Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
DNA
repair
Lehninger:
Chapters
8.3
&
25.2
Addi9onal
informa9on:
Molecular
Biology
of
the
Cell
-‐Direct
repair
- Translesion
DNA
synthesis
- Homologous recombina=on
1
2/28/11
Muta=on
• A
permanent
change
in
nucleo9de
sequence
(point
muta9ons,
inser9ons
or
dele9ons)
• Most muta9ons are neutral or deleterious, rarely they provide biological advantage
• Fewer
than
1
in
1000
accidental
base
changes
in
DNA
results
in
a
permanent
muta9on;
the
rest
are
eliminated
by
DNA
repair
Cells
have
mul=ple
repair
pathways
to
deal
with
different
lesions
Examples
of
repair
systems
in
E.
coli
2
2/28/11
Muta=ons in genes involved in DNA repair can lead to cancer-‐predisposi=on syndromes
Salmonella
his=dine
auxotroph,
-‐his
-‐his
~25
spontaneous
revertants
from
108
cells
plated
His=dine
prototrophs
-‐his
-‐his
-‐
reversion
Filter
soaked
frequency
with
carcinogen
increased
from
carcinogen-‐
induced
muta=ons
3
2/28/11
Repair
pathways
• The
ability
to
repair
damaged
DNA
is
essen9al
for
life
and
to
prevent
diseases
• A
large
por9on
of
the
genes
in
our
genome
code
for
proteins
involved
in
repair
pathways
• We
will
discuss
in
detail
the
following
major
repair
pathways:
• Mismatch
repair
• Base
excision
repair
• Nucleo9de
excision
repair
• Direct
repair
• Translesion
DNA
synthesis
• Homologous
recombina9on
Mismatch
repair
• Type
of
lesion:
replica9on
errors
• Old
strand
(template)
allows
for
repair
of
mismatches
in
the
new
strand
• How
to
tell
which
strand
contains
the
mistake
due
to
misincorpora9on
during
synthesis?
Replica=on
machinery
makes
mistakes
Methyla=on
marks
the
new
strand
(in
E.
coli)
Without
MMR:
1
error
per
107
nucleo9des
With
MMR:
1
error
per
109
nucleo9des
Dam
methylase
M e t h y l a t e s
t h e
N 6
posi9on
of
adenines
within
GATC
sequences
Proteins
involved
in
mismatch
repair
Fig. 25-‐22
4
2/28/11
GATC
Fig. 25-‐24
5
2/28/11
Further
reading:
Fishel
R,
Lescoe
M,
Rao
M,
Copeland
N,
Jenkins
N,
Garber
J,
Kane
M,
Kolodner
R
(1993).
"The
human
mutator
gene
homolog
MSH2
and
its
associa9on
with
hereditary
nonpolyposis
colon
cancer".
Cell
75
(5):
1027–38.
doi:10.1016/0092-‐8674(93)90546-‐3
Figure 5-45 Molecular Biology of the Cell (© Garland Science 2008) Figure 5-47 Molecular Biology of the Cell (© Garland Science 2008)
6
2/28/11
7
2/28/11
Fig. 8-34
8
2/28/11
Translesion
synthesis
• Type
of
lesion:
damaged
DNA
template.
A
replica9on
fork
can
encounter
a
lesion
that
has
not
been
repaired
example:
pyrimidine
dimer
or
apurinic
site
• In
translesion
synthesis
(TLS),
the
replica9on
machinery
can
bypass
these
lesions
• TLS
is
catalyzed
by
a
special
class
of
DNA
polymerases
–
the
Y
family
(in
E.
coli:
Pol
IV
(DinB)
and
Pol
V
(UmuC
/
UmuD)
• TLS
polymerases
incorporate
nucleo9des
in
a
manner
that
is
independent
of
base-‐
pairing
(but
s9ll
needs
template):
can
synthesize
DNA
over
a
lesion
• TLS
is
error-‐prone:
it
reduces
fidelity
to
one
error
in
~1000
nucleo9des.
Although
it
is
likely
to
introduce
muta9ons,
spares
the
cell
the
worse
fate
of
an
incompletely
replicated
chromosome:
TLS
is
a
last
resort
TLS pol
9
2/28/11
Summary
Mistakes
of
DNA
replica=on
1.
Mismatch
repair
-‐
Pol
III
(improves
overall
fidelity
replica9on
by
a
factor
of
102
to
103)
Damages
incurred
throughout
the
life=me
of
a
cell
2.
Excision
repair
-‐
Pol
I
a.
Base
excision
repair
-‐
removal
of
damaged
base
b.
Nucleo9de
excision
repair
–
remove
bulky
lesions
(e.g.
pyrimidine
dimer)
3.
Direct
repair
-‐
DNA
photolyases
(not
present
in
placental
mammals)
Photoreac9va9on
of
pyrimidine
dimers
induced
by
UV
Damages
encountered
at
replica=on
forks
4.
Error-‐prone
repair
-‐
Pol
IV
and
Pol
V
(in
bacteria)
5.
Recombina9onal
DNA
repair
(will
be
addressed
in
"Recombina9on"
lecture)
Assignments
• Textbook
Problems:
page
1018-‐1019:
problems
11,
12
• Addi=onal
assignments:
1.
Speculate
on
why
the
mismatch
repair
system
is
so
highly
conserved
from
bacteria
to
humans.
2.
What
is
the
major
evidence
that
DNA
damage
causes
cancer.
3.
What
would
happen
if
TLS
polymerases
were
used
more
frequently
than
normal
replica9ve
DNA
polymerases.
• Sugges=on
of
topics
for
review
session:
o Mechanism
of
DNA
synthesis
via
TLS
polymerases
o Types
of
TLS
polymerases
10