WRITEi WRITE il,X,Y,A$

Syntax: WRITEt[<expre

J r <e

STATEMENT:

s

a

e,.

Explanation: WRITEi a sequenti file, number you opened file 0 mode.

to WR

The f

data to r is the

WRITEi is preferable to PRINTi when you plan to r the data

back with a series of INPUTi statements. The 0 from

WRITE' is in the form uired to read back the data

accurately.

The rules for form for PRINTi.

the expression are the same as those

See: PRINT, PRINT' Example:

Ok 10 KWH=34.275

Ok 20 K$="AVERAGE KILOWATT HOURS PER WEEK" OK 30 WRITE i2,K$,KWH

This writes to disk as:

"AVERAGE KILOWATT HOURS PER WEEKH,34.275

Close the file, reopen for input, then r

the file:

Ok 40 INPUT#2,K$,KWH

'IAVERAGE KILOWATT HOURS PER

H to K$ and 34.275 to B$

63

Number

APPENDIX D ERROR MESSAGES

Message

2 3 4 5 6 7 8

9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23

24-29 30 31 32 33

34-49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58

59-60 61 62 63

64 65

Something is wrong.

RETURN statement needs matching GOSUB. READ statement ran out of data. Function call not allowed.

Number too large.

Not enough memory.

A statement or a command refers to a nonexistent line.

Subscript refers to element outside the array_ You defined an array more than once.

You cannot divide by zero.

Statement is illegal in direct mode. Types of values do not match. Undefined error.

Strings cannot be over 255 characters long. Expression is too long or too complex.

CONT works only in BREAK mode.

Function needs prior definition with DEF FN. Undefined error.

RESUME statement found before error routine entered. Not used.

Expression has operator with no following operand. Program line too long.

Not used.

Window number invalid. Argument out of range.

Command cannot be executed from the editor. Line is too complex.

Not used.

FIELD statement caused overflow. Device number invalid.

File number or filename invalid.

File not found on disk drive specified. File mode is not valid.

You cannot OPEN or KILL a file already open. Undefined error.

Disk input/output error. File exists.

Not used.

Disk is full.

You have reached end-of-file.

The record number in PUT or GET is more than 32767 or zero.

Invalid filename.

Invalid character <character> in program file.

D-l

66

99 1 101 102 103 104 105 1 107 1 8

109 110 111

112-201 202 203 204

205 206 207

8 209 o 1 212 213 4

8

no line number.

from

first item.

ne subroutine cal too deep.

BLOAD f e.

Not used.

Command not owed here.

L number is required.

statement needs a NEXT or WHILE statement needs a WEND.

NEXT statement needs a FOR or WEND statement needs a WHILE.

A comma is expected.

A parenthesis is expected. Option Base must be 0 or 1. Statement end is expected.

Too many arguments your Ii

used.

Cannot redefine variable(s).

Func more than once.

You are trying to jump into a loop. used.

error #X, ease restart.

Program not run.

Too FOR

5 6 10 20 30

60 70 80 90

100 110 120 130 1

1

following tables 1 e on the acters f om

character sets these

I THIS PROGRAM PRINTS A L

OF ALL ST ASCII

2 GOTOXY 1,2:?"LIST P=O:l=O

ST ASCII CHARACTERS":GOTOXY 0,4

IF P 4:

IF 0 14: INPUT "pRESS [Return] TO

CONTINUE •• 0 ,AS

IF 1=10 THEN l=O:GOTOXY 0,4

IF 0 THEN? "10 ";:GOTO 1

IF THEN II "; 1

IF 51

? C,"= IIi P=P+l NEXT C

1

n TO EXIT .•. ",AS

first is set up for 8x16

terse different

differ screen

acter set s resolutions.

. e 0 16 ~2148 ~4 80 ~6 112 128 144 160 176 192 208 224 240'

101 234 5 678 gAB C 0 E F

e

o 0 1 1 2 2

3 3 4 4 5

E-l

6 611
7
9 D
10 A II
11 B
12 C •
13 D •
1 E iii
I
15 F E-2

7 7

8 8

9 9

10 A

11 B

121 C I

13 0

ASSEMBLY

MODULES

The CALL st in ST BAS use of assembly

language modules. To use a e, you must load it into

memo with a BLOAD statement, assign its starti address to

a variable, and CALL it from BASIC (pass any necessary

parameters to it).

Parameters are s from BASIC to Assembler ograms the

f owing manner. machine language module will find two

parameters on the user (A7). The first is a 2-byte integer specifying the number parameters being passed.

(In the example below, it is 3.) The second is a 4-byte pointer to an array that contains the parameters. Each parameter in the array will occupy 8-bytes, regardless of its type. In the case of a string variable, the 8-byte value is a pointer to the str

Before returning to BASIC, the Assembler program can put any parameters it wants to pass to BASIC into a given memory location. Later, the BASIC program can PEEK at these parameters.

Example:

500 DIM A$(8) :1% O:X 2

510 CHART=18566: ISTART ADDRESS OF THE ASSEMBLER

LANGUAGE CODE

530 CALL CHART(I%, A$, X)

F-l

Derived Functions

Secant

Cosecant

Inverse Sine

Inverse Cosine

Inverse Secant

Inverse Cosecant

Inverse Cotangent
Hyperbolic Sine
Hyperbolic Cosine
Hyperbolic Tangent
Hyperbolic Secant
Hyperbolic Cosecant
Hyperbolic Cotangent Inverse Hyperbolic
Sine
Inverse Hyperbolic
Cosine
Inverse Hyperbolic
Tangent
Inverse Hyperbolic
Secant
Inverse Hyperbolic
Cosecant APPENDIX G DERIVED FUNCTIONS

Derived Functions In Terms Of ATARI Functions

DEF FNSEC(X)=l/COS(X) DEF FNCSC{X)=l/SIN{X)

DEF FNARCSIN(X)=ATN(X/SQR(-X*X+l» DEF FNARCCOS(X)=-ATN(X/SQR(-X*X+l)+ CONSTANT

DEF FNARSEC(X)=ATN(SQR(X*X-l»+ (SGN(X-l)*CONSTANT

DEF FNARCCSC(X)=ATN(l/SQR(X*X-l»+ (SGN(X-l}*CONSTANT

DEF FNARCCOT(X)=ATN(X)+CONSTANT DEF FNSINH(X)=(EXP(X)-EXP(X»/2 DEF FNCOSH(X)=(EXP(X)+EXP(-X)/2 DEF FNTANH(X) =-EXP(-X)/(EXP(X) + EXP(-X»*2+1

DEF FNSECH(X)=2/(EXP(X)+EXP(-X»

DEF FNCSCH(X)=2/(EXP(X)-EXP(-X» DEF FNCOTH(X)=EXP(-X)/(EXP(X)EXP (-X» *2+1

DEF FNARCSINH(X)=LOG(X+SQR(X*X+l»

DEF FNARCCOSH(X)+LOG(X+SQR(X*X »

DEF FNARCTANH(X)=LOG«1+X)/(1-X»/2

DEF FNARCSECH(X)=LOG«SQR(-X*X+l)+l)/X)

DEF FNARCCSCH(X)=LOG «SGN(X)*SQR(X*X+l)+l)/X)

G-l

Inverse Hyperbolic Contangent

DEF FNARCCOTH

Note:In this chart, the variable X in

the value or expres on to be ua

function. Any vari e name is permissi represents the number or expresson to be

2

({X+I) I (X-I) )/2

rentheses resents the derived

e as I as it ua

APPENDIX H SAMPLE PROGRAMS

BOXES

An interesting example of the RND statement using color graphics. Run this program in low-resolution mode.

10 FILL BOXES SYMMETRICALLY

20 randomize O:c=O

30 color l,O,l,l,l:fullw 2:clearw 2

40 for x=18 to 284 step 19

50 linef x,O,x,166

60 next x

70 for y=13 to 153 step 14

80 linef 0,y,303,y

90 next y

100 c=c+l:if c=16 then c=l 110 color l,c,l

120 col=int(rnd*16)*19+9:row=int(rnd*12)*14+7 130 fill cOl,row,l

140 if col)151 then cenc=col-l5l:fill col-(cenc*2) ,row,l 150 if col<152 then colh=302-col:fill cOlh,row,l

160 if row)82 then rowh=row-«row-82)*2):fill col,rowh,l 170 if row<83 then rowh=164-row:fill col,rowh,l

180 if col)15l then fill col-(cenc*2) ,rowh,l else fill cOlh,rowh,l

190 goto 100

CIRCLE OF PATTERNS

This program divides a circle into segments and then fillS the segments with patterns. To vary the program, change line 120 to:

1 pellipse x,y,x,y,b,b+lOO

10 • CIRCLE WITH 36 PATTERNED SEGMENTS

20 color 1,O,l,1,1:ful1w 2:clearw 2

30 peek{systab)=l then 60

40 peek (systab) then 70

50 0 80

60 x 06:y=172:s=170:goto 90

70 x=304: 83:s=182:goto 90

80 x 51:y=83:s=

90 a=24: 2:b=0

100 for p=l to a

H-l

110 120 130 140 150 160

GRID

s then

10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 200 210

LOW

l,l,p,i x,y,s b,

ion automatically,

ects f

screen r tterns.

PATTERNS 2

8:

4:b 4:b=154:

to step f

x,0,x,345

next x

for to step c

Ii 0,y,615,y

next

:d=51:e=561:f=102:goto 90 8: l:e=561:f=102:goto 90 8:d 5:e=2BO:f=51

b

next x,y

ors.

earw

of
10 O,I,I,l:f lw learw 2
20
30 to 3360 240
4 e,l
50 304, ,b,
60 c=L
70
90 . e=l
.
100 for b=O to 3360 240
110 or 1,e,1
1 lipse 04,83,304,83,b,
0 e=e e=4
140 next b
150 gosub DELAY
0 F . e=l: 4:
.
0 for p=l to a
180 earw 2
1 for x 03 to 609 203
200 color l,e,l, , i
210 linef x,O,x, 0
220 f x-2,2
230 e=e+l:if c=4 then c=l
240 next x,p
2 i=3 then 270
260 2:i :goto 0
0 gosub
280
290 DELAY: for z=l to 3000:next
300 earw 2
310 n MEDIUM

ION

rates

ium-

4

ut

or

ette

10 30 40 50 60 70

80 X=X

90 x>6

100 3 0

110 40

120 ai2:b 4:w=w-4

130 if w<O then

140 30

150 DELAY

160 LINES: x=O: 0 170 while x<61

180 linef 3 ,172,x,y 190 x=x+S

200 wend

210 e 344

220 linef 307,172,x

o 240

2 x>O

260 307,172,x,y

270 x=x-5 280 290

300 ,I ,x,y

310 3 330 3 3 0 360 o

i

l:w=

et r

5

r

i

i

GRAPH

I

epsilon, "E" i

40 IThe formulas cons

end of a ri

50 clearw 2:fullw 2:?

60 ? "'FINAL LUMP SUM PAYMENT::: "i:INPUT R

70 ? "MONTHLY PAYMENT:::: II;: INPUT A

80 ? YeaST IF BOUGHT NOW:::: ";:INPUT C

90 ? "NUMBER OF PAYMENTS:::: ";:INPUT N

100 2:1 .01: .01:K=0

110 ?:PR1NT" THE

120 PRINT II II

130 PRINT 1 PRINT 1 PRINT

Use

10 20

2

is

e f

am to ana

interest rate am uses a form roots.

lIn

am uses calculas with at line 100.

ea

to

RATE

II iN

THEN 0

II n

:::: *I:PRINT

IVE

II

d Lauck

"

1

250

10

50 60 70

100 110 120 130 1 1

on

f

s ? II You enter ? Return 1" n ?"zero.1f ? II Go INPUT II

r

r II

II

ANSWER ::

o r to q

S·?

. .

in$:::::"Y" or

lower II

1

3 • 4: $

t

e

6 0

)l\_ATARr~

©Atari Corp.

AI! Rights Reserved.

Printed in Taiwan C026166 Rev. A K.1. 11. 1985