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My first goal in teaching political theory is to ensure that the students understand
the basic theoretical arguments, concepts, and positions of the different thinkers. For
example, in my Gov 10 section, I began a discussion on Isaiah Berlin’s work by asking
the students to explain the difference between negative and positive freedom. I then
asked them to relate this distinction to the previous thinkers we had studied. Only when I
was satisfied that they understood the basic concept did I ask a more thought-provoking
question such as whether they thought a very poor person can be seen as free. I believe
that it is important to spend time going over basic arguments and concepts before moving
on to more complicated topics, especially in introductory courses. This serves as a useful
review for advanced students while helping struggling students to comprehend the more
complicated material to follow.
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kind of reasoning does not come naturally. I consciously try to point out examples of
good philosophical arguments in the readings, in particular when one thinker directly
confronts the view of another. In such cases, I often ask students to think about how the
first thinker might respond, and then ask them to marshal arguments or examples in favor
of one position or the other (or in favor of some synthesis of the two positions).
But it is not enough for students to know how to construct strong normative
arguments. They must also be able to convey these arguments in clear and well-
organized writing. In my sections, I strongly encourage students to review paper outlines
with me well before papers are due. This allows me to catch poor organization or major
problems with students’ arguments and leads to better student written work.
Many professors teach political theory in much the same way as it has been taught
for hundreds of years: by lecturing at a podium. However, I believe that technology
offers powerful new tools to engage students. For example, I hope to incorporate
occasional video clips into my lectures, something which I have observed Professor
Sandel do with great success in his Justice course. Justice also has a blog where students
debate the thinkers’ arguments and vote on different topics. In addition to encouraging
students to continue to engage with the issues outside of section, the blog generates an
alternative way of assessing the participation of students who might be reluctant to speak
in section. Learning from the success of the Justice blog, I utilized a blog in my Gov 10
section to encourage students to continue the section discussion online.
Besides utilizing technology, I aim to move beyond the traditional lecture and
seminar discussion in other ways. Like Sandel, I hope to make my lectures more
participatory, by, for example, asking students to vote on controversial issues and then
asking for volunteers to defend different positions. I also plan to incorporate more active
learning in my lectures. In my Ec10 sections, I had students break into pairs and play the
roles of Coke and Pepsi in a prisoner’s dilemma game. If designed carefully, I think
these kinds of activities could work in larger lectures as well. In my sections, I have tried
to occasionally employ alternatives to the usual teacher-led discussions. For example,
several times I had students work in small groups to tackle questions related to different
parts of a text and then had the groups present their arguments to each other. I have
found students enjoyed and learned from such activities.
In emphasizing three goals, I do not mean to imply that other objectives are
unimportant. For example, it is also important to place thinkers within their proper
historical context. In addition, the alternative pedagogical techniques that I have
mentioned do not replace more traditional approaches. I still plan to lecture and to assess
students based on papers, traditional section participation, and a final exam. Nonetheless,
technology and alternative pedagogical methods can enormously enrich a course, helping
students grasp the basic arguments, making contemporary examples more vivid, and
providing new opportunities for students to develop their ability to reason about
normative controversies.
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Course Descriptions
• Justice: This course was taught by Professor Michael Sandel in the fall of 2005. I
led two sections once a week with approximately 20 students per section. The
course focused on different theories of justice and morality including those of
Aristotle, Kant, Mill, Nozick, and Rawls. It also applied these theories to
contemporary political controversies such as affirmative action and gay marriage.
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Sample Syllabus
Explanatory note: This is a syllabus I designed for a hypothetical advanced
undergraduate seminar primarily intended for political science students concentrating in
political theory. In designing the course, I assumed that it meets twice a week for an
hour and a half each session. Of course, the organization and content of the course
could be adjusted in various ways depending on the needs of the department.
Distributive Justice
Course Description
How should economic resources be divided among different people? This is the question
of distributive justice. Together we will explore a variety of answers to this question
given by contemporary utilitarians, liberal egalitarians, libertarians, Marxists, and
communitarians. We will also explore the objections to these theories from those
concerned with issues of gender, race, and global justice. In addition to exploring a
variety of theoretical writings, we will also consider contemporary policy debates over
issues such as tax policy, social security, and the minimum wage. Our goal will be not
only to understand the arguments of the different thinkers, but also to be able to apply
these arguments in forming our own considered views of what the requirements of
distributive justice entail.
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Assigned Books:
These books are available at the bookstore and have been placed on reserve at the library.
Copies of other readings will be available on the course website.
Okin, Susan Moller, Justice, Gender, and the Family. Basic Books, 1989
Pogge, Thomas. World Poverty and Human Rights. Polity Press, 2002
______________________________________________________
Introduction
Session 1: The Problem of Distributive Justice
Utilitarianism
Session 2: Overview of Utilitarianism
Will Kymicka, Contemporary Political Philosophy (2nd edition), Ch. 1-2 (pp. 1-52)
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Liberal Equality
Session 6: Overview of Liberal Equality
Will Kymicka, Contemporary Political Philosophy (2nd edition), Ch. 3 (pp. 53-101)
John Rawls, A Theory of Justice (revised edition), pp. 3-19
Libertarianism
Will Kymicka, Contemporary Political Philosophy (2nd edition), Ch. 4 (pp. 102-165)
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Paper 1 due
Contemporary Marxism
Will Kymicka, Contemporary Political Philosophy (2nd edition), Ch. 5 (pp. 166-207)
“Workers in Bondage”
http://www.businessweek.com/2000/00_48/b3709036.htm
Communitarianism
Session 17: Walzer’s Distributive Justice Part I
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Susan Okin, Justice, Gender, and the Family, Ch. 1-2 pp. 3-40
Susan Okin, Justice, Gender, and the Family, Ch. 4,5,7 pp. 74-109, 134-169
Susan Okin, Justice, Gender, and the Family, pp. 62-73, 110-133, 170-186
Kwame Appaiah, Amy Gutmann, and David Wilkins, Color Conscious, pp. 106-150,
163-176
Thomas Pogge, World Poverty and Human Rights, Introduction and Ch. 1, pp. 1-51
Thomas Pogge, World Poverty and Human Rights, Ch. 4-5, pp. 91-145
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Paper 2 due
Thomas Pogge, World Poverty and Human Rights, Ch. 7-8, pp. 168-215
Conclusion
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Harvard University
Fall 2006
Instructor:
Andrew Sabl
Visiting Associate Professor
1737 Cambridge St., Room N-410
(617) 496-0234
asabl@gov.harvard.edu
Office Hours: Wednesday, 2-4, or by appointment.
This course is about political unity and political diversity. Politics requires a polity: a
political body cohesive enough to take, and abide by, common decisions and to agree on
civic essentials. At the same time, human beings are not uniform. We judge and choose
for ourselves, at the risk of political disagreement. Moreover, we tend to favor those
close to us (friends, family, those who share our religion or politics) above the claims of
citizens generally.
Political theory—as well as politics—is the project of reconciling these things. We hope
to sustain political allegiance and law-abidingness in spite of diverse and partial
judgments. And we hope to allow, even encourage, differences in taste, ability, and
belief in spite of the political impulse to insist on ever-more uniformity. Through reading
a wide range of classic political theorists, writing in particular times and places but with
results that have proven of permanent interest, we shall examine and judge different ways
of doing this.
How do different political regimes ensure unity, and which kinds of diversity are ignored
or sacrificed as they do so? Which aspects of human nature cause the most problems for
political unity, and which can be relied on or appealed to in addressing them? Do
conceptions of cosmic order, differences in talent and ability, political authority, human
nature, social progress, or economic justice ensure unity—or are all these things on the
contrary matters on which citizens will always differ, sometimes violently? Finally, how
(if at all) can we address disagreements on basic values, given that in all times some seem
to prize above all the political values of security and unified allegiance and others are
willing to risk such ends or values in the name of diversity, private allegiances, and free
choice?
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Sophocles, Antigone, in The Three Theban Plays, trans. Robert Fagles (Penguin,
1984).
Plato, The Republic, trans. Tom Griffith, ed. G.R.F. Ferrari (Cambridge, 2000).
(**Note: This translation is out of stock at the publisher: only forty or so copies
are available, used or new. As a supplement, several copies of Allan Bloom’s
translation [Basic Books] have been ordered. Either translation is fully
accurate; the Griffith/Ferrari is more readable.)
Thomas Hobbes, Leviathan, Revised student ed., ed. Richard Tuck (Cambridge,
1996).
John Locke, A Letter Concerning Toleration, ed. James Tully (Hackett, 1983).
Jean-Jacques Rousseau, The Discourses and Other Early Political Writings, trans.
Victor Gourevitch (Cambridge, 1997).
Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts of 1844 and
the Communist Manifesto, trans. Martin Milligan (Prometheus Books, 1988).
John Stuart Mill, On Liberty. ed. Elizabeth Rapaport (Hackett, 1978).
Carl Schmitt, The Concept of the Political, trans. George Schwab (Chicago, 1996).
Article:
** Except in cases of medical emergency or the death of close family members, no make-
up exams will be given and late papers will be penalized 1/3 of a letter grade per day. **
Class Schedule
September 19 Introduction
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October 10 Republic V
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IX. Conclusion
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Gov 2092: Economics and Political Theory – Graduate Seminar, Spring 2009
Professor Michael Rosen, mrosen@gov.harvard.edu, CGIS K419, office hours: Wednesday 2-3
Sean Ingham ingham@fas.harvard.edu, CGIS K453, office hours: by appt.
Joseph Mazor mazor@fas.harvard.edu Taubman 215, office hours: by appt.
Seminars: Wednesdays 4-6, CGIS K401, Ancillary Section: Fridays 3-4:30, CGIS S450
Political theory and economics are obviously closely related. Historically, if we look at
Smith, Marx or John Stuart Mill, the line of demarcation between the two hardly existed.
In recent times, however, economics has become far more technical and has backed away
from the normative issues that occupy political theorists. Nevertheless, the concerns of
economics and contemporary political theory intersect at many points. Our object in this
course is to articulate the connections between the two disciplines where they exist and to
point out where they are addressing similar problems even if they are doing so from
different angles and at a distance from one another.
The course is intended principally for graduate students in political theory, although, if
there is space, graduates from other departments and undergraduates may participate. No
prior study of economics will be assumed. The course will consist of a weekly seminar
and an ancillary section that is intended particularly for those without a background in
economics, in which the more technical issues associated with the topic will be
explained. The ancillary sections meet at Fridays at 3 in CGIS S450.
The course requirements are regular and active participation in class and the completion
of a seminar paper, due 1 p.m., Friday May 9
Readings
Week 1 (1/28): Introductory Discussion
No readings.
Readings:
Austin-Smith, David and Jeffrey Banks. Positive Political Theory I: Collective
Preference, pp. 1-16 of chapter 1.
Sean Ingham’s notes.
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Readings:
[selection from] Robbins, Lionel. An Essay on the Nature and Significance of
Economic Science.
Stiglitz, Joseph. Economics of the Public Sector 93-104
Readings:
Stiglitz, Joseph. Economics of the Public Sector Chapter 3
Readings:
Stiglitz, Joseph. Economics of the Public Sector Chapter 4
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Week 6 (3/04): Game Theory and Collective Action Problems (possibly to be switched
with week 5)
Readings:
Boardman et al. Cost-Benefit Analysis: Concepts and Practice Chapter 2
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Readings:
Stiglitz, Joseph. Economics of the Public Sector pp. 104-117, 258-268
Readings:
Blaug, Mark. Economic Theory in Retrospect, 2nd ed., pp. 431-446
Readings:
Mankiw, N. Gregory Principles of Economics (4th Edition) Chapter 25
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