Text Answers Index

1 Number properties and operations PUZZLE (page 7)
What am I?
EXERCISE 1.01 (page 4) 441
1 0 7 a 11 b 6 c 12
Investigation (page 7)
2 a 10 b 100 c 1000 d 36 e 5 f 15
3 a 99 b 999 c 9999 g 2 h 1 i 99 Perfect numbers
4 0 j 1 k 2 l 12
5 2019 8 a 3 b 4 c 2 1 1 is not a perfect number. It has no
6 4 and 25 d 5 e 2 f 4 factors except for itself.
g 4 h 1 i 1 2 28. Factors of 28, excluding itself,
9 12 cards, with $3 left over. are 1, 2, 4, 7 and 14;
10 45 000 km 1 + 2 + 4 + 7 + 14 = 28.
3 Factors of 496, excluding itself, are
PUZZLE (page 5) 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 31, 62, 124 and 248;
1 + 2 + 4 + 8 + 16 + 31 + 62 + 124
Nines and sevens + 248 = 496.
9 999 - 99
1 9× 9 + 9 + 9 + or
9 9
7 7
EXERCISE 1.03 (page 8)
2 + + (7 + 7)×7
7 7
1 b, c, d, f, h, j
3 7 × 7 ÷ (.7 × .7)
2 91 is not prime because 7 × 13 = 91
3 11
4
5
8
11
6 1
1 a 1, 2, 5 and 10 6 a 45° is a factor of 360°, it goes in
7 101
b 1, 2, 3, 6, 9 and 18 exactly.
8 Yes
c 1, 3 and 9 b No, because 50° is not a factor
d 1, 2, 3, 6, 7, 14, 21 and 42 of 360°.
e 1 7 True PUZZLE (page 9)
f 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 10, 12, 15, 20, 30 8 a Yes b No c No Prime Boeings
and 60 9 16
g 1 and 13 10 A $6 stamp would be best. 6 is the 1 727, 757, 787
h 1 and 29 highest common factor of 18 and 2 707 = 7 × 101
2 a 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, … 48, and would involve using fewer 717 = 3 × 239
b 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, … stamps than $2 or $3 stamps. 737 = 11 × 67
c 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, … 11 2520 747 = 3 × 3 × 83
d 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, … 12 a Wednesday 767 = 13 × 59
e 8, 16, 24, 32, 40, 48, … b Monday. 35 is a multiple of 35 777 = 3 × 7 × 37
f 11, 22, 33, 44, 55, 66, … but is not a multiple of 10.
g 75, 150, 225, 300, 375, 450, … c Tuesday. There could not have
h 41, 82, 123, 164, 205, 246, … been one atlas sold because
3 a 10 b 30 then the money left over ($25)
c 12 d 30 is not a multiple of $10. There
4 a 2 b 3 could not have been two
c 16 d 15 atlases sold because then the
5 a False (1 does not) b True cost ($70) exceeds the takings
c True d True of $60.
e True f False d Thursday
498 Answers
PUZZLE (page 13)

EXERCISE 1.04 (page 11) EXERCISE 1.08 (page 16)
Magic square
1 a -5 b 8 c -13 1 a -5 b 10 c -1
1 –3 –1 3
d 98 e 1 f 0 d 2 e -7 f -4
2 Twizel, Alexandra, Christchurch, –1 3 1 – 3 g -5 h -5

Nelson, Blenheim, Dunedin, –1 –3
2 a -4 b -20 c 5
Greymouth, Milford Sound 3 1 d -9 e -3 f -9
Other answers are
3 {-10, -8, -5, -3, 0, 6, 7} –3 1 3 –1 g 1 h -31
possible.
4 a 6 > 3 b -9 < 4
c 8 > -2 d -3 < 1
PUZZLE (page 17)
e 7 > -8 f -2 < 1 EXERCISE 1.06 (page 14)
g -4 > -10 h -5 < 6 The credit card quartet
i -11 < -8 j 0 > -15 1 a -11 b 3 c 8 x=7
5 a False b True d 4 e -4 f -8
c False d True g -8 h -1 i 38
6 a = -5, b = -3, c = -9,
d = 0, e = 2

j
m
1
-17
k
n
-10
2
l
o
9
6
7 a -21 °C b 7 °C p -13 q 2 r -9
-12
1 a b 7 c 4
s 10 t -80
d 56 e -14 f -1
2 a -3895 b -1219 -40
PUZZLE (page 11) -80 804
g 31 h 24 i
c d 13 931 j 42
-369
AD−BC e f 360 2 a -47 b 12 c -3
1 ‘Before Christ’ g 2561 d -4 e 6 f 8

2 ‘Anno Domini’, which is Latin for g 11 h -4 i 9
‘Year of our Lord’. PUZZLE (page 14) j 4
3 14 AD if we assume there is a Year
0, otherwise 15 AD. The missing dollar
4 79 years if we assume there is a
There is no missing dollar. The $2 stolen
Year 0, otherwise 78 years.
by the porter should be subtracted from
1 a Overdrawn
$27 to get $25, not added to what the
b An overdraft of $24.
PUZZLE (page 11) three men have paid. The men have
27 − 51 = -24
actually only paid $27 after the refund
Consecutive integers 2 4 − −9 = 13; that is, the temperature
- the porter has $2 of this amount, and
has risen by 13 °C.
Eight integers the other $25 is with the manager. As
2 3 a -78 b -97 c 3
(Other answers far as the original $30 is concerned, the
–3 –1 –4 d -12 e 13
are possible.) three men have $3, the porter has $2
0 3 1 4 a 5 b U2
and the manager has $25.
–2 5 13 °C
6 a 57 years old
Nine integers
0 –2 2 EXERCISE 1.07 (page 16) b 39 years old
(Other answers –3
c 32-and-a-half years
4 –4 d 40 AD if we assume there is a
are possible.) –1 1 3
1 a -40 b -14 c 24
d 200 e 16 f -40 Year 0, otherwise 41 AD.
g -36 h -28 7 a 10 × 4 + 5 × -7
2 a 24 b -10 c 160 b 5
EXERCISE 1.05 (page 13) d 8 e -30 f 64 8 a i 4 ii 70
g -1 h 24 b i 10 ii 66
1 a 1 b -9 c -1
d -9 e -5 f -18 PUZZLE (page 16) PUZZLE (page 19)
g -2 h 7 i 3
j -8 k -6 l -9 How many, how much? Why did Rupert take some
m 15 n 3 o -10 1 $74 sausages to the hairdressers?
p -2 q -3 r 79 2 37 See page 508 for answer.
s -4 t 4 3 $518
2 a 139 b 585 c -858
d -4313 e 937 f 115

g 8431
Answers 499
PUZZLE (page 20)

Jumbled integers
3 -1 -2 3 0 -4 -4 2 0 -3 -1 1
-4 0 -3 1 -1 1 2 0
1 -3 2 -1 -2 2 3 -2 -3 -2 3 -4
EXERCISE 1.11 (page 21) PUZZLE (page 22)
1 a 84 b 56 c 42
What happens at the end?
d 133 e (-1)3 f (-7)6 1
2 a 3×3×3×3
b 10 × 10 × 10
-3 × -3 × -3 × -3 × -3 × -3 × -3
c
d -2 × -2 × -2 × -2 × -2 × -2 × -2 × -2
1 a 4 b 9 c 7 7 a 7
3 a 9 b 196 c 512 d 12 e 1 f 20 b 7
d 512 e 1296 f 16 384 2 a 6 b 9 c 7 8 a 1000
g 9 h 405 d 2 e 11 f 29 b 4
4 a 16 b -32 c 729 3 a 2.5 b 2.36 c 0.31 c 5
d 1 e 625 f -161 051 d 0.7 d 101
5 a 9.61 b 117.649 4 81 e 7
c 58.0644 d 244.140 625 5 2 9 a False
e 0.0625 f 0.0144 6 a 1.732 b True
6 a 17 b 768 c 80 b 2.999 824
d 0 e 400 f 1114 c 3
7 a False b True c True
d False e False f True
8 a 32 768 b 1024 c 81 PUZZLE (page 23)
d 8 e 4096 f 729 Dominoes
9 a 312 = 311 × 3 = 177 147 × 3 = 531 441
b 310 = 311 ÷ 3 = 177 147 ÷ 3 = 59 049 1 28
10 64 2 55
11 a 64 b 60
2 Decimals
1 a 47.5 b 0.8 c 0.24 3 a a = 8.4, b = 10.9, c = 11.5 1 12.732 6 17.45

d 0.096 e 0.01 b a = 3.25, b = 3.47, c = 3.11 2 20.372 7 1.58
2 a 8 tenths and 5 hundredths c a = 4.94, b = 5.18, c = 5.05 3 710.8043 8 431.814
b 9 tenths d a = 8.85, b = 9.075, c = 8.925 4 115.053 9 0.67
c 1 one, 3 tenths and 4 a 13.8 b 0.7 c 0.91 5 0.1016 10 0.0967
8 hundredths d 0.06 e 1.3 f 0.2386
d 5 hundredths 5 0.037, 0.04, 0.082, 0.403, 0.8
e 7 tenths and 3 thousandths 6 a 1.24 m
b Kim, Cameron, Lee 1 a 9.4 b 2.8 c 7.51
c Chris Smith, Lee Brown, d 10 e 7.93 f 48.7
Tracy Evans, Pat O’Sullivan g 0.583 h 518.86 i 2.019
j 0.3968
2 a 0.3 b 3.28 c 1.55
d 0.4 e 4.5 f 7.61
g 0.007 h 2.03 i 11.89
j 6.3
500 Answers

3
+ 4.9 1.5 1.78 13.8 EXERCISE 2.06 (page 29)
PUZZLE (page 29)
5.1 10 6.6 6.88 18.9 Correcting a wrong answer

1 22.3 9 61.5
2 80.6 10 2800 812.5
4.05 8.95 5.55 5.83 17.85
3 2.7 11 500
1.44 6.34 2.94 3.22 15.24 4 13 12 15 000
5 4 13 250
6 750 14 4.02
8
2.3
5.95
15 0.4
1 3.567 08 6 102
2 102.34 7 115.468 02
3 1.2 8 1.1289 EXERCISE 2.07 (page 30)
4 0.72 9 0.015
5 66.672 10 0.9376 1 $22.50 18 9.025
2 $44.40 19 a $232.95
3 Three; pay with a $5 note and the b $79.05
EXERCISE 2.05 (page 28) change is a $1 coin and two 20-cent 20 $27.45
coins. 21 $2.40
1 0.6 9 0.078 4 $18.55 22 a Company Y
2 0.33 10 4.32 5 50 b 10 cents
3 11.2 11 0.005 05 6 $1.75 23 Profit of $152.
4 0.1 12 0.000 54 7 26 24 The takings ($1847) should be a
5 0.72 13 0.000 28 8 $9.80 multiple of $7.50, but they are
6 5.544 14 307.36 9 2.5 litres not.
7 0.008 15 35.7555 10 50.35 m 25 $668
8 0.034 11 a $46.94 b $3.10 26 $1.15
12 $138.50 27 a Smaller
16 13 $14.15 b Larger
× 0.4 0.02 0.1 14 $9.55 c When multiplying by a
0.5 0.2 0.01 0.05 15 $2944 decimal greater than 1,
16 0.56 m or 56 cm numbers become larger.
0.6 0.24 0.012 0.06
17 a $125.90 When multiplying by
0.03 0.012 0.0006 0.003 b 18.9 m a decimal less than 1,
numbers become smaller.
3 Fractions
3 1 4 6 Ron 14 One-tenth
1 a b
4 8 6 1 3 4
5 7 is less than because 15 a b
c 13 2 5 7
12
2 a
3
b
2

6 is less than half of 13.
8
3 4 5 3 3 4
, , , , ,
16

{ 73 , 21 , 95 , 35 }
4 5
c
1
d
7
9
8 8 8 4 5 5
3

17 { 205 , 195 , 145 , 209 , 199 }
2 30
20
5 3 1 18 Hotel A
8 4 10 a or
e f
100 90 6 2
3 a One-quarter 4
b
b Three-tenths 11
2 3
c Four-fifths 11 a b
d Thirty-one-thousandths 5 5
32 1
e One-eightieth 12 or
f Eleven-fortieths 64 2
30 10
13 or
81 27
Answers 501
PUZZLE (page 35) PUZZLE (page 36) EXERCISE 3.04 (page 40)
The heaviest money box A cross within a square 1
1 1
Vernon 20
5 2 2
3 $6
EXERCISE 3.02 (page 35) EXERCISE 3.03 (page 39) 4 $2.40
5 a 15 b 24 c 35
1 2 2 1 8 1
1 a b c 1 a b c 3
4 3 3 3 15 10
6
14
3 4 4 8 7 73 (Assuming it is not a leap-year.)
d e f d
2 5 5 15 8 Colin because he saves $37.50,
2 1 5 3 2 while Debbie only saves $36.
g h i 3 2 a b c
3 3 8 4 3 9 78
1 1 5 3 10 4300
j 1 k l d e
29 3 6 2 7
11
5 7 3 5 8 3 15
m n o 3 a b c
39 36 37 72 45 20 12 4
2 a 4 b 25 c 8 13 327 m2
d 25 e 2 f 13 PUZZLE (page 39)
4
3
Number nine cake EXERCISE 3.05 (page 41)
5
4 One-quarter of a slab or 3 3 2
each. 4 5 4 5 1 a b c
6 6 2 4 3
2 1 3 3
5 a b 7 7 6 10 4
3 3 d e f or 4
7 2 8 2 8 5 7 1
6 1 2 1
10 1 9 1 9 g h or 2 i
9 0 0 8 1 15
7 1
32 or j
3 4 5 100
8 6
8 2 a Yes b No c Yes
3 7
7 d No e Yes f No
9 a ; 7 and 24 have 2 g Yes h Yes i No
24 8
no common factors. j No
1 9
1 0
b
3
1
10
3
Investigation
(page 42)
Egyptian fractions
5 7 11
1 a b c
6 72 12
1 1 1 1 1 1
2 a + b + c +
2 6 3 4 5 8
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
3 a + + + or + + + + +
2 3 8 168 2 4 8 16 56 112
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
b + + + + + + + + + + +
2 4 16 64 512 601 9616 19 232 38 464 76 928 153 856 307 712
1 1 1 1
4 a + b +
3 5 4 7
502 Answers
EXERCISE 3.06 (page 43) EXERCISE 3.09 (page 45) EXERCISE 3.12 (page 49)
4 20 3 13 7 2
1 a b c 1 a b 1 2 bottles
9 21 8 20 20 3
9 1
18 9 1 2 2 5 hours
d e f
20 4
25 32 2 1
50 1 1 3 3 16 chairs
2 a 8 b c 3 a b 2
4 4
1 3 3 9
2
4 18 ; that is, 19 candles because
d 4 11
12 20 18 would not be enough.
4 16 10 4
3 a b c 5 3
9 15 9 15 5 1 cups
1 3 10
d 6 1
9 20 6 3 packets
3 12
4 50 glasses 7
10 7 140 litres
5 7
8
8 7
10
pounds
9 48 000 km 1
2 4 7 9
1 a b c
3 7 9 9
d
29
e
3
f
2 EXERCISE 3.10 (page 47) 10 7
31 4 5 2 3 5 3
11 3 tanks
1 1 a 1 b 3 c 3
g h 1 i 1 3 4 11 8
4 4 1 12 a 2040 b 2300
15 d 7 e 10 f 1
j 9 44
13 11 2
g 0 h 8 i 2
2 a
1
b
6
c
1 12 31 EXERCISE 3.13 (page 51)
2 31 4 j 20
1
1 5 3 2 1 a 0.5 b 0.375 c 0.6
d e f 
3 6 10 2 a
7
b
19

d 0.72 e 0.6 f 0.85
1 2 4 g 0.16 h 0.015 i 0.48
g 3 h   
5 c
18
or
9 j 0.116 k 0.27 l 0.06
m 0.584 n 0.25
9 10 5  857
3 a b 1 o 0.142
5 39 66 41
d e f 2 a 0.7 b 0.83 c 0.792
5 7 6
d 0.04 e 0.093
41 19 413
PUZZLE (page 44) g h i f 0.004 65
20 8 100
3 4 73
Apples, oranges and peaches j
207 3 a b c
5 7 100
1 Oranges, peaches, apples 5 3 4 5 47 1
4 , , , ,
2 21 oranges weigh the same as 7 9 11 100 2
10 apples. EXERCISE 3.11 (page 48) 5 Yes,
7
= 0.6 3 is between = 0.6
3
11 5
1 1 2 9  307. 
1 a 3 b 1 c 5 and = 0.692
EXERCISE 3.08 (page 45) 8 4 3 13
35 6 Gerald
2 a 2 b
11 11 11 54 7 Cinema A has the better deal. Its
1 a b c
12 15 12 4 tickets are selling for
3
= 0.6 of
3 a 4 b 6 c 10
7 23 13 5 5
d e f the usual price, whereas Cinema
10 30 3 d 4
1
e 5
11
5 4 1 5
2 a b c 6 20 B’s tickets are selling for =
8
6 63 4
4 a
2
2 b
23
c 1
9 0.625 of the usual price.
d
1
e
11
f
5 3 24 10 8
12 8 a = 0.7 2
20 24
5 7
19 11
3 a
31
b
67 24 b 0.75
30 44 1 4
6 a 1 b 2 c 4
5 15
2 1 1
d 3 e 8 f 41
3 12 6
Answers 503

1 4 29 9 1
1 3 5 7 9
2 5 100 25 8
1 1 39 17 43
2 4 6 8 10
10 4 50 20 125
4 Percentages
1 a 25% b 50% c 80% 1 16.6% 1 96

d 37.5% e 85% f 47% 2 2.2% 2 27
g 68% h 31.6% i 225% 3 Original Recipe is 10.8% fat by 3 9 km
2 weight, Extra Crispy is 12.4% fat 4 375
j 266 %
3 by weight. Extra Crispy is fattier. 5 Yes, Bruce gets a bonus because
2 a 20% b 10% c 85% 4 French Fries 6.7% (1 dp) of his calls result in a
d 41% e 9% f 4% 5 Filet-o-Fish purchase, which is higher than 5%.
g 12.5% h 99% i 130% 6 Yes, a Quarter Pounder with 6 18 days
j 0.6% cheese is 15.0% fat by weight; 7 49 000

3 58.3% without cheese it is only 12.8% fat 8 a 8 b 42
by weight. 9 a $75.00
7 39% b $15.50
EXERCISE 4.02 (page 55) c $40.94
10 16.5 m2
1 1 3 EXERCISE 4.05 (page 58) 11 $1057.50
1 a b c
2 5 5 12 $550 000
1 19 9 1 a 15 b 36 c 19
d e f 13 For Zap, 15% of 1125 mL =
20 20 25 d 2356 e 2
168.75 mL is active.
2 17 6 2 a $367.50 b $194.99
g h i For Sharp, 22% of 750 mL =
25 25 5 c 16 cents d 24 cents
165 mL is active.
3 e $5.13
j The cost per mL of active
8 3 a 90 litres
2 a 0.4 b 0.49 c 0.06 ingredient for Zap is $3.50 ÷
b 22.8 g
d 0.53 e 0.01 f 1.5 168.75 = 2.074 cents.
c $400
g 0.319 h 0.125 i 0.028 The cost per mL of active
d 6.346 km or 6346 m
j 0.0006 ingredient for Sharp is $3.00 ÷ 165
e 620 g
= 1.818 cents.
1
3 Sharp is the best buy because each
30 mL of active ingredient costs less.
14 a $2600

b $7300
c $17 500
1 a 55% b 25% 15 a 156.25% b Less than 100% 1
15 13 %
2 a 63% b 1% c 12.5% 16 a 16.2 b 12.5 3
3 60% c To express the value as a
Investigation
(page 60)
4 82% percentage.
5 20%
6 50% 17 a Spaceship Earth
Anita Adams 56.25%
7 75% 1 509 104 200 km2
8 91% Neil Armstrong 52.5%
2 147 640 200 km2
9 a 84.8% b 15.2% Rebecca Barton 88.75% 3 3.48%
10 30% 4 5.16%
11 57.3% Simon Bolivar 81.25%
12 Whiteware b Dividing by 80 and then
13 Kowhai School multiplying by 100 is the same
14 68.8% 100
as multiplying by , which
is 1.25. 80
504 Answers

Investigation
(page 62)
Depreciation
1 a $46 b 8125 litres
c 900 m2 d 532.48 kg
2 a $450 b 22 litres
c 6208 ha d 61 320 kg
3 $14.58 per hour
4 a 87 b 493
5 a $37.39 b $336.53
6 385
7 a $96.75 b $51.75
c $17.25
8 $496.08

PUZZLE (page 68)
The coloured casino tokens
1 20% 13 $1357.50 if paying in notes and
2 20% coins; otherwise $1357.55. 1 5
3 a $408 b $768 14 $19.17 2 Max
c $2102.40 15 30% 3 Max
4 $67.50 16 6.1% 4 7
5 $31.47 17 30%
6 30% 18 Iona
7 14% 19 $807 272
8 3.3% 20 a 25%
1 a $1000 b $60
9 20% b 20%
c $129 600 d $450
10 19% c The first (or original) number
e $1125
11 37.5% is different from one year to
2 $16 200
12 15% the next.
3 $60
4 a $2400 b $6400
5 $46 575
Investigation
(page 65) EXERCISE 4.09 (page 67) 6 a $80 b $800
c 6% d 1.5 years
The house market
1 a 30 cents b $90
1 It takes 10 years. See the c $40.06 d $2.09
spreadsheet The house market e $442.50 EXERCISE 4.11 (page 71)
Answers.xls. This is available 2 a $270
on the Beta Mathematics b $13.50 1 a 60 b 80 c 3500
Workbook companion c $259.88 (or $259.90, rounding 2 a 900 m b $400 c 550 g
CD, or can be for cash) 3 240
downloaded from d $6.30 4 120
www.mathematics.co.nz. e $3.99 (or $4, rounding for cash)
5
2 No. Regardless of the starting 3 a $18 b $162
Dining room $750
value, it will take 10 years to 4 $11.70
furniture
double in value if the prices 5 $10
increase by 8% each year. This can 6 $506.25 TV set $399
be seen by putting different values 7 $11.65 Washing machine $600
in cell A3 in the spreadsheet. 8 17.4 cents
9 a $2.40 b $19.20 6 6500
10 a $184.80 b $23.10 7 12 m2
11 $550 8 6000
9 a 80 b 28
10 400
11 27
Answers 505
5 Ratios and rates

PUZZLE (page 78)
1 a 2 : 5 b 18 : 11 c 4 : 75 1 a $20, $30
Bath temperature
d 6 : 5 e 8 : 5 b 15 kg, 25 kg 3
1
2 a 2 : 5 b 9 : 8 c 1 : 4 c 22 cm, 66 cm 8
d 3 : 4 e 2 : 1 f 5 : 7 d $8, $4 2 30 °C
3 a 3 : 2 b 3 : 8 c 1 : 3 e 500 people, 2000 people
d 3 : 4 e 2 : 3 f 3 : 5 f $40.80, $27.20 Investigation
4 a 3 : 5 b 4 : 5 c 1 : 2 2 a 5 hours (page 80)
d 8 : 7 b 20 hours Colour-mixing (RGB)
5 a 7 : 3 b 5 : 1 c 5 : 4 3 28 1 0:0:0
d 3 : 1 e 3 : 8 f 1 : 5 4 $80 2 a 1 : 0 : 1
6 a i F ii H 5 240 mL of oil, 960 mL of petrol b 0 : 1 : 1
iii J iv C 6 195 3 In grey the three colours contribute
b F 7 25 equally - it will be somewhere
7 Less sweet 8 $7200 between about 200 : 200 : 200,
8 The ratios are different. Yellow 9 190 which is a very light grey (almost
volume : orange volume = 10 $2000 white), and 50 : 50 : 50, which is a
1 : 8. Yellow surface area : orange 11 Hemi $100 and Ian $50. very dark grey (almost black).
surface area = 1 : 4. 12 a Jane : Sarah = 2 : 3 4 a Lilac, mauve, lavender, purple
9 3:4 b Jane $24, Sarah $36 (The description can vary.)
10 4 : 11 13 Deirdre should get $2880, Eva b 135 : 108 : 153; lilac, mauve,
11 7:3 should get $4320. lavender, purple (The
12 4:1 14 Nga should get $105 000, Martin description can vary.)
13 a 2 : 3 should get $63 000. c The colours are the same ‘tint’
b 2 : 1 15 52 but the second one is darker.
14 3:7 d 15 : 12 : 17; the colour becomes
15 a 7 : 17 very dark - almost black.
b 2 EXERCISE 5.04 (page 79)
5 a A flamingo pink colour.
c More b A light green.
1 a $50 b $250
d 64 : 25 c A rich purple.
2 a 18 litres b 400 km
e The ratio interior cabins : 6 Answers will vary.
3 a 75 km b 450 km
balcony cabins cannot be
c 2 hours d 75 km/h
simplified because 375 and 748
have no common factor.
4 a 75 b 16 minutes EXERCISE 5.05 (page 83)
c 900
16 1 : 19
d 900 pieces per hour 1 $19.90 12 a 24 jars
17 The ratio would change to
5 a $60 b $165 2 21 minutes b 105
15 blue : 8 yellow.
c 7.5 m 3 $1.60 13 a 50
18 a 10 kumaras
6 a 3000 litres/h 4 8 days minutes
b 180 carrots; 300 onions; 
b 0.83 litres/second 5 25 minutes b 720
90 carrots and 150 onions
c 3 000 000 mL/h 6 $13 500 14 $4.80
(Other answers are possible.)
d 833 mL/second (to the nearest 7 75 skeins 15 16 hours
whole number) 8 84 minutes 16 10.8 minutes
EXERCISE 5.02 (page 75) 7 1 hour 15 minutes 1
9 21 bags
17 72 minutes
8 a $75/m2 b $67 500 3 18 9.6 kg
4 5 4% c 640 m2 10 1 second 19 113 minutes
1
9 5 9 a 281 11 12 days 20 2.4 days
2 6
2 12 b 6.14 runs per over
7 10 a 5 minutes
8 7 73%
3 b 420 litres PUZZLE (page 84)
9 8 1021 mL (to
4 30% the nearest 11 6 hours 40 minutes Thinking RATIOnally
mL) 12 a Henry: 48 m2/h;
hx
Rose: 54 m2/h 1 hours
y
b Rose
1 xz
13 8 ha 2 workers
k
3
506 Answers
6 Approximations, standard form and estimation

A century of PO Boxes
1 a 4 b 6 c 5 4 a 2
d 2 e 3 f 4 b 4 21
g 6 h 6 i 5 c To show the exact balance
j 5 in dollars and cents.
2 a 1 b 2 c 3 5 a 3 EXERCISE 6.05 (page 92)
d 6 e 5 f 5 b To record it with the same
3 a 2 b 6 c 3 degree of accuracy as the 1 610 9 166
d 4 e 4 f 4 other readings. 2 1800 10 26.45
g 6 h 7 3 93 11 3.158
4 420 000 12 409 000 000
5 73.3 13 50 330
EXERCISE 6.02 (page 88) 6 5.65 14 111 700
7 8010 15 6000
1 a 7 b 7 c 9 7 a 3.7 m b 2.1 m c 4.7 m 8 78 000
d 30 e 30 f 50 000 d 6.9 m
2 a 7.9 b 5.6 c 58 8 66.5
d 350 e 57 000 9 a i $73.40 ii $5.40 EXERCISE 6.06 (page 93)
f 0.61 iii $7.00 iv $6.90
3 a 6.33 b 17.9 c 45 300 b i Lowest price $67.36, 1 a 1.0 × 106
d 14.1 e 0.128 f 559 highest price $67.45 b 1.0 × 109
4 a 8.358 ii Lowest price $5.06, c 1.0 × 1012
b 74 660 highest price $5.15 2 a $8 972 000 000 000 =
c 63.73 iii Lowest price $7.96, 8.972 × 1012
d 0.004 107 highest price $8.05 b 302 800 000 = 3.028 × 108
e 86.68 iv Lowest price $226.76, c $29 640 = 2.964 × 104
f 7.483 highest price $226.85 3 1.295 33 × 109 people;
5 a 13.9 b 1.45 c 1.445 9.560 98 × 106 km2
d 2.999 e 3 f 0.67 4 384 000 km
g 0.1556 h 49 5 1 516 500 000 000 000 km3
6 4.6 × 109 years
6 7 2.6 × 104 light years
Number 1 sf 2 sf 3 sf 4 sf
8 2 200 000 light years
a 49.285 50 49 49.3 49.29 9 a 5.974 × 1024 kg
b 0.18537 0.2 0.19 0.185 0.1854 b 5.974 × 1021 tonnes
10 a 6.671 × 1021; 3.546 × 1012
c 311.92 300 310 312 311.9 b 1 881 169 920. This gives the
d 673 800 700 000 670 000 674 000 673 800 number of ways in which
a puzzle can be reflected,
e 498 905 500 000 500 000 499 000 498 900 rotated, and so on, to
essentially give the same
puzzle.
1 a 63 b 630 1 5.07 × 101 11 1.5 × 106

c 6300 d 63 000 2 5.748 × 102 12 8 × 103
2 a 18.11 b 181.1 3 6.310 × 102 13 1.8 × 100
c 1811 d 18 110 4 8.92 × 102 14 9.2 × 101
3 a 4.95 b 49.5 5 4.9 × 104 15 3.133 × 101
c 495 d 4950 6 6.822 × 101 16 5.111 86 × 102
4 a 0.073 b 0.73 7 9.1 × 100 17 2.567 × 107
c 7.3 d 73 8 8.32 × 105 18 4.5 × 1011
5 a 740 b 89 120 9 1.2142 × 101 19 2.6 × 100
c 180 d 1445.6 10 8.711 × 100 20 3.43 × 105
e 13 f 923 000
Answers 507
PUZZLE (page 93)

An awfully long time
1 3 × 4 = 12
1 60 seconds in a minute, 60 minutes in an hour, 24 hours in a day, 100 years in a
2 100 × 5 = 500
century
3 1000 × 4 = 4000
2 Every fourth year is a leap year. 365.25 is the average (mean) of 365, 365, 365,
4 21 ÷ 3 = 7
366.
5 a 56 = 7 × 8
365 + 365 + 365 + 366 1461 b 80 = 2 × 40
i.e. = = 365.25
4 4 c 42 = 6 × 7
3 3.155 76 × 109 d 100 = 20 × 5
4 Not every fourth year is a leap year - for example 2100, 2200 and 2300 will e 45 = 3 × 15
not be. f 320 = 40 × 8
In some years an extra second is added to the time globally to allow for
80
variation in the Earth’s rotation around the sun. 6 a 80 =
1
200
b 4 =
50
100
c 50 =
2
1 a 0.01 b 0.0001 1 0.000 000 000 000 000 000 000 027 2 g 12 × 3
c 0.1 d 0.000 01 2 1.0352 × 10-13 light-years 7 a 9 =
4
e 0.001 f 0.000 000 1 3 0.000 16 m 40× 4
b 80 =
2 a 0.000 001 b 0.000 000 01 4 0.000 000 001 m 2
5 1.6 × 10-3 watts 8 a 159.29
6 a 0.000 002 6 kg b 581.378
EXERCISE 6.08 (page 95) b 0.0026 g c 153.419 306
c 1 000 000 d 8.206 198 812
1 a 0.071 b 0.0058 e 20.903 184
c 0.63 d 0.000 042 f 4.598 152 39
2 a 0.143 b 0.0368 EXERCISE 6.11 (page 96)
c 0.008 01 d 0.000 68
e 0.0244 f 0.016 45 1 a 4600 b 0.0046 EXERCISE 6.14 (page 98)
3 a 0.000 000 008 171 c 189 000 d 0.000 018 9
b 0.000 000 020 5 e 0.035 52 f 99 100 1 It is unlikely to be exact - it would
c 0.000 740 33 g 7 034 000 h 0.000 081 16 be a ‘guesstimate’. It would be
d 0.0060 i 6.667 j 0.5301 almost impossible to count that
4 a 0.000 000 000 000 512 2 a 1.8 × 104 number of people exactly.
b 0.000 000 000 006 b 1.8 × 10-4 2 a 40 × 20 = $800
c 0.000 000 091 13 c 6.73 × 102 b $800 × 50 = $40 000
5 a 0.000 000 000 042 d 6.73 × 10-1 3 Each ‘square’ shaped block (except
b 0.000 000 000 001 28 e 5.44 × 10-6 for the ones at the back) has
c 0.000 000 000 064 f 5.44 × 101 10 rows and about 15 seats per
d 0.000 000 000 000 000 064 g 1.92 × 100 row, so about 10 × 15 = 150 seats.
h 9.3 × 10-2 There are 16 blocks, but to allow
for them ‘tapering off’ toward the

i
j
9.3 × 109
2.8 × 10-5 back a better estimate would be
14. The total number of seats at
1 3.5 × 10-3 9 9.8 × 10-1
stage level ≈ 150 × 14 = 2100. The
1.8 × 10-2 6.639 × 10-1
2
3 7.1 × 10-1
10
11 5.611 × 10-3
EXERCISE 6.12 (page 97) area of seats in the sloping section
looks about the same as the area
4 5.6 × 10-6 12 6.8609 × 10-7
1 a 6 b 10 c 20 at the stage level, or a bit more, so
5 1.4 × 10-3 13 2 × 10-1
d 35 e 1 f 50 the total number of seats could be
6 7.5 × 10−8 14 8 × 10-7
2 a 500 b 600 c 200 about 4500.
7 1.1 × 10-12 15 1.38 × 10-4
d 1200 e 900 f 1000 600
8 1.013 × 10-1 4 ≈ = 12
3 a 10 b 20 c 50 50
d 70 e 120 f 90 5 39 000 ÷ 300 = 130 (Other answers
are possible.)
6 300 × $5 = $1500
508 Answers
7 The lahar took 2 hours 8 minutes to reach the 11 400 000 × $1.60 = $640 000.
Tangiwai road bridge. This is about 2 hours. 12 Both of the first two jobs used 1 bottle per 50 m2,
The distance from the crater to the bridge is about 779 800 459 500
approximately ( ≈ = 50 and ≈ = 50).
40 km. The average speed = distance ÷ time = 16 16 10 10
40 km ÷ 2 h = 20 km/h. Before rounding, the Therefore, the next job might need 22 bottles
average speed = 39.4 ÷ 2.13 = 18.468 75 km/h. (
1128
≈
1100
= 22).
8 a 7.92/100 × 804 ≈ 0.08 × 800 = 64 litres 50 50
b Cost ≈ 60 × $1.60 = $96 ≈ $100 3000 3000 2100 2100
13 a ≈ = 10 and ≈ =7
9 a 300 × 0.2 = 60 litres 295 300 295 300
b 60 × $8 = $480 = $500, to the nearest hundred b No, because each estimate is too low.
10 One approach would be to look at a 1 cm by 1 cm
square in the photo. Each square has about 9 × 9 ≈ 80
tiles. The photo is rectangular and measures about PUZZLE (page 19)
12 cm by 9 cm = 108 cm2 ≈ 100 cm2. Therefore the
photo shows approximately 80 × 100 = 8000 tiles.
Why did Rupert take some sausages to the
hairdressers?
He thought he was going to a barber queue.
7 Formulae and substitution

4q
1 4y 5 2xy 8 1 a 11 b 1 c 16
3p
2 3x 2x d 20 e 9 f 21
6 9 6xy
x y g 0 h 16 i 20
3 10 3xy
2 6 j 48 k 1 l 9
7
4 abc x m 10 n 2
2 a 25 b 17 c 35
d 10 e 36 f 2
1 a x + 5 b x − 7 5 a 2 b 9
c x − 20 d x − 4 c 6 + x d 6−y 1 a 10 b 24 c 12
e 7x f 8x 6 a x − 20 b x + 15 d 8 e 3 f 37
g 2x h x + 18 1 x g 2 h 0 i 7.5
c 2x d x or
i
x
j x − 3 2 2 j 5
5 7 3d
a b d−6 -2 -2
2 a 12 b c
k 6x + 8 l 2x − 4 100d
c -5 -13
d d 8 e f
x 8 d − 70
a b
2 a b x + 8 2 g -2 h -40 i 2
8 d+a
c
j 16
c 8 × x d x − 8 9 5x
a b 20 − 3x
8 3 a 7 b -2 c 23
e f x + x x
c d 16x + 7 d -72 e 6 f -16
x 4 -9 -8
g x × x h 8 − x 10 55 - 4y cm g h 36 i
3 a Multiply x by 3, or 3 times x. j 289
b Add 7 to x, or 7 more than x. 11 a V = x3
c Subtract 13 from y, or 13 less PRT
b I= Investigation
than y. 100 (page 108)
h
d Multiply x by 4 and add twice c A = ( a + b)
2
Hot cross buns
y to the result. x + x2 1 24 4 8
e Multiply x by 3, and then take d x= 1
2 2 pq 5 p + q − 2
away 1. e y = 180 − 2x 3
f Divide x by 6, or x divided by 1
f A = bh
6. 2
4 a x + 2 b x + y g T = (n − 2) × 180
c x − 3 d x − t
Answers 509
1 a 6 a The number of cups. See the spreadsheet Exercise 7-06

b The number of tea bags. Answers.xls. This is available on the
c 12 Beta Mathematics Workbook
7 a $4275 companion CD, or can be
b C = 2n + 35h + 360 downloaded from
c C = 3n www.mathematics.co.nz.
d Smartdrives: 2 × 1000 + 35 × 1 a See Worksheet
6 + 360 = 2570 ‘Question 1a’ on the
Cobbleco: 3 × 1000 = 3000 spreadsheet.
b 13 The cheaper company is b See Worksheet ‘Question 1b’
c Wayne. The correct pattern is Smartdrives, and the amount on the spreadsheet.
M = 2T + 1. saved is $430. 2 See Worksheet ‘Question 2’ on the
d 161 8 380 g spreadsheet.
2 a 9 a i $5 ii $3.50 3 a h = 71 + 2.9l
iii $3 b =71+2.9*A3
b The graph approaches a lowest c See Worksheet ‘Question 3’ on
possible price of $2 per book. the spreadsheet.
10 16 km
b (C) P = 5S + 1 11 a 37° b 45°
Investigation
(page 114)
c 101 c A 3-iron. d n = 12
3 15 cm2 12 a 62.6 kg
4 a A suitcase weighs about 20 kg. b 76.6 kg Floor joists
b 660 kg c 43.8 kg 1 (B), (A), (C)
5 a $44 d 48.7 kg to 60.8 kg 2 a 300 mm b 467 mm
b $111 13 a 540 000 joules  5x 
b 135 000 joules 3 D = 25  + 2 
 3 
c four
8 Simplifying algebraic expressions
1 8cd 14 210mnq 1 6x 19 16x − y 1 a 10x

-2r 4x
2 6fg 15 2 20 3x − 19 b 20x
3 2ap 16 45fgh 3 9x 21 5x − y c 3x − 1
-12xy 7p 7x + 20
4 8ab 17 4 22 11x + 1 d
-30pq
5 6pqr 18 5 x 23 7x − 2 2 a 3p, 5p
19 xy 6 -2x -4x + 7 (Other answers possible.)
6 10def 24
20 -12x 7 30p -3x + 12 b x + y, 5x + 2y
7 6pqr 25
21 -21d 8 7x -7x + 4 (Other answers possible.)
8 8cde 26
9 6a 22 30ab 9 4x 27 -6x − 7 c 3x − 2, 2x − 6
10 10q 23 9pq 10 x 28 9p + 5q (Other answers possible.)
11 16pqr 24 24xyz 11 6x + 6y 29 14x − 5y 3 a 8x + 3y
-12pqr 8x + 3 b 18c + 38p
12 8abc 25 12 30 8x − 9y
13 pqr 13 4x + 7 31 11x + 5y − 12 4 a a
14 14x + 3y 32 -8x − 6
15 2x + 4y 33 -x2 + 8x
a
16 2x + 3y 34 7x2 − 9x
17 -2x + 3y -x2 + 6x − 1
35
18 3x − 2y 2a
1 2 a2
b a or
2 2
3a 2
c
2
510 Answers
PUZZLE (page 117)

The 3x triangle
x + 2
x – 2 x – 3
Other answers are possible.

x x – 1 x + 1

c
1 a Height of Number of
shape (x) matchsticks (n)
1 12
2 20
3 28
4 36
5 44

b d 8 e n = 8x + 4
Number of Number of 4 a
squares (x) dots (d)
1 4
2 7
3 10
4 13
5 16
c 1 d 61 Step (n) 1 2 3 4 5
2 a Number of cubes (c) 1 3 5 7 9
b 2 c c = 2n − 1
5 a
b (A) Number of dots = 2 × number of circles − 2

c d = 2c − 2
d 22
3 a b 28
Step (n) 1 2 3 4 5
Number of matchsticks (m) 6 9 12 15 18

b 3 c m = 3n + 3
Answers 511

6 a 7 a
Number of Number n 1 2 3 4 5 6
lamp-posts (l) of flags (f) Number of squares (s) 1 4 7 10 13 16
1 0
b 3 c s = 3n − 2
2 4
8 a 8
3 8 b 12
4 12 c p = 4s − 4 or p = 4(s − 1)
d s = 2
5 16 e 288
6 20 9 a $250
b b = 20w + 250
b This rule only works for l = 1 and l = 5. 10 At each step seven matchsticks are added on.
For example if you use l = 2, you get f = 1, At the beginning there were nine matchsticks, so there are two
not f = 4. more at that stage.
c f = 4(l − 1) or f = 4l − 4 The rule is m = 7h + 2.
d 112 When n = 85, n = 7 × 85 + 2 = 597.
e 52
PUZZLE (page 120)

Fooled again
1 a 12x7 b 18x3 c 16x3 1 3y3 7 5x10
1 10
d 10x5 e 20x4 f 96x10 2 5x 8 x8
2 n + (n - 1)(n - 2)(n - 3)(n − 4)
g 30x7 h 72x9 3 4y6 9 10y50
2 a 2x4 b 2x c 7x3 4 9x8 10 xy3
5 2x 11 7x3y2
EXERCISE 8.05 (page 121) d 2x2 e 2x3 f
5x 2
6 8y9 12 6xy2
g 4xy 2
1 r3 9 8a2 3 a 25x2 b 16x6 c 36x8
2 y4 10 6cd2 d 16x4y2 e 8x12
3 p2 11 16qr2 4 (E) simplifies to 4x.
4 h6 12 8r3 5 p = 3, r = 15
5 6x2 13 4x3 6 2x and 10x7; 4x3 and 5x5
6 2y3 14 16x2y (Other answers are possible.)
7 6q2 15 6x4 7 20y15
8 3p2 8 a = 15, p = 11
Investigation
EXERCISE 8.06 (page 122) (page 124)
Skid marks
1 a x9 b r3 c q5
d x6 e x8 x
1 Speed = 24×
2 a x3 b x3 c x2 3

d x e x5 2 98.0 km/h (1 dp)
3 a x8 b y15 c x8y12 3, 5 See the spreadsheet Skid mark Answers.xls. This is available
d x2y2 e x18y6 f 1 on the Beta Mathematics Workbook companion CD, or can be
g 1 downloaded from www.mathematics.co.nz.
4 a x4 b 1 c 2x2 4
d 0
5 p=6
6 k=9
512 Answers
9 Expanding and factorising
1 5x + 15 6 x2 − 7x 1 6(a + b) 1 p(q + r) 16 2x(2 − 3y)

2 5x − 15 7 10x2 + 15x 2 2(p − q) 2 a(c + f) 17 3x(y + 2p)
3 pq + 4p 8 18x2 − 6x 3 12(x + y) 3 f(g − h) 18 ab(4c − 5d)
4 pq − 4p 9 -8x − 2 4 10(d − e) 4 a(b + 2) 19 7xy(3z + 5p)
5 x2 + 7x 10 -24x + 8 5 2(p + q − r) 5 b(c − 3) 20 x(y + 1)
6 7(c − d + e) 6 x(6 − a) 21 ac(d + 1)
7 3(c − g − d) 7 p(3 + q) 22 qr(2p − 1)
EXERCISE 9.02 (page 127) 8 4(x + 2y) 8 x(4 − y) 23 y(6x − 1)
9 3(a + 2b) 9 a(cg − 2) 24 6a(2x + y)
1 7x + 7y 18 -21x + 14 10 12(x + 2y) 10 p(q − r + 2) 25 3e(d + 20f)
2 10p − 10q 19 30x + 24 11 2(2c + 3d) 11 pq(r + t) 26 6x(4y + 3)
3 5x − 10 20 10 + 20x 12 4(4x − 5y) 12 xy(w − z) 27 6px(7 - 3q)
4 6x + 12 21 -18 + 12x or 13 3(2x + 3y + 7z) 13 x(3y − 4) 28 3px(2y + z)
5 2x − 6 12x − 18 14 4(2p + q − 3r) 14 p(6q − 5r)
6 -4x − 20 22 10 − 30x or 15 8(2a − 3b + c − d) 15 x(3 + y − z)
-3x + 18 -30x + 10
7
8 x2 + 5x 23 6xy + 6xz
9 x2 − 6x 24 2pq − 2pr EXERCISE 9.05 (page 129) EXERCISE 9.07 (page 130)
10 pq + pr 25 3x2 + 2x
11 ab − ac 26 -x2 − 3x 1 3(x + 2) 15 2(2x + 1) 1 x(3x + 5)
12 xy + 5x 27 6x2 − 3x 2 4(x + 2) 16 3(5x − 7) 2 3x(2 − x)
13 xy − 4x 28 4x2 + 28x 3 2(3x + 4) 17 7(2x + 5) 3 x2(1 + x)
14 12x + 6 29 14x2 − 21x 4 4(2x + 3) 18 4(4x − 1) 4 x2(2x + 5)
15 12x − 10 30 12pq + 30pr 5 4(3x − 2) 19 5(3x − y) 5 3x2(2 + 3x)
16 -20x + 4 31 12cd − 32c 6 3(x + 10) 20 23(2x + 1) 6 2(2x2 + 1)
17 -10x − 5 32 -2x2 − x 7 2(2x + 3) 21 30(2x − 3) 7 x(3x2 − 1)
8 7(3x + 2) 22 5(6x − 1) 8 x(x2 + x − 1)
9 2(2x + 9) 23 15(3x + 2) 9 12x(2x - 1)
EXERCISE 9.03 (page 127) 10 3(2x + 3) 24 3(2x − 3y + 4z) 10 2x3(2x2 + 3)
11 5(x − 3) 25 6(4p − 3q + 5r)
1 a 6x + 6 b 6x + 22 12 8(3x − 2) 26 3(a + 2b + 6)
c 4x − 2 d 4x + 16 13 5(x + 1) 27 4(x + y − 1) PUZZLE (page 131)
e 6x + 20 f -2x + 13 14 7(x − 1) 28 4(10x + 2y + 1)
g 12x − 21 h 6x + 8 The Tenz family
i -x + 2 j x − 3
k 28x − 8 l -x + 8 Adam lives in Nelson.
m 2x − 6 n 12x − 7 Bernice lives in Invercargill.
o -15x p 16x + 6 Colin lives in New Plymouth.
2 a 6x + 10 b 7x + 27 Denise lives in Auckland.
c -3x − 13 d 4x + 13 Evan lives in Greymouth.
e 2x + 14 f -5x − 20 Fleur lives in Napier.
g 4x − 18 h 2x − 10 Gary lives in Dunedin.
i -2x − 18 j -3x − 10 Hannah lives in Wellington.
k 7x + 23 l -29x + 46 Ian lives in Wanganui.
m 5x + 3 n -26x − 9 Jill lives in Christchurch.
3 8(x - 1) + 5(x + 1) = 13x - 3
4 2(x + 7) + 3(x + 4) + 4 × 4 = 5x + 42
Answers 513
10 Solving equations
1 a x = 3 b x=9 1 a x = 4 b x = 3 f x = 5
c x = 15 d x = 17 c x = 1 d x = 2 g x = -5
-
e x = 63 f x = 18 e x = -2 f x = 3 4
h x =
g x = 78 h x = 202 g x = 3 h x = -1 5
i x = 0 j x = 15 i x = 4 j x = -3 3 1
i x = or 1
2 a x = -4 b x=4 2 a x = -4 b x = 2 2 2
c x = -9 d x = -5 4 7 1 j x = -19
c x = d x = or 3
e x = -2 f x = -3 5 2 2
-
1 3 18
g x = -14 h x = -1 e x = 4 or - 1
i x = 2 j x = -24 3 3 4 8

15 3
1 x=4 16 x = or 3 1 a x + 6 = 14; x = 8 10 90x + 40 = 175; x = 1.5,
2 x=3 4 4
b x − 8 = 17; x = 25 i.e. an hour and a half.
8 2
3 x = -5 17 x = or 2 c 4x = 28; x = 7 11 a x + 12
3 3
4 x = -4 - x -
4 d = 4 ; x = -8
=
18 x=
5 x = -7 7 2
e 10 − x = 13; x = -3 x
6 x=4
19 x = -18
7 x=3 2 a 3x + 4 = 22
=
20 x=6
8 x = -12 b x = 6 x + 12
3 1
9 x=9 21 x = or 1 3 a 2x − 8 = 12
2 2 b x + x + 12 + x + 12 = 42
10 x = -5 b x = 10
22 x=3 3x + 24 = 42
1 - 4 a x + 10
11 x= 23 3 c x=6
2 x= b x + x + 10 = 70
2 d 18 cm
12 x = -2 1 c x = 30 cm
or - 1 12 a n = 14
13 x = -7 2 d 40 cm
b It is the number of days a
1 24 x = 11 5 a (B) 3x + 6 = 45
14 x= large-size car can be hired.
3 25 x = -5 b x = 13
c 17p + 60 = 1250; p = 70, that is,
3 6 a 2x − 5 = 11
15 x= the rate for hiring a medium-
4 b x = 8
size car is $70 per day.
7 a 2x − 10 = 100
13 35n + 90 = 1000; n = 26
EXERCISE 10.03 (page 135) b x = 55 kg
14 a 6x + 22 = 100
8 a 43 and 45
b x = $13
1 x = 16 6 x = 200 b One following after the other.
15 8x − 30 = 240; x = $33.75
2 x = 30 7 x = -15 c x + x + 1 + x + 2 = 24
16 a $416
3 x = 24 8 x = -40 3x + 3 = 24
b 6x + 152 = 344; x = 32
4 x = 42 9 x=7 d x = 7
c More than $13.60.
5 x = -3 10 x = -100 9 a 3x + 120 = 360
b x = 80°

1 x=4 7 x = -1
1 x = -3 9 x = -2 15 1
2 x=3 8 x = -5 15 x = or 7
2 2
3 x = 14 9 x=0 2 x = -6 10 x = 6
16 x = -9
4 x=6 10 x = -8 3 x = -6 11 x = -3
17 x = -1
5 x = 15 11 x=5 4 x=4 5 1
12 x = or 2 18 x = 1
6 x=9 12 x = 15 5 x=4 2 2
13 x = -7 7 2
6 x=2 19 x = or 1
5 5
7 x=8 1
PUZZLE (page 135) 14 x =
2
20 x = 2
8 x=4
Upside-down equation
n=8
514 Answers
PUZZLE (page 140)

The cool sunglasses
See page 526 for answer. 1 a 7x + 8 b 16x + 6 1 a x = 8 b x = 6
c 7x − 1 d 8x + 6 c x = 15 d x = 20
e -5x + 2 f 11 e x = 6
EXERCISE 10.08 (page 141) g 7x + 4 h x−1 2 a x = 2 b x = 27
i 8x + 30 j -2x + 4 c x = 9 d x = 6
1 a Corresponding angles on k -6x + 6 l 10x − 13 15 1
e x = or 7
parallel lines are equal. m -5x − 2 n -2x + 18
2 2
b 3x = x + 40 2 a 5x + 10 b 5x − 12 3 a x = 11 b x = 13
c x = 20° c -4x − 9 d 12x + 3 4 a x = 2
d Each marked angle is 60°. e -x + 4 f 9x − 10 5 1
b x = or 2
2 5x = x + 8; x = 2 g 5x + 10 h x−8 2 2
3 3x - 12 = x; x = 6 i x − 23 j -5x − 15 1
5 a x =
4 a Opposite sides in a rectangle 2
are the same length. 21 1
b x = or 10
b 2x + 1 = x + 5 EXERCISE 10.11 (page 144) 2 2
6 a x = 5
c x = 4 cm -
1 x = 11 12 x = 0 15 1
d Each side is 9 cm. b x = or - 7
2 x=2 13 x = 12 2 2
5 3x + 6 = 5x − 10; x = 8 c x = 4
6 a No, because only whole 3 x=3 7 1
14 x = or 3 -
numbers are possible for the 4 x = -1 2 2 d x = 23 or - 2 3
5 x=2 5 1 10 10
‘number of eggs’. 15 x = or 2 7 a x = -3
6 x = -2 2 2
1 16 x = 16 b x = -22
b 5.5 or 5 minutes. You could 7 x=1
2 17 x = 0 c x = 16
check by seeing if the point 8 x = -4
-
1 21 1 17 1
1 9 x = 18 x = or 5 d x = or 4
(5, 5 ) lies on a line 2 4 4 4 4
2
through the other points. 10 x = 8 19 x = 3 e x = 16
c n = 8 11 x = -26 20 x = 0 8 a When multiplying by 4,
d An omelette made with eight Ashley should have only
multiplied 8 by 4, but not 7.
7
eggs takes 7 minutes to cook.
x + x + 12 = 70; x = 29
3x - 7
b =8
T-shirt costs $29, sweatshirt costs 4
1 a 2(n − 5) = 48 3 x - 7 = 32
$41
2n − 10 = 48
8 Meter 1: 29; meter 2: 66; 3 x = 39
b 29
meter 3: 132 x = 13
2 10.25 km
9 6x = x + 6; 1.2
3 6(3c + 1) = 204; c = 11
10 5x + 40 = 3x + 120; x = $40
11 a 3 hours
4 a x = 7; this is the price paid to
hire each movie last month.
b DJ 1 would work longer,
b i a = 11, b = 3, c = 297 x+3
and the social could run for 1 = 2; x = 7
ii $24 5
another 17 minutes.
5 13(x − 2) = 143; x = 13 x-8
2 = 5; x = 38
6 a The total cost of fencing the 6
EXERCISE 10.09 (page 142) side next to the road. 3
3x
4
= 12; x = 16
b 15(3x + 60)
c 80 m by 140 m 2x
1 2x + 14 10 -x − 6 4 = 14; x = 35
7 14 on one side and 70 on the other. 5
2 3x + 12 11 -x + 4 x+8
8 0.39(x − 41 000) + 14 670 5 = 11; x = 14
3 2x − 6 12 -x + 17 2
4 7x + 42 13 6x − 3 = 32 129.91; x = $85 769
x + 15
5 6x + 8 14 -15x − 10 9 3(x - 5) + 2 = 29; x = 14, that is, 6 = x - 1; x = 9
Ashleigh is 14 years old. 3
6 15x − 6 15 12x − 32
7 -3x − 12 16 -2x + 14
8 -2x − 10 17 -x − 3 PUZZLE (page 148)
9 -5x + 30 18 -4x + 8
Granddad’s family
90
Answers 515
11 Two pairs of brackets

Investigation
(page 156)
x-blocks
1 3x − 12 9 x2 − 2x 1 x2 − 4 6 x2 − 1
2 -2x −2 10 x2 + 3x 2 x2 − 16 7 x2 − 100 1 x2 + 5x + 6
3 4x − 12 11 x2 − x 3 x2 − 81 8 x2 − 121 2 (x + 3)(x + 2)
4 -5x + 10 12 x2 + 4x 4 x2 − 64 9 x2 − 225 3 x+3+x+2+x+3+x+2
5 7x + 7 13 x2 − 5x 5 x2 − 36 = 4x + 10
1
6 2x − 2 14 x2 + x 10 x 2 - 4, 5
4
7 -4x + 8 15 x2 − 7x
8 -10x − 20
PUZZLE (page 154)
x + 5
Dollar days
1 Caitlin is paid $1 more than
Dennis.
1 x2 + 13x + 30 6 x2 − 6x + 8 2 Suppose Caitlin works x hours for
2 x2 + 4x − 4 7 x2 − 4x − 5 x + 4
$x per hour. Caitlin is paid
3 x2 + 3x − 10 8 x2 + 4x + 3 x × x = $x2 in total.
4 x2 + x − 42 9 x2 − 2x − 15 Dennis works (x + 1) hours for EXERCISE 11.09 (page 157)
5 x2 + 2x − 15 10 x2 − 12x + 20 $(x − 1). Dennis is paid
(x + 1)(x − 1) = $x2 − 1 in total. (Note: the two pairs of brackets can be
in either order.)
1 (x − 7)(x + 2)
1 x2 + 6x + 8 6 x2 − 3x + 2
EXERCISE 11.07 (page 154) 2 (x + 3)(x − 1)
2 x2 + x − 12 7 x2 + 10x + 21 3 (x − 6)(x + 1)
1 2x2 − x − 3 4 (x − 9)(x − 1)
3 x2 + 6x + 5 8 x2 − 3x − 4 2 2x2 + 3x − 2 5 (x − 2)(x − 9)
4 x2 + 2x − 8 9 x2 + 3x − 10 3 3x2 − 20x + 12 6 (x + 3)(x − 6)
5 x2 − 7x + 12 10 x2 − 12x + 32 4 15x2 − x − 2 7 (x + 6)(x − 2)
5 2x2 − 15x + 28 8 (x + 10)(x − 2)
7
12x2 − 13x + 3
4x2 + 20x + 25
9 (x − 20)(x + 1)
10 (x + 4)(x − 3)
8 9x2 − 6x + 1 11 (x − 3)(x − 4)
1 x2 + 5x + 6 14 x2 + 11x + 18
9 100x2 − 140x + 49 12 (x + 1)(x − 17)
2 x2 + 6x + 5 15 x2 + x − 42
10 64x2 − 9 13 (x − 3)(x + 2)
3 x2 + 12x + 36 16 x2 + 10x + 9
4 x2 + 12x + 32 17 x2 − 9x − 22 14 (x + 9)(x − 5)
5 x2 + 13x + 42 18 x2 + 10x + 25 EXERCISE 11.08 (page 155) 15 (x − 13)(x − 3)
6 x2 + 5x + 4 19 x2 − 17x + 72
7 x2 + x − 6 20 x2 + 9x − 36 (Note: the two pairs of brackets can be
8 x2 + 3x − 40 21 x2 − 5x − 36 in either order.) PUZZLE (page 157)
9 x2 − 6x − 40 22 x2 − 9x + 18
10 x2 + 9x − 36 23 x2 − 3x − 10 1 (x + 3)(x + 4) Which swimmer was the winner?
11 x2 − 8x + 15 24 x2 − 16x + 60 2 (x + 3)(x + 5) Quentin
12 x2 − x − 72 25 x2 − 3x − 88 3 (x + 1)(x + 2)
13 x2 − 5x + 4 4 (x + 2)(x + 5)
5
6
(x + 2)(x + 3)
(x + 2)(x + 7)
EXERCISE 11.05 (page 153) 7 (x + 1)(x + 14)
1 a x(x + 2) b x(x − 8)
8 (x + 3)(x + 6)
c x(x + 10) d x(x − 7)
1 x2 + 4x + 4 7 x2 + 14x + 49 9 (x + 1)(x + 18)
2 a (x + 3)(x − 3)
2 x2 + 6x + 9 8 x2 + 20x + 100 10 (x + 3)(x + 3)
b (x − 10)(x + 10)
3 x2 − 10x + 25 9 x2 − 24x + 144 c (x + 6)(x − 6)
4 x2 − 4x + 4 10 x2 + 18x + 81 d (x − 2)(x + 2)
5 x2 + 2x + 1 11 x2 − 30x + 225 e (x + 8)(x − 8)
6 x2 − 12x + 36 12 x2 + 40x + 400 f (x − 9)(x + 9)
516 Answers
1 a (x + 2)(x + 3) b (x − 3)(x − 6) 1 a x = 2 or x = −2 b x = 9 or x = −9
c (x + 3)(x − 2) d (x + 1)(x − 12) c x = 10 or x = −10 d x = 1 or x = −1
e (x − 4)(x + 4) f (x + 6)(x + 2) 2 a x = 3 or x = −3 b x = 5 or x = −5
g (x + 10)(x − 2) h (x − 8)(x + 3) c x = 8 or x = −8 d x = 4 or x = −4
i (x − 1)(x − 5) j (x + 3)(x − 11) 3 a x = 2 or x = −2 b x = 3 or x = −3
2 a (x + 4)(x + 3) b (x + 7)(x − 7) c x = 4 or x = −4 d x = 5 or x = −5
c (x − 10)2 d (x + 6)(x − 1)
e (x + 1)(x + 2) f (x − 1)(x + 1)
g (x − 9)(x + 3) h (x + 7)(x − 5) EXERCISE 11.15 (page 161)
i (x − 1)2 j (x − 6)(x − 8)
3 (x + 3) 1 x = −2 or x = 3 12 x = −6 or x = −5
4 (x + 120) 2 x = −1 or x = 4 13 x = 2 or x = 3
5 (x − 25) 3 x = 5 or x = −8 14 x = −4 or x = 15
4 x = 2 or x = 8 15 x = 1 or x = −30
5 x = −9 or x = −1 16 x = −8 or x = −19
EXERCISE 11.12 (page 158) 6 x = −20 or x = 7 17 x = 17 or x = 14
7 x = 4 or x = −2 1
18 x = or x = 4
1 (x + 10)(x + 1) 6 (x − 6)(x + 5) 8 x = 6 or x = 8 -2
2 (x − 3)(x + 3) 7 (x − 24)(x − 1) 9 x = −12 or x = −3 3
19 x = or x = 5
10 x = 7 or x = −1 4
3 No factors 8 No factors
11 x = 4 or x = 2 20 x = 0 or x = 6
4 (x − 6)(x − 3) 9 No factors
5 x(x + 7) 10 (x + 7)2

PUZZLE (page 159)
1 x = 3 or x = 5 11 x = 5 or x = 2
The Age of Augustus 2 x = 1 or x = 6 12 x = −6 or x = −1
1 Augustus de Morgan was born in 1806 (he was 43 years 3 x = 10 or x = 2 13 x = 1 or x = 3
old in the year 1849). 4 x = −3 or x = −7 14 x = −8 or x = −9
2 It is very unlikely that anyone alive today was y years 5 x = −2 or x = −1 15 x = −2 or x = 15
old in the year y2. There are two cases to look at: y = 44 6 x = 4 or x = −3 16 x = −30 or x = 2
and y = 45. 7 x = 2 or x = −7 17 x = 17 or x = −1
(i) y = 44. Someone born in 1892 would have been 44 8 x = 8 or x = −1 18 x = 10 or x = 20
years old in the year 1936, so would be older than 9 x = 6 or x = 5 19 x = 0 or x = −3
116 now. The oldest living person at the time of 10 x = 12 or x = −2 20 x = 0 or x = 4
writing (November 2007) is Edna Parker, born in
1893, so is age 114. No one else currently alive was
born before her. EXERCISE 11.17 (page 162)
(ii) y = 45. Anyone that will be 45 years old in the year
2025 would have been born in 1980. They can make 1 a x = −3 or x = −2 b x = 3 or x = 5
that claim in 2025, but not yet! c x = 4 or x = −1
2 a x = 2 or x = 5 b x = 3 or x = −2
c x = 15 or x = −3
EXERCISE 11.13 (page 159) 3 a x = −1 or x = −10 b x = 1 or x = 10
4 a x = 5 or x = 0 b x = 2 or x = 6
1 2(x + 2)(x + 5) 6 6x(x + 4) 5 x=3
2 5(x − 3)(x + 2) 7 10(x + 4)(x + 1)
3 3(x − 7)(x − 3) 8 4(x − 5)(x + 5)
Investigation
4 2(x + 2)(x − 2) 9 2(x + 24)(x − 1) (page 163)
5 3x(x − 3) 10 4(x − 2)(x + 9) The dimensions of the sand-pit
5 m by 5 m
PUZZLE (page 159)
Dog Leg Park
The area is c2 − d2 or (c − d)(c + d).
Answers 517
12 Two-dimensional graphs
1 a A = minibus; B = ship; C = bicycle; D = train 8

b Either extend the vertical axis or change the scale
on the vertical axis.
Height of flag
2 a Nga b Chris c Nguyen d Sue
3
C
×
Height
×A
× 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24
B
Time (seconds)
Weight
9 a
4 In general, the taller a student is, the higher they can Container Depth–time graph
clear the high-jump. Bowl A
5 a 48 km/h (or 50 km/h when rounded)
b 80 km/h Trough A
c 62 mph Cylinder B
d i 64.4 km/h ii 55.9 mph
Cuboid B
6 a i 45 kg ii 90 lb
b Cone A
50
b
40
Weight in kg
30
20
10
10 a -5 °C b 3 hours
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
c It reached room temperature at 5 am, then later on in
Weight in lb the morning (9 am) the room temperature increased.
7 a $950 b 80 m2 c $800 1
d 1 hours e 6:30 pm
d 2
11 12
1200
100
Cost of painting ($)
1000
Temperature (°C)
A
80
800
60
400
Depth
40 C B
600
20
200
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 A
Time (minutes)
20 40 60 80 100
Area to be painted (m2) C
13
Height above ground
e 120 m2.
This is the area for which the two lines
intersect on the graph. Time
Time
518 Answers
Investigation
(page 170)
BMI graphs for boys and girls
1 Pink 6 The boy is 11 years old or more. 10 The graphs should keep rising
2 a Healthy weight 7 The BMI is between 21 and 24. because adults have stopped
b Overweight 8 Several reasons are possible: growing in height by age 20
3 BMI = 22.37; he is on the boundary (i) growth in height is faster than but continue to put on weight;
between healthy weight and growth in weight between 2 years however, the graphs will ‘flatten
overweight. old and 4 years old, (ii) children out’ to some extent.
4 6 years old and 8 years old learn to walk at this age, and (iii) 11 Boys have a higher BMI for under
5 14 years old (Year 10). The 50th children lose ‘puppy fat’ at this 7 and over 15; girls have a higher
percentile for a BMI of 19 is age. BMI for between 7 and 15.
roughly level with an age of 14 for 9 a He weighs less than 50 kg.
both boys and girls. b She weighs between 45 kg and
65 kg.
1 a 10 km 6 a 1500 hours b 1 hour c 3

b 2 hours 15 minutes d Christchurch
c 1 km e Keruru in Christchurch, Kea in Auckland
d 15 minutes f No, because the horizontal parts of the graph do
e The line showing the car journey is steeper than the not overlap.
line showing the bus journey. 7
2
Distance (km)
Distance from
4
home (km)
2
2
1
20 40 60 80 100 120 140

2 4 6
Time (minutes) Time (minutes)
3 a 1340 hours b 2 hours 40 minutes
8 a 4:15 pm b 370 km
c 8.5 km d 45 minutes
c, d
e The two groups are walking together at the same 370
speed.
4 (B) Student walks to a friend’s place, has a rest,
continues walking slightly faster to school in order to
Distance from Christchurch (km)
get there on time.

(C) Student walks steadily to school.
(D) Student cycles to school, is sent home because is in
wrong uniform, cycles home, changes, cycles back to 230
school.
(E) Student travels to school by bus, which stops at Motorist
regular intervals.
5 a Red b Orange
150 Truck-driver
c Both groups stopped for lunch between 12:30 pm
and 1:30 pm; the lunch stops were 6 km apart.
d Just before 3:30 pm.
e 15 km f 1 hour
g 60 km
h The red group; between 1:30 pm and 4 pm.
i the red group drifted downstream with the current
for 2.5 hours and covered 6 km. The current speed
11 12 1 2 3 4 5 6
distance 33 - 27 6 km
is = = = 2.4 km/h. Time of day
time 2.5 2.5 h

j The orange group were paddling against the current. e 140 km
Answers 519
9 (A) A passenger train leaving from (C) A goods train which has already
Dunedin at 3 pm and arriving left Dunedin and arrives at
at Invercargill at 5:50 pm. Invercargill at about 6:10 pm.
(B) A train that has broken down (D) A passenger train leaving from
80 km from Dunedin. Invercargill at 3 pm and arriving
at Dunedin at 5:50 pm.
13 Graphs using rules from algebra
1 y 1 a Co-ordinates are (2, 6), (1, 3), d Co-ordinates are (2, 5), (1, 3)
(0, 0), (-1, -3) and (-2, -6). (0, 1), (-1, -1) and (-2, -3).
6 B
y y
C
4
A 8 6
2 y = 3x
E 6
–2
x 4 y = 2x + 1
–4 2 4 6
–2 4
D 2
–4 2
F x
x –4 –2 2 4
–4 –2 2 4 6 –2
2 A = (1, 3) B = (3, 1) –2
C = (-4, -2) D = (-3, 5) –4 –4
E = (-2, 0) F = (5, -3)
–6
G = (0, 6) H = (0, 0)
3 a {A, B, C} b {G, H, I} 2 a y
c {D, E, F} b Co-ordinates are (2, 3), (1, 2)
4 A star (0, 1), (-1, 0) and (-2, -1).
5 (11, 5) y = 2x + 3
y
6 a (3, 1)
3
b An infinite number.
c The x-co-ordinate is 3. 4
d (3, 10) or (3, -10) x
–2 – 1
2 y = x + 1
–2
PUZZLE (page 178) –4 x
2 4
–2
Which vegetable is most y
b
environmentally friendly? –4
See page 526 for answer.

c Co-ordinates are (2, 0), (1, -1) y = x + 4
4
Investigation (0, -2), (-1, -3) and (-2, -4).
(page 178) y
2
Wholly equilateral x
–4 –2
1 False y = x – 2
4
2 This is not possible.
2 y
c
–4 –2 x
2 4 y = x – 3
–2
x
–4 3
–3
520 Answers
d y
2 1
y =
2x
–4 –2 x
2 4
–2

1 3 4
1 a 1 b c 2
3 1
1 1 4
d e f 0 2
4 2
2 5 (B), (G), (C), (E), (F),
c (A), (D)
2
a b e 6 a 3 b
5
d
f

1 y y
1 a 5 b
4 d h
3 1
c d
5 2 y = 2x
e 2 f 3 y = 1x
x x
3 1
g h 1
2 4
y
y y
2 a
e i
y = 3x
y = 13 x
x y = 5x
x x
y y y
b 1
y = x f j
2 y = 23 x
y = 53 x
x x x
y y y
c g k
y = 35 x
y = 14 x
3
y = x
2
x x x
Answers 521
y
l Investigation
(page 184)
The water-pipe
y=x
x
1 2 j
Length of farm on plan 3 m + n − 1
1 2 3 4 5 6 4 3p − 2
1 1 2 3 4 5 6
Width of 2 2 4 4 6 6 8
farm on 3 3 4 7 6 7 10
plan 4 4 6 6 10 8 10
5 5 6 7 8 13 10
6 6 8 10 10 10 16
- - -
1 a -1 b 1 c -4 d 1 e 3
4 5 4
3 -6
2
-
4 1
c 3
b 5 a -1
a b -2
e
d
1 y 3 y 5 y 7 y 9 y
y = 25 x
y = –2x y = – 32 x y = –x
y = – 13 x
x x x x x
2 4 6 8 10
y y y y y
2 y = –4x
y = – x
3 y = – 53 x
y = 2x y=x
x x x x x
522 Answers
1 a 3 b -1 c 5 d -10
e 125 f -7 g 0 h 0
y y y y
2 a b c d
y = x – 1
y = x + 5
y = x + 4 y = x + 1
x x
x
x
y y y
e f g
x
x
y=x
x
y = x – 6 y = x – 3

-
-3 2 1
1 a 2 b 4 c d e 4
-8 -3
f 1 g 1 h i 1
2 a 3 b -1 c 2 d -5 e 1
f 0 g 4 h 0 i 2
3 a y b y c y d y e y
y = 2x + 1 2 y = 3x + 2 x
1 1 y = 1x + 1
x x x 2
x
–4
y = 25 x – 4
–3 y = 2x – 3
4 a y y
b c y d y
y = –3x + 4 y = –x + 1
5 y = –2x + 5 y = –2x – 1 4
1
x x
–1
x
x
e y f y
y= – 5x + 4
y= – 1x + 2 3
2
2 4
x
x
Answers 523
5 a Yes b 2
6 a -2 b 5 c y
5 y = 5 – 2x
7 a b c d
y y y y

y = –5x + 1 y= – 3 x – 1
y = 12 x + 2 y = 43x + 3 2
1 3
x x x
–1
x
e f
y y
6
y = 23 x – 1
y = 6 – 3x
x
–1
8 y = 2x + 3 13 y 14 y
9 a y = 2x − 1 y = 2x + 1
b y = x + 1
c y = -x + 2 y = 12 x + 2
-
1 y = –x + 4
d y = x-1
2 x
10 C = (2, 7) x
y = 2x + 1
1 y = 2x – 3
11 × 42 - 4 = 21 - 4 = 17
2
12 No, because 6 ≠ 36 - 5 × 5. (1, 3)
a The gradients will be the same.

b Steeper lines have bigger gradients.
c It cuts the y-axis above (0, 0) if the
y-intercept is positive, it cuts the y-axis
below (0, 0) if the y-intercept is negative.
1 a y b y c y d y
x = 5 x = –2
y = 1
x x x x
y = –3
2 a x = 5 b y=2 3 a False b False c True

c x = -2 d y = -4 d True e True f False
524 Answers
4 a, b y c y = -2 5 The image is in the same place.

6 a, b y
c y=4
y = 2
2
x y = 4
–2 x = –4
y = –2 x
1 a 1.5 litres 4 a y b 5
b y c y = 5x − 4
d 46 m2
e Values less than 0.8 minutes.
12 Area mown (m2)

Fuel used (litres)
x
2 4 6 8
Time used (hours) x
3 3 Time (minutes)
c or 1.5 d y = x
2 2
2
1 5 a
e About 2 hours (actually
2 3 2
2 hours 40 minutes). b Allow of an hour (i.e. 40 minutes) per kilogram to cook the turkey.
3
2 a 10 m2 b 3 2 1
c t = w + d y
3 2
c 4 d y = 3x + 4
e We need 4 m2 for storing
equipment, and each person
in the class needs 3 m2 of floor 5
Cooking time (hours)
area.
3 a
y 4
3
scarves sold
Number of
6
2
3
1
x 0 x
3 6 9 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Temperature (°C) e 3.75 kg Weight of turkey (kg)
f The time scale is split up into 10-minute intervals because the given time
-
1 -
information is in multiples of 10, and also it makes it easy to split up the
b
2 c y = 1 x + 6
2 hours. The weight scale is chosen to match the time scale so that it is easy
d 7 e 12 °C to relate the gradient and y-intercept with the equation.
f It would become horizontal,
and continue to the right along
the x-axis.
Answers 525
6 a Possible answers are five tokens and 16 notes, 10 tokens Investigation

and 12 notes, 15 tokens and eight notes, 20 tokens and (page 193)
four notes. Glove-sizing

b 1 y
Number of $4 game tokens (x) 5 10 15 20
14
Number of $5 notes (y) 16 12 8 4
- 12
y 4
c d y= x + 20
5 10
24
Continental glove size

8
20
Number of $5 notes
6
16
4
12
2
8
0 x
4 3 6 7 8 9 10
English glove size
0 x
4 8 12 16 20 24
Number of $4 tokens
–6
2 y = 2x - 6
3 6
4 The width of most people’s knuckles is between
7 cm and 14 cm.
1 a Co-ordinates are (-2, 5), (-1, 2), c Co-ordinates are (-2, 9), (-1, 4), e Co-ordinates are (-2, 9), (-1, 5),
(0, 1), (1, 2) and (2, 5). (0, 1), (1, 0), (2, 1), (3, 4) and (0, 3), (1, 3), (2, 5) and (3, 9).
y (4, 9). y
y
y = x2 + 1 y = x2 – x + 3
y = (x – 1)2
1
x 1 3
x
1
x

b Co-ordinates are (-2, 2), 2 See the spreadsheet Ex 13-11 Qn
(-1, -1), (0, -2), (1, -1) and d Co-ordinates are (-2, 9), (-1, 3), 2 Answers.xls. This is available
(2, 2). (0, 0), (1, -1), (2, 0), (3, 3) and on the Beta Mathematics Workbook
y (4, 8). companion CD, or can be
y
downloaded from
www.mathematics.co.nz

y = x2 – 2 y = x2 – 2x
x
x
2
–2
526 Answers
a b

PUZZLE (page 140)

The cool sunglasses
They are made up of the letters cool.
Investigation (page 178)

Which vegetable is most
environmentally friendly
Green peas.
1 a y 2 a 2400 3 a y
b y
100 900
80 120
700
60 100
500
40 80
20 60 300
x 40 100
1 2 3 4 5 x
20 2 4 6 8 10
b 80 m
c 4.5 seconds x b $200 c 9m
1 2 3 4 5 6
d The graph becomes steeper
and steeper, showing the c As the number of workers
computer is accelerating increases, the number of
towards the ground. instant messages increases
faster and faster.
Answers 527
14 The metric system, scales and tables

PUZZLE (page 203)
Can you fathom this?
5 You could measure the height of a 1 a 6000 mL b 45 000 mL
stack of 10, say; then multiply by 1 A foot was the length of a typical c 850 mL d 4.9 mL
100. The height would be about adult human foot. e 15 mL f 20 441 mL
2.6 m 2 3 feet = 1 yard (and is about 2 a 5 litres b 0.75 litres
1 arm’s length) c 88 litres d 0.0683 litres
3 1 fathom = 6 feet (and is the height e 0.002 litres f 100 litres
of a tall person) 3 a 4.5 litres b 1.55 litres
4 a 3850 mL b 5550 mL
5 15
EXERCISE 14.02 (page 204) 6 3.3 litres or 3300 mL
7 4.7 litres or 4700 mL
1 a m b km 10 a 6700 m b 4000 m 8 $2.94
c cm d mm c 1.3 m d 1.1 m 9 14
2 a 12 m b 1.9 m e 11.25 m f 600 m 10 Cans
c 18 mm d 1.3 km 11 3.764 km Volume: 6 × 333 mL =
e 590 km f 4 mm 12 6400 m 1998 mL = 1.998 litres.
3 a 1.2 m b 0.492 m 13 a 25.8 cm Cost of cans is 0.45 × 6 = $2.70.
c 18.5 m b Multiply by 10. 2.70
4 a 3500 mm b 78 200 mm 14 2 km Cost per litre is = $1.35/litre
1.998
c 400 mm 15 42 195 m $1.35/litre.
5 a 1.5 km b 0.75 km 16 1547 Plastic bottle
c 46.83 km 17 a 7600 m 2.50
Cost per litre is = $1.67/litre.
6 a 2000 m b 4700 m b 7.6 km 1.5
c 350 m 18 27 minutes It is cheaper to buy the six-pack of
7 a 534 cm b 7 cm cans.
c 3.2 cm d 49 cm 11 a 20 mL
8 a cm b m PUZZLE (page 205) b 6 years old
c km d mm c 13 years old
e cm How thick is photocopy paper? d 4
e 5 days
9 0.1 mm 12 a 40 g
m cm mm b 600 g
a 6.3 630 6300
b 5 500 5000
Investigation
c 0.12 12 120 (page 209)
d 0.08 8 80 Decimal time in France
e 0.497 49.7 497 1 Longer. There would only be 1000
f 12.8 1280 12 800 of these seconds in a day, instead
of 86 400 of our seconds.
2 If there were 10 days in a month
EXERCISE 14.03 (page 206) then a month would no longer
correspond roughly to the periods
1 a 5000 g b 5480 g 8 a $48.46 of the moon. If in addition there
c 60 000 g d 700 g b $6.60 were 10 months in a year then
2 a 8 kg b 7.36 kg 9 a i $7.90 ii $63.20 there would only be 100 days in
c 0.45 kg d 0.0112 kg b $39.50/kg a year, instead of 365, and so the
3 a 53 000 mg b 800 mg 10 $43.76 calendar would go too fast in
4 a 50 g b 8.6 g 11 11 relation to the seasons.
5 a 6 tonnes b 13.255 tonnes 12 a i $5.10 ii $2.51
c 0.439 tonnes b 73 cents
6 a 11 000 kg b 6420 kg c 13 or 14
c 75 kg 13 53
7 13.36 kg
528 Answers
1 a 0630 b 2145 Best before when?

c 1200 d 1340 1 8 July 2002
e 0255 f 2330 2 231/09
g 0000 h 1030 3 Advantages: It may serve as identification for a particular batch in case there
i 2315 j 1645 are complaints about the product. Another reason is to avoid confusion
2 a 7:30 am b Midnight between the DD/MM/YYYY used in some countries and the MM/DD/YYYY
c 9 am d 9 pm format used in North America.
e midday f 3:55 pm Disadvantages: Both customers and retailers may find it confusing because it
g 7:20 pm h 8:40 pm requires relatively complicated calculations both of today’s date and the date
i 11:20 pm j 12:10 am on the packet before deciding whether stock is past its use-by date.
3 1200
4 a 1940 b 2100
c 1810 d 1956 EXERCISE 14.07 (page 214)
5 8 is incorrect. The third digit in
24-hour time must be between 0 1 a 842 km 5 a 6.8 cm
and 5 inclusive, because there are b Blenheim b 9.05 cm
only 60 minutes in an hour. c Picton and Blenheim c 2.83
7
6 0700 or 7 am d Takaka and Milford Sound d a = c
3
7 a 8 minutes e 10 km
6 a 1.8 m3
b 25 minutes f Milford−Queenstown =
b 3.5 m3
c 1021 296 km.
c 20 m2
8 a 3.45 b 1005 Queenstown−Mt Cook =
d i 20 bags ii 1.5 m3
c 1747 272 km.
e i It should be twice the
9 a 1 hour 15 minutes When these are added the
amount needed for 20 m2
b 1 hour 55 minutes result is 568 km, which is
− i.e. 2 × 1.4 m3 = 2.8 m3.
10 a 3 hours 50 minutes 12 km more than the direct
ii About 26 bags of cement,
b 1420 route from the table: Milford−
1.3 m3 of sand and 5 m3 of
11 3 minutes 20 seconds Mt Cook = 556 km.
builder’s mix.
12 1 hour 15 minutes 2 a 75 minutes or 1 hour
7 a A = 1250 mL, B = 600 mL,
15 minutes
C = 150 mL
b 75 minutes or 1 hour
PUZZLE (page 212) b 20 mL
15 minutes
8 a 2.4 m
c Rare
The time in Letterland b 2.9 m
3 a 7 minutes
(C) and (E) c Size 14, because 70 cm is
b 11 minutes
close to the 71 cm waist
c Well-done
measurement for size 14.
EXERCISE 14.06 (page 212) 4 a 7367 units
d Cushla will need 3.10 m for
b 8505 units
the jacket and 2.95 m for
1 a 333 mL b 45 litres c
9 0 1 1 0 9 9 0 1 1 0 9
the skirt; this is 6.05 m
c 600 mL d 2.2 m 8 2 2 8 8 2 2 8
3 3 altogether, so 6 m is not quite
e 105 kg f 1600 litres 7 3 7 7 3 7
6 5 4 4 5 6 6 5 4 4 5 6
enough.
g 350 mL h 2 litres 1000 100 10 kWh per div
e $43.66
i 10 mL j 38 m
k 3.5 kg l 32 cm
m 22 mm n 364 km
2 a 8 g b 333 mL 15 Area of polygons
c 65 mm d 1.2 kg
e 90 L f 15 cm EXERCISE 15.01 (page 220) EXERCISE 15.02 (page 222)
g 2151 km h 4.8 m
3 a Nearest day 1 a 18 cm2 b 12 cm2 1 a 4 cm b 8 cm
b Nearest cm c 16 cm2 d 20 cm2 c 8 cm d 15 cm
c Nearest mm e 3000 cm2 f 20 cm2 2 a 28 cm b 36 cm
d Nearest kg g 60 cm2 h 108 cm2 c 26 cm d 20 cm
e Nearest tonne 2 62 370 mm2 3 128 cm
1 3 Eight bags 4 a 2240 m b 21 760 m
f Nearest of a second
100
4 208 cm2 5 56 cm
g Nearest 5 minutes
6 21 cm
Answers 529
7 No, the perimeter of a 3 cm × 4 cm rectangle is 14 cm, while the perimeter of a

2 cm × 6 cm rectangle is 16 cm. EXERCISE 15.03 (page 226)
8 a 1 8 cm2 8 54 cm2
Side length Area Perimeter
2 42 cm2 9 36 cm2
2 cm 4 cm2 8 cm 3 20 cm2 10 51 cm2
5 cm 25 cm2 20 cm 4 30 cm2 11 132 cm2
5 60 cm2 12 36 cm2
6 cm 36 cm2 24 cm
6 42 cm2 13 124 cm2
7 cm 49 cm2 28 cm 7 72 cm2
8.4 cm 70.56 cm2 33.6 cm
10 cm 100 cm2 40 cm Investigation
12 cm 144 cm2 48 cm (page 226)
Halving triangles
b 4 cm
9 a 28 m b 22.361 cm c 8.185 cm 1 Draw a line from one corner to the
10 144 m middle of the opposite side. The
11 a 180 m two triangles formed each have
b The mesh may not touch the edges of the driveway, the mesh might the same height, and their bases
overlap in places, the mesh might have to be cut before being placed in are equal.
position so more would be required at first, the surface may not be flat so
that the mesh bends, etc.
h
PUZZLE (page 224)

Prisoner in the middle
2 Repeat the process above. Take
each triangle, and from one corner,
draw a line to the middle of the
Y opposite side.

X
1 a 40 cm2 b 48 cm2
Investigation
(page 224) c 35 cm2 d 72 cm2
The soccer field e 50 cm2 f 30 cm2
g 104 cm2 h 21.2 cm2
The perimeter of the field is 2 × 100 + 2 × 50 = 300 m. i 120 cm2 j 30 cm2
The centre line measures 50 m. 2 a 96 cm2 b 9.6 cm
The extra lines needed for the penalty areas measure 2 × (10 + 15 + 10) = 70 m.
The total length of all the lines is 300 + 50 + 70 = 420 m.
The width of the lines is 0.04 m. PUZZLE (page 229)
The area of the lines is 420 × 0.04 = 16.8 m2.
The number of litres of paint required is 16.8 ÷ 2 = 8.4 litres. Honey, I’ve shrunk the area!
(Note: the overlapping on the corners is ignored in this answer.)
In the ‘rectangle’ drawing, the
trapezium pieces overlap the triangle
pieces.
530 Answers
1 a 78 cm2 b 68 cm2 1 a 60 cm2 b 480 cm2 1 a 400 ha b 3900 ha

c 360 cm2 d 108 cm2 2 24 m2 c 832 ha d 10 040 ha
e 240 cm2 f 124 cm2 3 a 5409 cm2 b 46.8% 2 a 6.3 ha b 0.4 ha
g 68 cm2 h 67.5 cm2 4 55 m2 c 13.76 ha d 3.95 ha
i 144 cm2 j 532 cm2 5 1433.5 cm2 3 a 550 000 m2
2 4300 cm2 6 a 150 cm2 b 60 b 64 000 m2
24 25 7 a 16 500 m2 b 660 m2 c 3500 m2
3 a b
49 49 8 (D) because the envelope has a d 490 m2
front and a back, and also needs 4 a 2 km2 b 68.2 km2
PUZZLE (page 231) overlapping edges when glued c 550 km2 d 0.803 km2
together. 5 5 790 000 m2 = 579 ha (dividing by
The four blocks 9 4050 cm2 10 000).
1 400 cm2 10 50 m 579 ha = 5.79 km2 (dividing by
2 Between 0 and 400 cm2. 11 290 m2 100).
12 25 m2 6 300 000 m2
13 64 m 7 a Abel Tasman
14 a No, because 250 mm divides b 4000.36 km2
exactly into both 3 m and 5 m. c Mt Cook (Aorangi)
b 240 d 3 085 036 ha = 30 850.36 km2
15 1300 e 11.4%
16 a 50 m2 8 Golf courses require 3 × 7 = 21 ha.
b 5 cm, because it is the depth. Polo field requires 200 × 500 =
c 1700 100 000 m2 = 10 ha.
Equestrian course requires
0.2 km2 = 20 ha.
Total land required is at least
51 ha = 0.51 km2.
0.5 km2 is not enough.
9 154 500 m2 or 15.45 ha
16 Circles - circumference and area
1 a 62.83 cm 9 Both paths are the same length, 12.57 cm. 1 a 271.72 m2 b 12 707.62 cm2
b 15.83 m 10 607.1 cm c 88.25 m2 d 26.06 cm2
2 a 12.57 cm 11 a 94.25 mm b 98.96 mm e 6939.78 m2 f 59.94 cm2
b 1131 mm 12 a The Earth takes 1 year = 365.25 × 24 = 8766 2 1018 m2
3 39 990 km hours to orbit the sun. 3 113.1 km2
4 471 cm b The distance travelled is the circumference 4 34 636 cm2
5 True of a circle with radius 149 000 000 km. This 5 a 124 mm
6 235 is 936 195 000 km (6 sf). 3 mm
7 1339 mm or 133.9 cm The speed is 936 195 000 km ÷ 8766 h =
8 a 46.27 m 106 800 km/h (4 sf).
b 20.14 cm
c 41.71 cm
d 96.82 cm 124 mm
3 mm 3 mm
3 mm
b 10 936 mm2
6 25%
Answers 531
PUZZLE (page 240) EXERCISE 16.04 (page 243) EXERCISE 16.06 (page 245)
Pizza please
1 0.4312 m 5 32 cm 1 a 11.43 m2
470 g
2 6.685 m 6 318 mm b 102.5 cm2
3 466.6 m 7 170 m c 1122 cm2
EXERCISE 16.03 (page 241) 4 30.83 m 2 Both designs need the same
amount - i.e. area is 2146 mm2.
1 3 a 616 cm2
1 a b 8 cm2
4 EXERCISE 16.05 (page 244) b 292 cm2
1 4 a
2 a b 37.70 cm2
3 1 a 3.868 m b 18.70 cm 5m
3 65.97 cm2 c 1.376 cm d 0.7979 km
4 a 736.3 cm2 b 61.96 cm2 2 a 3.545 m b 7.089 m
5 351.9 cm2 c 22.27 m
6 a 201.1 cm2 b 32 cm2 3 3.2 m 30 m
c True d 18.27 cm2 4 29 m 40 m
5 a 78.54 cm2 b 157.1 cm2
30 m
PUZZLE (page 242) PUZZLE (page 244) 40 m
Circular leftovers The first and last ever School
All of the patterns have the same Certificate Mathematics exam b 1579 m2
shaded area.
question
283.7 m2
17 Volume and surface area

Investigation
Volume conversions
1 a 24 cm3 b 36 cm3
2 a 72 cm3 b 36 m3 1 True
c 1020 m3 2 Yes
3 a 90 cm3 b 72 cm3 3 1000
c 73.44 m3 d 10 240 cm3 4
4 6 cm Volume in cm3 Volume in mm3
5 6.2 m 512 512 000
6 72 cm3
8 8 000
7 a 216 m3 b 117.649 cm3
8 a 8 cm b 11 m 89 000 89 000 000
c 4.291 cm d 79.370 m 9 9 000
71 000 71 000 000
5 64 m3; 64 000 000 cm3. These volumes are
equivalent, so there are
1 a 300 cm3 7 a 4.5 m3 64 000 000 ÷ 64 = 1 000 000 cm3 in 1 m3.
b 240 m3 b 4050 kg
c 400 mm3 c 8.1 tonnes 6
2 240 000 cm3 8 a 213 m2 Volume in m3 Volume in cm3
3 a 0.12 m b 0.15 m 64 64 000 000
b 1.2 m3 c 31.95 m3 2 2 000 000
4 15 9 0.251 m or 25.1 cm
5 144 000 cm3 10 1 m 500 500 000 000
6 204 288 cm3 800 800 000 000
0.05 50 000
532 Answers
Investigation
The Arch of Constantine
1 a 90 cm3 b 800 cm3 c 225 m3
2 a 60 cm3 b 80 cm3 c 80 cm3 1 The archways are the same depth as the Arch itself.
d 140 cm3 e 330 cm3 2 a 519.6 m3
3 b 3.25 is the radius of the semi-circular part at the
top of the archway. It is half of the width of the
Area of cross-section Height Volume
archway.
a 12 cm2 2 cm 24 cm3 c 8.25 is the height of the archway walls before they
b 45 m2 10 m 450 m3 start curving. It is the overall height (11.5 m) minus
c 31 cm2 17.4 cm 539.4 cm3 the radius of the semi-circular part (3.25 m).
3 175.0 m3
d 8 m2 2.45 m 19.6 m3 4 Volume = V(cuboid) - V(central archway) − V(side
archways)
= 25.7 × 21 × 7.4 − 519.6 − 2 × 175.0
EXERCISE 17.04 (page 251) = 3124 m3
5 The Arch does not have smooth faces - there are
1 96 cm3 protrusions and indentations in many places.
2 a x = 0.6, y = 4.8, z = 1.2
b 1.728 m3
3 108 m3
4 48 000 cm3
1 a 4 mL b 500 litres c 300 mL
5 787 cm2
d 2 litres e 45 litres
6 4264 cm3
2 a 40 b 6 c 8000
7 963 m3 (rounded from 963.144 m3)
d 49 700 e 800 f 45
3 a 3 kg b 46.8 kg c 0.6 kg
5
a 50 g
a 160 litres
b 8000 g
b 160 kg
c 788 g
6 34.56 cm3
1 a 226.2 cm3 b 3633 m3 8 3456 mL
2 a 50.27 m3 b 2601 cm3 9 a 38.23 m3 b 38 230 litres
3 62.83 cm3 10 a 3 b 8 c 100
4 36 290 m3 11 a 804.2 cm3
5 0.8906 m3 b The label of 750 mL is likely to be correct when
6 a 5500 cm b 276 500 cm3 allowing for the thickness of the glass. To calculate
7 0.015 90 m3 the volume of wine exactly we would use interior
8 a Adding on the thickness of concrete to the radius measurements and would also have to assume the
of a large tunnel you get 1.5 + 3.8 = 5.3 m, so bottom of the bottle was completely flat.
the diameter including the concrete part is 12 a 4247 m3
2 × 5.3 = 10.6 m. A greater volume of rock than b 4 247 000 litres
the finished volume would have been excavated c 212 400 litres
before the tunnel was lined. 13 $45
b 7.8 m 14 121.5 kg
c 11 315 000 m3 15 a 13 to 14 days
d Rubble is less compacted than the rock where it b 75 g
is removed from, there would be places where c A cylinder is only an approximate model because
excavations needed to go beyond the minimum a tube of toothpaste is not perfectly round and
diameter of 7.6 m, there would be places where flattens out towards the base. At the other end the
access would be needed between the service tunnel nozzle protrudes, so at both ends the tube lacks the
and each main tunnel. flat, round base that cylinders have.
9 211
10 2262 seconds = 37 minutes 42 seconds
11 43 980 cm3
PUZZLE (page 257)
I have suction
Answers 533
PUZZLE (page 257) PUZZLE (page 261)

Tug of war Wine and cheese
40 kg 6 cm by 8 cm by 12 cm
a 52 cm2
1 b 74 cm2 1 a 502.7 cm2
a 126 cm2
2 b 36 cm2 b 85.77 m2
56 cm2
3 c 177.3 cm2
180 cm2
4 2 a 1407 cm2
204 cm2
5 b 144.5 m2
a Isosceles trapezium
6 3 728.8 cm2
b 1952 cm2
4 37 960 mm2
64 m2
7 5 0.7118 m2
a Rectangle
8 6 Area of bottom: πr2 = π × 2.42

b Because the cut exposes wood which originally was not on a surface. = 18.096 m2.
c 2000 cm2
Area of top: πr2 = π × 2.42
a Volume of cuboid = 18 × 10 × 3 = 540 m3.
9 = 18.096 m2.
1 Area of curved surface = 2πrh
Volume of triangular prism = ×10×12 × 9 = 540 m 3 .
2 = 2 × π × 2.4 × 3 = 45.239 m2
b The cuboid has the greater surface area (528 m2). It exceeds the surface
area of the prism (444 m2) by 84 m2. Total surface area = 18.096 +
10 a 18.096 + 45.239 = 81.431 m2.
b
Edge length Surface area Area to be coated inside and
1 6 outside = 2 × 81.432 = 162.86 m2.
Total cost = 162.86 × $8.50
2 24
= $1384.33, i.e. $1400,
3 54 approximately.
4 96
…
PUZZLE (page 263)
8 384
… The three cubes
11 4.64 m2 x 6x2 1 704 cm2
12 a 8 m2 b 20 000 2 800 cm2
13
2.5
18 Angles 1 - intersecting
and parallel lines
4.2
2.6 EXERCISE 18.01 (page 264)
Area of front and back = 2 × 2.6 × 2.5 = 13 m2

Area of both sides = 2 × 4.2 × 2.5 = 21 m2 1 a 
ABC b 
EDF
Area of floor and ceiling = 2 × 2.6 × 4.2 = 21.84 m2 2 a 
EFD b ∠STR
Total area to be painted: (13 + 21 + 21.84) m2 = 55.84 m2 3 a 
BAC b 
EFD
55.84 4 a = ∠PRQ
Number of litres needed = = 3.723 litres, that is, 3.7 litres
15 b = ∠RSQ
to the nearest 100 mL.
c = ∠QPR
d = ∠PTS
e = ∠QTR
f = ∠PQR
5 a 4 b 1 c 6
d 3 e 5 f 2
534 Answers
1 a 54° b 59° c 118° d 92° e 21°

2 a 83° b 105° c 101° d 71°
3 a 131° b 34° c 15°
Investigation
(page 267) EXERCISE 18.03 (page 268)
Security sensors
1 a b 1 a 111° b 039° 5 a Whakatane
c 322° d 239° b Mt Ruapehu
2 a N b N c East Cape
d New Plymouth
2 a e Auckland
f 020°
g 073°
h 331°
i 129°
j 205°
b 10 more (11 in total) c N d N (Note that answers for parts f-j are
based on using the full-page version of
the North Island map in the blackline
master. If students use the diagram in
the book it is not quite so accurate.)
k Gisborne
l Bay of Islands
6 a 6.2 km
3 a 090° b 270° b 338°
c 045° d 225° 7 230°
4 a South
b North
c North-west
d South-east
1 a = 110°, b = 58°, c = 90°, 3 a = 135° (∠’s on line add to 180°)

d = 210°, e = 90°, f = 47°, b = 102° (vert. opp. ∠’s =)
g = 129°, h = 50°, i = 73°, c = 135° (∠’s at a pt add to 360°)
c d 10%
j = 47°, k = 86°, l = 94°, d = 38° (∠’s on line add to 180°)
m = 20°, n = 91°, o = 89° e = 142° (vert. opp. ∠’s =)
2 a ∠’s at a pt add to 360° f = 148° (∠’s at a pt add to 360°)
b vert. opp. ∠’s =
c ∠’s on line add to 180°
3 a 3 b
1 a x = 70° (∠ sum of  is 180°) j x = 34° (∠ sum of  is 180°)

b x = 28° (∠ sum of  is 180°) y = 34° (isos. , base ∠’s =)
c d 80 c x = 134° (∠ sum of  is 180°) k x = 128° (isos. , base ∠’s =,
d x = 66° (∠ sum of  is 180°) then ∠ sum of  is 180°)
e x = 60° (∠ in equilat. ) l x = 81° (∠ sum of  is 180°,
f x = 73° (isos. , base ∠’s =) then isos. , base ∠’s =)
4 g x = 36° (isos. , base ∠’s =) 2 112.5°
h x = 52° (isos. , base ∠’s =) 3 a 60° b 150°
y = 76° (∠ sum of  is 180°) c 15° d 75°
i x = 75° (∠ sum of  is 180°)
y = 75° (isos , base ∠’s =)
Answers 535
PUZZLE (page 279)

Parallel framework
1 a x = 130° (ext. ∠ of  = sum of int. opp. ∠’s )
18
b x = 122° (ext. ∠ of  = sum of int. opp. ∠’s)
c x = 31° (ext. ∠ of  = sum of int. opp. ∠’s)
d x = 110° (isos , base ∠’s =, then ext. ∠ of  = sum EXERCISE 18.08 (page 280)
of int. opp. ∠’s)
e x = 120° (∠’s at a pt add to 360°, then ext. ∠ of  = 1 a 3x + 7x = 180° (∠’s on line add to 180°); x = 18°
sum of int. opp. ∠’s) b 5x + 3x + x = 360° (∠’s at a pt add to 360°); x = 40°
f x = 139° (vert. opp. ∠’s =, then ext. ∠ of  = sum of c x + 2x + 36° = 180° (∠’s on line add to 180°);
int. opp. ∠’s) x = 48°
2 a x = 68°, y = 44° d 2x + x + 60° = 180° (∠ sum of  is 180°); x = 40°
b x = 111° e 2x = x + 15° (alt. ∠’s =, || lines); x = 15°
c x = 130°, y = 50° f 3x + x + 40° = 180° (co-int. ∠’s add to 180°,
d x = 62° || lines); x = 35°
3 x = 19° (vert. opp. ∠ ‘s =, then ∠ sum of  is 180°) g 2x + x = x + 40° (ext. ∠ of  = sum of int. opp. ∠’s);
4 α = 50° x = 20°
h 5x = 3x + 62° (ext. ∠ of  = sum of int. opp. ∠’s);
x = 31°
EXERCISE 18.07 (page 277) i 3x + 6x = 180° (corresp. ∠’s =, || lines and ∠’s on
line add to 180°); x = 20°
1 a Corresponding 2 a x = 15°; the three angles are 90°, 60° and 30°.
b Co-interior b x = 10°; the three angles are 70°, 60°and 50°.
c Alternate
d Alternate
e Corresponding PUZZLE (page 281)
f Co-interior
2 a b b c What day is it?
c a d e See page 543 for answer.
3 a x = 70° (corresp. ∠’s =, || lines)
b x = 60° (co-int. ∠’s add to 180°, || lines)
c x = 73° (corresp. ∠’s =, || lines) EXERCISE 18.09 (page 282)
d x = 119° (co-int. ∠’s add to 180°, || lines)
e x = 100° (corresp. ∠’s =, || lines) O X E D
f x = 95° (alt. ∠’s =, || lines) D B H A L V E S
4 a x = 50°, y = 50° A C U T E R G M
b x = 139°, y = 139° I U R I
c x = 65°, y = 115°, z = 65° L I S O S C E L E S O V E N
d x = 68°, y = 68°, z = 68° Y E O E U
e x = 68° P E X I T S S O C K S
A N E A U A
f x = 70°
P L U S T Q L B E P EN
g x = 66°, y = 110° T
A T H R E E U T T E S T
h x = 50° R A R I E R R
B
i x = 50° A K I L R A E P
j x = 79°, y = 36°, z = 65° L A O A N C A E
k x = 80° L R P R O T R A C T O R N
l x = 31°, y = 74°, z = 75° V E R T E X E T I D
m x = 122° L F C O R R E S P O N D I N G
5 Translation L A G C
E M U L T I P L Y U
6 Rotation
X L
7 Yes, because the two alternate angles are equal.
C O M P L E M E N T A R Y
8 No, because the two co-interior angles add to 182°, not O R
180°. O
9 Yes N
10 q and r
11 a and d; and c and f
12 a 8 b 16 c 8
536 Answers
19 Angles 2 - polygons
1 a = 62°, b = 80°, c = 63°, d = 83°, 1 540° 4 a 50° b 120°

e = 72°; 360° 2 900° c 90° d 102°
2 a = 74°, b = 93°, c = 94°, d = 99°; 3 a 3 b 180° e 210° f 85°
360° c Quadrilateral d 360° g 120° h 124°
3 a = 135°, b = 50°, c = 100°, d = 75° e 360° f 5 5 a 4x − 20 = 360; x = 95°
4 a = 130°, b = 110°, c = 120°, g 360° h Hexagon b 3x + 210 = 540; x = 110°
d = 90°, e = 90° i 720° j Octagon c 6x + 30 = 720; x = 115°
5 a Concave k 1080° l 360° 6 1800°
b Convex m (n − 2)180° 7 32
c Convex
d Concave
e Concave
f Convex

6 Yes 1
Name of polygon Number Sum of Each exterior
of sides exterior angles angle
Equilateral triangle 3 360° 120°
Square 4 360° 90°
Pentagon 5 360° 72°
7 No, because a and b are equal Hexagon 6 360° 60°
(vertically opposite angles).
Octagon 8 360° 45°
8 (A)
Decagon 10 360° 36°

Investigation
(page 286)
2
Name of polygon Number Sum of interior Each interior
Chessboard squares of sides angles angle
Equilateral triangle 3 180° 60°
1
Size of square Number Square 4 360° 90°
1×1 64 Pentagon 5 540° 108°
2×2 49 Hexagon 6 720° 120°
3×3 36 Octagon 8 1080° 135°
4×4 25 Decagon 10 1440° 144°
5×5 16
3 a 30° b 150°
6×6 9 4 a 160 b 18
7×7 4 5 36
8×8 1 6 24
7 The angles are not all equal to each other.
Total 204
8 a x = 120°
7 b No, the interior angles are not all equal to each other.
2
17 (7 − 2)×180
9 a
7
4°
EXERCISE 19.02 (page 287) b 128
7
10 a Yes, because 15° is a factor of 360°.
1 360° b No, because if the interior angle was 155°, the exterior angle would have
2 360° to be 25°, and 25° does not divide exactly into 360°.
3 50° 11 x = 72°, y = 54°
4 85° 12 x = 36°, y = 72°, z = 36°
5 a 108° b 38° 13 30 cm
c 33° d 62° 14 12 cm
Answers 537
PUZZLE (page 291)

Irregular polygons
1
2 The interior angles are not all equal, some are 90° and others are 270°.
20 Tessellation
1 5 Yes, all quadrilaterals tessellate. 9 Yes

6 10 Yes
2
11 a 120° b 108°
c They would need to be placed
together at one point, and the
interior angles (108° each) are
not a factor of 360° (angles at a
point).
The cross does tessellate. 12
3 Yes
7 a 6 b
4 a
13 a The ‘Z’ shaped tetromino.
b
8
b Yes
538 Answers
Investigation
(page 294)
Hexagonal cobblestones

1 3
Number of black Number of white Number of black Number of black Number of
cobblestones cobblestones in top row in bottom row white
1 6 1 2 15
2 11 2 3 23
3 16 3 4 31
4 21 4 5 39
5 26 5 6 47
6 31
4 Number of white = 8n + 7.
2 Number of white = 5n + 1.
PUZZLE (page 295)

Chopping up trominoes
1 2 3 (Other answers are possible.)

PUZZLE (page 297)
1 4 a No b No c
Hearts, diamonds, clubs and
spades
6 a Equilateral triangle, square PUZZLE (page 257)

and hexagon. I have suction
b
This machine sucks.
3
Answers 539
Investigation
(page 298)
Tessellating jigsaw pieces
1 3 a The red and yellow pieces (the two on the right).
b i The red piece tessellates.
ii
2 c
d It must have the same number of indentations as protrusions; it must have

matching (same size and shape) pairs of indentations and protrusions.
e Traditional jigsaw puzzles have straight edges - the pieces at the outside
cannot be the same shape and size as ones in the middle.
21 Three dimensions

PUZZLE (page 303)
Cheesy cylinder
1 a Square b Yes 7 a 5
2 a 8 b 12 b 8 Vertical cut
c 6 d Rectangle c 5
e Yes d Yes
3 a 4 b 6 8 a Yes Vertical cut
c 4 d Yes b Isosceles
4 Equilateral triangle 9 a No Horizontal cut
5 Q U b No
c EH, EB, EC
P 10 a AE, BF, DH
T
b DCGH
c H
R
V 11 a 10 vertices,
15 edges, EXERCISE 21.02 (page 303)
S W 7 faces
b Equilateral 1 30
6 D A 12 a 45° 2 28
H E b 45° 3 a b c
c 45°
C d 90°
B
G e 60°
F
Rewi
540 Answers
4 a 7 b c
2
3 2
b
8
4
5
1
5 E
10 a 8 b 24 c 24 d 8
F H 9 a 11 a 8 b
G
B D
C
6 C
B D
A
12 a Spade
F H
b Club
E
c Anchor
1 A cuboid. 6 a
E F b F d
2 2m
H G
3m
D C
A B
3m
7
3 a B b 4m
10
4 cm
4 a E and F b
or
2 cm 2 cm
5 Q P
11 a 3 b
R
S
B 2 cm 2 cm
C 12
A D Six different answers are possible.
9 a B and E 2 cm 2 cm
b C and D
c Because they each have two
sides that join up to a 3 m
edge. 2 cm 2 cm
Answers 541
13 a b There are four possible answers - with the

A B
extra square in positions A, B, C and D.
C
D
1 a b c 5 Top Front Side

1 1 3 1 1 3 3 3 3 3
1 1 2 1 1 2 3 3 3 3
2 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 a Rugby posts
2 a
b Netball hoop
b
c TV set
(Cathode ray)
d Bed
3 a e Submarine
A B
6 4
D C 7 a b
b A D
Top Front Side (right) Top Front Side (right)
8 a b
4 a Clockwise
b Travel up in a straight line to
the top then turn right and drop
down quickly. Go up again to Top Front Side (right)
the right, drop suddenly then go
through a tight right-hand turn Top Front Side (right)
c
and go up again in a straight
line. Go down while turning
to the left, then go up while
turning to the right. Go down
Top Front Side (right)
and return to the start.
542 Answers
9 a 1 1 b 2 1 1 2 PUZZLE (page 311)

2 1 1 1 1 1
The exposed surface
10 a b A pentagon with one axis of symmetry.
22 Pythagoras
1 a i Hypotenuse is f. 1 a � b 3.425 m 7
�
ii f 2 = e2 + g2 .8 m Height
e =2
b i Hypotenuse is r. x
Tap
ii r2 = p2 + q2
c i Hypotenuse is x. Stay
ii x2 = y2 + z2 Pole 1.6 m
3.7 m
x
d i Hypotenuse is h. x2 = (2.8)2 − (1.6)2
ii h2 = g2 + i2 = 7.84 − 2.56
e i Hypotenuse is c. 1.4 m = 5.28
ii c2 = b2 + d2 x = 5.28 = 2.3 m (2 sf)
2 a b 3.622 m
2 a 10 b 15
8 40 m
c 50 d 9.220
Pole 9 The distance from the farm to the
e 11.31 f 37.01 Wall x showgrounds = 2 × 692 + 82 2 .
3.6 m
The return distance is twice this
EXERCISE 22.02 (page 315) - i.e. 214.3 km, which exceeds
the range. It would not be safe to
1 15 cm 6 13.45 cm 0.4 m make this flight.
2 7.810 cm 7 34 cm 3 11.66 m 10 275 mm (to the nearest mm)
3 9.220 cm 8 101 cm 4 a 11 a A
4 25 cm 9 11.77 cm
x
5 11.31 cm 10 778.2 cm g 2m 29 km C
cin
Bra 12 km
4m 42 km B 31 km
b 84 km
b 4.472 m
1 3m 6 4.359 m 12 a Opening
5 a
2 6m 7 23.52 m Yacht N b
3 5m 8 7.937 m
x
4 24 m 9 3.439 m 7 km
5 12 m 10 488.5 m 5 cm x
Base
24 km
EXERCISE 22.04 (page 317) b 25 km 20 cm
c 50 km Using Pythagoras to
1 4.34 m (3 sf) 7 6.3 m (2 sf) 6 a 125 m calculate the widest diagonal
2 112 mm 8 105 mm b 45 m measurement of the aperture:
3 2.21 m (3 sf) 9 479 m x2 = 202 + 52 = 425
4 58.83 m 10 a 6.15 m x = 425 = 20.6
5 38 m b 0.10 m The two largest measurements
6 4367 mm of the parcel are both larger
than this, so the parcel will not
PUZZLE (page 319) fit through.
Sides of the diamond

148 cm
Answers 543
PUZZLE (page 322)

The wooden lamp-post
1 422 + 292 = 1764 + 841 = 2605
16.88 cm
512 = 2601
422 + 292 ≠ 512, so the triangle is not right-angled.
PUZZLE (page 322) 2 182 + 38.52 = 324 + 1482.25 = 1806.25
42.52 = 1806.25
The Jurassic Park puzzle 182 + 38.52 = 42.52, so the triangle is right-angled.
See page 556 for answer. 3 (D)
4 652 + 722 = 4225 + 5184 = 9409
972 = 9409
Investigation
(page 323) There is a pair of opposite angles that are each 90° and the other pair are
The tractor and the gate equal because of alternate angles, so all four angles are 90°, and therefore
the parallelogram is a rectangle.
(i) When driven as close as possible to the
left: 2.83 m.
(ii) When driven along the middle: 2.96 m.
1 Teresa has forgotten to square the side lengths. The 5 a P

correct answer is 17.
2 a It is impossible for the third side of a triangle to
measure more than the sum of the other two sides
(4 cm in this example).
b The square root key − i.e.
x
c 2.828 cm (4 sf)
3 a x is one of the two shorter sides and must be less
than the hypotenuse, which is 6 cm. b 15.65 units
b He used the + key instead of the - key. c 3.91 m
6 The height of triangle P is 4 cm (from x2 = 52 − 32).
4 a x = 5 cm, y = 13 cm b x = 12 cm, y = 5 cm The height of triangle Q is 3 cm (from x2 = 52 − 42).
c x = 25 cm d x = 7 cm, y = 25 cm 1
Area of triangle P = ×6× 4 = 12 cm 2 .
e x = 17 cm 2
1
Area of triangle Q = × 8× 3 = 12 cm 2 .
2
Both triangles have the same area.
Investigation PUZZLE (page 281)

(page 326)
The ants and the sugar bowl What day is it?
7.810 m Today is yesterday tomorrow.
23 Trigonometry 1 - an introduction

1 a Hypotenuse 3 a Adjacent 5
Triangle Hypotenuse Opposite side Adjacent side
b Adjacent b Hypotenuse
c Opposite c Opposite ∆PQR PR QR PQ
2 a Opposite 4 a Opposite ∆STU TU SU ST
b Adjacent b Hypotenuse
∆VWX VX VW WX
c Hypotenuse c Adjacent
∆ABC BC AB AC
544 Answers
Investigation
(page 329) EXERCISE 23.03 (page 333)
40° right-angled triangles
1 187.94 m 5 a 2.12 m b 3.90 km
2 500 m c 0.47 m d 5.81 m
1 o 3 273.60 m e 163.16 km f 34.79 cm
Triangle o h h (to 2 dp)
4 76.60 m
45
a 45 mm 70 mm = 0.64
70
37
b 37 mm 57 mm = 0.65
57 1 0.7071 4 0.9925 7 0.6320
2 0.4848 5 0.2419 8 0.9995
34 3 0.1392 6 0.7986
c 34 mm 54 mm = 0.63
54
d 38 mm 59 mm
38
= 0.64 EXERCISE 23.05 (page 334)
59
1 2.270 cm 4 22.07 cm 7 3.719 km
44 2 1.035 cm 5 11.47 cm 8 2.560 cm
e 44 mm 68 mm = 0.65
68 3 7.552 m 6 6.676 m
88
f 88 mm 140 mm = 0.63
140 Investigation
(page 335)
22 The cos ratio
g 22 mm 35 mm = 0.63
35
1
a
2 0.642 787 610 Triangle a h
h (to 2 dp)
22
a 22 mm 52 mm = 0.42
29
1 b 29 mm 68 mm = 0.43
68
Given angle 10° 20° 30° 40° 50° 60° 70° 80°
35
Opposite side 13 mm 26 mm 50 mm 59 mm 67 mm 72 mm 76 mm c 35 mm 81 mm = 0.43
81
Hypotenuse 76 mm 76 mm 76 mm 76 mm 76 mm 76 mm 77 mm
38
Ratio of d 38 mm 89 mm = 0.43
89
opposite side to
0.17 0.34 0.5 0.66 0.78 0.88 0.95 0.99 51
hypotenuse, as e 51 mm 120 mm = 0.43
a decimal 120
23
2 f 23 mm 29 mm = 0.79
29
Given angle sin (to 9 dp) sin (to 2 dp)
64
10° 0.173 648 178 0.17 g 64 mm 80 mm = 0.80
80
20° 0.342 020 143 0.34
42
h 42 mm 52 mm = 0.81
30° 0.5 (exactly) 0.5 (exactly) 52
40° 0.642 787 609 0.64 81
i 81 mm 101 mm = 0.80
50° 0.766 044 443 0.77 101
60° 0.866 025 403 0.87 2 cos (65°) = 0.422 618 262
70° 0.939 692 620 0.94 3 cos (37°) = 0.798 635 510
80° 0.984 807 753 0.98
1 68.4 m 5 a 2.12 m b 2.25 km

2 866 m c 0.17 m d 15.97 m
3 751.76 m e 136.92 km f 34.79 cm
4 64.28 m
Answers 545
1 0.7071 5 0.9703 1 1.2 m 1 a = 11.92 m 6 f = 16.63 m

2 0.8746 6 0.6018 2 3.346 m 2 b = 8.660 m 7 g = 13.49 m
3 0.9903 7 0.7749 3 1.145 m 3 c = 17.39 m 8 h = 123.1 m
4 0.1219 8 0.0332 4 5.955 m 4 d = 881.6 m 9 i = 5.412 km
5 14.16 m 5 e = 21.45 m 10 j = 59.40 cm
6 9.235 cm
EXERCISE 23.08 (page 339) 7 2.783 m
1 4.455 cm 5 8.030 cm
8 0.726 m EXERCISE 23.13 (page 345)
9 The two walls measure 5.92 m and
2 3.864 cm 6 2.697 m
12.69 m. The total length is 19 m 1 sin 5 cos
3 9.326 m 7 1.208 km
(to the nearest metre). 2 tan 6 tan
4 11.74 cm 8 3.942 cm
10 a 7.55 m b 4.90 m 3 tan 7 cos
11 a 7.654 m b 36.96 m 4 sin 8 tan
12 a 4.774 m b 3.538 m
EXERCISE 23.09 (page 340) c 8.924 m
1 a = 8.988 m 7 n = 5.346 m
b = 4.384 m p = 2.724 m EXERCISE 23.11 (page 343)
1 2.12 m 6 8.91 m
2 c = 7.314 m 8 q = 5.286 m
1 0.1763 6 1.997 2 2.62 m 7 4.73 m
d = 6.820 m r = 5.871 m
2 0.6249 7 6.314 3 6.55 m 8 1.34 m
3 e = 18.47 cm 9 s = 20.08 cm
3 1 8 11.43 4 2.51 m 9 2.14 m
f = 23.64 cm t = 80.53 cm
4 0.1405 9 28.64 5 10.5 m 10 4.19 m
4 g = 42.40 cm 10 u = 17.10 m
h = 26.50 cm v = 13.85 m 5 1.600 10 44.07
5 i = 0.6180 km 11 w = 14.34 m
j = 1.902 km x = 4.386 m
6 k = 0.1040 m 12 y = 8.211 cm
m = 0.4891 m z = 3.485 cm
24 Trigonometry 2 - calculating any side length
1 2.14 m 8 55 m
Hypotenuse BC DE GH
2 40 mm 9 942 m
Opposite side AB EF GI 3 52 mm 10 17 m
Adjacent side AC DF HI 4 2.18 m 11 32 m
5 27.5 m 12 3.3 m
6 a b 12 cm 13 Width of gib-board that
x
nail will go through
x
1 a = 5.88 cm
40°
2 b = 4.46 cm 14 cm
3 c = 4.79 cm
7 a y 20 mm 40°
4 d = 3.93 cm

5 e = 5.25 cm
6 f = 4.60 cm The end of the nail will be 12.9 mm
7 g = 6.34 cm from the surface of the gib-board
x
8 h = 29.54 cm 6 km so will not go through all of it.
9 i = 13.49 cm
10 j = 9.37 cm 28°
b 5.3 km c 2.8 km
546 Answers
1 a 7.832 m b 13.86 cm c 4.801 cm d 2.996 cm e 17.92 m

f 11.41 cm g 13.82 m h 123.2 cm i 8.115 cm j 7.132 cm
2 a 29.71 cm b 75.40 m
1 6 km 6 a b 79 km 9 13 m
2 a 10 a 9.47 m
x b You have to assume the rope
4m
is straight, which is unrealistic
15° 74 km x unless there is a very strong
b 15 m 20° current, and even then it is
3 176 mm likely to sag a bit. You have
4 2.98 m to assume the seafloor is flat,
5 a which is unlikely if it is rocky.
You have to assume the end
x 7 1662 m of the anchor is touching the
8.42 m
8 a b 3.84 m seafloor, which is probably
35° realistic because of its weight.
19° 11 711 m
b 14.68 m 12 11.86 m
x
1.25 m
Investigation
(page 355)
25 Trigonometry 3 - calculating angles
The cuboctahedron
1 Tetrahedron
2 No EXERCISE 25.01 (page 358) EXERCISE 25.02 (page 359)
3 6
4 Equilateral triangles; 8 1 6.2° 9 0.5° 1 48.6° 7 62.7°
5 24; yes 2 52.5° 10 12.9° 2 29.0° 8 60°
6 12 3 29.2° 11 48.9° 3 67.4° 9 9.3°
7 473.2 cm2 4 24.0° 12 80.4° 4 59.0° 10 57.7°
5 43.2° 13 90° 5 54.0° 11 31.2°
6 53.9° 14 30° 6 32.0° 12 49.7°
PUZZLE (page 356) 7 30.0° 15 45°
8 29.6°
Trig decoding EXERCISE 25.03 (page 360)
Investigation
(page 358)
1 45.6° 6 44.9°
Inverse tan check 2 51.3° 7 43.0°
3 36.9° 8 77.0°
2 It should be 35°. 4 40.3° 9 30.4°
7 5 55.7° 10 47.9°
3
10
4 0.7
5 34.99° (2 dp)
Answers 547
1 a 10 m 6 a 7 039°
1.2 m 8 a Finish
Ladder
A 5m Wall
90 25
b 6.9°
2 a b 23.0° A Start A
1.8 m
1.3 m
b 16.1°
b cos(A) = 1.3 = 0.26 9 a 75.5°
4.6 m 5 b co-int. ∠’s add to 180°, || lines,
A
A = 74.9° or ∠ sum of quadrilateral is
This angle is in between 74° 360°
3 28.4° and 78° so the ladder has been 10 24.0°
4 26.6° positioned safely. 11 82.7°
5 38.7°
PUZZLE (page 362)
The slipping ladder
2.4°
26 Construction and loci

6 5.5 cm 1 c 5 cm  = 60° (∠ of equilat. ∆)

8 d ABC
2 c 6 cm  = 30° (∠ of equilat. ∆ has been bisected)
ABE
Investigation 5 c Yes  = ABC
 + ABE
(page 369) 6 d Yes
CBE
The circumcircle of a triangle = 60° + 30°

= 90°
4 The lines should intersect at the
e BE
same point. When three lines pass
through one point they are said to
be concurrent. EXERCISE 26.06 (page 373)
5 Draw a circle with its centre at
the point of intersection of the 1 a b 3
three perpendicular bisectors, P
B
and radius set to be the distance
between this centre and any one of A
Q
the three vertices A, B or C.
c d 4
Investigation
(page 371)
The dead centre C G H
D
The perpendicular bisector of a chord
in a circle is always a diameter of that
circle. Two different diameters of a 5 a
circle must intersect at the centre of the 2 B
circle.
b
R S A B
A
548 Answers
c 9 l1
B
l2
A A
P
6 a b P c 4

S S
10
R R l
Q Q A
7 a b c
11

E
P Q R P Q R P Q R
D
d e f
F
P Q R P Q R
P Q R PUZZLE (page 375)

g
Loci in three dimensions
1 A sphere.
P Q R
2 A cylinder, infinitely long.
3 A plane (flat surface),
8 a b c perpendicular to, and bisecting,
the line joining the two points.
C D C D
C D
1 a (E) b (H) c (B) 3 5

d (F) e (A) f (C)
g (D) h (G)
2
E F
3m
C D 4
S1 Scale: 1 unit = 1 m
B
A
S2
Answers 549
6 N 7 a The places where both buoys 10 a

can be seen from the sea
W E Scale surface.
B N
0 100 200 300 b The places where B1 can be
S seen and B2 cannot be seen.
8
Scale
0 2 4 6m
W B P b
25
27
B N
9
Scale
0 2 4 6m
27 Transformations 1 – symmetry and congruence

1 a 1 b 2 c 0 8
d 4 e 2 a b c d e f g h
2 a 3 b 4 c 2 Order of rotational 1 2 4 2 1 1 2 1
d 6 e 1 symmetry
3 a 2 b 6 c 6 Number of axes of symmetry 1 0 4 2 1 1 2 0
d 2 e 6 f 8
g 4 h 1 Total order of symmetry 2 2 8 4 2 2 4 1
4 a 1 b 2 c 8
d 4 e 10 f Infinite 9
g 8 h 32 i 1
j 1
5 a (A)
b For (B) the total order of
symmetry is 10, for (C) it is 38.
c Rotational symmetry helps
with the balancing of the tyres. 10 One possible answer is shown.
6
7 11 Yes
1 a Rhombus b Isosceles trapezium

c Square d Arrowhead
e Rectangle f Parallelogram
g Kite
550 Answers

2
Order of Number Total order EXERCISE 27.05 (page 388)
rotational of axes of of symmetry
symmetry symmetry 1
Parallelogram 2 0 2
Kite 1 1 2
Rectangle 2 2 4
Square 4 4 8
Arrowhead 1 1 2
Isosceles trapezium 1 1 2 2
Rhombus 2 2 4

m
1 a Isosceles trapezium 1 a x = 45° 3 a b
b Kite, arrowhead, isosceles b x = 103°, y = 77°
trapezium c a = 8 m, b = 12 m
C
c Square, rhombus d a = 12 cm, b = 10 cm, x = 90° O
d Parallelogram, rectangle, e x = 70°, y = 42°, z = 68°
rhombus, square f a = 5 cm, b = 9 cm, c = 6 cm
2 No g x = 15°, y = 49°, z = 28°
3 Yes h x = 23°, y = 23°, z = 53°
4 No 2 a x = 85°
c Q’ P S
5 No b x = 76°, y = 68°
6 a Kite (or arrowhead) c x = 5 cm, y = 4 cm, z = 8 cm
b Isosceles trapezium d w = 90°, x = 70°, y = 30°, R’ S’
c Rectangle z = 60°
Q R
d Rhombus e w = 43°, x = 80°, y = 47°,
e Square z = 10°
4 a R b P c D
f Parallelogram f x = 90°, y = 37°, z = 47°
d C
7 a the same size g x = 28°, y = 34°, z = 118°
5 a P b Q c 270°
b sides h x = 26°, y = 110°
6 a E b AJ
c diagonals i x = 42°, y = 28°
c B and G d 4 cm
d bisects (and is perpendicular 3 x = 38°, y = 52°, z = 52°
e 2 cm f 10 cm
to) 4 x = 45°, y = 90°
7 a F b G c E
8 Rhombus 5 a x = 34°, y = 34°, z = 112°
8 a y
9 Square b a = 12 m, b = 9 m, c = 6 m
10 Rhombus c x = 66°, y = 30°
11 Arrowhead 6 a x = 75°
b x = 33°
c x = 80°
7 a 10 cm
b 8 cm
c 4 cm x
d 8 cm
e Yes, the parallelogram has
half-turn symmetry so the
opposite angles must be equal.
PUZZLE (page 387) b Reflection in the line y = x

(a diagonal line through the
Ringed trapezium intersection of the x- and
20 cm y-axes).
Answers 551
9 a The sloping sides (e.g. BC) are longer than d

the horizontal and vertical sides (e.g. AB). C D
b B’
C D D’
B A’
E
B E
E’
A F
H’
A F
F’ m
H G
m
H G
10 a 180° b 90° c 270°
c i D
ii H
iii FE
Investigation
The knight swaps corners
1 a b c  1  −   −     2   −   − 
1  −  ,  1 ,  − 1 ,  2  ,  −  ,  2  ,  −2 
 2   2   2   1  1  1  1
g 2 a 6
d e f
h b  1 ,  2  ,  1 ,  1 ,  − 1 ,  1

 2   1  2   2   2   2 
 
Other answers are possible.
 2   2   2 
2 a  3 b  − 1 c  5
      EXERCISE 27.07 (page 393)
 − 2  0  − 2
d  −  e  5 f  0 1 a, b 3 a, b
 2    
R
 − 4  3 S
g  1 h  1 Q S’
    B C
3 a b P
A D P’ Q’ R’

D’ A’ A” D”
P”
C’ B’ B” C”
c Reflection in the x-axis. S” Q”
2 a, b, c
c d R”
E”
c Rotation of 180° about (0, 0).
4 a, b, c
F” D”
E’ E Q” Q’
e
F’ D’ D F R” P” P’ R’
Q
b F′ = (–5, 1) c F′′ = (–3, 5)

P R
 2  b R′ = (7, 5)
4 a  3 b R c PS c R′′ = (–7, 5)
 
5 Yes
5 (6, 3)
6 (–3, 3)
552 Answers
6 a, b 7 a, b L’  0
b  8
N’  
B” C” c t = 2r
B’ C’
M’ 9 b
A D
A” M” L
B C D”
A’
D’ M N B C
N” L” Reflection in m4
A D
c B C
c Rotation of 270° about (0, 0).
 5
c Translation by the vector   . d One rotation followed by
 5
another rotation about the
-  same point is equivalent to a A D
d By adding the two vectors  1
 3 rotation through the sum of the Rotation of 90°
 6 
and  . two angles. 10 a B (rotation)
 2  8 a b Yes
Y”
X”
Z” J
y=1
m2
K
Z’
X’
Y’ m1
y = –3 Y
X
Z
Investigation
(page 396)
Frieze patterns
1 a 1 Translation only 2 a 5 Half-turn rotation
b 4 Reflection in both a centre and a perpendicular b 6 Half-turn rotation and reflection in a
mirror line perpendicular mirror line
c 2 Reflection in a perpendicular mirror line c 4 Reflection in both a centre and a perpendicular
d 3 Reflection in a centre line mirror line
e 5 Half-turn rotation d 1 Translation only
f 7 Simultaneous reflection in a centre mirror line and e 7 Simultaneous reflection in a centre mirror line
a translation and a translation
g 6 Half-turn rotation and reflection in a perpendicular f 3 Reflection in a centre line
mirror line g 2 Reflection in a perpendicular mirror line
28 Transformations 2 - enlargement

Investigation
(page 400)
Typographical type sizes and line weights
1 O, U, S 7 a 2 b 3 1 48 point text is about 12 mm high,
2 A c 2.4 d 1.5 so 1 mm = 48 ÷ 12 = 4 points.
3 a Yes b Yes 8 a 2 b 1.25 2 25 mm
c No d Yes 9 a 90 mm 3 3.6 times larger
4 a 2 b 4 c 2.5 b 105 mm 4 0.75 mm
5 a 4 b 1.5 c 1.5 c 12 cm 5 4.5 point
d 4 d 112 mm by 76 mm 6 No, it would not fit, because as well as the height
6 a 3 b 2.5 c 1.2 increasing by 60% (a factor of 1.6), the width will
increase too by the same factor, and the spaces
between the lines.
1
It would take up almost 2 times as much space.
2
Answers 553
1 4 5

1 a b c d
B’ B’ C’
A’ B’ Q’ R’
A B B C’ D’ E’
X B C
C Q R
D C D’ C’ X D A’
A X
A’ E F’ P
A F P’ S S’
X
e f g h
A’ B’ A’ B’ H H’ A’ B’
A B A B X
X X
D C G I C’
D A B
D’ C’ C
D’ C’ G’ I’ C
2 a (4, 5) b (2, 0) c (7, -2) X
3 (7, 1)
4 (3, 1)
5 (6, 3)

1 2 3 4 5
O O
O
O
554 Answers
6 7 8 9
O O
O
×
1 a E b D c T 3 a 2 4 ‘Under enlargements, lengths of

d EF e  f
EDF 3 lines are not invariant, but sizes of
b AB = 1.5 cm, DE = 3 cm
2 a R b S c L c No angles are invariant. This means
d SR e 2 d No that when figures are enlarged,
  they change in size but remain the
e BAC = 45°, EDF = 45°
same shape’.
f Yes
5 30°
g Yes
h Clockwise
i Clockwise
j Yes
1 a x = 10 b x = 44 2 a Scale factor = 2, a = 40°, b = 90°, x = 14

c x = 27, y = 45 d x=9 b Scale factor = 1.5, a = 80°, x = 13.5
5 2 c Scale factor = 1.25, a = 85°, b = 95°, x = 37.5, y = 75,
e x = 75, y = 45 f x = 35 , y = 42
9 3 z = 62.5
d Scale factor = 1.25, a = 100°, b = 130°, x = 40, y = 42.5
1 a b c
E P’ P
C’ D
C O
O
D’ E’
A’ B’ S’
A B O F’ F R’ S’
R S
Scale factor = 1 Scale factor = 1
2 3 3
Scale factor =
5
2 a b c d

G’
B’ C’ D’ G’
Q’ E’ F’ O
O
A’ O H’ I’
O P’ R’
Answers 555
e f g
P’ R’
B’ C’
O D’
A’ D’ O
Q’ S’ �
E’ O F’
3
3 a Scale factor =
, x = 18
4
1
b Scale factor = , x = 9
2
2
c Scale factor = , x = 18, y = 24
3
1 a b 2 a b

D’ A’ Q R
B C
P S
O O O
O
A D
C’ B’ S’ P’
Scale factor = -2

R’ Q’
c d Scale factor = -3
c
O E H
G
F
O F’
G’
O
H’ E’
Scale factor = -1

d
e f
M
N’ L’
O O
O
M’
L N
g -
Scale factor = 2
3
3 a -1
b Rotation of 180° about O.
O 4 A′ = (10, 4), B′ = (10, 0), C = (6, 4)
556 Answers
5 y 6 y
PUZZLE (page 322)
Q’
The Jurassic Park puzzle
G
Do you think he saw us?
F
R’ P’
H PUZZLE (page 356)
E E’
H’
Trig decoding
F’ When the going gets tough the tough
x x
P R G’ get going.
Q a Rhombus b G′ = (6, 0)
-
c (6, 3) d 1
a -2 b (3, 1) 2
7 a Rectangle b (3, 1)
c -1
d C′ = (-2, -1), D′ = (-2, 3)
29 Statistical literacy - interpreting graphs and reports
1 a Life expectancy has been 3 a 71% e The graph would start

increasing for all groups from b No information. levelling out and become
1951 to 2001. c As the fee for dumping waste almost horizontal. The
b Maori males 1966−71 and increases, the amount of waste percentage cannot be any
1991−96; Maori females dumped per person higher than 100%.
1991−96. decreases; or the lower the 5 a Stratosphere; 20−30 km.
c It has remained about the charge, the more rubbish is b More in the spring. In spring
same − approximately 5 years dumped. the maximum level exceeds
apart. d Waitakere − not much waste is 15 mPA; in autumn it is less
2 a To provide a standard way of being dumped (there is a high than 15 mPa.
comparing charges; it is easy fee for this) and it is likely they 6 a US$2300
to find the US$ exchange rate are encouraging residents to b United States and Luxembourg
in most countries. recycle. c Korea
b $400 4 a 13% d Japan and Finland are closest;
c Korea b 1995 Spain and Italy could also be
d United Kingdom c That is where the graph is mentioned.
e The fixed charge is extremely steepest. e The higher GDP per person,
high compared with the usage d In order to estimate the total the more that is spent on
charges. number of computers in health per person - ‘rich
New Zealand households, countries spend more on
information about the number health per person’.
in each individual household
would be needed − many
households have more than
one computer.
Answers 557
1 a The exact number (as an average rate per day) is d Given that the percentages are ‘exactly’ correct to
71 646 ÷ 365 = 196 (to the nearest whole number). 1 dp - e.g. ‘exactly 52.7%’ - then there must have
b There is no information given about the numbers been at least 1000 people surveyed. A possible
of learner drivers caught for any of the years example is 527 people out of 1000. There is no
2003, 2004, 2005 and 2006. There could have been other number less than 1000 that when placed in a
decreases from year to year in that period, whereas denominator will give exactly 52.7%.
if numbers increase steadily that means the number 4 a 20−24
each year is higher than for the previous year. b About 15−20%.
2 a If the survey was held in partnership with an c Not many older people ride motorbikes compared
exhibitor at the Ideal Home Show, it may have been with younger people, so you would expect the
taken from people who have been looking at the proportion, and the total number, of accidents to be
anti-snore bedroom. much higher for younger people. However, for the
b To get people thinking about their partner’s few older people who do ride motorbikes it could be
snoring, and hence be receptive to purchasing anti- very risky.
snoring products. 5 a The period of decrease is from 1985 to 2001.
c No, the survey says nothing about the actual b There may be fewer motorbikes on the road now
numbers of people who snore. For all we know, than there were 20 years ago; the student is using the
only 100 of the 2000 people surveyed snore, and data for 1985 to 2001 to make that statement − since
80 of their partners gave that response. 2001 the number of these accidents has started to
3 a 52.7% increase again, and also the 20-year period ends now,
b The Aucklanders are opposed to a new fuel tax not in 2001.
because they would be the only ones who would c i The graph shows about 1000 fatal or injury
have to pay it; the people outside Auckland are not accidents for motorcyclists in 2006. In the same
affected financially, but may in principle approve of year there were 14 907 of these accidents for car
better public transport for environmental reasons, and van drivers. 14 907 ÷ 1000 = 14.907 ≈ 15.
which benefit everybody. Some may think it is a ii No, it is much riskier to ride a motorbike than
good idea because they do not like Aucklanders! drive a car because there are comparatively fewer
c If the numbers in each group surveyed motorbikes on the road compared with cars. In
(Aucklanders and ‘Rest of NZ’) were equal you fact, the New Zealand Travel Survey indicates
would expect the overall results for those agreeing, that, on average, the risk of being involved in a
for example, to be exactly half-way between the fatal or injury crash is more than 14 times higher
two. The average of 26.8% and 64.5% is 45.65%, for a motorcyclist than for a car driver over the
but the overall result for ‘Agree’ is 52.7%, which same distance travelled.
is much closer to the ‘Rest of NZ’ result, showing
more respondents were in this group than were
Aucklanders.
558 Answers
30 Displaying statistical information
1 4 a
1200
Average annual rainfall (mm)
1000
800
600
400
200
h
d
ton
din
urc
lan
b Paragliding cannot be represented by a bar graph

ing
ne
ck
tch
Du
because there is no ‘range’. It could either be

ll
Au
ris
We
represented by a single point, or a small range like

Ch
$135−$145 could be used instead.

2 a 2 5
b 2 goals per game - this is
shown by the column with the
most dots.
c 48
d 6−0, 5−1, 4−2
e 117
3 a 360° ÷ 120 = 3°
b 18°
c
ACT Progressives
United Future
Maori
Greens 6 a 13 b 55 c 64 or 65
New Zealand 7 Over this period, people were eating more chicken and less
First sheep meat as a proportion of their total meat consumption.
8
Labour
National
Answers 559
9 See the spreadsheet NZ Regional Council population 2006 Answers.xls. This is available on the Beta
Mathematics Workbook companion CD, or can be downloaded from www.mathematics.co.nz.
a West Coast Region.
b
The graph shows high concentrations of

population in the Auckland, Wellington
and Canterbury regions in particular;
most other Regional Councils have a
much smaller population.
c 149 750
d 258 725
e The mean is considerably higher than the median because of the one extreme value of the Auckland
Region pulling it up.
f 4 139 600. The individual regions have been rounded to the nearest 100, and there has been more
rounding up than rounding down, which is why the total of the South Island and North Island
regions has gained an extra 100. The 16 regions do not include other New Zealand Territories or
Dependencies, such as the Chatham Islands and the Ross Dependency in Antarctica.
10 See the spreadsheet Passenger Arrivals at Auckland Airport by country Answers.xls. This is available
on the Beta Mathematics Workbook companion CD, or can be downloaded from www.mathematics.co.nz.
a
560 Answers
c India, by 17.1%. See the spreadsheet for the calculations.

d The data for New Zealand should be excluded. e
f 29%
g Europe and Asia would be under-represented because
there are countries not listed, for example France in Europe,
Thailand in Asia, and at present these would be included
under ‘Other’.
11 a Natural forest: 86.4°
Planted production forest: 18°
Total pasture and arable land: 187.2°
Other land: 68.4°
b It is unlikely that forests would be cut down for housing, so
the proportion of pasture and arable land would decrease,
while other land (which includes urban areas) would increase.
Answers 561
12 See the spreadsheet Digital cameras - weight vs price Answers.xls. This is available on the Beta Mathematics
Workbook companion CD, or can be downloaded from www.mathematics.co.nz.
a
b There is a weak positive relationship - as weight increases so does price, so in general heavier cameras tend to be
more expensive. Some of the light cameras are very expensive, and so are heavy ones, but there is so much scatter that
other factors must be involved. Moana, Nigel and Olinda are all (partially) correct.

1 a Heading is wrong (Honolulu 3 The sectors are not proportional to 5 a The graph has been rotated so
is not in Australia); scale on the number of stores; the heading that it tilts downwards; most
vertical axis is uneven. should not occupy a sector in the of the vertical scale is missing.
b No indication of size of angles, pie graph, because the proportions b 97 or 98 km/h
not circular. have to fill the entire circle. c Place a ruler on the graph so
c Scale on vertical axis does not 4 a The graph at the bottom-left that it touches the top-front of
start at 0; there is no scale on of the screenshot is the most the 2002 column and is parallel
the horizontal axis so cannot accurate, because it clearly to the Year axis. Read off the
tell the period of time. shows that most drivers do mean speed where the ruler
d Difficult to read off scale on wear seatbelts. However, the crosses the vertical axis.
vertical axis because cannot top-right graph is the most 6 ‘Most’ means more than half.
judge where the top of these useful as far as reading the 7 a The ‘Yes’ column is about
symbols is; misleading size of actual percentages concerned. twice the height of the ‘No’
oil barrels − they should be b For the graph at the top-right column.
the same width. the vertical scale starts at b ‘Little interest in a new
2 Some months are missing on 88% instead of 0%, and this Aquatic Centre’. Other
the horizontal axis - e.g. April; exaggerates the increase; for answers are possible.
the scale on the vertical axis is the graph at the bottom-right a 8 a It does not say more than
incorrect (130 is missing); the curve has been applied to the ‘what’. More than previously,
heading mentions ‘weekly’ data and this implies there was more than other brands, etc.
spending while the graph implies a decrease from 2001 to 2003, b A product can only be 100%
it is ‘monthly’; the heading and also the graph reaches pure.
mentions TV4 while the graph is the top in 2005, which could c It does not say what the
labelled TV6. imply no more improvement ‘lifetime’ is of. The charger, the
in the seatbelt wearing rate is batteries, the user?
possible.
562 Answers
9 a 1
b Data for fatalities and serious injuries for several years before 1989.
10 50% have to be in the bottom half, just as the other 50% have to be in the top half. It does not matter how high or low the
educational standard is, these percentages always apply.

1 a August b September 3 See the spreadsheet New car registrations 1987-
c $20 d May 2006 Answers.xls. This is available on the Beta
e Decreasing Mathematics Workbook companion CD, or can be
2 a downloaded from www.mathematics.co.nz.
Accidents on Northern Motorway

15 a
Number of Year Total cars Cars previously New cars
injuries
registered overseas
10 1987 90 000 12 000 77 000

1988 89 000 17 000 72 000
Number of
fatalities 1989 135 000 51 000 84 000
5
1990 160 000 8 5000 75 000
1991 103 000 47 000 56 000
1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1992 92 000 39 000 53 000
1993 98 000 44 000 54 000
b Both fatalities and serious injuries are
decreasing in the long term. 1994 124 000 62 000 62 000
1995 147 000 81 000 66 000
1996 176 000 112 000 64 000
1997 156 000 97 000 59 000
1998 154 000 100 000 54 000
1999 189 000 131 000 58 000
2000 174 000 116 000 58 000
2001 187 000 129 000 58 000
2002 201 000 136 000 65 000
2003 227 000 157 000 70 000
2004 229 000 154 000 75 000
2005 230 000 152 000 78 000
3 b 2006 200 000 123 000 77 000
c The number of new cars

registered each year has
remained about the same. The
steady increase in the number
of cars previously registered
overseas is responsible for the
overall increase in the total
number of cars registered.
d You would need to know the
number of cars registered in
the years before 1987, and you
would also need to know the
number of cars de-registered
each year.
Answers 563
4 a
b Steady long-term trend; seasonal (weekly) variation.

c Tuesday − fewest sales so plenty of seats available.
31 Working with data
1 a 4 b 15 1 a 26 b 0 7 a 2 b 3 c 3.3
c 358 d 913 g c 23 d The median d The mean, because the total
e 39.375 f $31.90 2 Mean = median = mode = 6 number of people to cook for
2 a 40 b 8.7 3 For example, 5, 8, 8, 8, 11 can be worked out from the
c 92 d 23 4 Mode mean.
e 53 m f 617 5 a 1.6 litres b 1.65 litres e The mode, this is the size table
3 a 6 b 8 c The mode - this would be that will be most useful.
c No mode the size of which there is most 8 (A)
d Two modes − $2 and 20 cents stock, and the wrecker does 9 26
4 2 hours 5 minutes not sell 1.65 litre engines. 10 180
5 $4617 6 a 10 11 45 kg
6 32° b The median is most typical, 12 a 319 (to the nearest whole
7 a $2456 b $30.32 and is not influenced by number)
8 a 6058 km b 4093 km extreme values such as 23 in b 331 c The mean
c Perth d Papeete this example. It is probably a d 17 000
coincidence that the mode is 13 6
17. 14 56 kg
15 61.2 points
1 See the spreadsheet Building consent fees 2 See the spreadsheet Diving scores Answers.
Answers.xls. This is available on the Beta xls. This is available on the Beta Mathematics
Mathematics Workbook companion CD, or can Workbook companion CD, or can be
be downloaded from downloaded from www.mathematics.co.nz.
www.mathematics.co.nz. a, b See the spreadsheet.
a-c See the first Worksheet in the spreadsheet. c Annette
b Mean = $695.72, median = $704.53, d Annette, Nga, Helga, Charlotte, Teresa, Moana,
mode = $726.75. May-Li, Denise.
d See the second Worksheet in the spreadsheet. e Helga, Teresa, Moana, Nga, Charlotte/May-Li
equal, Denise.
f The winner would now be Nga.
564 Answers
1 a 14 b 15 c 10 3 a 13 seconds
d 54 e 118 b LQ = 60 seconds, UQ = 66 seconds
2 a LQ = 9, UQ = 20, interquartile range = 11 c 6 seconds
b LQ = 3.5, UQ = 10.5, interquartile range = 7 4 a LQ = $77, UQ = $120
c LQ = 40, UQ = 56, interquartile range = 16 b Range = $255, interquartile range = $43
d LQ = 2.5, UQ = 8, interquartile range = 5.5 c He will look at those between $120 and $77 in price.
e LQ = 25, UQ = 91, interquartile range = 66
1 a 190 0 2 5 3 a English Mathematics

191 1 1 8 1 48 8
192 4 5 7 99 8 2 55
193 1 2 4 9 9 7 3 9
194 1 5 6 788 9 72 1 4 46 6 7
195 3 6 9 998544 43 0 5 38
196 1 3 3 4559 8 32 0 6 01 2 8
197 4 8 54 0 7 3 4 5 56
198 2 46789 2 8 79
199 0 248 9 28
b 42 b The Mathematics marks are more spread out than
c The 1960s; the leaf for the 1960s is longer than the the English marks.
others. 4 a 135
2 a Keith − it is easier to read information this way, and b 125.5
Kevin’s diagram would have a very long stem and c i 86 ii 106
very short leaves. iii 135 iv 29
b 6 05 30 45
7 00 12 24 36 48
8 00 12 24 36 48
9 00 15 30 45
10 00 20 40
11 00 20 40
1 a 2 a Median = 18, LQ = 10, UQ = 30

160 b
Number of cigarettes smoked
Time to travel
140 to school
120 60
100 50
80 40
Minutes
60 30
40 20
20 10
Males Females
3 a Action b Others
b Males − most (three-quarters) smoked less than 45,
4 See the spreadsheet Creditcard fees
whereas more than half the females smoked more
Answers.xls. This is available on the Beta
than 45. That is, the males’ UQ < females’ median.
Mathematics Workbook companion CD, or can
be downloaded from www.mathematics.co.nz.
a Median = $60, LQ = $28, UQ = $80. Note: if the
formula =QUARTILE(D2:D75,1) is used in the
spreadsheet it gives $28.25.
Answers 565
b 0 is an outlier - it represents a credit card with i

no yearly fees; the Platinum card fees are also
outliers, they represent very expensive credit
cards for ‘high net worth’ individuals. 100 200 300 400 500
c Amount spent ($)
j The top number.

7 See the spreadsheet Weekly rental prices in
100 200 300 Auckland Answers.xls. This is available on the Beta
Annual fee ($) Mathematics Workbook companion CD, or can be
downloaded from www.mathematics.co.nz.
d There is a high concentration of fees between a
the $25 to $80 range (approximately), whereas
the high-fee cards seem to be spread out. The Number of bedrooms 1 2 3 4
box and whisker diagram ‘over-simplifies’ the Top value $330 $400 $550 $655
data to some extent. It does not show that there Upper quartile* $256 $344 $450 $597
are hardly any fees over $105, and does not
Median value $236 $300 $396 $495
show the clumping of low-fee and medium-
fee cards, whereas the dot plot shows these Lower quartile* $212 $280 $343 $427
features very clearly. Bottom value $190 $242 $300 $350
e If the term ‘on average’ refers to the mean * Calculated by spreadsheet
credit card fee then it would be higher than $60
because the few cards that have extremely high b
fees would pull the mean upwards from $60.
If ‘average’ is being used to mean ‘typical’, 4
then this is also incorrect because most fees are
Number of
bedrooms
around $25 or around $80. 3

5 a
2
120
100 1
80
60 100 200 300 400 500 600 700
Weekly cost of renting ($)
40
20 c For the less expensive areas, it costs about $60 more for
each additional bedroom. There is less spread for rental
Points Points prices in the cheaper areas than in the more expensive areas
scored against
- this is shown by the graphs not being symmetrical - the
boxes and whiskers on the right are longer than the ones on
b No. You cannot tell whether the high scores for the left.
went with low scores against, for example.
6 a $193 b $53 c Adults
d $15 e $88
f The adult box plot has no bottom whisker
because the lower quartile and the bottom
value are the same - they are both $0.
g This shows that at least one-quarter of adults
in the survey either have no cell-phone or use
it very infrequently - only for emergency
purposes.
h Teenagers are more consistent in their use of
cell-phones, while some adults are big spenders
on cell-phones, probably due to business use,
and higher incomes.
566 Answers
1 a 2 b 36 c 5 3 a c
2 a 8 b 26 Total of docket Frequency, f 10
Frequency
c
$0−$9.99 7 8
12
$10−$19.99 9 6
10 4
Frequency
$20−$29.99 5
8 2
$30−$39.99 2
6 10 20 30 40 50 60
$40−$49.99 1 Total of docket ($)
4
$50−$59.99 1
2 4 a 4 b 5 c 22
b 16 d Because you cannot
0123 4 distinguish how many in the
Number of goals 2−3 minute interval were
per game
1
more/less than 2 minutes.
2
1 a 5 a 15
Number of Frequency, x×f b
strokes, x f Number of Frequency, x×f
1 0 0 toheroa per m2, x f
2 1 2 5 1 5
3 1 3 6 6 36
4 5 20 7 3 21
5 7 35 8 2 16
6 2 12 9 1 9
7 1 7 10 0 0
8 1 8 11 0 0
9 0 0 12 1 12
Total 18 87 13 0 0
14 0 0
87
b 18 c 87 d = 4.83 15 1 15
18
2 a 20.10 cm
b Maria is correct − the mode is 20 − a hand- Total 15 114
span of 20 cm has the highest frequency − it
c 115
occurred 59 times, which is more than any
d i 6
other measurement.
ii 7
3 $151.67
114
4 a 84 iii = 7.6
15
b 1.57 (2 dp)
e The mean − if the median or mode was used these
c 132
ignore the fact that in some places there are high
concentrations of toheroa.
6 a 9 °C b 9 times c 28 °C
d 29 °C e 27.1 °C
f The mode − they want air-conditioning so should give
the highest of the three temperatures.
Answers 567
Investigation
(page 460)
The old dunga
See the spreadsheet The old dunga Answers.xls. 5 There is a fairly steady decrease
This is available on the Beta Mathematics Workbook in ages until about 16 years
companion CD, or can be downloaded from old. Then the number is fairly
www.mathematics.co.nz. stable until about 34 years old.
1 In contrast, the car ages graph
shows a bulge for cars between
about 6 and 18 years old. This is
because there are a lot of used
cars imported into the country,
and no trailers.
6 The ages are continuous -
although they are given in a
whole number of years, they
would be older than that. For
example, if a car is less than
1 year old it does not mean it is
brand-new (0 years old).
0.5 is a good ‘average estimate’
for the cars in this group.
7 12.04 years
8 There is no information given
2 At about 20-25 years. At 20 years there is a sharp drop-off in the number of cars, about the exact ages of the cars
and after about 25 years the number that are that particular age ‘settles down’ to that are over 40 years old.
around 5000 each year.
3 That is the age at which used-car imports from Japan come into the country.
4
32 The statistical enquiry cycle
1 a ‘I wonder what proportion of students in Years 9 and 10 arrived late at c You could measure the
school so far this term.’ number of students outside
b Students late yesterday might be absent today. Students may not the school grounds after a
remember, students may not give the exact time in case they get into particular time.
trouble. The times may not be synchronised. Students may refuse to
answer. Asking all students would take a very long time in a large school.
It may not be possible to easily find all students.
568 Answers
d Lateness needs to be defined carefully (e.g. define 4 Choose a group of 30 adults at random and another
being late to school as being still outside the school group of 30 teenagers at random. Give each person a
grounds 1 minute before the starting bell). You pedometer and record their total number of steps over
need to make sure watches are synchronised with a week. (This is a suggested answer − several different
‘official’ school time. You need to make sure late approaches are possible.)
students are not confused with ‘absent’ students. 5 a Gender: 17; ethnic group: 18
If students knew about the survey in advance they b Student 3 should be recorded as 171 months, student
may come early - just for that day. 7 should be recorded as 168 months, or possibly 174
2 a ‘I wonder how much money each student in this months if we are not sure whether he is closer to his
class spends on cell-phone use each week.’ 14th or 15th birthday.
b Call records may have been deleted. The number c Student 12 is significantly younger than all the
of calls made is not necessarily a measure of how others.
much is spent, due to special deals and differing d Student 5: probably read the wrong scale off a
rates. The ‘last month’ needs to be defined more 150-cm tape-measure, and it could be recorded as
clearly - is it the previous 30 days, or the month 36 cm. Student 16: neck measure might have been
before the current one? The student may not have recorded in inches instead of centimetres, and
their cell-phone with them. Some students have therefore could be 17 × 2.54 = 43 cm.
more than one cell-phone. e Student 4: maybe reading the wrong scale on a
c You could measure the amount of prepay credit 150-cm tape-measure, so should be 29 cm. Student 6:
each student had on a particular day, and then either ‘1 foot’ is an attempt at a joke and should be
30 days later measure this again, taking into ignored, or it is an exact measurement and then
account any ‘top-ups’. Some students might be on 1 foot = 12 inches = 12 × 2.54 cm = 30 cm.
a billing plan and the payments for this could be 6 a The question is about investigating whether the
measured separately. speed limit is being observed, and this is expressed
d It would require the co-operation of all students in km/h, so the data should also be expressed in
involved to measure these amounts at the same km/h.
date and on the same day. If the student is on a b Speed = Distance
calling plan instead of prepay you would need to Time

adjust to allow for different time periods. Students 120 m
= × 3.6 = 29 km/h (to the nearest
may not remember what they had spent on top-ups. 14.8 s
whole number)
3 ‘I wonder if there is a relationship between wrist
c In the same order as given, the time data converts
circumference and neck size?’
to this speed data (whole number km/h): 29, 26, 32,
‘I wonder what proportion of students in Years 9 and 10
30, 29, 29, 26, 29, 24, 27, 28, 25. 23, 35, 28, 27, 28, 25,
have a part-time job?’
28, 26.
‘I wonder if Year 10 students have a faster reaction time
than Year 9 students?’
6 d See the spreadsheet Local street car speed investigation.xls. This is available on the Beta Mathematics
Workbook companion CD, or can be downloaded from www.mathematics.co.nz.
e Most of the speeds except for two are on The data may have been collected by requiring
7 a
or under the speed limit. There is some students to ‘sign in’ at some central location. In the
clumping immediately below the speed future students may be scanned as they enter school
limit, which probably shows drivers are grounds!
aware of the limit but otherwise driving as Possible problems include the fact that students
fast as allowed. have a wide number of reasons for different arrival
times, such as before-school rehearsals, practices, etc.
There is no information given about whether this data
was collected on the same day for each group, or not.
Answers 569

b Year 13 d
Year 10 Year 13
Mean 8:37 am 8:46 am
Year 10 Median 8:38 am 8:36 am
The median gives more useful

8:00 8:10 8:20 8:30 8:40 8:50 9:00 9:10 9:20 9:30 9:40 9:50
information because the times after
Arrival time at school 9:00 am for the Year 13 students pull
their mean upwards so that it is
c The arrival times for the two groups are fairly similar, as shown by
slightly higher than the upper quartile.
the LQ, median and UQ for each group being within 3 minutes of
e If students are required to be present
each other. The outliers for Year 13 are easily explained by the free
for the first period of the school day
period for some of those students.
there is no significant difference
between the arrival times for Year 10
students and Year 13 students.
1 For parts a–e the suggested answers refer to e The values of the mean and median support the
investigating what the difference is between the cost of suggestion that it does cost about $5 more to
vaccinating a dog and vaccinating a cat. vaccinate a dog than a cat. However, the actual
a ‘I wonder if it costs about $5 more to vaccinate a dog difference varies more in Auckland and Wellington
compared with a cat.’ than it does elsewhere in New Zealand.
The problem is to summarise the prices given and f South Island Provincial
make a comparison. I will compare the prices given g It is over $100 more to spay a dog compared with
in the table for the two types of animal. a cat in each one of these regions, and it is at least
b I will use the vaccination prices for cats for all six $60 more to neuter a dog than it is to neuter a cat in
regions, and the vaccination prices for dogs for all each region. Both kinds of desexing procedures are
six regions. definitely more expensive for a dog than a cat.
c The data is a summary of prices collected from h 120 vets. This is the total of the number surveyed for
many vets in New Zealand and the individual data each of the six regions.
is not given. You could assume that if published in i The mean cost of microchipping a dog would be
a reputable magazine like Consumer it is likely to be less than $43. The classmate has averaged the six
accurate. There are no obvious items of data that do figures given, without realising that only 32 vets are
not seem to fit. in Auckland and Wellington (with a price over $43),
d while 88 are not in those centres (with average prices
no more than $40). When the mean is calculated
Cats Dogs for all 120 vets, the 88 vets outside Auckland and
Wellington will be more influential.
2 The suggested answers refer to investigating what the
difference is between the cost of dry food and the cost of
tinned food.
a ‘I wonder if it is cheaper to feed an animal dry food
40 50 60
or tinned food.’ The problem is to use the data to
Cost of vaccination ($) make a comparison, bearing in mind that you should
probably keep the cat data separate from the dog
The dog vaccination prices are higher than each
data rather than combining it. The prices for various
corresponding cat vaccination price, and are more
types of food brand are given. However, there is no
spread out. The graph shows this by generally being
information about how popular each brand is.
shifted to the right. This table summarises the data.
b The prices for all the dry food and all the tinned food
products, keeping the dog and cat groups separate
Cats Dogs
so that your conclusions are not muddied if there are
Mean $45 $51 differences between the products for each animal.
Median $45 $50 c The data is a summary of retail prices, and you could
assume that if published in a reputable magazine
like Consumer it is likely to be accurate. There are no
obvious items of data that do not seem to fit.
570 Answers
d d
2800
2600
2400
2200
2000
1800
Cost per year ($)
1600
1400
1200
1000
e It is not obvious which size of mobile phone
800 recharges fastest in general. There is more variation
in the times for the medium-size phones, whereas
600 small phones are close to 2 hours recharging time.
4 a ‘I wonder if the typical teenager in New Zealand
400 consumes 15 kg of sugar in drinks each year?’
b i Recall of students, getting students to record
200 their drink consumption over an extended
period, measuring uncompleted drinks, etc.
ii You would need to survey a wide range of ages
Dry cat Dry dog Tinned Tinned and backgrounds in the target group - i.e. New
food food cat food dog food Zealand teenagers.
c The carbonated drinks figure for student number
The medians are: dry cat food: $139; dry dog food: 31 is obviously wrong. It represents consumption of
$450; tinned cat food: $321; tinned dog food: $1107. more than 20 drinks per day. If it is discarded it will
e The graph and the summary statistics show that make this student’s consumption of sugar appear
tinned food is obviously much more expensive too low, so it could be replaced by the mean number
than dry food. The outliers for the very expensive of carbonated drinks per month for all the other
products reinforce this observation. The separation students.
of the products into cat and dog categories was d Differences in how the sugar content in drinks is
useful, because if only ‘dry’ and ‘tinned’ were measured, defining a standard drink, variation
analysed then the overlap between dry dog and between brands, not all types of drink are included,
tinned cat prices would have ‘muddied’ this drinks may not be finished off by students.
conclusion. e There appears to be a lot of substitution between
3 The suggested answers explore whether the size of a drinks - that is, if they drink a lot of water they may
mobile phone is related to how long it takes to recharge. not drink so much of other drinks, and vice-versa.
a ‘I wonder if small mobile phones take longer to There is no variation for any individual student in
recharge than medium ones.’ the amount of sugar they have in drinks like tea or
I will need to take the size of a phone and how long coffee - they have a preferred sweetness and stick to
it takes to recharge. it. The consumption of energy drinks was either high
b The recharge time for all phones that fit into the (about one per day) or very low.
‘small’ and ‘medium’ size category. f 16 × 21 + 32 × 19 + 7 × 18 = 1070
c The data has been collected by testing mobile g See the spreadsheet Sugar consumption in drinks
phones on a controlled basis in a laboratory, and (monthly) Answers.xls. This is available
you could assume that if published in a reputable on the Beta Mathematics Workbook
magazine like Consumer it is likely to be accurate. companion CD, or can be downloaded
There are no obvious items of data that do not seem from www.mathematics.co.nz.
to fit. h The mean amount consumed per month is 1247 g.
Answers 571
i Sugar consumption (from j The mean consumption per month is 1247 g, which is
sweetened drinks) per month equivalent to 14.96 kg per year. Given that the graph
16 also shows that consumption between 1000 g and
1500 g per month is much more common that other
14
consumption levels, the claim seems reasonable.
12 k The main problem is the difficulty in measuring
Frequency
sugar consumption accurately. The list given does

10 not include all possible alternatives (e.g. other
drinks, like sweetened milk or alcoholic drinks, also
8 contain sugar), and there is no information given
6 about how the 40 students were chosen - they may
not have been representative of all New Zealand
4 teenagers. This kind of survey is difficult to run
under controlled conditions (keeping people under
2 watch while measuring their drink consumption
very accurately). Another possible approach would
be to focus on the supply of drinks in co-operation
00
00
00
00
00
00
0
50
10
15
20
30
25
35
with sugar and soft-drink manufacturers - they

Grams per month would have precise figures on sales and sugar
content of their products. However, they would not
have data on the age range of people who consume
their products.
1 a Discrete b Continuous 6 (C). (A) is not suitable because there might be a fault that
c Continuous d Discrete just affects the last item, and it also involves too much
e Discrete f Continuous work. (B) is not suitable because the fault may not be at
g Continuous h Discrete this particular check-out but elsewhere.
2 a Census b Sample 7 a Men are excluded from the survey, and may have
c Sample d Census different opinions to women, because their life
e Sample f Census expectancy is lower.
3 a It may be difficult for someone to remember this b Only those watching the show can participate.
information. ‘Movies’ is not defined − does it Only those who care about this issue and who are
include videos, or movies on television? prepared to spend money can be surveyed.
b Invasion of privacy. 8 a Unsuitable, because the sample is not large enough.
c ‘Exercise’ is not defined, ‘enough’ is not defined. The principals at a conference in Queenstown may
4 a The sample is biased because it is only chosen from not be typical of all schools.
Foodcity shoppers − therefore the claim only applies b Suitable, because it gives every school the chance
to Foodcity shoppers. to see the product. However, some schools may not
b People may own an answering machine but have the time to complete the questionnaire and it
answered the phone themselves. Not everyone has might be too expensive and time-consuming to do
a telephone. Answering machines are owned by this.
households, not individuals. c Unsuitable, because secondary schools are excluded.
c It is not a question that would always be answered d Unsuitable, because only schools interested would
honestly, particularly when asked ‘face to face’. respond, and also e-mail surveys have a very low
d The sample surveyed is not large enough to justify response rate. There may be a connection between
an estimate of 100%. If even one person had changed use of stationery software (which is what the survey
their mind the estimate would only be 75%. is about) and usage of the internet.
5 a Students who borrow books are probably less likely e Only suitable if the schools concerned got the chance
to watch television. to see the product.
b Girls are not included in the sample.
c Students may not be Year 9.
572 Answers
33 Probability

1 a Unlikely b Unlikely 3 (Suggested answers.) 6
c Certain d Unlikely a A gold ring will sink when Blue
e Likely f Likely you throw it into water.
g Certain b The phone will ring sometime Red Red Red Green
2 a (A) and (C) in the next week.
b (D) c New Zealand will host the Blue
Olympic Games sometime
this century.
d You will get a total of 13 when 7 a will never b is certain to
you throw two six-sided dice c is unlikely to
each numbered from 1 to 6. 8 a unlikely b impossible
4 (D), (E) and (F) c certain d even chance
5 a The top face will be pink. e likely
b The top face will be green.
c The top face will be blue.
1 a H, T, H, H, T, T 11 37
4 a b
b It is getting closer to 65%. 50 50
c 50% 285
5 a 2114 b
d No − percentage of heads is not 1057
approaching 50% in the long run. c 0.40 d 3%
16 2 24 3 11
2 a i = = 0.4 ii = = 0.6 6 = 0.0073
40 5 40 5 1500
b 1
45 9 16 4
3 a = = 0.45 b = = 0.16
100 20 100 25
84 21
c = = 0.84
100 25

1 7 3 2
1 a Green b c 10 a b
5 10 5 3
1 2
2 a b 0 c Box B, because a probability of = 0.6 is higher
5 3 3
1 than a probability of = 0.6.
3 5
4
1 11 a 19 b 59
4
5 1 1 1 1
1 7 12 a b c d
5 a b 13 52 13 4
3 12
3 1 3 4
6 a The probability of getting a 4 when a fair six-sided
e f g h
4 2 13 13
die is tossed once.
13 a Taupo → New Plymouth
b The probability of getting a red ball when choosing a
Taupo → Wanganui → New Plymouth
ball at random from a bag containing four red and
Taupo → Rotorua → New Plymouth
six blue balls.
Taupo → Rotorua → Hamilton → New Plymouth
1 1 7 1 5
7 a b c d e 1
12 2 12 4 6 b
1 2
8
19 14 Remove 10 black cards.
9 There must be other colour tickets because the given 1 2 1 25
15 a b c d
probabilities only add up to 0.88. If they added up to 1 7 7 6 84
you could be sure there were no other colours.
Answers 573
PUZZLE (page 489) Investigation

(page 491)
Lost your marbles? Have I won a prize yet?
16 1 The bottom graph shows what happens to the proportion of winning
tickets as more are purchased.
Investigation 3
(page 490)
2 = 0.15
20
The crooked cricket captain 3 The graph ‘settles down’ (i.e. not much variation up or down) to a
value close to 0.15.
The probability that the crooked cricket
4 No
13
captain wins is = 0.52 . 5 The prizes are high enough to reward people when they eventually get
25
a winning ticket.
6 Unlikely. Both of us are likely to win somewhere fairly close to 14 or 15
EXERCISE 33.04 (page 491) times, but not to get exactly the same number.
7 Unlikely. There will be considerable variation, and other outcomes,
1 40
such as 13, 15 and 16 winning tickets, are also quite likely. Although 14
2 15
wins is the most likely, the chances of 11, 12, 13, 15, 16, 17, etc. will add
3 150
to more.
4 32
8 10–20 winning tickets out of 100.
5 9
9 (C), (A), (B), (D)
6 75
10 Increase the number of runs to significantly more than 100.
7 5
1 a 3 a C BC 5 a 3rd 4th
Prize PP set
2nd set
B M BM set S
Prize S
S BS 1st G
set S
No prize PN B CB G S
G
C M CM S S
S CS S
Prize NP G
B MB G S
No prize M C MC G
G
S MS S
No prize NN S
B SB G
S
S C SC S
b {PP, PN, NP, NN} G
M SM G
1 1 G S
c d 1 2 S
4 4 b c G
2 a 6 3 G S
3rd coin 4 a G
2nd coin Orange G
H {HHH} Purple Green 3
H b 16 c 4 d
1st coin Green 8
T {HHT} 1
H 6 a 20 b
Purple 10
H {HTH} 3 1
T Orange Green c d
T {HTT} 10 5
Green
7 a 10 am
H {THH}
H Purple
T {THT} Orange T Midday
T Green
H {TTH} Green 2 pm
T
T {TTT} Purple 10 am
Green Orange
1 3 M Midday
b 8 c d Green
8 8
1 1 2 pm
b 12 c d 1 1
6 2 b c
6 2
Index
π—236 centre
3-D shapes—300 of enlargement—401
24-hour clock—209 of rotation—388
60° angles (construction)—367 chance—480
change sides, change operations—139
AD dates—11 circle, area—239
adding circumcircle, of a triangle—369
decimals—25 circumference—237
fractions—43, 44 coefficients—125
integers—12 co-interior angles—276
adjacent side (of triangle)—327 column vectors—390
algebraic expressions—103 combined transformations—393
alternate angles—276 common denominator—44
angle—264 common factor—33, 129, 130
angle bisectors—368, 372 comparison question—461
angles compass—364
on a line—270 composite areas—229, 245
measuring—265 compound interest—68
at a point—270 concave polygons—158
of a triangle—271 congruence transformations—387, 388
arcs—364 congruent shapes—292
area—219 constant term—157
of a circle—239 construction—363, 364
of a parallelogram—227 continuous data—476
of a rectangle—220 converse of Pythagoras—323
of a square—220 convex polygons—158
of a trapezium—228 co-ordinates—177
of a triangle—225 corresponding angles—276
arrowhead—382 cos ratio—335
average—438 counting numbers—3
axis of symmetry—378 cross-multiplying—146
cross-section—250
bar graph—423, 454, 462 cube—247
base—20, 121 cube root—22
of a triangle—225 cubic units—246
BC dates—11 cuboid—246
B-DM-AS mnemonic—3 cyclic quadrilateral—382
bearings—268 cylinder—252
biased sample—475 net for—261
bisector, perpendicular—364 surface area—261
BMI (body-mass index)—170 volume—252
body-mass index (BMI) —170
box and whisker diagram—449, 462 data—414, 415
boxplot—449, 462 dates, AD–BC—11
brackets, implied—4 decagon—283
decimal form—24
capacity—207, 254 decimal point—24
ceiling—350 decimals
census—414, 475 adding—25
CensusAtSchool database—463 converting to fractions—52
converting to percentages—54
Index 575
dividing—29 converting to decimals—50

multiplying—27 converting to percentages—54
recurring—51 dividing—41
subtracting—25 multiplying—38
degree of dominance—37 reciprocals—41
degrees—265 simplifying—33
denominator—29, 32 subtracting—43, 44
same—43 frequency—423
depreciation—62 frequency table—454
diameter—237 frieze patterns—396
difference of two squares—153, 157 front views—309
direct proportion—82
discounts—63 glove-sizing—193
discrete data—476 gradient—181
distance–time graphs—172 negative—185
distributive law—126 GST (Goods and Services Tax)—66
dividend—29
dividing hectares—223
decimals—29 hexagon—283
fractions—41 histogram—455, 462
integers—16 horizontal axis—165
divisor—29 horizontal lines—190
Domesday Book—414 hypotenuse—313, 327
dominance, degree of—37 calculating using Pythagoras—314
dominoes—23
dot plot—423, 462 imperial units—201
implied brackets—4
edge—301 impossible triangle—300
enlargement—397 improper fractions—46
properties of—404 index—20
equally likely outcomes—482, 487 index form—121
equations—132 integers—10
quadratic—160 adding—12
that link fractions—146 dividing—16
equilateral triangle—272 multiplying—15
Escher—292 subtracting—12
estimation—97 intercepts—187
expanding brackets—126, 142, 149 interest—68
expected number—490 interior angles of a polygon—284, 287
expressions—103 interquartile range—446
exterior angles invariant points—388
of a polygon—284, 286 inverse proportion—82
of a triangle—274 inverse (trig) keys—357
isometric drawing—300
face—301 isometric paper or grid—303
factorising—128, 154 isosceles trapezium—382
quadratic expressions—154 isosceles triangle—272
two-stage—159
factors—6 jigsaw pieces—298
five number summary—449
flow chart—135, 136 kite—382
fractional scale factor—407 Klein bottle—300
fractions—32
adding—43, 44 land area—223
576 Index
leaf—447 parallel lines—276

Leaning Tower of Pisa—362 parallelogram—382
left-handedness—37 area—227
length pentagon—283
conversions—203 percentage—53
units—203 change—61
level staircase—300 percentages
like terms—115, 143, 150 converting to decimals—54
line, definition of—264 converting to fractions—54
liquid volume—207, 254 increasing and decreasing—60
loci, in three dimensions—375 of quantities—58
locus—372 perfect cube—21
long-run relative frequency—482, 483 perfect numbers—7
lower quartile—445, 446 perfect square—21, 152
perimeter—221
magic square—13 perpendicular bisectors—364, 372
mean—438 perpendiculars—365
calculated from a frequency table—456 at a point on the line—366
median—438 from a point not on the line—365
metric units—201 pie graph—424, 462
midpoint—364 pipe—262
mirror line—378, 387 placeholders—86
misleading graphs—430 plan views—308
mixed numbers—46 point, definition of—264
mode—438 point sizes—400
multiples—6 polygon—283
multiplying exterior angles—284, 286
decimals—27 interior angles—284, 287
fractions—38 powers—20, 121
integers—15 of 10, multiplying by—89
by powers of 10—89 of powers—122
of zero—122
National Parks—234 PPDAC—461
natural numbers—3 prefixes, metric—201
negative gradients—185 prime numbers—8
negative scale factor—409 principal—68
nets—306 priority of operations—17
of a cylinder—261 prism—250
number line, integer—10 probability—480
number rules—3 probability trees—493
numerator—29, 32 product—38
proof—315
oblique drawing—300 properties of enlargement—404
octagon—283, 284 proportion—82
opposite, of an integer—10 protractor—265
opposite side (of a triangle)—327 Pyramids of Giza—363
order of operations—3 Pythagoras
orientation—404 converse of—323
origin—182 proof—315
original quantity, working it out—70 Theorem of—313
outliers—447
quadratic equations—160
parabola—194 quadratic expressions—149, 154
paradox—496 quadratic relationships—194
Index 577
quadrilateral—283, 382 square root—22, 124

quartiles—445 square units—219
quotient—16 standard form—90
converting to ordinary form—92
radius—237 statistical enquiry cycle—461
random choice—475 statistical graphs—415, 423
random numbers—476 statistical investigations—475
random variation—434 statistical reports—418
range—445 statistics—414
rate of interest—68 Statistics New Zealand (Tatauranga Aotearoa)—414
rates—78 stem and leaf diagram—447, 462
ratio—72 stopping distances—164
reading tables/scales—214 straight-line rules—191
reciprocals—41 substitution—107
rectangle—382 subtracting
area—220 decimals—25
recurring decimals—51 fractions—43, 44
reflection—387 integers—12
regular polygons—289 summary question—461
relationship question—461 surface area—258
relative frequency—482, 483 surveys—475
repeated unknowns—139 symmetry—378
rhombus—382
roots—22 tables—214
rotation—388 tan ratio—342
rounding—87 tessellation—292
Theorem of Pythagoras—313
same denominator—43 three-dimensional shapes—300
sample—475 time—208
scale factor—397 time series—434
fractional—407
negative—409 top views—309
scalene triangle—272 total order of symmetry—378
scales—214 translation—390
scatter plot—424 transversal—276
School Certificate Mathematics—244 trapezium—382
seasonal variation—434 area—228
second, definition of—208 trends—434
sense—404 triangle
side views—309 area—225
significant figures—86, 88 triangles of facts—347
similar figures—397 trigonometry—327
simple interest—68 tromino—295
simplifying two-dimensional graphs—165
expressions—115 two-stage factorising—159
fractions—33 typographical point sizes—400
sin ratio—330
SOH-CAH-TOA mnemonic—347 uniform rates—83
solution of an equation—132 unitary method, in proportion problems—83
solving equations—132 upper quartile—445, 446
splitting in a given ratio—76
spread—445 vectors—390
square—382 vertex—301
area—220 of an angle—264
578 Index
vertical axis—165
vertical lines—190
vertically opposite angles—270
views—308
volume—246
liquid—254
conversions—248
of a cuboid—246
of a cylinder—252
of a prism—250
weight, of a line—400
weight units—206
whole numbers—3
y = mx + c rule—187

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1 Number properties and operations PUZZLE (page 7)

PUZZLE (page 13)

2 Twizel, Alexandra, Christchurch, –1 3 1 – 3 g -5 h -5

1 ‘Before Christ’ g 2561 d -4 e 6 f 8

d -4313 e 937 f 115

PUZZLE (page 20)

EXERCISE 1.11 (page 21) PUZZLE (page 22)

EXERCISE 2.01 (page 25) EXERCISE 2.02 (page 26)

1 a 47.5 b 0.8 c 0.24 3 a a = 8.4, b = 10.9, c = 11.5 1 12.732 6 17.45

5.1 10 6.6 6.88 18.9 Correcting a wrong answer

EXERCISE 3.01 (page 34)

EXERCISE 3.14 (page 52)

1 a 25% b 50% c 80% 1 16.6% 1 96

EXERCISE 4.07 (page 61)

EXERCISE 4.08 (page 64)

5 Ratios and rates

EXERCISE 5.01 (page 73) EXERCISE 5.03 (page 77)

6 Approximations, standard form and estimation

EXERCISE 6.01 (page 86) PUZZLE (page 87)

1 a 63 b 630 1 5.07 × 101 11 1.5 × 106

PUZZLE (page 93)

7 Formulae and substitution

EXERCISE 7.01 (page 103) EXERCISE 7.03 (page 107)

EXERCISE 7.05 (page 109) EXERCISE 7.06 (page 112)

1 a 6 a The number of cups. See the spreadsheet Exercise 7-06

8 Simplifying algebraic expressions

1 8cd 14 210mnq 1 6x 19 16x − y 1 a 10x

PUZZLE (page 117)

Other answers are possible.

EXERCISE 8.04 (page 118)

b (A) Number of dots = 2 × number of circles − 2

PUZZLE (page 120)

9 Expanding and factorising

1 5x + 15 6 x2 − 7x 1 6(a + b) 1 p(q + r) 16 2x(2 − 3y)

10 Solving equations

EXERCISE 10.01 (page 133) EXERCISE 10.05 (page 136)

EXERCISE 10.02 (page 134) EXERCISE 10.06 (page 137)

EXERCISE 10.04 (page 135)

PUZZLE (page 140)

11 Two pairs of brackets

EXERCISE 11.01 (page 149) EXERCISE 11.06 (page 153)

EXERCISE 11.11 (page 158) EXERCISE 11.14 (page 161)

EXERCISE 11.16 (page 162)

12 Two-dimensional graphs

EXERCISE 12.01 (page 166)

1 a A = minibus; B = ship; C = bicycle; D = train 8

EXERCISE 12.02 (page 174)

1 a 10 km 6 a 1500 hours b 1 hour c 3

20 40 60 80 100 120 140

get there on time.

13 Graphs using rules from algebra

EXERCISE 13.01 (page 177) EXERCISE 13.02 (page 180)

See page 526 for answer.

EXERCISE 13.03 (page 182)

EXERCISE 13.04 (page 183)

EXERCISE 13.05 (page 185)

EXERCISE 13.06 (page 186)

EXERCISE 13.07 (page 187)

EXERCISE 13.08 (page 188)

a The gradients will be the same.

EXERCISE 13.09 (page 190)

2 a x = 5 b y=2 3 a False b False c True

4 a, b y c y = -2 5 The image is in the same place.