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Abstract- In this paper we will present measurement results depends on the average received power as well as the
that demonstrate the different propagation characteristics of decorrelation properties of the equivalent sub-channels. The
the vertical and horizontal polarizations and their cross- issue of polarization is pertinent because polarization
correlation coupling under line-of-sight and non-line-of- coupling tends to result in a lower average received power
sight conditions. We will also present a simplified model for (most of the energy stays in the same polarization), but it
the propagation environment that uses an approach similar results in a higher sub-channel decorrelation.
to the method of images, and achieves results that match the
measurements. 11. METHODOF IMAGES FORWAVEGUIDES
t
equally divided on all the transmitters. The frequency of
operation was 1.95GHz, and the signal bandwidth was
-+-
B I B
B I B
30kHz.
TRANSMlTTER SIDE RECEIVER SIDE
L - l
-1+’ 1- -
‘I’
-+- B I B
B I B
1423
Average power roll-off with distance
-30I I
Previous measurements taken in the same building have
shown that the delay spread is in the order of lp [ 5 ] , [ 6 ] ,so
_.________._____~__
HH 0.0162; 0.0178
;
for the purpose of this experiment we can assume the -40
channel gain from each transmitter to each receiver to be a -45
complex scalar (flat fading). E
The transmitted signals are fully co-channel, that is they c
occupy the same frequency band. In order to calculate the -55
channel complex gains, the system had incorporated a -60
training phase that was k 2 0 symbols long. During this
phase, each antenna transmitted a row of a MxL Fourier
matrix (orthogonal rows), appropriately scaled to the
transmit power. At the receivers the channel estimate was
computed by applying the pseudo-inverse of the transmitted
training matrix to the received training matrix (since the -80 I I
50
I
100
I
150
I
200 250
transmitted matrix was Fourier, its pseudo-inverse was Distance in feel
simply the Hermitian transpose of the original matrix, so no Fig. 5 Power dependence on distance in the hallway
pre-computation of the pseudo-inverse was required).
Synchronization was provided by a cable connecting the A hallway can be modeled as a lossy waveguide where a
transmitter and the receiver arrays. e-&power roll-off law would apply. We fit a curve of the
Let Tij be the channel complex gain between transmitter j form e -dto the measurements (ain ft-'). The results appear
and receiver i. The purpose of this study is to investigate the in Fig. 5. We observe a steep power drop at about 40 ft. This
distance dependence of the received power as a function of is where power is coupled into the intersecting corridor. As
the transmitter and receiver polarization. In order to achieve expected, the loss factor is higher for the horizontal
some spatial averaging, we will average over all transmit- polarization. This effect becomes more pronounced if we
receive pairs of the polarization in question. Let HT, HR be concentrate on the distances larger than 50ft (alim),
i.e. if we
the sets of horizontally polarized transmitters and receivers neglect the effect of the inter-secting corridor. The cross-
respectively, and VT, VR be the sets of vertically polarized polarization loss is -15dB and the power roll-off factor is
transmitters and receivers respectively. So for example roughly the same for both cross-polarizations (0.019 ft-').
when we study the cross-polarization coupling from a
horizontally polarized transmitter to a vertically polarized V. MEASUREMENT
RESULTSIN THELABS
receiver we will average the channel gain over the set HV =
{(i,j), i e V ~ , j € H T l . An added parameter in the labs is the orientation of the
antenna array. We fit curves of the form dadand d" to the
measured data. In table I, we present the values for the
rv. MEASUREMENT
RESULTSIN THEHALLWAY parameters a and y that we found and the corresponding
errors. Clearly, E+<&, in a lab, and the average received
Our results agree with the results presented in [7], as power is better approximated as a d' function of distance, as
shown in Fig. 4.Small discrepancies can be attributed to the one would expect in a rich scattering environment.
different frequency (815MHz/ 1.95GHz) and to the different TABLE I
antenna heights (loft/ 6 ft) in the two experiments.
1424
-60
-70
E
%!
.s -80
L
PI
a
z
-90
-100
10' 1o2
-100 '
IO' 1o2
Distance (R) Distance (R)
VtoH VtoV
E
e3c
.-
L
H
a
-100 I
IO' 1o2 1o3
Distance (R) Distance (R)
Fig. 6: Power dependence on distance in the labs
Indeed even graphically we notice that power falls off as We considered two sets of elements. The first set
d.' There is a loss of about 15dB incurred by going into the contained only vertically polarized elements on both the
labs and losing the strong line-of-sight component relative transmitter and the receiver sides (the mildly shaded
to the hallway. We observe that the cross-polarization elements in figure 2). The second set contained only
coupling in the labs is much higher (-3dB). Finally the horizontally polarized elements (the more shaded elements
system behavior is similar for all antenna orientations. in figure 2). This will enable some spatial averaging, but
will avoid the computational complexity of including all
VI. COMPARISON
WITHTHEORY antenna elements.
For each set of antennas, we considered distances
between loft and 250 ft, with a step size of loft. The field
from each transmitter to each receiver was calculated as the
sum of the fields from its images. This is equivalent to
coherent addition as opposed to incoherent addition of the
signals that would only sum the powers. The power was
then averaged over all combinations.
In order to account for the fact that the method of images
cannot describe complex structures such as the intersecting
corridor, we present the results for distances greater than
50ft. Also in order to normalize for the transmit power, the
simulated and the measured data were set to the same value
at a distance of 60ft. This will allow us to study the roll-off
behavior independently of the absolute power levels.
Fig. 7 shows the results of our comparison. We observe
RX RY that indeed the method of images captures the polarization
Horizontal .\/=
e. cos e, -E,
effect that was experimentally observed. The power roll-off
polarization
(//walls)
1
,/m2
e, - E , cos
is faster for the horizontally polarized waves (polarization
parallel to the walls). We also observe that it overestimates
the roll-off factor a.
Vertical
polarization -1
,/= e. - cos e,
(Iwalls) -4 e. +COS ei
1425
-35 a Brewster angle phenomenon and penetrate the walls with
1 I
1 -
-.-.
Measured H toH
M. of Images H toH
1I little reflection back into the hall. Vertically polarized waves
Measured V to V do not suffer a similar effect and remain constrained in the
hall way.
The cross-polarization levels under strong line-of-sight
conditions are around -15 dB. In the labs however the cross-
polarization is -3dB, and the two polarizations display
similar power roll-off behaviors.
We verified these experimental results by introducing a
simple model using the method of images. This mode,
because of its abstraction, fails to capture the cross-
polarization effects. It deviates for the measurements since it
is not an accurate ray-tracing tool, specific for this
environment. However it successfully captures the different
power roll-off behavior for the horizontal and the vertical
I I I J
-65‘
50 la, 150 200 250
polarized signals.
Distance in feet
REFERENCES
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