Name: Abbas Sheikh Ali Jimale No: 090 Semesterm2 second year student

Assignment Disease about suborders of diptera and six diseases vector in Somali ecosystem.

Introduction:

Life History & Ecology:

The order Diptera includes all true flies. These insects are distinctive because their hind wings
are reduced to small, club-shaped structures called halteres -- only the membranous front wings
serve as aerodynamic surfaces. The halteres vibrate during flight and work much like a
gyroscope to help the insect maintain balance.

All Dipteran larvae are legless. They live in aquatic, semi-aquatic, or moist terrestrial
environments. They are commonly found in the soil, in plant or animal tissues, and in carrion or
dung -- almost always where there is little danger of desiccation. Some species are herbivores,
but most feed on dead organic matter or parasitize other animals, especially vertebrates,
molluscs, and other arthropods. In the more primitive families, fly larvae have well-developed
head capsules with mandibulate mouthparts. These structures are reduced or absent in the more
advanced suborders where the larvae, known as maggots, have worm-like bodies and only a pair
of mouth hooks for feeding. Adult flies live in a wide range of habitats and display enormous
variation in appearance and life style. Although most species have haustellate mouthparts and
collect food in liquid form.

Scientific classification of deptira

Kingdom: Animalia

Phylum: Arthropoda

Class: Insecta

Order: Diptera

Suborder: Nematocera
The Diptera have been divided into three suborders:
1. Nematocera (flies with multisegmented antennae)
2. Brachycera (flies with stylate antennae)
3. Cyclorrhapha (flies with aristate antennae).

1. Nematocera: thread-horns, is a primitive suborder of elongated flies with thin,segmented

antennae and mostly aquatic larvae, consisting of the mosquitoes, crane flies, gnats, and
midges. Nematocera are typically characterized by filamentous, multi-segmented
antennae which may be plumose in some males
2. Brachycera is a suborder of Diptera. It is a major suborder consisting of around 120
families. The most distinguishing characteristic of suborder is reduced antenna
segmentationand include the family Stratiomyidae, or soldier flies - somewhat flattened
insects, often with bright metallic colours,
3. Cyclorrhapha : These flies pupate in barrel shaped puparia and escape from them
through circular openings. The larvae of many species are what we know as maggots -
they are headless, and taper towards the front. The sub-order Cyclorrhapha is further
classified into the Aschiza and the Schizophora,examples Cyclorrhapha are the scuttle
flies, the Coffin Fly Conicera tibialis

Six diseases vector found in Somali eco system which belong to Diptera species.
1. Brachycera suborder is counted Trypanasomiasis caused Tsetse-fly (tabanidea)of the species
is the vector species vary in their susceptibility to develop infection, and thus transmit the
infection to animal or animals. Female flies are said to have higher infection rates than males’
tsetse flies,
2. Nematocera suborders is counted some protozoa phylumor filariasis disease is transmitted by
vector sand flies species found in Somalia.
3. Nematocera suborder is counted Culex species two of these were the known viruses rift
Valley fever and Culex (Culex) theileri and Bunyamwera virus, which occur in East Africa. The
bite of infected mosquitoes is the main transmission mechanism of RVF in ruminants during
inter-epizootic periods.
4. African horse sickness: Nematocera is transmitted by vector culucoid midges species
5. Bluetongue

Nematocera suborders is counted in culucoid species, distribution of its main biological vectors,
certain tropical and subtropical species of Culicoides midges, in particular Culicoides
imicola in Somalia and the . The adult female Culicoides lays her eggs in damp muddy
areas containing decaying vegetable material or in cattle dung, two to six days after a blood
meal.
6. Lumpy Skin Disease
Nematocera suborderis counted this vectors and it is probable that a large number of biting and
blood feeding insects are capable of spreading the virus. Biting insects major role in transmission
in culex mirificus and Aedes natronius species were heavy concentrated during epizootic. Some
of the dipteral suborder species examples that cause disease
Pangonia, Hematopota ,Stomxy , Liperosi , tabanus, Anopheles , Culuciods midges , Tse-
tse fly , Sand fly these effect mostly Somali livestock sector.

References
As of 2003-08-14

• Catalog of Neartic Diptera "

class="external">http://www.nearctica.com/nomina/diptera/diptera.htm

• The Diptera Site " class="external">http://www.sel.barc.usda.gov/Diptera/biosys.htm

• The Bishop Museum Catalog of Fossil Diptera http://hbs.bishopmuseum.org/fossilcat/

• The Tree of Life Project http://tolweb.org/tree?group=Diptera
• The Integrated Taxonomic Information System http://www.itis.usda.gov/index.html
• The National Center for Biotechnology Information
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi
• Katalog der Dipteren Bayerns http://www.zsm.mwn.de/Diptera/Dipt_Bay.htm
• The Species 2000 Checklist http://www.usa.sp2000.org/AnnualChecklist2000.html
• Species Accounts http://www.speciesaccounts.org/Diptera.htm
• Systema Naturae http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/