1 the definition of transaltion:

Translation is the communication of the meaning of a source-language text by means of an

equivalent target-language text.[1(by wikipedia.org)

Translation is the transmittal of written text from one language into another. Although the terms
translation and interpretation are often used interchangeably, by strict definition, translation Refers
to the written language, and interpretation to the spoken word(by streetdirectory.com)

Translation is the action of interpretation of the meaning of a text, and subsequent production of an
equivalent text, also called a translation, that communicates the same message in another
language(by streetdirectory.com)

. Translation is an activity comprising the interpretation of the meaning of a text in one language
— the source text — and the production, in another language, of a new, equivalent text — the
target text, or translation(by axistranslation.com)
Success in translation:

Measuring success in translation

As the goal of translation is to ensure that the source and the target texts communicate the same
message while taking into account the various constraints placed on the translator, a successful
translation can be judged by two criteria:

1. Faithfulness, also called fidelity, which is the extent to which the translation accurately
renders the meaning of the source text, without adding to it or subtracting from it, and
without intensifying or weakening any part of the meaning; and
2. Transparency, which is the extent to which the translation appears to a native speaker of the
target language to have originally been written in that language, and conforms to the
language's grammatical, syntactic and idiomatic conventions.

Translation problems
General problems

Translation is inherently a difficult activity. Translators can face additional problems which make
the process even more difficult, such as:

• Problems with the source text:

o Changes made to the text during the translation process
o Illegible text
o Misspelled or misprinted text
o Incomplete text
o Poorly written text
o Missing references in the text (for example the translator is to translate captions to
missing photos)
o The source text contains a translation of a quotation that was originally made in the
target language, and the original text is unavailable, making word-for-word quoting
nearly impossible
o Obvious inaccuracies in the source text (for example "prehistoric Buddhist ruins",
when Buddhism was not founded during prehistoric times)
• Language problems
 o Dialect terms and neologisms
o Unexplained acronyms and abbreviations
o Obscure jargon
• Other
o Rhymes, puns and poetic meters
o Highly specific cultural references
o Subtle but important properties of language such as euphony or dissonance no I
don’t have boyfriend

The problem of common words

The words that are truly difficult to translate are often the small, common words. For example, the
verb "to get" in all its various uses covers nearly seven columns of the most recent version of the
Robert-Collins French-English dictionary. The same is true for most apparently simple, common
words, such as "go" (seven columns), "come" (four and a half columns), and so forth.

Cultural aspects can complicate translation. Consider the example of a word like "bread". At first
glance, it is a very simple word, referring in everyday use to just one thing, with obvious
translations in other languages. But ask people from England, France or China to describe or draw
"bread", du pain or 面包 (miàn bāo), and they will describe different things, based on their
individual cultures.

Differing levels of precision inherent in a language also play a role. What does "there" mean? Even
discounting idiomatic uses such as "there, there, don't cry", we can be confronted by several
possibilities. If something is "there" but not very far away, a Spaniard will say ahí; if it is further
away he or she will say allí, unless there are connotations of "near there", "over yonder" or "on that
side", in which case the word is likely to be allá. Conversely, in colloquial French, all three "there"
concepts plus the concept of "here" all tend to be expressed with the word là.

A language may contain expressions which refer to concepts that do not exist in another language.
For example, the French "tutoyer"' and "vouvoyer" would both be translated into English as "to
address as 'you'", since the singular informal second person pronoun is archaic in English. Yet this
simplistic translation completely destroys the meaning of the verbs: "vouvoyer" means to address
using the formal "you" form ("vous"), whereas "tutoyer" means to use the informal form ("tu").
Indeed, when English was using the "thou" pronoun, "thou" as a verb would have been a translation
for "tutoyer"; today, it is difficult to give a concise translation that captures the nuances of "tu" vs.
"vous."

The problem often lies in failure to distinguish between translation and glossing. Glossing is what
a glossary does: give a short (usually one-word) equivalent for each term. Translation, as explained
above, is decoding meaning and intent at the text level (not the word level or even sentence level)
and then re-encoding them in a target language. Words like saudade and ‫ שלימזל‬are hard to "gloss"
into a single other word, but given two or more words they can be perfectly adequately "translated".
Similarly, depending on the context, the meaning of the French word "tutoyer", or Spanish "tutear",
could be translated as "to be on first name terms with". "Bread" has perhaps a better claim to being
untranslatable, since even if we resort to saying "French bread", "Chinese bread", "Algerian bread",
etc. we are relying on our audience knowing what these are like.

Importance of context in translation:translation understood as an act of carrying the

meaning of a text from one language to another. This process involves interpretation of meaning of
the source text and producing the same meaning in another language. Text however cannot exist out
of context. By context what is meant is the entire environment in which the word or sentence is
expressed or stated. So a translator has to go into the background of the text to understand the text.
Thus translator first de-contextualizes the original text and re-contextualizes it for the target text.
This forms a good contextualized translation.

*While seeking the context of a text there may be two categories of factors that may influence the
meaning of the text- linguistic context or the situational context.

Linguistic context cites the linguistic factors influencing the meaning of the text. Any word in the
text is not present in isolation but interacts with other words in the text and with the whole text at
large. This interaction among words determines their meaning rather than its isolated meaning. For
example see the use of word ‘press’ in these sentences. A). press my shirt. B). I work in a press. C).
press the button. Linguistic context too can either be immediate or remote. Immediate context refers
to the words or sentences that make the context evident then and there through the whole text.
Remote context pertains to existence of word or sentence somewhere else. It may refer to author
using the word somewhere else or there may be special reasons to use that word or phrase.

Situational context refers to the factors of situation and circumstances influencing the meaning of a
text. These factors are little harder to be recognized than linguistic ones. The situational factors
may pertain to the facial expressions, gestures and stances at micro level and the social, political
and economical milieu and the culture at large. Conventions and the whole value system differ from
one culture and society to another. What is ‘right’ and what is ’wrong’ differs. Ideologies may also
be a factor to refer to the context.ord somewhere else or there may be special reasons to use that
word or phrase(by blog.onehourtranslation.com)