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Moving at F
F A τ=
velocity u A
du du
τ∝ ⇒τ = µ
stationary dz dz
z
Fluid Mechanics Terminologies
7. Coefficient of Viscosity
• Shear (shear stress)
For a deformable solid:
F/S = G θ; where G = shear modulus
S S
F
Deformation
In a fluid: du
τ =µ
dy
In other words, viscosity is the resistance of a fluid from
shear (flow) and is a measure of adhesive/cohesive or
frictional properties
Fluid Mechanics Terminology
8. Kinematic Viscosity Dynamic viscosity
(“stickiness”)
µ
υ=
ρ Inertia of fluid element
9. Newtonian Fluid
A fluid for which the coefficient of viscosity is constant when
the shear stress and the rate of shear vary.
du
τ =µ
dy
e.g. Water - Newtonian fluid
Polymer - Non-Newtonian fluid (viscoelastic fluid is one type
of non-Newtonian fluid, i.e. viscosity changes with the rate of
shear.)
Fluid Mechanics Terminology
10. No Slip Condition
• Net velocity is ZERO at solid wall boundary
U=0 at bounding walls.
du
• Nature of solid wall does not matter ≠0
dz
• Boundary Layer
11. Continuity
• Conservation of fluid elements in a control volume
• i.e. what comes in must also goes out!
IN OUT
control volume
Fluid Mechanics: Poiseuille Flow
• Pressure-driven flow in tube/pipe
P1 Flow
P2
R
velocity
u=u(r)
• Force balance:
– Pressure force: Fp = −∆PAtube = ( P1 − P2 )πr 2
– Shear force=(shear stress) (surface area of cylinder)
Fv = τ (2π rL)
du
=µ (2π rL)
dr
Equate pressure and shear forces: Fp=Fv
du − ∆P rdr
∴ − ∆Pπr = µ
2
(2π rL) ⇒ du =
dr 2 µL
Fluid Mechanics: Poiseuille Flow
Integrate using no-slip boundary conditions,
u=0 at r=R:
u r
− ∆P r
∫0 du = ∫R 2µL dr
r
− ∆P r
[
− ∆P 2 2
]
2
u= = R −r
2 µL 2 R 4 µ L
− ∆P 2 2
∴u =
4 µL
R −r( )
Fluid Mechanics: Poiseuille Flow
Volumetric flow rate, Q d
Q = V = Au
dt
dA = 2π rdr
dQ = Adu + udA = udA
0
dQ = udA = u 2π rdr
R
R
− ∆P r R
2
r
2 4
Q = ∫ dQ = ∫ u 2π rdr ⇒Q= −
4 µL 2 4 0
0
R
− ∆P 2 2 πR 4 ∆P
⇒Q=∫ (
R − r 2π rdr ) Q=
0
4 µL 8 µL
R
− ∆P 2 2
=∫
4 µL
( )
R − r 2π rdr
Q is proportional to R4