Social democracy 1

Social democracy
Social democracy is a political ideology of the left on the classic
political spectrum. The contemporary social democratic movement
seeks to reform capitalism to align it with the ethical ideals of social
justice while maintaining the capitalist mode of production, as
opposed to creating an alternative socialist economic system.[1]
Practical modern social democratic policies include the promotion of
a welfare state, and the creation of economic democracy as a means
to secure workers' rights.[2]

Historically, social democracy was a form of evolutionary reformist

socialism[2] During the early 20th century, major European social
democratic parties began to reject elements of Marxism,
Revolutionary socialism and class struggle, taking a moderate
position that socialism could be established through political
reforms. The distinction between Social Democracy and Democratic
Socialism had yet to fully develop at this time. The Frankfurt
Declaration of the Socialist International in 1951, attended by many
social democratic parties from across the world, committed The Socialist International logo
adherents to oppose Bolshevik communism and Stalinism, and to
promote a gradual transformation of capitalism into socialism.[3]

Social democracy, as practiced in Europe in 1951, was a socialist movement supporting gradualism; the belief that
gradual democratic reforms to capitalist economies will eventually succeed in creating a socialist economy,[4]
rejecting forcible imposition of socialism through revolutionary means.[4] This gradualism has resulted in various far
left groups, including communists, of accusing social democracy of accepting the values of capitalist society and
therefore not being a genuine form of socialism,[4] instead labeling it a concession made to the working class by the
ruling class. Social democracy rejects the Marxian principle of dictatorship of the proletariat and the creation of a
socialist state, claiming that gradualist democratic reforms will improve the rights of the working class.[5]

Since the rise in popularity of the New Right and neoliberalism, a number of prominent social democratic parties
have abandoned the goal of the gradual evolution of capitalism to socialism and instead support welfare state
capitalism.[6] Social democracy as such has arisen as a distinct ideology from democratic socialism. In many
countries, social democrats continue to exist alongside democratic socialists, who stand to the left of them on the
political spectrum. The two movements sometimes operate within the same political party, such as the Brazilian
Workers' Party[7] and the Socialist Party of France. In recent years, several social democratic parties (in particular,
the British Labour Party) have embraced more centrist, Third Way policy positions. This development has generated
considerable controversy.
The Socialist International (SI) is the main international organization of social democratic and moderate socialist
parties. It affirms the following principles: first, freedom—not only individual liberties, but also freedom from
discrimination and freedom from dependence on either the owners of the means of production or the holders of
abusive political power; second, equality and social justice—not only before the law but also economic and
socio-cultural equality as well, and equal opportunities for all including those with physical, mental, or social
disabilities; and, third, solidarity—unity and a sense of compassion for the victims of injustice and inequality. These
ideals are described in further detail in the SI's Declaration of Principles.[8]
Social democracy 2

History

Original social democracy

In the 19th Century, the term "Social Democrat" was used as a broad catch-all for international socialists owing their
basic ideological allegiance to Karl Marx or Ferdinand Lassalle, in contrast to those advocating various forms of
utopian socialism. In one of the first scholarly works on European socialism written for an American audience,
Richard T. Ely's 1883 book, French and German Socialism in Modern Times, Social Democrats were characterized
as "the extreme wing of the socialists" who were "inclined to lay so much stress on equality of enjoyment, regardless
of the value of one's labor, that they might, perhaps, more properly be called communists."[9] Ely continued:
"They have two distinguishing characteristics. The vast majority of them are laborers, and, as a rule,
they expect the violent overthrow of existing institutions by revolution to precede the introduction of the
socialistic state. I would not, by any means, say that they are all revolutionists, but the most of them
undoubtedly are. * * *
"The most general demands of the social democrats are the following: The state should exist exclusively
for the laborers; land and capital must become collective property, and production be carried on
unitedly. Private competition, in the ordinary sense of the term, is to cease."[10]
Many parties in this era described themselves as "social democratic," including the General German Workers'
Association and the Social Democratic Workers' Party of Germany (which merged to form the Social Democratic
Party of Germany), the British Social Democratic Federation, and the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party. The
term "social democracy" continued to be used in this context up to the time of the Bolshevik Revolution of
November 1917, at which time the term "communist" came into vogue for individuals and organizations espousing a
revolutionary road to socialism.

Contemporary social democracy

The contemporary social democratic movement came into being
through a break within the socialist movement in the early years of the
twentieth century. Speaking broadly, this break can be described as a
parting of ways between those who insisted upon political revolution
as a precondition for the achievement of socialist goals and those who
maintained that a gradual or evolutionary path to socialism was both
possible and desirable.[12] Many related movements, including
pacifism, anarchism, and syndicalism, arose at the same time; these
ideologies were often promulgated by individuals who split from the
preexisting socialist movement, and held a variety of quite different
objections to Marxism.

A red rose is often used as a symbol of social

democracy, mostly adopted in the period after
[11]
World War II.
Social democracy 3

One of the key founders of contemporary social democracy was

Eduard Bernstein, a proponent of reformist socialism and a revisionist
of Marxism. Bernstein had originally been a Marxist and had held
close association to Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, but he saw flaws
in Marxian thinking and began such criticism when he investigated and
challenged the Marxian materialist theory of history.[13] Bernstein
criticized Marxism's concept of "irreconciliable class conflicts" and
Marxism's hostility to liberalism.[14] Bernstein challenged Marx's
position on liberalism by claiming that liberal democrats and social
democrats held common grounds that he claimed could be utilized to
create a "socialist republic".[14]

On the issue of class conflict, Bernstein believed that economic class

disparities between the bourgeoisie and the proletariat would gradually
be eliminated through legal reforms and economic redistribution
programs.[14] Bernstein reject the Marxian principle of dictatorship of
Eduard Bernstein, 1895.
the proletariat, claiming that gradualist democratic reforms will
improve the rights of the working class.[5] Furthermore, he believed
that class cooperation was a preferable course to achieve socialism, rather than class conflict.[15] On the issue of
class conflict and responding to the Marxian principle of dictatorship of the proletariat, Bernstein said:

"No one thinks of destroying civil society as a community ordered in a civilized war. Quite to the
contrary, Social Democracy does not want to break up civil society and make all its members
proletarians together; rather, it ceaselessly labors to raise the worker from the social position of a
proletarian to that of a citizen and thus make citizenship universal. It does not want to replace civil
society with a proletarian society but a capitalist order of society with a socialist one." Eduard
Bernstein[16]
Bernstein urged social democrats to be committed to a long-term agenda of transforming the capitalist economy to a
socialist economy rather than a sudden upheaval of capitalism, saying:
"Social democracy should neither expect nor desire the imminent collapse of the existing economic
system … What social democracy should be doing, and doing for a long time to come, is organize the
working class politically, train it for democracy, and fight for any and all reforms in the state which are
designed to raise the working class and make the state more democratic." Eduard Bernstein[17]
The social democrats, who had created the largest socialist organizations of that era, did not reject Marxism (and in
fact claimed to uphold it), but a number of key individuals wanted to reform Marx's arguments in order to
promulgate a less hostile criticism of capitalism. They argued that socialism should be achieved through evolution of
society rather than revolution. Such views were strongly opposed by the revolutionary socialists, who argued that
any attempt to reform capitalism was doomed to fail, for the reformers would be gradually corrupted and eventually
turn into capitalists themselves.
Despite their differences, the reformist and revolutionary branches of socialism remained united through the Second
International until the outbreak of World War I. A differing view on the legitimacy of the war proved to be the final
straw for this tenuous union. The reformist socialists supported their respective national governments in the war, a
fact that was seen by the revolutionary socialists as outright treason against the working class; in other words, the
revolutionary socialists believed that this stance betrayed the principle that the workers of all nations should unite in
overthrowing capitalism, and decried the fact that usually the lowest classes are the ones sent into the war to fight
and die.
Social democracy 4

Bitter arguments ensued within socialist parties, as for example between Eduard Bernstein, the leading reformist
socialist, and Rosa Luxemburg, one of the leading revolutionary socialists within the SPD in Germany. Eventually,
after the Russian Revolution of 1917, most of the world's socialist parties fractured. The reformist socialists kept the
name social democrats, while many revolutionary socialists began calling themselves communists, and they soon
formed the modern Communist movement. These communist parties soon formed an exclusive Third Internationale
known globally as the Comintern.
By the 1920s, the doctrinal differences between social democrats and communists of all factions (be they Orthodox
Marxists, Bolsheviks, or Mensheviks) had solidified.

Post–World War II
See also History of socialism.
After World War II, a new international organization to represent social democracy and democratic socialism, the
Socialist International in 1951. In the founding Frankfurt Declaration, the Socialist International denounced both
capitalism and Bolshevik communism. As for Bolshevik communism, the Declaration denounced it in articles 7, 8,
and 9, saying:
• 7. Meanwhile, as Socialism advances throughout the world, new forces have arisen to threaten the movement
towards freedom and social justice. Since the Bolshevik Revolution in Russia, Communism has split the
International Labour Movement and has set back the realisation of Socialism in many countries for decades.[3]
• 8. Communism falsely claims a share in the Socialist tradition. In fact it has distorted that tradition beyond
recognition. It has built up a rigid theology which is incompatible with the critical spirit of Marxism.[3]
• 9. Where Socialists aim to achieve freedom and justice by removing the exploitation which divides men under
capitalism, Communists seek to sharpen those class divisions only in order to establish the dictatorship of a
single party.[3]
• 10. International Communism is the instrument of a new imperialism. Wherever it has achieved power it has
destroyed freedom or the chance of gaining freedom. It is based on a militarist bureaucracy and a terrorist
police. By producing glaring contrasts of wealth and privilege it has created a new class society. Forced labour
plays an important part in its economic organisation."[3]
Following the split between social democrats and communists, another split developed within social democracy,
between those who still believed it was necessary to abolish capitalism (without revolution) and replace it with a
socialist system through democratic parliamentary means, and those who believed that the capitalist system could be
retained but needed dramatic reform, such as the nationalization of large businesses, the implementation of social
programs (public education, universal health care, and the like) and the partial redistribution of wealth through the
permanent establishment of a welfare state based on progressive taxation.
Eventually, most social democratic parties have come to be dominated by the latter position and, in the post–World
War II era, have abandoned any commitment to abolish capitalism. For instance, in 1959, the Social Democratic
Party of Germany adopted the Godesberg Program, which rejected class struggle and Marxism. While "social
democrat" and "democratic socialist" continued to be used interchangeably, by the 1990s in the English-speaking
world at least, the two terms had generally come to signify respectively the latter and former positions.
In Italy, the Italian Democratic Socialist Party was founded in 1947, and from 1948 on supported the idea of a
centrist alliance. Since the late 1980s, many other social democratic parties have adopted the "Third Way", either
formally or in practice. Modern social democrats are generally in favor of a mixed economy, which is in many ways
capitalistic, but explicitly defend governmental provision of certain social services.
Many social democratic parties have shifted emphasis from their traditional goals of social justice to human rights
and environmental issues. In this, they are facing an increasing challenge from Greens, who view ecology as
fundamental to peace, require reform of money supply, and promote safe trade measures to ensure ecological
Social democracy 5

integrity. In Germany in particular, Greens, Social Democrats, and other left-wing parties have cooperated in
so-called red–green alliances. The present government in Norway is known as the Red-Green Coalition, whilst the
opposition bloc in Sweden is the similarly titled Red-Greens, with social democratic parties forming the largest
components of both alliances.

Present
Many of the policies espoused by social democrats in the first half of the 20th century have since been put into
practice by social democratic governments throughout the industrialized world. Industries have been nationalized,
public spending has seen a large long-term rise, and the role of the state in providing free-to-user or subsidized
health care and education has increased greatly. Many of the reforms made by social democrats in Europe, such as
the establishment of national health care services, have been embraced by liberals and conservatives, and there is no
support outside of a radical fringe for a return to 19th-century levels of public spending and economic regulation.
Even in the United States, where no major social democratic party exists, there are regulatory programmes (such as
public health and environmental protection) and welfare programmes (such as Medicare[18] and Medicaid[19] ) which
enjoy bipartisan support.
However, since the 1980s, there has been a perception that social democracy has been on the retreat in the Western
world, particularly in English-speaking countries, where social democratic values are arguably not as firmly rooted
in local law and culture as elsewhere. In recent years, a number of historically social democratic parties and
governments have moved away from some traditional elements of social democracy by endorsing Third Way ideals
and thus supporting both the privatization of certain state-controlled industries and services and the reduction of
certain forms of regulation of the market.
The adoption of Third Way ideology by many social democrats has proved divisive within the broader social
democratic community. Traditional social democrats argue that Third Way ideology has caused the movement to
become too centrist, and even that the movement may be becoming centre-right. In general, apparent reversals in
policy have encountered significant opposition among party members and core voters; many of the latter have
claimed that their leaders have betrayed the principles of social democracy.[20]
Supporters of Third Way ideals argue that they merely represent a necessary or pragmatic adaptation of social
democracy to the realities of the modern world: traditional social democracy thrived during the prevailing
international climate of the post-war Bretton Woods consensus, which collapsed in the 1970s. It has, moreover,
become difficult for political parties in the developed world to win elections on a distinctively left-wing platform
now that electorates are increasingly middle-class, aspirational and consumeristic.
In Britain, where such an electorate rejected the Labour Party four times consecutively between 1979 and 1997,
Third Way politician Tony Blair and his colleagues in the New Labour movement took the strategic decision to
disassociate themselves publicly from the previous, explicitly democratic socialist incarnations of their party. The
Labour Government that came to power in 1997 continued the tradition that Margaret Thatcher started in the 1980s
of selling out nationalized industries, and the income gap between the rich and the poor grew. This challenge to
traditional social democractic ideals alienated many backbenchers, including some who advocated a less militant
ideology of social democracy.[21]
The development of new social democratic policies in this environment is the subject of wide-ranging debate within
the left and centre-left. A number of political think-tanks, such as Policy Network and Wiardi Beckman Stichting,
have been active in facilitating and promoting this debate.
Social democracy 6

Ideology
In general, contemporary social democrats support:
• A mixed economy consisting of both private enterprise and publicly owned or subsidized programs of education,
universal health care, child care and related social services for all citizens.
• An extensive system of social security (although usually not to the extent advocated by socialists), with the stated
goal of counteracting the effects of poverty and insuring the citizens against loss of income following illness,
unemployment or retirement.
• Government bodies that regulate private enterprise in the interests of workers and consumers by ensuring labor
rights (i.e. supporting worker access to trade unions), consumer protections, and fair market competition.
• Environmentalism and environmental protection laws; for example, funding for alternative energy resources and
laws designed to combat global warming.
• A value-added/progressive taxation system to fund government expenditures.
• A secular and a socially progressive policy.
• Immigration and multiculturalism.
• Fair trade over free trade.
• A foreign policy supporting the promotion of democracy, the protection of human rights and where possible,
effective multilateralism.
• Advocacy of social justice, human rights, social rights, civil rights and civil liberties.
Socialism versus Modern Social Democracy:

Socialism Market Socialism Social Democracy

Economic Planning, Mixed Economy, Market economics, Market-oriented Mixed economy Regulated markets: Social Market,
Participatory planning Mixed-Market, Welfare State

State ownership or cooperative ownership of the State ownership or cooperative ownership of the Private ownership of the means of
means of production and heavy industry means of production production with minimal public
ownership of some industry

State or public owns resources and major State, public or worker cooperatives own resources State mainly funded through progressive
economic institutions, uses the surplus labor to and enterprises, uses them to fund government taxation, government regulates private
fund government programs, state-directed programs, sometimes with state-directed investment business and provides welfare
investment

Socialist economics, Economic planning Lange Model, Goulash Communism, Ricardian Nordic model, Social Market Economy,
socialism, Mutualism, Socialist-oriented market Welfare states
economy

Political parties
Social democratic political parties, which sometimes also include a democratic socialist element, operate in many
developed and developing countries, including France, Germany, the United Kingdom, Spain, Australia, Israel and
Brazil. Most European social democratic parties are members of the Party of European Socialists,[22] which is one of
the main political parties at the European level,[23] and its parliamentary group the Progressive Alliance of Socialists
and Democrats. Globally, most social democratic parties worldwide are members of the Socialist International.[24]
In many cases, social democratic parties are the dominant (India, Portugal, Australia) or second-placed (Canada,
Italy, Sweden, Germany, United Kingdom)[25] players within their respective political systems, though in some cases
they are minor parties in federal politics (Ireland, Russia). The United States is the only industrial nation that does
not currently possess an official major social democratic party, although many consider large portions of the Green
Party and some liberal factions of the Democratic Party to be social democratic. Some conservatives in the U.S. have
accused President Barack Obama of being either a "Democratic Socialist" or "Social Democrat", but Obama and the
Social democracy 7

mainstream of the Democratic Party reject these accusations. Obama identifies with contemporary American
Progressivism. Critics of Obama on the left identify him as generally holding centrist views.[26]
Since the 1960s, many social democrats have broadened their objectives beyond the field of economic policy to
include aspects of environmentalism, feminism, racial equality and multiculturalism. Another notable development is
the tendency since the 1980s for social democratic parties to distance themselves from distinctively left-wing
economic policies such as public ownership and dirigisme, adopting instead policies that support a relatively lightly
regulated economy and emphasize equality of opportunity.
This trend, known as the Third Way, is controversial among some of the left, many of whom argue that Third Way
politicians (such as Tony Blair and Bill Clinton)[20] have moved too far to the centre, or even the centre-right.
Others, such as the leadership of the UK Labour Party, reject this critique.[27]

Criticism
Socialist critics of contemporary social democracy include orthodox socialists, Marxian socialists, revolutionary
socialists, anarchists and various other schools of thought. The most common criticism made by socialists is that
social democratic programs maintain the capitalist system (and therefore retains its fundamental issues, such as
cyclical fluctuations and social contradictions), are used to further legitimize capitalism and are impediments to
fundamental social and economic change.[28]
Marxists further argue that social democratic and welfare state policies limit the incentive system of the market by
providing things such as minimum wages, unemployment insurance, taxing profits and reducing the reserve army of
labor, resulting in reduced incentives for capitalists to invest in more production; in essence, social welfare policies
cripple the capitalist system and its incentive system, so that the only real solution to capitalism is a socialist
economic system.[28]
Democratic socialists and libertarian socialists contend that social democracy has degenerated into pragmatic
opportunism; rather than changing the world, social democracy merely changed itself to accommodate its tactics.[29]
Social democracy is also considered to be elitist and unrealistic because it relies on change to come from above, or
relies solely on liberal parliamentary and democratic institutions rather than popular representation or organization
from below.[29]

Notable social democrats

This is an abbreviated list of well-known social democrats. For a comprehensive list, see List of social
democrats
• Clement Attlee[30] (frequently seen as a democratic socialist)
• José Batlle y Ordóñez[31]
• Otto Bauer
• David Ben-Gurion
• Eduard Bernstein[32]
• Zulfikar Ali Bhutto
• Léon Blum
• Willy Brandt[33]
• Hjalmar Branting[34]
• Gro Harlem Brundtland
• Job Cohen
• Brendan Corish
• Tommy Douglas
• Willem Drees
Social democracy 8

• Friedrich Ebert
• Einar Gerhardsen
• Bob Hawke
• Roy Jenkins
• Wim Kok
• David Lewis
• Wilhelm Liebknecht[35]
• Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva[36]
• Vasos Lyssaridis founder of Movement for Social Democracy member of Socialist International
• Ramsay Macdonald
• Golda Meir
• Dom Mintoff
• Ralph Nader
• David Owen – Co-Founder of Britain's Social Democratic Party (UK)
• Olof Palme
• Wim Schermerhorn
• Shirley Williams
• Joop den Uyl
• José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero – Prime Minister of Spain
• Vera Zasulich
• Frank P. Zeidler

References
[1] Socialism and the Market: Conceptual Clarification (http:/ / www. bm. ust. hk/ ~ced/ iea/ Hong_Kong_Yingyinek_kikuldott_05june2. doc)
by Janos Kornai, June 2005
[2] Steger, Manfred B. The quest for evolutionary socialism: Eduard Bernstein and social democracy. Cambridge, England, UK; New York,
New York, USA; Melbourne, Victoria, Australia: Press Syndicate of the Cambridge University Press, 1997. Pp. 140.
[3] Socialist International. "Aims and Tasks of Democratic Socialism: Declaration of the Socialist International". Socialist International, First
Congress. Frankfurt-am-Main, Federal Republic of Germany: Socialist International, 1951. http:/ / www. socialistinternational. org/
viewArticle. cfm?ArticleID=39.
[4] David Robertson. A dictionary of modern politics. 3rd edition. London, England, UK: Europa Publications, 2004. Pp. 212.
[5] Steger, Manfred B. The quest for evolutionary socialism: Eduard Bernstein and social democracy. Cambridge, England, UK; New York,
New York, USA; Melbourne, Victoria, Australia: Press Syndicate of the Cambridge University Press, 1997. Pp. 141.
[6] O'Hara, Phillip Anthony (ed.). Encyclopedia of political economy, Volume 2. London, England, UK: Routledge, 1999 Pp. 539.
[7] BBC News: South America's leftward sweep, 2005 (http:/ / news. bbc. co. uk/ 2/ hi/ americas/ 4311957. stm)
[8] The SI's Declaration of Principles (http:/ / www. socialistinternational. org/ viewArticle. cfm?ArticleID=31)
[9] Richard T. Ely, French and German Socialism in Modern Times. New York: Harper and Brothers, 1883; pg. 204.
[10] Ely, French and German Socialism in Modern Times, pp. 204-205.
[11] Tament Library: About Our Logo (http:/ / www. nyu. edu/ library/ bobst/ research/ tam/ aboutlogo. html)
[12] Berman, Sheri. "Understanding Social Democracy" (http:/ / www8. georgetown. edu/ centers/ cdacs/ / bermanpaper. pdf). . Retrieved
2007-08-11.
[13] Berman, Sheri. Social Democracy and the Making of Europe's Twentieth Century. Cambridge University Press, 2006. Pp. 38-39.
[14] Steger, Manfred B. The quest for evolutionary socialism: Eduard Bernstein and social democracy. Cambridge, England, UK; New York,
New York, USA; Melbourne, Victoria, Australia: Press Syndicate of the Cambridge University Press, 1997. Pp. 133.
[15] Berman, Sheri. Social Democracy and the Making of Europe's Twentieth Century. Cambridge University Press, 2006. Pp. 2.
[16] Steger, Manfred B. The quest for evolutionary socialism: Eduard Bernstein and social democracy. Cambridge, England, UK; New York,
New York, USA; Melbourne, Victoria, Australia: Press Syndicate of the Cambridge University Press, 1997. Pp. 137.
[17] Steger, Manfred B. The quest for evolutionary socialism: Eduard Bernstein and social democracy. Cambridge, England, UK; New York,
New York, USA; Melbourne, Victoria, Australia: Press Syndicate of the Cambridge University Press, 1997. Pp. 80.
[18] History of Medicare (United States) (http:/ / www. medicarerights. org/ maincontenthistory. html)
[19] Brief History of Medicare and Medicaid (United States) (http:/ / www. cms. hhs. gov/ history/ 01_overview. asp?)
[20] BBC News: Sacrifices in the scramble for power (http:/ / news. bbc. co. uk/ 2/ hi/ in_depth/ uk_politics/ 2000/ labour_centenary/ 651231.
stm)
Social democracy 9

[21] The Guardian: Rich-poor gap 'has widened under Blair' Monday August 2, 2004 (http:/ / politics. guardian. co. uk/ thinktanks/ story/
0,,1274517,00. html)
[22] PES Member Parties (http:/ / www. pes. org/ content/ view/ 11/ 48/ lang,en/ )
[23] EU facts: Party Politics in the EU (http:/ / www. civitas. org. uk/ eufacts/ FSCIT/ CIT3. htm)
[24] Members of the Socialist International (http:/ / www. socialistinternational. org/ 2Members/ who. html#full).
[25] In Canada, the CCF/NDP have been or are the government at the provincial level of governance, and as of 2011 form the Official
Opposition.
[26] (http:/ / www. newsweek. com/ 2010/ 01/ 21/ the-trouble-with-barack. html) (http:/ / www. newwest. net/ main/ article/
obama_is_distressingly_centrist1/ ) (http:/ / www. huffingtonpost. com/ 2010/ 02/ 05/ democrats-unhappy-with-ob_n_450754. html)
[27] Labour policies (http:/ / www. labour. org. uk/ labour_policies)
[28] Market Socialism: The Debate Among Socialists, by Schweickart, David; Lawler, James; Ticktin, Hillel; Ollman, Bertell. 1998. (P.60-61):
"The Marxist answers that market socialism cannot exist because it involves limiting the incentive system of the market through providing
minimum wages, high levels of unemployment insurance, reducing the size of the reserve army of labour, taxing profits, and taxing the
wealthy. As a result, capitalists will have little incentive to invest and the workers will have little incentive to work. Capitalism works because,
as Marx remarked, it is a system of economic force (coercion)."
[29] Socialism or Social democracy? (http:/ / flag. blackened. net/ revolt/ anarchism/ writers/ anarcho/ vote/ vote2. html) Anarchism WebSite.
[30] Commission for Racial Equality: Clement Attlee Lecture: Trevor Phillips's speech, 21 April 2005 (http:/ / www. cre. gov. uk/ Default. aspx.
LocID-0hgnew06b. RefLocID-0hg00900c002. Lang-EN. htm)
[31] Nuevo impulso conservador (http:/ / www. larepublica. com. uy/ editorial/ 286765-nuevo-impulso-conservador) - La República
[32] Eduard Bernstein Reference Archive (http:/ / www. marxists. org/ reference/ archive/ bernstein/ index. htm)
[33] Encyclopædia Britannica: Willy Brandt (http:/ / www. britannica. com/ eb/ article-9016223/ Willy-Brandt)
[34] Hjalmar Branting: The Nobel Peace Prize 1921 (http:/ / nobelprize. org/ nobel_prizes/ peace/ laureates/ 1921/ branting-bio. html)
[35] Encyclopædia Britannica: Wilhelm Liebknecht (http:/ / www. britannica. com/ eb/ article-9048179/ Wilhelm-Liebknecht)
[36] (Portuguese) "Em 28 anos, Lula troca Marx pela social democracia" ("In 28 years, Lula trades Marx for social democracy") (http:/ /
diariodonordeste. globo. com/ materia. asp?codigo=550729). Diário do Nordeste. June 30, 2006.

External links
• Social Democratic Parties (http://www.broadleft.org/socdem.htm), a comprehensive list of social democratic
parties until 2005. The listing needs an update.

International organizations
• The Party of European Socialists (http://www.pes.org)
• The Socialist International (http://www.socialistinternational.org/)
• Policy Network (http://www.policy-network.net), a social democratic think-tank

Social democratic literature

• Political + Social + Economic democracies <=> socialism (http://www.democracyandsocialism.com)
• Papers on the Future of Social Democracy in Canada (http://www.misc-iecm.mcgill.ca/socdem/epaper.htm)
• Beyond Ideology, The Social Welfare State (http://sciam.com/article.cfm?chanID=sa006&colID=31&
articleID=000AF3D5-6DC9-152E-A9F183414B7F0000) by Jeffrey D. Sachs
• Social Democracy in the unfinished global revolution (http://www.sussex.ac.uk/Users/hafa3/socdem.htm)
by Martin Shaw
• Global Social Democracy (http://www.re-public.gr/en/?p=302)
Social democracy 10

Criticism of social democracy

• The Crisis of Social Democracy (http://www.marxists.org/archive/luxemburg/1915/junius/index.htm) by
Rosa Luxemburg
• "What remains of Socialism" (http://www.sps.cam.ac.uk/pol/staff/eperreausaussine/
what_is_left_of_socialism.pdf) by Emile Perreau-Saussine
Article Sources and Contributors 11

Article Sources and Contributors

Social democracy  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=427942120  Contributors: 62.59.16.xxx, AED, ATX-NL, Aaronhill, Abebenjoe, Acm, Addshore, AgnosticPreachersKid,
Akanemoto, Alexhvass, Alfanje, All Male Action, AllenGS, Alpha-ZX, Altenmann, Altes, Amberrock, Ambil, Anatoly-Rex, Andre Engels, Andres, Andy Marchbanks, AndySimpson, Angela,
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