IBM DB2 9

Section 5 - Working with DB2 Tables,

Views, and Indexes (23.5%)
IBM DB2 9

Ability to demonstrate proper usage of DB2 data types

Given a situation, ability to create a table
Section -5) Working with DB2 Tables,
Views, and Indexes
Ability to identify when referential integrity should be used

Ability to identify methods of data constraint

Ability to identify characteristics of a table, view or index

Ability to identify when triggers should be used

Knowledge of schemas

Knowledge of data type options for storing XML data

© 2008 IBM Corporation

2

IBM DB2 9 IBM DB2 9

Categories of Data Types in DB2 9 Built-in data types - Numeric

SMALLINT – 2 Bytes
The built-in data types are categorized as follows: (-32,768 to 32,767)

Numeric
INTEGER/INT – 4 Bytes

String (-2,147,483,648 to 2,147,483,647)

Date-time
BIGINT – 8 Bytes

XML
DECIMAL/DEC/NUM/NUMERIC –
The user-defined data types are categorized as: (p/2)+1 Ex. 67.12345 has precision
of 7, 7 ÷ 2 is 3, + 1 makes 4

User-defined distinct type

REAL/FLOAT – 4 Bytes

User-defined structured type
(1.175E-37 to 3.402E+38)

User-defined reference type

DOUBLE – 8 Bytes
In addition to these, special data types designed to be (2.225E-307 to 1.79769E+308)
used with the DB2 Extenders.
3 4

1
 IBM DB2 9 IBM DB2 9

Built-in data types - String Built-in data types – Date Time

•Variable-length character data type
•Can store up to 32,672
•Variable-length •The
•The
character fixed-length
characters
fixed-length
data type character
governeddouble
by the table
bytespace page
character
•Character Large
size used Object
•Can data
store 1 type
to 254 characters
DATE :
•Can store up to 32,672
•Variable-length •Can characters
store regardless
1 to 127 of the
characters table
•Can
•CHARACTER store
•Variable-length up todouble
double
VARYING, 2GB
byte
CHAR byte
but character
anddata
CLOB(800)
character
VARYING,
•CHARACTER data
andtype
type
for
VARCHAR
CHAR 800Keywords
bytes
Keywords - Is stored internally as a (packed) string of 4 bytes.
space
•Can•Can page
store
store up up
to size
to used
•GRAPHIC
16,338
16,336 Keyword
characters
characters governed
•Keyword CHARACTER LARGE OBJECT, CHAR LARGE is
regardless
by used
the of
tablethe table - Externally, string has a length of 10 bytes (MM-DD-YYYY -
•Keyword
space pageLONG
size VARCHAR is used
used
space page
OBJECT, and size used
CLOB can vary and is dependent on country code).
•Double
•VARGRAPHIC Byte
•Keyword LONG
Character
Keyword used toLarge
VARGRAPHIC denote Object
it
is used
data type
•Can store up to 2GB data type
TIME :
•Binary Large Object
- Is stored internally as a (packed) string of 3 bytes.
•Keyword used is DBCLOB
•Can store up to 2GB
- Externally, string has a length of 8 bytes (HH-MM-SS - this
•Keyword used is BLOB representation may vary).

TIMESTAMP :
- Is stored internally as a (packed) string of 10 bytes.
- Externally, string has a length of 26 bytes (YYYY-MM-DD-
HH-MM-SS-NNNNNN ).

5 6

IBM DB2 9 IBM DB2 9

Built-in data types – XML User-defined Data Types

An value that is stored in a column defined with the
Extensible Markup Language (XML) data type must be a
well-formed XML document.

XML documents can only be stored in single-partition
databases that have been defined using the UTF-8 code
set.

XML values are processed in an internal representation
that is not comparable to any string value.

XMLSERIALIZE (XML value ) = serialized string value

XMLPARSE(string value) = XML value

User-defined distinct types
- Define a new data type based on a built-in type. This new
type has the same features, but you can use it to ensure
that only values of the same type are compared.
- CREATE DISTINCT TYPE CANDOL AS DECIMAL(10,2)
WITH COMPARISONS

User-defined structured types
- Allows you to create a type that consists of several columns of built-in
types. For example, you can create a structured type named ADDRESS
that contains data for street number, street name, city, and so forth.

User-defined reference types
- When using structured types, define references to rows in another table
using reference types.

7 8

2
 IBM DB2 9 IBM DB2 9

DB2 Extenders Tables

Provide support for complex, nontraditional data
types

Packaged separately from the DB2 server code and
is database dependant
For example, the DB2 Image Extender includes:
- The DB2IMAGE UDT
- UDFs to insert/retrieve from a db2image column
- APIs to search based on characteristics of images

All data is stored in tables in the database. A table
consists of one or more columns of various data
types. The data is stored in rows or records.

May be defined using:
- The CREATE TABLE SQL statement
- A GUI tool, the DB2 Control Center

The catalog view SYSCAT.TABLES contains a row
for each table defined in the database.

SYSCAT.COLUMNS contains a row for each column
of each table in the database.

9 10

IBM DB2 9 IBM DB2 9

CREATE TABLE SQL Creating Tables with XML Columns

CREATE TABLE [TableName]([Column], ...)
<IN [TablespaceName]>
<INDEX IN [TablespaceName]>
<LONG IN [TablespaceName]>

[ColumnName][DataType] <NOT NULL>
<WITH DEFAULT <[DefaultValue]> |
<GENERATED <ALWAYS | BY DEFAULT> AS IDENTITY>
<UniqueConstraint>
<CheckConstraint>
<ReferentialConstraint>
11
CREATE TABLE emp_resume (
empid INTEGER NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY,
resume XML,
CONSTRAINT xv CHECK (resume IS VALIDATED))
XML column used has the following restrictions:

It cannot be part of primary key, foreign key or UNIQUE or
any index except an XML index.

It cannot have a specified default value or a WITH DEFAULT
clause-if the column is nullable, the default value for the
column is the null value.

It can be checked for its validity and well-formed ness if the
CHECK constraint contains the VALIDATED predicate.
12

3
 IBM DB2 9 IBM DB2 9

Creating Tables with Identity Columns Constraints

DB2 Database Manager can automatically generate numbers
for a column if the column is defined as an identity column.
The syntax used to create an identity column is:

[ColumnName][DataType] GENERATED <ALWAYS | BY
DEFAULT> AS IDENTITY
<( <START WITH [1 | StartingValue]>
<INCREMENT BY [1 | IncrementValue]>
<NO MINVALUE | MINVALUE [MinValue]>
<NO MAXVALUE | MAXVALUE [MaxValue]>
<NO CYCLE | CYCLE>
<NO CACHE | CACHE [CacheSize]>
<NO ORDER | ORDER> )>
13

Unique constraints, which are used to ensure that values in
a column are unique
<CONSTRAINT [ConstraintName]> [UNIQUE | PRIMARY KEY]

Referential integrity constraints, which are used to define
relationships between tables.
<CONSTRAINT [ConstraintName]> REFERENCES
[PKTableName]<([PKColumnName], ...)
<ON UPDATE [RESTRICT | NO ACTION]> <ON DELETE
[CASCADE | SET NULL | RESTRICT | NO ACTION]>

Table check constraints, which are used verify that column
data does not violate rules defined for the column
<CONSTRAINT [ConstraintName]> CHECK ([CheckConditi])
<ENFORCED | NOT ENFORCED> <ENABLE QUERY OPTIMIZATION
| DISABLE QUERY OPTIMIZATION>
14

IBM DB2 9 IBM DB2 9

Referential Integrity Constraints – UPDATE Rule Referential Integrity Constraints – DELETE Rule
<ON UPDATE [RESTRICT | NO ACTION]> <ON DELETE [CASCADE | SET NULL | RESTRICT | NO ACTION]>

RESTRICT
RESTRICT
CASCADE
- Update for parent key will be - Delete for parent key will be - Implies that deleting a row in
rejected if a row in dependent rejected if a row in dependent parent table automatically
table matches original values of table matches original values of deletes any related rows in
key. key. dependent table.

NO ACTION
NO ACTION

SET NULL
- Update operation for parent key - Delete operation for parent key
- Ensures that deletion of a row in
will be rejected if any row in will be rejected if any row in
parent table sets values of
dependent table does not have a dependent table does not have a
foreign key in any dependent
corresponding parent key when corresponding parent key when
row to null (if nullable).
update statement is completed . update statement is completed .
- Other parts of row are
- This is the default. - This is the default.
unchanged.
15 16

4
 IBM DB2 9 IBM DB2 9

Examples

CREATE TABLE payroll.employees (
empid INTEGER PRIMARY KEY,
emp_name CHAR(30), mgrno INTEGER,
CONSTRAINT fkconst FOREIGN KEY (mgrno)
REFERENCES payroll.employees(empid) )

CREATE TABLE payroll.paychecks (
empid INTEGER, weeknumber CHAR(3),
pay_amt DECIMAL(6,2),
CONSTRAINT fkconst FOREIGN KEY (empid)
REFERENCES employee(empid) ON DELETE
CASCADE,
CONSTRAINT chk1 CHECK (pay_amt > 0 AND
weeknumber BETWEEN 1 AND 52))
17
Examples

CREATE TABLE stock.activity (
activityno SMALLINT NOT NULL
GENERATED BY DEFAULT AS IDENTITY
(START WITH 10 INCREMENT BY 10),
actkwd CHAR(6) WITH DEFAULT ‘Action’)

CREATE TABLE stock.copy LIKE stock.activity

CREATE TABLE part_table (
col1 INT, col2 CHAR(3))
PARTITION BY (col1 NULLS FIRST)
(STARTING 0 ENDING 9 IN tbsp0,
STARTING 10 ENDING 19 IN tbsp1,
STARTING 20 ENDING 29 IN tbsp2,
STARTING 30 ENDING 39 IN tbsp3)
18

IBM DB2 9 IBM DB2 9

Alter Table Informational Constraints

Using it you can add or You can also change:
drop:
The identity attributes of a column

A column

The length of a string column

A primary key (Only increase)

One or more unique
The datatype of a column but new
or referential datatype must be compatible. For
constraints example, convert an INTEGER

One or more check column to BIGINT is possible, but,
constraints a DECIMAL(10,2) column cannot
be converted to SMALLINT

The nullability of a column

The constraint of a column
19

Informational Constraints are not
enforced during insert and
update processing. However,
the DB2 SQL Optimizer will
evaluate an informational
constraint when resolve a query.

Defined by appending the
keywords NOT ENFORCED
ENABLE QUERY
OPTIMIZATION to a normal
constraint

NOT ENFORCED constraints are never checked by the
system, Not even by SET INTEGRITY
20

5
 IBM DB2 9
Temporarily Suspending Constraint Checking

Constraint checking for a table can be suspended temporarily
by executing the SET INTEGRITY statement.
- SET INTEGRITY FOR employees OFF

To resume constraint checking for the EMPLOYEES table that
constraint checking was suspended
- SET INTEGRITY FOR employees IMMEDIATE CHECKED

If you want to transfer all offending rows in a separate table
say BAD_ROWS
- SET INTEGRITY FOR employees IMMEDIATE CHECKED
FOR EXCEPTION IN employees USE bad_rows
21
IBM DB2 9
Declared Temporary Tables

It is used to create temporary tables that are used only during
a session.

The only object that can be DECLARED is a table.

These tables are not persistent and can be used only by the
application that creates them. When the application
terminates, the rows of the table are deleted, and the
definition of the table is dropped.

DECLARE GLOBAL TEMPORARY TABLE
T1 LIKE TRANSACTIONS
ON COMMIT PRESERVE ROWS
NOT LOGGED IN SESSION TEMP;
(LOB data will be replaced by zeros)
23
IBM DB2 9
SET CURRENT SCHEMA

Schemas are objects that are used to logically classify and
group other objects in the database.

Two-part naming convention to avoid namespace collisions
for example, in PAYROLL.STAFF first part is schema name.

The CURRENT SCHEMA (or CURRENT_SCHEMA) special
register contains a value that identifies the schema name if no
schema/qualifier name is specified, default is authorization ID
of the current session user.

To change the value of the CURRENT SCHEMA,
SET CURRENT SCHEMA = 'PAYROLL'

On reconnect, the CURRENT SCHEMA special register will
contain your authentication ID, not the value you assigned it
earlier.
22
IBM DB2 9
A Closer Look At Views

A view provides a transparent view of the data in
underlying tables. Contains no data itself. Appears
just like a table to the user. Can also be used to
restrict which rows and columns can be viewed or
updated

You can create a view on an existing table (or tables)
or on another view or any combination. A view defined
on another view is called a nested view.

If a table or another view on which a view is based is
dropped, the view remains defined in the database but
becomes inoperative.
24
6
 IBM DB2 9 IBM DB2 9

Views with CHECK Options
CREATE VIEW NONFICTIONBOOKS AS

SELECT * FROM BOOKS

Data may be inserted or updated in the underlying tables
through a view. WHERE BOOKTYPE = 'N'
CREATE VIEW nonfictionbooks AS
CREATE VIEW NFBOOKS2 AS
SELECT * FROM books WHERE booktype = 'N‘ SELECT * FROM NONFICTIONBOOKS
WITH CHECK OPTION WHERE BOOKID > 100

WITH CHECK OPTION tells DB2 to check that statements WITH LOCAL CHECK
CASCADED OPTION
CHECK OPTION
using the view satisfy the conditions of the view.

WITH CASCADED CHECK OPTION must satisfy the
conditions of the view and all underlying views, even if those
INSERT INTO NFBOOKS2 VALUES(10,..,'N')
views were not defined with the check option.
INSERT INTO NFBOOKS2 VALUES(10,..,'F')

WITH LOCAL CHECK OPTION need only satisfy conditions
INSERT INTO NFBOOKS2 VALUES(120,..,'F')
of views which have the check option specified.
INSERT INTO NFBOOKS2 VALUES(120,..,‘N')
25 26

IBM DB2 9 IBM DB2 9

A Closer Look At Indexes
Example of creating a non-unique index in ascending order :

An index is an object that contains an ordered set of pointers
that refer to rows in a base table.

Two reasons why you might create an index:
- To ensure uniqueness of values in a column or columns.
- To improve performance of queries against the table when
defined on the appropriate column(s).

Non-unique indexes allow duplicate key values; unique
indexes allow only one occurrence of a key value in the list
including a single null value.

Indexes are additional copies of the values so they must be
updated if the data in the table is updated. For frequent
updates, this could impact performance.
27
- CREATE INDEX ibookname ON books (bookname)

You can specify different orders for the columns in the index:
- CREATE INDEX i2bookname ON books (authoid
DESC, bookname ASC)

Specify a bidirectional index:
- CREATE INDEX bibookname ON books (bookname)
ALLOW REVERSE SCANS

A clustering index increases performance by decreasing no.
of I/O, since like data values are stored on the same page.
- CREATE UNIQUE INDEX indx ON employees
(empno) CLUSTER

An index can be placed in a separate table space from the
table, but only in the CREATE TABLE statement.
28

7
 IBM DB2 9 IBM DB2 9

Another Look at Triggers

A trigger is used to define a set of actions that are to be
executed whenever an insert, update, or delete operation is
performed against a table or updatable view.

Like constraints, triggers are often used to enforce data
integrity and business rules.

Unlike constraints, triggers can also be used to update other
tables, automatically generate or transform values for inserted
or updated rows, and invoke functions to perform tasks such
as issuing errors or alerts.

Ex. CREATE TRIGGER pay_raise
BEFORE UPDATE ON employees
FOR EACH ROW
SET new.salary = salary * 1.1
29 30

IBM DB2 9 IBM DB2 9

1) Which of the following DB2 data types 2) Which of the following is the best statement to use
to create a user-defined data type that can be used
does NOT have a fixed length? to store currency values?

A. CREATE DISTINCT TYPE currency AS
-A. INT NUMERIC(7,2)

B. CREATE DISTINCT TYPE currency AS
-B. CHAR SMALLINT
-C. XML
C. CREATE DISTINCT TYPE currency AS
BIGINT
-D. DOUBLE

D. CREATE DISTINCT TYPE currency AS
DOUBLE
31 32

8
 IBM DB2 9 IBM DB2 9

3) Which of the following DB2 data types 4) Which of the following DB2 data types
can be used to store 1000 MB of single- can NOT be used to create an identity
byte character data? column?

A. SMALLINT

A. BLOB

B. INTEGER

B. CLOB

C. NUMERIC

C. DBCLOB

D. DOUBLE

D. GRAPHIC
33 34

IBM DB2 9 IBM DB2 9

5) Which of the following strings can NOT 6) Which two of the following are optional
be inserted into an XML column using and do not have to be specified when
XMLPARSE()? creating a table?

A. Table name
A. "<employee />"
B. Column name
B. "<name>John Doe</name>"
C. Default constraint
C. "<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8' ?>"

D. Column data type
D. "<p></p>"

E. NOT NULL constraint
35 36

9
 IBM DB2 9
7) Given the following CREATE TABLE statement:
CREATE TABLE table2 LIKE table1
Which two of the following will NOT occur when the
statement is executed?
A. TABLE2 will have the same column names and column data
types as TABLE1
B. TABLE2 will have the same column defaults as TABLE1
C. TABLE2 will have the same nullability characteristics as
TABLE1
D. TABLE2 will have the same indexes as TABLE1.
E. TABLE2 will have the same referential constraints as TABLE1
37
IBM DB2 9
9) Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a
unique index?

A. Each column in a base table can only participate in one
unique index, regardless of how the columns are grouped (the
same column cannot be used in multiple unique indexes)

B. In order for an index to be used to support a unique
constraint, it must have been defined with the UNIQUE attribute

C. A unique index cannot be created for a populated table if the
key column specified contains more than one NULL value

D. A unique index can only be created for a non-nullable
column
39
IBM DB2 9
8) If table TAB1 is created using the following
statement:
CREATE TABLE tab1 (col1 INTEGER NOT NULL,
col2 CHAR(5), CONSTRAINT cst1 CHECK
(col1 in (1, 2, 3)))
Which of the following statements will successfully
insert a record into table TAB1?

A. INSERT INTO tab1 VALUES (0, 'abc')

B. INSERT INTO tab1 VALUES (NULL, 'abc')

C. INSERT INTO tab1 VALUES (ABS(2), 'abc')

D. INSERT INTO tab1 VALUES (DEFAULT, 'abc')
38
IBM DB2 9
10) Which of the following is NOT true about schemas?

A. If a schema name is not specified, either by qualifying a
database object name or by executing the SET CURRENT
SCHEMA statement, the authorization ID of the current
session user is used as the schema name by default

B. The value assigned to the CURRENT SCHEMA special
register is persistent across database restarts

C. A schema enables the creation of multiple objects in a
database without encountering namespace collisions

D. When most database objects are created, they are
either implicitly or explicitly assigned to a schema
40
10
 IBM DB2 9
11) Given the following statements:
CREATE TABLE table1
(col1 INTEGER, col2 CHAR(3));
CREATE VIEW view1 AS SELECT col1, col2
FROM table1 WHERE col1 < 100
WITH LOCAL CHECK OPTION;
Which INSERT statement will execute successfully?

A. INSERT INTO view1 VALUES (50, abc)

B. INSERT INTO view1 VALUES(100, abc)

C. INSERT INTO view1 VALUES(50, 'abc')

D. INSERT INTO view1 VALUES(100, 'abc')
41
IBM DB2 9
13) Which of the following CREATE TABLE
statements will NOT be successful?

A. CREATE TABLE t1 (c1 XML NOT NULL
UNIQUE, c2 INT)

B. CREATE TABLE t1 (c1 XML NOT NULL, c2
CHAR(20))

C. CREATE TABLE t1 (c1 XML CHECK (c1 IS
VALIDATED), c2 INT)

D. CREATE TABLE t1 (c1 XML, c2 XML)
43
IBM DB2 9
12) Which of the following actions will NOT
cause a trigger to be fired?

A. INSERT

B. DELETE

C. ALTER

D. UPDATE
42
IBM DB2 9
14) Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a
declared temporary table?

A. Declared temporary tables are not persistent and
can only be used by the application that creates them

B. It is possible for many applications to create
declared temporary tables that have the same name

C. Declared temporary tables are created by
executing a CREATE TABLE statement with the
DECLARED GLOBAL TEMPORARY clause specified

D. Once the application that created a global
temporary table is terminated, any records in the table
are deleted and the table is automatically destroyed
44
11
 IBM DB2 9

Grazie Hebrew
Italian

Gracias
Spanish
Russian

Obrigado

Thank
Portuguese

Arabic

Merci
French

Traditional Chinese
You English
Danke
German

Thai
Simplified Chinese Tamil

Japanese Korean

45

12