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Distribution Networks 69
By Stanis rose
Session 4
Contents
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3. Explain elements of a distribution network (overhead lines, under ground cables,
transformers, substation equipment etc.) and their electrical parameters.
4. Identify limitations in distribution networks such as reliabilities and voltage drops.
5. Describe methods of voltage regulation: such as usage of capacitors and on-load tap
changing transformers.
For example the present Sri Lanka Primary Transmission System consists of an island wide network
of 220 kV and 132 kV transmission lines feeding several 220/33 kV and 132/33 kV bulk power
receiving stations. These receiving stations are also known as grid substations. You should always
remember that when we state the voltage of a 3-phase line, we refer to the voltage between any two
wires.
At these receiving points, the voltage is stepped down to 33 kV (or 11 kV in a few cases) and fed to
the Sub Transmission System for shorter transmission runs. For example, The Sri Lanka sub
transmission system comprises a 33 kV network, but there are a few 11 kV sub transmission lines,
mainly in urban and suburban areas. Thereafter, the voltage is further reduced to 400 V by means of
distribution transformers at distribution substations located in the residential and commercial areas
for distribution purposes. Elements of a typical electrical power system are show in figure 4.1.
In this session, we will study about distribution networks, i.e. the network emanating from distribution
substations up to the consumers.
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· Disconnect and re-connect from the H/V transmission grid or L/V distribution feeders using
circuit breakers.
Figure 4.2 shows a schematic diagram of a distribution substation. The voltages of lines, which leave
the low voltage bus bars, are further stepped down. At the normal operating condition the low voltage
bus bars are not connected to each other (i.e. bus-tie circuit breaker is opened). It reduces the short
circuit current contribution during faulty conditions to the components installed in the distribution
system.
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Z=R+jX
Usually resistance and the inductive reactance of a distribution line are of the same order or in some
cases the resistance is greater than the inductive reactance. As, such the lateral part of the voltage
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drop component drawn in the phasor diagram can be neglected. For this reason, the voltage drop of
a distribution line can be estimated by its longitudinal component as follows:
Example 1:
A radial main distribution network fed from a distribution sub station is as shown in figure 4.7. The
length, resistance & inductive reactance per kilometre of lines, power and power factor of the loads
drawn at each load location, are given. If the observed voltage at E is 11 kV, what should be the
voltage at substation?
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