSmvnf; tJ'Dtwdkif;twdtvif;xkwfaz:
ajymqdkcJhwmawG@&ygw,f?
(13/1/47) ae@vnf (12)em&DaqG;aEG;yGJtzGifhrdef@cGef;rSm“ArmvlrsKd;wdk@.
vdkvm;csufrSmvGwfvyfa&;yifjzpfI/ rdrdwdk@.pdwfxJwGifjrefrmjynfvGwfvyfa&;
qd&k mY u&if/ ±Sr;f / ucsi/f u&ifepD aome,fjcm;a'otm;vH;k wòydief ufvw G v
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wdkuf±dkuftkyfcsKyfr_atmufwGifxm;±Sdonfh jrefrmjynf. vGwfvyfa&;qdkonfrSm
t"dyüg,fr±Sdyg”[lI‚if; ajymqdkcJha=umif;w&m;0ifrSwfwrf;rsm;t&od&ygw,f?
'D p mud k tqH k ; rowf c if u saemf w d k @ wd k i f ; &if ; om;vl r sKd ; rsm;vd k v m;wJ h
zuf'&,frleJ@ ywfouf+yD;ta&;}uD;wJhtcsufwcsufawmh ajymjyxm;csifygw,f?
usaemfwkd@u zuf'&,frlvdk@ ajymvdkuf&ifjrefrmjynfruyk*~dKvfawmfawmf
rsm;rsm;[m“cGJxGufa&;/ jynfaxmifpkòyduGJa&;”vdk@wr[kwfcsif;t"dyüg,faumuf
vdu k =f uygw,f? 'Dvt kd "dygü ,rf sK;d aumufatmifwrifzefw;D vH@_ aqmfco hJ al wGxrJ mS
ae±Sif;owif;pm/ taxmufawmfowif;pmeJ@wnf+rJzqyvacgif;aqmiftcsKd@

$'

U tun myint.pmd 269 27/1/2548, 9:11

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jynfe,frzGJ@&ao;ygbl;? u&ifeDawmholwdk@udk,fwdkifvGwfvyfwJhEdkifiHtjzpf
owfrSwfxm;=uqJjzpfygw,f?
+yD;awmhyifvn kH v D mcHrmS Advk cf sKyfe@J usaemfw@kd wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsK;d pk ud,
k pf m;
vS,frsm;oabmwlem;vnfr_&±SdcJhwm ±Sdygao;w,f? yifvHkpmcsKyfrSm raz:

%

U tun myint.pmd 270 27/1/2548, 9:11

 jyxm;ayrJh (Gentleman's Agreement) vdk@ac:&rSmvm;? usaemfrajym wwfbl;?
usaemf w d k @ uawmh tJ ' gud k yif v H k p d w f " gwf v d k @ owf r S w f x m;ygw,f ? tJ ' D
oabmwlem;vnfr_awGu-
(1) ,ck,m,Dy;l aygi;f jcif; (yifvpkH mcsKyf) onf aemify;l aygi;f a&;
cGJxGufa&;udkrxdcdkufap&yg?
(2) aemifyl;aygif;cJhaomfvnf;/ cGJxGufvdkujyefcGJxGufEdkifcGifh±Sd
ap&rnf?
(3) wdkif;jynfðyv$wfawmfac:+yD;aemufryl;aygif;Edkifao;v#if
yl;aygif;vdkonfhtcg/ yl;aygif;Edkif&efvrf;zGifhay;xm;rnf?
(4) ±Srf;jynf- jynfwGif;udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfr_ vHk;0vGwfvyfcGifh±Sd
&rnf?
(5) ±Srf;ponfhvlrsKd;rsm;. pmay,Ofaus;r_rsm;udk rapmfum;
rxdcdkufap&yg?
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;[m rdrdudk,fwdkifucGJxGufcGifhudkrvdkvm;ayrJh vlrsKd;pk
rsm;tay: tJ'x D ad tmifvu kd af vsmygw,f? oabmxm;}uD;cJyh gw,f? 'ga=umifyh J
usaemfwdk@vlrsKd;pkrsm;[m AdkvfcsKyfudkcspfcif=uw,f? =unf!dk=uw,f? av;pm;
=uw,f? ,Hk=unf=uw,f?
trSefuawmh cGJxGufcGifhqdkwJhudpP[mvufawG@aqmif±Guf&mrSm rvG,ful
ovdk rvdkvm;tyfwJhudpPvJjzpfw,f?
vlrsKd;pkoabmw&m;rSm vlrsKd;pkrsm;&J@tcGifhta&;udk umuG,fzdk@twGuf
vufeufwcktjzpftoHk;ðyEdkif&ef vlrsKd;pkoabmw&m;a&;q&m}uD;rsm;u cGJxGuf
cGifhwdk@ ueOD;azmfxkwfcJhjcif;jzpfygw,f?
'Dvufeufukd wu,fvufawG@toH;k csz@kd rvG,o f vd/k toH;k csz@kd vJrvdt k yf
ygb;l ? 'ga=umifah cwfopfordik ;f wav#mufrmS cGx J u G cf iG u
hf t
kd oH;k cscw
hJ o
hJ m"ursm;
usaemfw@kd rawG@=u&ygb;l ? zuf'&,fEikd if t H rsm;pk&@J tajccHOya'rsm;rSm cJx G u
G cf iG hf
jyXmef ; csuf r sm;ud k xnf h o G i f ; a&;om;xm;jcif ; r¶S d y gbl ; ? qd k A D , uf , l e D , H e J @
,l*dkqvm;AD;,m;jynfaxmifpktajccHOya'rsm;rSmom vlrsKd;pk rsm;auseyfESpfodrfh
apzd@k twGuf (rl)oabmtjzpfxnfo h iG ;f a&;om;xm;w,fv@kd usaemf,q l ygw,f?

%

U tun myint.pmd 271 27/1/2548, 9:11

 wu,fvufawG@toHk;csbdk@b,fvdkenf;eJ@rSrjzpfEkdifygbl;?
usaemfwkd@jrefrmEdkifiH vGwfvyfa&;oufwrf;(14)ESpfumutwGif;rSmvnf;
usaemfwdk@cGJxGufzdk@rpOf;pm;ygbl;? cGJxGufcGifhudktoHk;csr,fqdk&iftoHk;csEdkifwJh
1958-59-60-61ckESpfrsm;rSmawmif/ usaemfwdk@vufawG@toHk;cszdk@r}uHpnfcJh=u
ygbl;? 1947 ckESpftajccHOya'utwdtvif;cGifhðyxm;wJhtjyif/ tJ'Dumv&J@
¶Srf;jynfEdkifiHa&; tajctaet&/ wu,fvdk@usaemfwdk@ucGJxGuf csifw,fqdk&if/
'Drdkua&pDenf;vrf;eJ@tnD w&m;Oya'abmiftwGif;uyif/ tvG,fwul cGJxGuf
oG m ;Ed k i f c J h y gw,f ? 'D r d k u a&pD j yif y rS m wm;qD ; yd w f y if z suf q D ; r_ r sm; ay:ayguf
vmcJh&ifawmh usaemfrajymwwfygbl;?
'gu 1962 ckESpfrwdkifrSDumv&J@ tajctaeeJ@ jzpf&yftrSefjzpfygw,f?
1962 ckESpf 'DbufumvrSmusaemfwdk@ ±Srf;jynftp±SdwJhvlrsKd;pkjynfe,fawG[m
jrefrmjynfreJ@twl/ wygwDtm%m±Sifpepf&J@'g%fudk tvl;tvSdrfhcHcJh&ygw,f?
jrefrmvlrsKd;tygt0if/ wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;rsm;[m tcsif;csif;aoG;pnf;nD!Gwfr_
ydkIydkIvdktyfvmw,fvdk@vJ usaemfwdk@em;vnfvmygw,f?
'ga=umifh wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;rsm;aoG;pnf;nD!Gwfa&;tvGefvdktyfvmwJh
umvrsKd;rSm cGJxGufcGifhqdkwmomIyifrvdkvm;tyfbl;vdk@ usaemfxifygw,f?
wdkif;&if;om; aoG;pnf;nD!Gwfr_xm0pOf wnfwHhckdif+rJapzdk@twGuf usaemf
wa,muftaeeJ@qdk&if cJGxGufcGifhudk pGef@v$wfzdk@0efrav;ygbl;? wenf;tm;jzifh
z,f'&,f,leD,Hac: ppfrSefwJh jynfaxmifpkwnfaqmufrJhtajccHOya'opfa&;qGJ
wJhtcg/ cGJxGufcGifhtcef;u¾udkðzwfxm;zdk@0efrav;ygbl;? 'grSvJwdkif;&if;om;
vlrsKd;rsm;t=um;wnf±SdaewJh oHo,awGuif;pifoGm;r,fvdk@usaemf,lqygw,f?
'guusaemfwOD;wnf;&J@oabmxm;yg?
1947 ckEpS u f usaemfw@dk cGx J u G cf iG u
hf akd &;}uD;cGiu
hf s,af jymcJ=h uwmvJ e,fcs@J
&J@umv=um±SnfaoG;cGJtkyfcsKyfr_a=umifh wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;csif;}uD;rm;pGm aoG;uGJ
ae=uygw,f? oHo,awG±SdaecJh=uygw,f? 'ga=umifhoabmw&m;t&/ pdwfqEN
t& pGwftwif;cGJxGufcGifhawmif;qdkcJh=ujcif;jzpfygw,f? ,cktcg±Srf;tp±SdwJh
wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;pkawG[mvJ vlvm;ajrmufvm=uyg+yD? tawG;tac:&ifhusuf
vm=uyg+yD?

U tun myint.pmd 272 27/1/2548, 9:11

 wef;wlnDr#r_udk tcdkiftrmtmrcHcsufay;wJh zuf'&,fjynfaxmifpk}uD;
wnfaqmufxm;v#icf x JG uG zf @kd qdw
k m rvdt k yfawmhwt hJ jyif/ cGx
J uG cf siw f phJ w d xf m;
rsKd;vJay:aygufvmawmhrSm r[kwfbl;vdk@usaemf,Hk=unfygw,f?
a':atmif q ef ; pk = unf c if A sm;-a':atmif q ef ; pk = unf [ m usaemf w d k @
av;pm;=unf!dkwJh AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;&J@orD;jzpfwJhtwdkif;/ AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;
eJ@ ywfouf&if/ usaemfwdk@xuftrsm;}uD;ydkIodygw,f? 'gayr,fhynm±Sdowd
jzpfcJqdkwJh jrefrmqdk±dk;pum;twdkif;/ AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;¹rGuf=um;cJhwJhpum;wcGef;
udkawmh usaemfajymjyyg&ap? AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;u (A leader must lead)
acgif;aqmifwa,muf[m acgif;aqmif&r,fvdk@rdef@=um;cJhygw,f?
a':atmifqef;pk=unf[m ,ae@jrefrmtrsKd;om;/ EkdifiHa&;rSmzcif&J@ajc&m
udkeif;+yD;/ acgif;aqmiftjzpfwm0efxrf;aqmifaeoljzpfygw,f? zcif}uD;rdef@=um;
cJhovdk&J&J0hH0Hh}uD;acgif;aqmifjyprf;yg? trsKd;om;nDvmcHusrStrsm;qHk;jzwfwJhrludk
vufcHr,fqdkwJh aemuf+rD;qGJ0g'rsKd;udkpGef@vGwfzdk@ usaemfav;pm;pGmawmif;yefyg
w,f?
Adv
k cf sKyfatmifqef;[m cGx J uG cf iG u
hf rkd t
l m;jzifh rESpo
f ufwmtrSeyf g? jrefrm
vlrsm;pkuvnf;/ rESpfoufbl;qdkwmodygw,f/ 'gayr,fhwdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;rsm;
aoG;pnf;a&;udkOD;pm;ay;vdkufavsmwJhtaeeJ@ cGJxGufcGifhudkvufcHcJhw,f? &J&J0Hh0Hh
acgi;f aqmif+yD; yifvpkH mcsKyfukd csKyfqckd w hJ ,f/ tajccHOya'a&;qGw J thJ cg cGx J uG cf iG hf
ukx d nfoh iG ;f ay;zd@k zqyvy%mrnDvmcHrmS OD;aqmif+yD; vrf;!ïerf c_ say;cJyh gw,f?
,ckvJ cdik rf mwJw h ikd ;f &if;om;vlrsK;d rsm; aoG;pnf;nD!w G af &;&±SEd ikd zf @kd twGuf
ppfrSefwJhjynfaxmifpkrsKd;udk wnfaqmufrSjzpfr,fqdkwmudka':atmifqef;pk=unf
u,Hk=unfvufcHygv#if zcif}uD;uJhodk@&J&J0Hh0Hhacgif;aqmifjyprf;yg? ppfrSefwJh
jynfaxmifpkeJ@ywfoufvdk@ (26) ESpfvHk;vHk; wzufowft"dyüg,fzGifh+yD; xlxyfpGm
wdu k yf pfcw
hJ hJ 0g'rdi_ ;f }uD;udk jynfov l xl }k uD;tay:rSmuif;pifvi$ ahf ysmufomG ;atmif
jywfjywfom;om; OD;pD;vrf;jyaqmif±Gufay;prf;ygvdk@ usaemftEl;!ïwfyef=um;
ygw,f?
a0;vHao;wJh tem*wfjrefrmEdkifiHawmfwnfaqmufa&;udkyJ a±S›wef;wif
!ïef;w,fvdk@ usaemfwdk@udktjypfrwifygeJ@? usaemfwdk@[m ,ckavmavmq,f

%!

U tun myint.pmd 273 27/1/2548, 9:11

 'Drdkua&pDta&;awmfyHk}uD;udk +yD;ajrmufatmifjrifonftxd wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;
rsm;tm;vH;k vufwrJG ðzwfwrf; qifE=JG u&tH;k r,fqw kd mudvk J rsuaf jcrjywf=uygb;l ?
'Drdkua&pDta&;awmfyHk}uD; ratmifjrifbJeJ@ tem*wfjrefrmEkdifiHawmf}uD;
wnfaqmufr_qdkwm pdwful;,OftdyfrufyJjzpfw,f? b,fvdkenf;eJ@rS rwnf
aqmufEkdifbl;qdkwmudkvnf; usaemfwdk@ em;vnfoabmayguf=uygw,f?
'gayr,fh tem*gwjf refrmEkid if aH wmfukd wnfaqmufct hJ cg/ tvGetf a&;}uD;
wJh wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;rsm;aoG;pnf;nD!Gwfr_udkvnf; óudwifawG;awmpOf;pm;
rxm;vdk@rjzpfygbl;?
at;twl/ yltr# OruGo J u
kd rf ysuf xm0&yl;aygi;f qdw k mudk aºuG;a=umfae±Hk
qENðyae±Hek @J r&Edik yf gb;l ? cdik rf mwJt h ajccH&±Srd S atmifjrifr,fjzpfyga=umif; av;pm;
pGmwifjy+yD; 'Dpmudked*Hk;csKyfygw,f-
xm0pOfav;pm;v#uf
OD;xGef;jrifh
OD;pD;em,u
±Srf;jynfwdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;rsm;'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyf
162- a&xGufOD;vrf;/ uHta±S›&yf-awmif}uD;òrd@

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(em,u}uD;OD;xGef;jrifhrSa':atmifqef;pk=unfxH yk*~dKvfa&;ay;pmjzpfyg
onf? &-w-'-z tzGJ@0ifrsm;od±SdavhvmEkdif&ef ay;ydk@ygonf? )

tr_aqmiftzGJ@
&-w-'-z (XmecsKyf)
awmif}uD;òrd@

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U tun myint.pmd 274 27/1/2548, 9:11