COMPUTATIONAL

MECHANICS MKM410
Dr M. Sharifpur
mohsen.sharifpur@up.ac.za

Lecture 1
Department of Mechanical and Aeronautical Engineering
University of Pretoria
February 24th, 2011
 Computers and Humans
"Computers are incredibly fast,
accurate, and stupid;
humans are incredibly slow,
inaccurate and brilliant;
together they are powerful
beyond imagination."

1921 Nobel Prize in Physics for photoelectric effect. In 1999 Einstein

was named Time magazine's "Person of the Century", and a poll of
prominent physicists named him the greatest physicist of all time
 Wrong Info

Wrong Answer

Wrong Initial & BC

The important thing is:

The problem The answer
Did you solve your own problem?
 Simple

First order linear differential equation

Solution;

Example;
Sometimes we have the experimental data, and we want
to find the generalized solution.
Sometimes we have the Mathematical model but we do
not have the exact analytical solution.
Example; General Heat Conduction Equation
  T    T    T  T
k    k    k   egen  c
x  x  y  y  z  z  t
   T    T    T  T
k    k    k   egen  c
x  x  y  y  z  z  t
In your Text book this equation (General Heat Conduction Equation)
is represented by equation 2.22 (page 24) as

Therefore:

q  egen , x1  x , x2  y and x3  z
 and Initial condition

  T    T    T  T
k    k    k   egen  c
x  x  y  y  z  z  t
Initial and Boundary conditions
 Boundary and Initial Conditions
(Mathematically we call them Conditions)
1) BC=1, I=1 T2
T T egen T
3) BC=2, I=0 a b  c
x 2
x y k t
4) BC=2, I=1
5) BC=3, I=0   T  T T
k c d  egen  0
6) BC=3, I=1 x  x  y z
7) BC=4, I=0
8) BC=4, I=1  T k T
2
T T
k 2  c d  egen  0
x x x y z

8
Boundary and Initial Conditions
Mechanically
 T  T egen 1 T
2 2
 2   B=4, I=1
x 2
y k  t
h, T

h, T

2
Insulated

3
1 9
 Boundary and Initial Conditions
 2T T egen
  0 BC=3, I=0
x 2
y k
 T T T
2
egen 1 T
  T   BC=4, I=1
x 2
y z k  t
 T  T  T egen 1 T
2 2 2
 2  2   BC=6, I=1
x 2
y z k  t
 2T T T egen 1 T  2T
     2 BC=5, I=1
y 2
y z k  t x
10
 Unannounced Test 1
Allowance Time 2 minutes
For solving following partial
differential equation analytically,
How many Initial and Boundary
Conditions do we need?
Specify how many at all , and how
many in each direction? and why?
T  2T T T egen 1 T
a b 2 c d T   0
x y y z k  t
 Initial and Boundary Conditions:
T T
2
T T egen 1 T
a b 2 c d T   0
x y y z k  t
Initial Condition: 1
Boundary Conditions:
x- direction: 1
y- direction: 2 BC = 4 at all
z- direction: 1
and Initial condition
For Heat transfer and Fluid flow
General Heat Conduction Equation:
In rectangular coordinates

  T    T    T  T
k    k    k   egen  c
x  x  y  y  z  z  t
Special Cases
  T    T    T  T
General: k    k    k   egen  c
x  x  y  y  z  z  t

Constant thermal conductivity: Two-dimensional

 2T  2T  2T egen 1 T
 2  2  
x 2
y z k  t

Three-dimensional

1) Steady-state with heat generation  2T  2T  2T egen

 2  2  0
x 2
y z k
 2T  2T  2T 1 T
2) Transient, no heat generation:  2  2 
x 2
y z  t
 2T  2T  2T
3) Steady-state, no heat generation:  2  2 0
x 2
y z 16
Special Cases
General:
  T    T    T  T
k    k    k   egen  c
x  x  y  y  z  z  t

For Plain Wall and constant thermal conductivity:

17
General Heat Conduction Equation:

In Cylindrical
Coordinates

1   T  1 T  T    T  T
 rk  2 k  k   egen   c
r r  r  r     z  z  t
Special Cases in Cylindrical Coordinates

1   T  1 T  T    T  T
 rk  2 k  k 
 gen
e   c
r r  r  r     z  z  t

Usually for homogenous material, with

symmetry boundary condition

1   T  1 T  T    T  T
 rk  2 k  k   egen   c
r r  r  r     z  z  t

+ for long cylinder (L>>D)

General Heat Conduction Equation:

In Spherical
Coordinates

1   2 T  1   T  1   T  T
 kr  2 2 k  2  k sin    egen   c
r r 
2
r  r sin      r sin      t
Special Case in Spherical Coordinates
1   2 T  1   T  1   T  T
 kr    k    k sin  
 gen
e   c
r 2 r  r  r 2 sin 2      r 2 sin      t

Usually for homogenous material, with

symmetry boundary condition

1   2 T  1   T  1   T  T
 kr  2 2 k  2  k sin    egen   c
r r 
2
r  r sin      r sin      t
  T    T    T  T
k    k    k   egen  c
x  x  y  y  z  z  t

Boundary Conditions
• Specified Temperature Boundary Condition
• Specified Heat Flux Boundary Condition
• Convection Boundary Condition
• Radiation Boundary Condition
• Interface Boundary Conditions
• Generalized Boundary Conditions

22
Specified Temperature Boundary Condition
For one-dimensional heat transfer
through a plane wall of thickness
L, for example, the specified
temperature boundary conditions
can be expressed as
  T    T    T  T
 k   
 k 
   k 
 gen

e  c
x  x  y  y  z  z  t

 2T T
k 2  c
x t
T(0, t) = T1
BC T(L, t) = T2
23
Specified Heat Flux Boundary Condition

The heat flux in the positive x-

direction anywhere in the medium,
including the boundaries, can be
expressed by Fourier’s law of heat
conduction as
dT Heat flux in
q  k 
dx the positive
x-direction
The sign of the specified heat flux is determined by
inspection: positive if the heat flux is in the positive
direction of the coordinate axis, and negative if it is in
the opposite direction.
24
 Two Special Cases
Insulated boundary Thermal symmetry

Q x (0, t )  0
k
T (0, t )
0 or
T (0, t )
0
 
T L , t
2 0
x x
x
25