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b) Shape factor
Alum alloy, all tempers. 0.045
Alum alloy;brass;soft cold 0.060
μ = coefficient of friction; D = rolled stell;soft stainless steel.
workpart diameter, mm; h = workpart Cold rolled steel,half 0.075
height, mm.
hard;stainless steel.
c) Force
a = allowance; t = thickness, mm.
b) Diameters
7) Extrusion
---figure 20.6---
a) Extrusion/reduction ratio
Blanking punch Ø = Db – 2c
Blanking die Ø = Db
Hole punch Ø = Dh
b) True strain Hole die diameter = Dh + 2c
c) Cutting force
c) Pressure
S = shear strength; t = stock thickness;
L = length of the cut edge; TS =
ultimate tensile strength.
d) Extrusion strain 10) Sheet-metal bending
a) Bend allowance
a,b = empirical constant.
e) Ram pressure (indirect extrusion)
BA = bend allowance, mm; A = angle,
f) Ram pressure (direct extrusion) degree; R = radius, mm; t = stock
thickness, mm; Kba = constant; Kba =
0.33, R<2t; Kba = 0.5, R ≥ 2t.
g) Ram force b) Springback
h) Power
A’ = included angle of sheet metal; A’b
i) Die shape factor = included angle of bending tool.
c) Maximum force
f) Power
v = exit velocity.
9) Sheet-metal cutting
a) Clearance
Metal group a