Telugu Textbook

`³°Q®° "KÇH=ò
(¬^Î¼=ò Ð Q®^Î¼=ò Ð L¬"KÇH=ò)

ª=¶#¼=ò
L#ß`Ë`Çë~¡ã¬^Î=° HHÆ¼
HIGHER SECONDARY - I YEAR

(Telugu - Part-I Complete)
JO@~x`Ç#O J=¶#°+¬O
JO@~x`Ç#O <Í~¡O
JO@~x`Ç#O ¬O
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K³<³á ß Ð 600 006.
Tamilnadu Textbook Corporation
College Road, Chennai - 600 006.
© Government of Tamilnadu
First Edition - 2004
CHAIRPERSON
Dr. M. CHANDRAVALLI
Reader & Head of the Dept. of Telugu,
Presidency College, Chennai - 600 005.
REVIEWERS
Tmt. M. KAMESWARI
Head of the Dept. of Telugu,
Queen Mary's College,
Mylapore, Chennai - 600 004.
Thiru P. CHANDRA SEKHARA SARMA

SR. SPL. GR. P.G. Asst.,
S.K.P.D. Boy's. Hr. Sec. School, Chennai - 600 001.
AUTHORS
Thiru K. PRABHAKARA NAIDU Dr. T. PADMALOCHANA DEVI
SPL. GR. P.G. Asst., P.G. Asst. (RTD)
Pachaiyappa's College, Sri Venugopala Vidyalaya,
Hr. Sec. School, Hr. Sec. School,
Chennai - 600 001. Chennai - 600 028.
Thiru G. RAMESHUDU Thiru CH. BUCHAIAH

SPL. GR. Telugu Pandit, P.G. Asst. in Telugu,
S.K.P.D. Boy's Hr. Sec. School, Kesari Hr. Sec. School,
Chennai - 600 001. T.Nagar, Chennai - 600 017.
Price : Rs.
This book has been prepared by the Directorate of School
Education on behalf of the Govt. of Tamilnadu
This book has been printed on 60 G.S.M. paper

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_³O^Î=ò « =°#¬° J¦¬°=ò « ¬=ò `ÇQ®=ô « <¼Ç°=ò ^Î°=¶~¡=ò «
^Î°=òà `Ç² « P~¡°<³ ^Î¶_È èq° « F~¡°æ §Oq « ~¡Þf^Íq.
¬O^Î°° :
D ãH÷Ok"xx q_Èn² ¬Ok À~¡Á#°, ¬¶ã`Ç=ò#° ã"Çò=ò :
q¬ð~¡"Í°Q®° |e"³@Qê #<³ß_È Q®°}ì^Î~¡=ò.
¬=¶¬=ò° :
D ãH÷Ok"xH÷ qãQ®¬ì "H¼=ò#° ã"², ¬=¶¬=ò À~¡Á#°
ã"Çò=ò.
ã}Ç°=ò ^Î~¡à¬^Î=ò J²^¥~¡ QË`Ç#°=ô #Ç° Ç°=òà°
^Î$_È x×óÇ°=ò ã¬^Î=° q[Ç°=ò.
43
J~¡Ö ¬O^Î~¡Ä=ò° :
1. JKÇ° èQ®#° Ez, "³°Ø=°K³ t=ô_È°.
2. Ukä½øèx [O`Ç°=x Í°Qê H`Ç°ë<£ ^Î¶Çò@.
3. =@^Î×=òà#Q®#°=üÇò"x H_È°¬ô !
4. h `Ç² `Ë_È<_È°Hù#==°à ¬¬~¡°|Ç°×¤ Ç°O^Î°ÑÑ
ã¬×ß° :
1. ä½=¶~¡ t=ô_È° QêOz# QË=ô ¬i²Öu Z\÷k?
2. t"r QË=ô#° |OkOz f²Hùxé=ô "i`Ë U=°x ¬ÿø#°?
3. t"r ^Í#°=ô <³\ÕÁ ^¥ï~ó#°?
4. QË~¡HÆ} H^ÎÕx hux `³°¬ô=ò.
q^¥¼~¡°Öä½ ¬¶KÇ# :
1. QË~¡HÆ} Ð ^Í×~¡HÆ} J#° "¼¬=ò ã"Çò@ä½ Jì¼¬=ò QêqO¬ô=ò.
2. 'J²ìO¬Ñ ã^¥#¼=ò#° Q®¶ió ã¬[ä½ ã¬K~¡=ò QêqO¬ô=ò.
L^¥¼Çòä½ ¬¶KÇ# :
"³ákH ^Î~¡à x~¡Þ¬ì}=ò#° Q®¶ió q^¥¼~¡°Ö H=Qê¬ì#=ò QêqO¬ô=ò.
44
8. |°°`Ç° KÇãHO
Ð _ÏI ². <~Ç°}ï~_Û
_¨H~ ².<~Ç°}ï~_ÛQê~¡° 1931 ¬OIIÕ [xàOzi. ã¬=òY P^Î°xH öQÇ°
Hq Ð =Hë Ð "¼Mì¼`Ç, ¬iÕ^Îä½°. |¬ ì"Í`Çë. ã=¶}÷H"³°Ø# gi ¬iÕ^Î#
ãQ®O^ÎO ''P^Î°xHêOã^Î Hq`ÇÞ=ò Ð ¬Oã¬^¥Ç°=ò°, ã¬³¶Q®=ò°ÑÑ
g~¡° LªàxÇ¶ q×Þ q^¥¼Ç°OÕ `³°Q®°§YÕ PK~¡°¼°Qê LO_i.
`Ç~¡°"`Ç JkHê~¡ ì ¬O¦¬°O J^Î¼äÆ½°Qê#° Ð JOè^Îø~ ª~¡ÞãuH q×Þ
q^¥¼Ç¶xH÷, `³°Q®° q×Þ q^¥¼Ç¶xH÷ "³á¹ K<£~Qê ¬xKÍ²i. POã^Îã¬^Í
ã¬°`ÇÞ ì ªO¬ø$uH =¼=¬ð~ ¬¬ð^¥~¡°Qê ¬xKÍ²i. ~[¼¬ ¬°¼°Qê
#°O_i.
<Qê~¡°#û ªQ®~O¡ Ð H~¶¡ æ~¡ =¬O`Ç~Ç°°, =°^¼Î `Ç~Q¡ u® =°O^Îð¬ ¬O Ð q×ÞO~ ¡
"³ò^Îÿá# Hê"¼° #ÿáH÷ ÌáQê ã"§~¡°. ã¬u»H~¡"³°Ø# '*ìý#Ô~Ñ |¬=°u ÚO^¥~¡°.
'¬^Îà¶+¬}Ñ a~¡°^Î=ò #OHiOK~¡°.
ã¬¬°ë`Ç ~¡¼ìQ®O gi |°°`Ç°KÇãHO J<Í YO_ÈHê=¼O #°O_ ãQ®²ìO¬|_#k.
|°°`Ç°=ô ªÏO^Î~¼xß ã¬H$uÕx =¶~¡°æ#° =°<Ë¬ì~¡OQê D Hq`Ç Ç°O^Î°
=iâO¬|_#k.
=¬O`Ç YO_ÈO :
¬ zQ®°~¡° zQ®°~¡°# ~Q® jH~¡=ò, çeH÷Oz
Pä½ <ä½# =°~¡H`H$`Ç°° ¬eH÷Oz
¬î=ô ¬î=ô# =°^Î°=ô ¬ôH÷O`Ç ç#iOz
=K³ó ä½¬°=¶G ì¬ÞO`Ç=ò =¬O`Ç=òà 1
45
=ü Hùky# ×ÃH=òà#° ~¡KÇó ïHH÷øOz
=ò_ =_ÈÛ ²HQ®×=òà#° fQ® ªyOz
iKÇó =_ Çò#ß ã=°iH÷ ï~Hø ÿuëOz
ªïQ ¬"³¶à²ì`Ç k§O`Ç=ò =¬O`Ç=òà 2
ãw+¬àYO_ÈO :
Ç°HÆQê#=òÕx ~HÆ¬°
#@°Á ¬=°àx =K³ó ãw+¬à=ò
HË\÷ kq\© Q®°¾ =°#, [#
HË\÷ Q®°O_³° kQ®°¾ ~¡#Qê. 3
ã¬¬= ì}°x ï~¬æ@°#
¬à ª`Çø$`Ç° KÍ² "³áz#
<\÷ ~¡°ã^Î°x ãHË^Î=¶Ç°
#ß@°Á fOã_Oz#k ãw+¬à=ò 4
W#°_È° =OïQ<ù è^ù H} H}
=°<³_È° Hù=ô° KÍ`Ç|@°H
q°_² ¬_ =_ÈQêe =K³ó#°
q°^³í q°^³íä½ Q®°_Ì Q®°_Ìä½. 5
=~ÂYO_ÈO :
he he =°|°Ä° HxæOK³#"Í! ãwàk
`Ç¼ ã¬KÇO_È H~¡}=òà H_ÈÛ=ò xeó# Qù_È°Q®°°
è`Ç è`Ç =°|°Ä° ã"Íe# =qQË ! he xOy
¬Oki <ùiy# ã^¥HÆê ¬HÞ¦¬ Q®°×ÃKÇó=òà°. 6
z#°ä½ ¬_³#° "Çò =Ç°=ò# =°$` ß ¬i=°×=ò°
Q®°¬ôæ=°<³#° ã}÷HË\÷ ãHù`Çë T²~¡°#° ÌáH÷
KÍ^Î°Hù<³#° <³ãï~° "²# ¶¬u <ù¬\÷Ìá#
|OQê~¡=ò ¬O_OK³_È° ìQ®¼ö~Y eQ®° ~ù`³ë#° 7
46
×~¡`YO_ÈO :
²O_ "³<³ß Q®O^Î "ù_"³°~ò
xO_È #k qÇ°^Î°íh²H
`q`ÇiíH Ìá# ªHÆê
`ø~¡ "³òO^³#° §~¡^ÍOk~¡ 8
¬ ~ã`Ç°O^Î°# HÞ ¬ô=ôÞÿ
<Íã`Ç=ò°Qê ¬Q®×ÃO^Î°#
H=°=òÿ H#°ß°Q® ¬~¡¬°
QêOz#k §~¡^Îqì²x 9
D ×~¡ÁH©Æà H~¡=òà
öHq° J=°$`Ç Q®°}=òà H^Ë
ÚQ®° ãQ®ïHø_È° q+¬^Î~¡=òà°
¬ôH÷øeOK³#° "³<³ß 10
Àì=°O`Ç YO_ÈO :
KÇ¶¬ô`Ë<³ ã}=òà
A=Þx²OK³_È° Àì=°O
`Ç=òà =zó ¬_³ ~ Ç°x
^Î^ÎíiÿÁÕH=òà° 11
¬ [#¬^Î ~¡OQ®=òàO^Î°
¬¬¼ ~¡=°}÷ Pä½ ¬KÇó
KÍ=òà |^Î°° ¬¬°¬ô
p~¡° ^Îi~òO¬ªïQ. 12
Ì~¡_È°Õ# fQ® xO_È
qi²# Q®°=°à_ ¬î=ô°
HxæOK³#° öHÆã`Ç H÷Æà
ïHá |OQ®~¡° y<³ß=ÿ 13
47
tt~¡ YO_ÈO :
tt~¡=òà =K³ó =K³ó ²ì=¶~¡°ëKÇO_È§
¬#q°OH ï~O_È° =¶¬=ò° Ú_y# Ç°@°Á
`Ç°²ì<ãk tY~¡¬Oä½ë° ¦¬ò=ôÿá é~ò
`³~¡°Q® ^ÎiãuÌá `³¬æ ^Íe#Ç°@°Á 14
ZO_È"#° ï~O_È° ï~O_È° <³èÇòO_È
×x"Ëÿ =zó ~üKÇe Hê~¡° <°¾ =¶
¬=ò `Ç~¡|_Q® "Í¬@ èH rqOKÇ°
°q "³òO_"x HêÇò=ô n~¡É=°¿ Q®^¥! 15
t×~¡=òàÕ qH$u K³Ok qiHê~¡°Õ
zQ®°~¡° é²Hùx xÿó_È° =$HÆ ¬O`Ç`Ç°
=¶#=ôx Ç° ¬$+² =°~¼^Îä½ ã¬H$u
JKÇó `³#°Q®°# `³eæ #\÷ ì+¬¼=ò º#° 16
+¬_È$`Ç° KÇãH ã=°} ¬OKe `Ç"³°Øà#
<ã|`Ç°ä½Õx ¦¬°@#=ò èi D H$uQ®
xe²ux nx Õ`Ç°Õ# XH ~¡ª
`Çàä½ _³á# `Ç# ã|`Ç°ä½^ÎiÅOz#O *ì° 17
J^Î¼Ç°# "ÍkH
J~¡Ö=ò° :
jH~¡=ò « `Ç°O¬~¡ ì¬ÞO`Ç=ò « ã¬Hê×=O`Ç=ò ã=°i « `Ç°"³°à^Î
ã¬¬=ì}°_È° « ¬ô+¬æ=ò#° ì}=ò°Qê Q® =°#à^Î°_È° W#°_È° «
¬¶~¡°¼_È° =°$` ß¬i=°×=ò° « =°\÷ "¬#° ²H` q`ÇiH « W¬°H
u<³ß `Ç°²ì<ãk « =°OKÇ°HùO_È qÇ°^Î°íx « PHê×=ò #O^Îe #k
q+¬^Î~¡=ò « h\÷x ^ÎiOKÇ°#k "Í°¦¬°=ò KÍ=ò « =G=ò H~ËâÁ²`Ç=ò «
K³=ôH÷OÌá#k ¬OKe`Ç"³°Ø# « ìQ®°Qê KÇeOz# Q®×=ò « QùO`Ç°
¬g°~Ëià « ²Á `³"³°à~¡ Pk`Ç°¼_È° « ¬¶~¡°¼_È°.
48
¬O^Î°° :
D ãH÷Ok ¬^=Î ò#° q_Èn², ¬Ok À~¡#Á ° ¬¶ã`Ç=ò#° ã"Çò=ò
ä½¬°=¶G=ò, k§O`Ç=ò, ¬g°~Ëià, ãwàk`Ç¼, ×~¡ÁH÷Æà, `Ç°²ì<ãk,
~¡ª`Çàä½_È°, H~ËâÁ²`Ç=ò, ~¡^Îq°àk, +¬_È$`Ç°=ô, ¬"³¶à²ì`Ç=ò.
¬=¶¬=ò° :
D ãH÷Ok"xH÷ qãQ®ì¬ "H¼=ò° ã"² ¬=¶¬=ò À~¡°Á ã"Çò=ò,
~Q®jH~¡=ò°, =°~¡H`H$`Ç°°, ¬°=¶G=ò, k§O`Ç=òà, [#HË\÷,
ä½¬°=°=eÁH, ã¬¬=ì}°_È°, [^¥~¡, J=°$`ÇQ®°}=ò, KÇO_È§¬#=ò, ï~O_È°
=¶¬=ò°, ZO_È "#°.
J~¡Ö ¬O^Î~¡Ä=ò° :
1. ªïQ ¬"³¶à²ì`Ç k§O`Ç=òà =¬O`Ç=òà.
2. q°^³í q°^³íä½ Q®°_Ì Q®°_Ìä½.
3. |OQê~¡=ò ¬O_OK³_È° ìQ®¼ö~Y eQ®° ~ù`³ë#°.
4. q+¬^Î~¡=òà° ¬ôH÷øeOK³#° "³<³ß.
5. ^Î^ÎíiÿÁ ÕH=òà°.
6. JKÇó `³#°Q®° `³eæ#\÷ ì+¬¼=òº#°.
ã¬×ß° :
1. |°°`Ç°=ôÿxß? Jq Uq?
2. =¬O`Ç, ãw+¬à |°°`Ç°=ô#° Hq =iâOz# q^Î"³°\÷k?
3. =~¡Â, ×~¡^Î$`Ç°=ô =~¡â#Õ Hq E²# <³á¬ô}¼"³°\÷k?
4. Àì=°O`Ç, tt~¡ |°°`Ç°=ô =~¡â#Õ Hq E²# Hq` tæ"³°\÷k?
qõO×=ò° :
ã¬¬=ì}°_È° : t=ôx `Ç¬¬° OQ®=ò QêqO¬ ^Îz# =°#à^Î°_È°
t=ôxÌá `Ç# ¬ô+¬æì}=ò° ã¬³¶yOK³#°. t=ô_¨ãQ®¬ì=ò`Ë =ü_È= H#°ß
49
`³~¡z =°#à^Î°x ¬à=ò QêqOK³#°. ¬ô+¬æ=òè ì}=ò°Qê Q®"_È° Q®#°H
=°#à^Î°x ã¬¬= ì}°_Èxi.
q^¥¼~¡°Ö ä½ ¬¶KÇ# :

ã¬ H $uÕ [~¡ ° Q® ° =¶~¡°æ#° |°°`Ç°=ô#° |\÷ `³e²Hù#°@ä½
J¼²OKÇ=Çò#°.
L^¥¼Çò ä½ ¬¶KÇ# :

|°ò`Ç°=ô#°, |°°`Ç° ^Î~¡à=ò#° q¬ô=òQê q=iOKÇ°@ ÇòHë=ò.
50
9. H#¼H
Ð Q®°~¡*ì_È Jæ~=ô
''^Í×=°O>è =°\÷ Hê^Ë°
^Í×=°O>è =°#°+¬µÕ°ÑÑ
Jx K\÷ K³²æ# =°¬ìhÇò_È° Q®°~¡*ì_È. P^Î°xH H=ôÕ Q®°~¡*ì_È
|¬ ã¬ ² ^ Î ° °. 1861= ¬ O =`Ç ~¡ = ò# q§Y¬ @ } ãO`Ç = ò# [xàOzi.
`ÇeÁ^ÎOã_È°° HÒ¬¼=°à, "ÍOH@ ~=°^¥¬°°.
Q®°~¡*ì_ÈHq ¢Ôë [<Ë^Î~¡}=ò, ¬O¦¬° ¬O¬ø~¡}=òä½, H<¼×Ãø=ò,
¬î~¡â=°à, H#¼HÑÑ "³ò^ÎQ®° YO_ÈHê=¼=ò° KÇHøx Çò^¥¬ì~¡}°. PÇ°# Qù¬æ
¬O¦¬° ¬O¬ø~¡ë. HO^Î°äi "i ªO¦²°H q¬Á==ò#°, y_È°Q®° ~=°=üië ¬O`Ç°°Qêi
ì q¬Á==ò#° `Ç#Õ ¬=°#Þ~òOKÇ°Hùx ¬iãHù`Çë ª²ì`Ç¼ q¬Á==ò#° è=<³uë#
#=ÇòQ® "³áòä½_È° ''Q®°~¡*ì_ÈÑÑ. ''Hq õY~¡ÑÑ ''=°¬ðHqÑÑ ''J°¼^ÎÇ° Hq`
²`=°¬_È°ÑÑ J#°#q gi a~¡°^Î=ò°.
`³°Q®° ª²ì`¼xß ãHù`Çë =°°¬ô ãu²æ `³°Q®° ¬°ä½|_H÷ ãHù`Çë T²i
é²# ÇòQ®H~¡ë. =¶#=`"^ÎO, ãÀ=°`Ç`Çë ÞO gi ~¡KÇ#Õ ã¬^¥#=òQê #°#ßq.
H<¼×ÃøO, k^Î°íì@°, hyi@°, ¬°ã^Î, =ò`¼ ¬~°, |°°`Ç°×`ÇH=ò,
"³°~¡°¬ô°, ¬î~¡â=°à, =}~AH, aÝ}©Ç°O, HùO_È°\©Ç°O "³ò^ÎQ®°#q gi
~ò`Ç~¡ ~¡KÇ#°.
ã¬¬°ë`Ç ~¡¼ìQ®=ò gi YO_È Hê=¼"³°Ø# H#¼H. WO^Î° ì¼ q"¬ì=°#°
ªO¦²°H ^Î°~K~¡=ò#° ~¡¶¬ô=¶¬ô@ïHá ã"²# KÇHøx H^Î =iâO¬|_#k.
`ÇQ®@° |OQê~¡° pï~H\÷
ä½~¡° ¬ô=ôÞ ¬~¡°°A\÷
#°^Î°@ ä½Oä½=°ç@° Ì\÷
ªÚO¬ô ÌO~¡<£
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q°OKÇ° `Ç×Ãä½° #Q®° <³~¡¬Q®
#_ÈH OKÇä½ #_È° H~¡¬Q®
H<³ß ¬~¡`³OK³<£
~[gkx
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K³y K³eH`³ë
"³O@#_zi.
JO`Ç¬@¬ô~A ³°^Î°ï~á
H<³ß ªÚQ®¬°ä½ H#°ß K³^Î°ï~á
=°~¡°x "_H÷ Q®°O_³ ÿ^Î°ï~á
~ò@°Á `ÇéÌ<£.
''B~¡ ! KÇ°Hø#_È°=° KÇO^Î°~¡°
#@°Á "³eïQ_È° H<³ß =òO^Î~¡,
=<³ß HêOz# #Q®i¬°O^Î~¡°
O^Î~ùH ÿHêø ?
<#_È°=°#° #\÷gkx
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H\÷ H<³ß#° KÇ°\÷ #~¡¬u
¬@#°OH÷OK³<£,
=°\÷ =zó# ^³á=Q®u H÷H
^³á="Í° Q®uÇ°x `ÇOKÇ°H
k@`Ç#=ò#° |¶x HxßÇ°
<³@ x@° ¬eïH<£.
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''=ò@Õä½_È° ^Í=Hê~¡¼O
fió=K³ó^Î, h=ô ¬@âO
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<³@ä½ é<Í~¡°ë<£.ÑÑ
KÇ°@=ò° `Ç# KÇ°@° x=Q®
$`Ç¼=~¡¾O Hêz Hù=Q®
Ì\÷ H~¡=ò° "³¶_ó ~Aä½
W@°Á qx²OK³<£.
''¬@"Í°è ~[ ! |eq°x
¬@=ÿ< ? h^Î° ªé"Í°à
Hê^Î HxßÇ° ? h=ôHË~¡°@
H#ß =°iH^¥
"³á×¼*ìuH÷ =<³ß ?
Qêx =°#ß#*è², =°=òà
|O^Î°=~¡¾O, ä½OÌ^Îí,
^Î~¡à =°#ßk J~¡² HùOK³O
^¥i H#|_`Í,
JyßªH÷ÆQ® H<³ß ïQáHùx
P^ÎiOKÇ°=ò =°=òà, Hê#°H
O^Î°Hù"³°àO `³O`Ç =²#,
=°#°KÇ° =¶ *ìu<£.ÑÑ
#qÞ Àì×# #=ôÞ, #~¡¬u
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~A `ÇzO^Í#° ^Î~¡àO,
~A K³²æO^³Á §GO,
~Aä½ Àï~á# ¬^Îu
Hê^Î, QêO^Î~¡ÞO ?
`Ç_È=ô K³Ç°¼H `ÇÁ _ÁH
<Í_È° ö~¬x Q®_È°=ô Ì@H,
<³q°àQËiu "Íx, HxßÇ°
x=òà !
èä½O>è, Ú=òà !
_ÍQ®, ²@#° ¬\÷ q_È°KÇ°# ?
H<³ß, ~òO\÷H÷ =°~¡e#_È°KÇ°#,
`³=òàHê#°H e=òà, h q@°
=zó #O^¥H<£
H^ÎÑÑ #O`Ç@ Ì\÷ ¬eïH#°,
''^Í=Hê~¡¼O =òO^Î°, P=
~KÇHê~¡¼O Hê^Î ~*ì !
×=ô hq Àë
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¬Ü¤~¡O ªyOz =`Ç°ë#°
Ìáx `Ç=° z `ÇëO !ÑÑ
''=°Oz^Í, =°i#_È°=ô, "Í°=ò#°
`Ë_È=`Ç°ë=ò, ^Í=×OÕ
JyßªH÷ÆQ® H#¼H#° "Í°
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<_È° Q®°_Õ =°O_³ Q®°O_ÈO
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¬@° q_È*çK³ó<£.
H÷ë ¬~¡=×"³°Ø# =°#¬°#
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=òH÷ë "Í_È°KÇ° =î_ó #Q®#°
× H÷ë HiæOK³<£.
^Î°~¡¾Hù#°# ãQ®°OH÷ ²=°à@
~¡HëQ®O^ÎO ~¡Hë=¶¼O
^¥eó Q®°O_ÈO KÇ°@°xez#
[#° H÷@Áx³°<£ !
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PH÷OKÇO _ùHøq#ß¬
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ä½=ò Õ¬ ?
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D ãH÷Ok"xx q_Èn² ¬Ok À~¡Á#° ¬¶ã`Ç=ò#° ã"Çò=ò.
qq^¥O×=ò°, JãQê¬<k¬u, ãp<Oã^Î°°, JHÆ~ì¼¬=ò.
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=¶`²`Ç°, ¬~¡=°¬`Ç¼=ò, ìO_`Ç¼=ò.
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2. rqOz Çò#ßO^Î°ä½ WkÇ¶ ¦¬=ò.
64
3. =¶@ Ç°#ß =¶@Ç¶? =¶}÷H¼=ò =ü@. =°¿H÷ëH=ò À@!
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q^¥¼~¡°Öä½ ¬¶KÇ# :
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65
2. P~¡°ã^Î
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P~¡°ã^Î Hq`Þxß qõÁ+²Oz KÇ¶Àë Hùxß HÆ}ì° ¬æ+¬OQê =°#ä½
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67
H@°|_È°`Ç°<ß#h ã"¬°ä½<ß_È°. 1965Õ 'ZOz# ¬^¥¼°Ñ J<Í À~¡ P~¡°ã^Î
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q¬ìOQê#° "³°KÇ°óHË=_ÈO [iyO^Î#°ä½O\ì#°. *ìu #_KÍ =¶~¡¾OQêx Jk
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Z<Ëß J@°=O\÷ ~¡KÇ#° KÍ§_È°.
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KÍ²# YO_Hÿ<Ëß L<ß~ò. D u~¡°Q®°ì@° q¬°~¡°Õ JHø_ÈHø_Í NN
Hx²Oz P~¡°ã^Î =òã^Î#° H"Í°à¬°ëO_È_ÈO =°#ä½ `³°¬°ëO@°Ok.
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KÇe ìä½ ^ùOQ® é@°
P²OkH H=KÇOì
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PHê×O H¬ôæÕx
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H_Èe é~¡° Q®°ã~¡° Ì\÷
Hèg H#ä½O_¨
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xã^Îé z\÷ Ð JO@¶ `Ç# ªÚO`Ç QùO`Ç°H<Í P²ªë_È° P~¡°ã^Î.
W@°Á L^¥¬ìiOKÇ°HùO@¶ é`Í ZO`³á< ãQ®O^ÎO Ì~¡°Q®°`Ç°Ok.
1948 <\÷ P~¡°ã^Î z`Çë=$uë tìæa=òY"³°Ø#^Í. Hêx 1960 <\÷H÷ Jk
aOHêxß ¬_ÈeOKÇ°Hùx HùO`ÇÕ HùO`Ç ã¬*ìa=òYOQê =¶iO^Î<Í K³¬æ=KÇ°ó.
JO^Î°öH Hq `Ç# ª²ì`Ë¼¬x+¬`Ç°ëÕ
Hê=¼O U^³á< ¬ö~
Hh¬O XH iïHá Þ~¡°"³°O@°
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Hê~^Î° U<_È¶ "³°^Î_È°ä½ ¬xÌ+àO@° ÐÐÐ Jx XÀæ¬°ä½<ß_È°.
P~¡°ã^Î =°~Ë Hê=¼O '²h"eÑ J=¶"¬¼<\÷ KÇOã^ÎH×ä½ ²h"e Jx
À~¡°. J=¶"¬¼ KÇHø\÷ pH\÷H÷ Hê}ìz H^¥. P<_È° KÇOã^ÎH× H#|_È°`Ç°O^¥?
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ã|`Ç°ä½° ã|uöH n#° rq`Hê§ÕÁ ä_¨ "³°Q®° ö~Y°O_ f~e. Hq
ÌOÚOkOKÇ ° Hù<Í P P× ³ ò H ø ~¡ ¶ ¬ " Í ° ² h "e Hê=¼O. WO^Î ° Õ
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J=ô`Ç°#ß^Î#_¨xH÷ W^Ë ×Ã z¬ìßO.
1960 Õ ²h"e ã¬KÇ°iOz# `Ç~Þ`Ç =~¡¬Qê 1964 Õ 'ä#=°à
¬^¥Ñ#°, 1965 Õ 'ZOz#Ñ ¬^¥¼#¶, 1969 Õ 'WO\÷O\÷ ¬*ì¼Ñ#¶
ã¬KÇ°iOK_È° Hq.
'ä#=°à ¬^¥#°Ñ P~¡°ã^Î JaãÇ°O ã¬Hê~¡O JOKÇ< "ÍÀë ã¬*ì
Hq`ÇÞO H÷O^Î [=°H@= ² =¬°Oë k. `³°Q®° ^ÍO× Õ =¼=¬ð~¡OÕ =ô#ß ä#=°à
¬^¥ä½ Wk ''ì}÷ Wq°>è+¬<£ÑÑ =¶ã`Ç"Í°. Hq <<*ìu ¬q°uìQê WO^Î°Õ
`Ç_È=x JO×O è^Î°. Wq NN J#ß@°ÁQê<Í P~¡°ã^Î ¬~¡^¥° J³¶=°Ç° HÆ}O
Qêh JO^Îx >ÿH÷ßHË Hêh Ú^ÎQ®_¨xH÷ g° HQ®^Î°.
70
Hq`ÇÞOÕ J#¼ ì ¬^¥#¶ JO`Ç¼ã¬ä, J#°ã¬ä
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Hx²¬°ëOk.
J^Î¼Ç°# "ÍkH
J~¡Ö=ò° :
q¬ìOQê° « ¬äÆ½° Z_È^Î « ¬ì$^ÎÇ°=ò n²ë « HêOu ì=ô\ì «
*ÿO_¨ ¬i=°×=ò « ¬°"¬# Jy¾OKÇ°@ « ÚQ®_È°@ ¬i=~¡ë#=ò « =¶~¡°æ.
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~¢=`Ç~¡}=ò [=~° ã|¬ðàG=ò ª²ì`Ë¼¬x+¬`Ç°ë°.
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q§ìOã^Î, ã|¬ðàG=ò, ^Î°+¬×ä½ë°.
J~¡Ö ¬O^Î~¡Ä=ò° :
1. ''JcÄ! Ì_È^¥i =kè² Z_È^¥i ZHêø"£ÑÑ
2. h ì=ô\ì ZQ®~¡"Íªë =°m¤?
3. Jä½ø¬H÷Æ"×¤g°^Î Lä½ø¬H÷Æ ï~@° ä½i²¬¶ë uiQê~ò.
4. ''Hê~^Î° U<_È¶ "³°^Î_È°ä½ ¬xÌ+àO\ÑÑ
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ã¬×ß° :
1. P~¡°ã^ÎQêiH÷ =¶`Ç$^Í×=òÌá Q® H÷ëx q=iO¬ô=ò.
2. P~¡°ã^ÎQê~¡° J°¼^ÎÇ°HqQê Z@°Á ~}÷OK³<Ë q=iO¬ô=ò.
3. P~¡°ã^ÎQêi '²h"eÑ Hê=¼O Q®¶ió ã"Çò=ò.
4. P~¡°ã^ÎQêi ã¬*ìHq`ÇÞO Q®¶ió q=iO¬ô=ò.
q^¥¼~¡°Öä½ ¬¶KÇ# :
P~¡°ã^ÎQêi =O\÷ W`Ç~¡ P^°Î xH H=ô°, "i ~¡K#Ç ° Q®¶ió `³e²Hù#°=ò.
72
3. #=° Ð H^¥xH°
-- _¨H~ k"H~¡Á "ÍOH\ì=^¥x
N k"H ~ ¡ Á "Í O H \ ì=^ ¥ xQê~¡ ° c = °=~¡ O `¶Hê Ç ° O_È Q ® O _ Õ
¬°O^Î~¡~=°Ç°¼ "³OH@H©Æà ^ÎO¬`Ç°ä½ 1913 ¬OIIÕ [xàOzi. Hq ¶+¬}
a~¡°^¥OH÷`Ç°°. =°Oz À~¡°Q®#ß =¼H÷ë. q=°~¡Åä½°. LªàxÇ¶ q×Þq^¥¼Ç°O
`³°Q®° §Mì^Î¼äÆ½°Qê ¬xKÍ²i.''ãVß#ßÇ° ÇòQ®=ò Ð ##ßÇ°¼ ì~¡`Ç=òÑÑ J#°
¬iÕ^Î# ²^¥O`Ç "¼¬=ò ã"² ''_¨Hö~@°ÑÑ ¬@=ò ÚOki. ãp# H=ô Hê"¼ÕÁx
=¶^Î°~¼xß, H=ô <³á¬ô}ì¼xß `Ç# ~¡KÇ#`Ë, L¬<¼ª`Ë `³°Q®°"~¡O^ÎiH©
¬OzÌ\÷# ªÏ=°¼=üië. 1977 ¬OIIÕ POã^Î q×ÞHì¬i+¬`Ç°ë 'Hìã¬¬î~¡âÑ a~¡°^Î°`Ë
gix ¬`ÇøiOz#k.
POã^Î <@H ²`=°¬_È°, ~[ ¬O^Î~¡Å#=ò, =°^Î°=#=ò, <Qê#O^Î=ò,
H÷~`~¡°ûhÇ°=ò "³ò^ÎQ®°#q gi ~ò`Ç~¡ ~¡KÇ#°. #=° Ð H^¥xH° J#°
ã¬¬°ë`Ç ~¡¼ìQ®=ò 'POã^Î "VàÇ° KÇiã`ÇÑ #°O_ ãQ®²ìO¬|_#k.
§ó`Ç¼ ì ¬O¬~¡ø ã==ò# =$k<ùO^Î°KÇ° <^Î°xHêOã^Î

"VàÇ°=ò#ä½ |i¬ô+² HeyOKÇ°KÇ°#ß ª²ì`Ç¼ ã¬ãH÷Ç°Õ #= ³òH\÷.
^ÎH÷Æ}ìOã^Î ÇòQ®=ò# =KÇ# ãQ®O^Î=ò° Ìä½ø "³°=_##° JO^Î° *ì
ìQ®=ò Ï~}÷H =¬°ë q²`"Ç °³ #Ø ^Í. §ó`Ç¼ ì ¬O¬~ø¡ =ò Hey# ²=°à@<Í
'#=Ñ Ç°#° ã¬ãH÷Ç° ì~¡`Ç^Í× ì+¬Õ ã|| *çzó#k. H©.õ. gö~×eOQ®
¬O`Ç°°Qê~¡° ãH©.×. 1879 Õ `Ç=° ~[õY~¡ KÇiã`Ç=ò#° ã|H\÷Ozi.
JO`Çä½ =òO^Î° ä_È <ùO_È° ~ï O_È° #=° ~¡zO¬|_# =¶@ ¬`¼Ç "Í° Ç°Çò¼
ÿä½ø Hê~¡}=òKÍ <Oã^Î=ò# ~[õY~¡ KÇiã`ÇÍ° "³ò^Î\÷ #=Qê
|iQ®}O÷ ¬|_È°KÇ°#ßk.Wk 'QË°Ûà² ` qHê~ P¦¹ "ÍHæ© °ÛÑ ##°¬iOz ã"Ç°|_#
ªO¦°² H #= J#°¬~} ¡ =°Çò¼ ¬Þ`ÇOã`Ç=ò=ÿ <ùæ~¡°@ ~ü #= Ç°O^Îe
qt+¬`Ç. WO^Î° ÜáeÇò, =~¡â#°#° q°H÷øe ~¡=°}©Ç°=ò°Qê #°O_È°#°.
73
ãH©. ×. 1893 Õ YO_È=eÁ ~=°KÇOã^Î°_È°Qê~¡° '^Î~¡à=f qì¬Ñ =°#°
#=#° ã¬K°Ç iOzi. ²=°à@ "ö~ =¶f ~¦°¬ ==ò, H©àÆ ¬°O^Î~¡ q[Ç°=ò
J#° =°i ~ï O_È° #=#° "³~òOzi. D =ü_È° #=° J¬ôæ_È° zO`=°}÷
¬ãuH "~ù¬OQ®°KÇ°O_# i`Ë+²H=ò#° |_ÈÇ° *ìe#q. ¬°ã¬²^Î #=ì
~¡KÇ~ò`Ç°, H=ô°, <@H H~¡ë°<³á# zH=°ië H©Æà#~¡²O¬ìO ¬O`Ç°°Qê~¡°
ãH©.×. 1894 Õ ~=°KÇOã^Î q[Ç°=ò À~¡ "³ò^Î\÷ #=#° ~¡zOz 'zO`=°}÷Ñ
|¬=¶#=ò#° Q®_Ozi. ãH©.× 1896 Õ "i 'Àì=°`ÇÑÇò, 1897Ð98Õ
J¬ìì¼ì~ò, H~¶¡ æ~¡ =°O[~¡°°#° ã|^=Î ° |¬=¶#=òä½ ìã`Ç=òÿ#á q.
=~¡°¬Qê aOz# Ç¶ |¬úH$`Ç°`Ë ¬O`Ç°°Qêi H©ië kQ®O`Ç "¼¬ë"³°Ø#k.
N gö~×eOQ®O ¬O`Ç°°Qê~¡° ªO¦°² H #=ä½ =ÿ H©àÆ #~¡O² ¬ìO ¬O`Ç°°Qê~¡°
Kiã`ÇH #=Hê^Î°¼x K³¬æ=KÇ°ó#°. gi 'Q®}¬uÑ ¬ð¬¼ ~¡¬ ã¬^¥#"³°Ø# #=.
JkÇò ~=°KÇOã^Î q[Ç°=ò=ÿ q°H÷øe H©ië ã¬K~¡=ò° QêOz#k.
zH=°ië"~¡° ~¡zOz# #=ä½ Q®ey# ã¬u+¬»ä½ "i H^¥ H^Î# <³á¬ô}÷Í°HêH
ã¬¬#ß =°^Î°~¡"³°Ø# ÜáeÇò *ì=ä½ ^Ë_Èæ_#k.
P^°Î xHêOã^Î H=ôÕ =ÿ<Í #=ìH~ë¡ Õ Q®¶_È #ãöQ×~°¡ x K³æ¬ ^Îy#"~¡°
N q×Þ<^Î ¬`Ç¼<~Ç°}Qê~¡°. 'UHg~¡Ñ "i ã¬^Î=° #=. JO^Îe ÜáeÇò
Q®^¥ x~à} HÒ×=ò#° ìã`Ç é+¬}=ò#° J#<¼^Î$×=ò ÿá#\÷q. K³eÇ°e
H@, ^Î~¡àKÇãH=ò, |^Îí#ßÀ<x, ¬Þ~¾xH÷ xK³ó#°, `³z ~A, =¶ ì|°
=ò#ßQ®°#q "i ~ò`Ç~¡ #=°. "i '"Í~ò ¬_QÈ ® °Ñ ¬i=¶}=ò#O^Î°#°
=ÿ<Í Q®°}=ò #O^Î°#° #ãQ®Q®}¼"³°Ø#k. Jk P^Î°xHêOã^Î ^Í× ªO¦²°H =°`Ç
~[H©°Ç ¬i²` Ö °Ç ä½ =°}÷^~Î æ¡ }=ò. JO^Îe =~¡#â °, ì= Q®Oc~=¡ ò°. ã`Ç°
¬r==ò°. Üeá =°^°Î ~¡ Q®Oc~=¡ ò. Jk POã^Î q×Þq^¥¼Ç°=ò"i #=ì
é\©Õ J_Èq ì²~AQêi <~Ç°}~=ô`Ë @° ã|^Î=° |¬=¶#=ò
#O^Î°Hù#ßk. N q×Þ<^ÎQêi #=Õ ã|H$u ¬ij#=ò =ÿ<Í ã¬¬OKÇ
¬ij#=ò#° q°ä½ø@=òQ® QËKÇiOKÇ°#°. JO^Î° ã|u ¬ô@Çò "i ¬<`Ç#
¬Oã¬^¥Ç¶a=¶#=ò [HøQê *ì@°KÇ°O_È°#°.
ªO¦°² H #=ì H~ë¡ Õ Àï~xßH Q®#ß "iOH#° |°=ô~¡°<ß~¡°. N J_Èq
ì²~AQêi '<~Ç°}~=ôÑ, "Í~ò ¬_ÈQ® =ÿ<Í q°H÷øe ã¬×²ë <iûOz#k.
²ì=°aO^Î°, HË#Oy, QË#Q®<ß ï~_Û =ò#ßQ®°"i ~ò`Ç~¡ #=° ä_È <Oã^Î
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eÑ, QËÔKOÇ ^Î°Qêi 'J¬=°~¡°x r=Ç¶ã`ÇÑ |°zóì|°Qêi 'z=~¡ä½ q°yèkÑ
l.q. H$â~=ôQêi 'H©°ç=°à°Ñ |e"_È HêO`~=ôQêi 'QË_È g°k ç=°àÑ,
é`Ç°äz ªO|t=~=ôQêi 'L^ÎÇ° H÷~¡}ì°Ñ KÇHøx ã`Ç zã`Ç}=ò`Ë_È#°
ªO¦°² H "`=~¡}=ò`Ë_È#° Q®¶_ ~ä¡ ½ ã¬× °¬ ë O^Î°Hù#ß 'Çò`Ç=ë ° #=°Ñ
N <Ëi #~¡²O¬ì §¢²ëQêi <~Ç°}@°, ~¡°ã^¥O|, =°ìÁï~_Û J#°
Kiã`ÇH #=° q°H÷øe ã¬²^Î=òÿá#q. Kiã`ÇH ¬`Ç¼=ò#° q_È°=HÍ°
N §¢²Që ê~¡° ¬~¡ =¬ °<Ë¬ì~¡=òQê Q®^#Î ° ªyOKÇ°KÇ°O^Î°~¡°. "i ã`Ç zã`Ç}=ò
Q®uOz# Kiã`ÇH =°¬ð=¼ä½ë #° ¬°¬æ+¬ ~ö Y`Ë |i`Ç ä½ ªHÆê`ÇøiO¬* è òÇ #°.
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=¶#=ò° KÇ¶Qù#ß Ç°`Ç°¼`Çë=° #= N L#ß= H©Æà<~Ç°}Qêi
''=¶¬eÁÑÑ. WO^Î° ~[H©Ç°, ªO¦²°H =°`Ç ¬=°¬¼ÿ<Ëß |¬=òY=ò
|ijeO¬|_#q. ì~¡`Ç ªÞ`ÇOã`Ç ¬OãQê=°=ò ³òHøÇò, *ìf³¶^Î¼=°=ò
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#= ¬@°Qù=°à.
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#~¡O² ¬ì~=ôQêi u~¡°=¶oQ®, nH÷` Æ °Ç °, HêO`ÇO H^Î ° POã^^Î Í =× ò #O^ÎO`Ç@
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N=°u H#°¬ië =~¡HÆà=°àQêi =¬°=°u, =¶fKÇO^Î¶~¡°Qêi KÇO¬H=ò,
K³^Î ¬ô~¡°Q®°, =¬°O^~Î Q¡ êi ^Î¶~¡ô¬ HùO_È°, N=°u =òæ×¤ ~¡OQ®<Ç°H=°àQêi
|eÔ~¡=ò, ÀH"Í°_È° ªO¦²°H #=Õ ã|×²ë =²ìOz#q.
§ó`Ç¼ ì ¬O¬~¡ø=ò =# x\©= "³²# #¶`Ç# ã¬ãH÷Ç°Õ
#=ä½ =ÿ<Í H^¥xH#° Q®¶_È è~ùø#=Çò#°. "³òª, =¶¦¬°O, F Ììãh
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²`=°¬ìÑ '¬^Îà¶+¬}Ñ N =¶_È\÷ ¬ì#°=°O`Ç~Ç° ¬O`Ç°°Qê~ùH~¡°.
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gi '=òQ®°~¾ °¡ aKÇóQê×ÃÑÁ , '=¶H©Á ^Î°~¡O¾ Õ ä½HøÑ, q°H÷øe ã¬k² <ùOk# H^¥ xH°.
gi Hq`ÇÞ=ò #O^Î° =ÿ<Í #=O^Î°#° Q®^¥ xHO^Î°#° Q®¶_È tæ ªÏO^Î~¼¡ =ò
¬~¡Þã`ÇQËKÇiOKÇ°#°. N `ÇìÁ=AÉ t=×OH~¡ ªÞq°Qêi H^Î°, q°H÷øe
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J#° gi H^¥xHê ¬O¬ô@=òkH ã¬K~¡=ò #O^Î*ìe#q.
`³°Q®°#O^Îe ã¬^Î=° ãõ}÷H÷ *ÿOk# H^¥xHê ~¡KÇ~ò`ÇÕ N N^Î
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76
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Hzó`Ç"³°Ø# ["|° =ò#ßQ®°#q ¬~¡Þ q^Î=ò ã|×¬ë=òÿá#q.
POã^Î H^¥xH HkÞfÇ° ªÏO^Î~¡¼=ò<kOz À~¡°Q®#ß"~¡°
NKÇOQê~¡°. gi ~¡K#Ç Õ g°@iÁOä½ KÇ°° Hê#=KÇ°ó#°. gi ì+¬, ì==ò°,
H^Î# q^¥#=òxßÇò q°Q®° <H~¡ÂH=ò°Qê #°O_È°#°.
N Hù_È=\÷ Q®O\÷ ä½@°O|~=ôQê~¡°`Çë=° H^¥xHê ~¡KÇ~ò`Ç°Qê<Í HêH
q=°~¡Åä½°Qê Q®¶_È è~°¡ QêOz#"~¡°. gi H^Î ä½ ìã`Çé+¬} HÒ×=ò r=Q®.]
gi ~¡K#Ç =¼OQ®¼ KÇ=°`ø~¡=ò`Ë Q®¶_ ¬ì$^Î¼=òQê#°O_È°#°. ¬HHÆ÷ Ë¬O "³o¤#
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Ç¶Oã^°Î °O_È~°¡ . N zO` nH÷`
Æ °Ç °QêiH÷ H^HÎ KÇãH=ië a~¡°^Î=ò ª~¡HÖ " °³ #Ø k.
g~¡° ^¥¬i @ "³ò^ÎQ®° Ìä½ø H^¥xH#° ã"²ÇòO_i. gi ''UHê^ÎtÑÑ
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Hax "Í=× ò "³°O_È°.
N =òx=¶}÷H¼ O #~¡O² ¬ð~=ôQêi HêO`ÇO HêÎ k=ä½ è~ùø#|_#q.
^Î°Y ~ ¬"°³ #Ø ^³xá H rq`Ç=ò#° =°^°Î ~u =°^°Î ~¡=ò KÍ°Ç Q® ¬ð¬¼~¡=¬ ò
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N Q®°q°à ¬^àÎ ~AQêi 'Qêe"#Ñ ã¬O¬ KÇ H^¥ xH é\©Õ kÞfÇ°
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Hæ#=ò, ¬¬ì[¬Oì+¬}=ò =ò#ßQ®°#q gi H^Îä½ ÿ@x ªÚ=òà°.
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UHêOH÷Hê ¬$[#=°O^Î°#° =ÿ<Í H^¥xHê x~à}=ò# Q®¶_È g~¡° q°H÷øe <Í~¡°æ
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KÍ Ç ò KÇ ° #ßq. N Ç ° ¹ . P~ . KÇ O ^Î ¶ iQêi H ^ Î ìOã^ Î H ^ ¥ ~ ¡ ä ½ ä ½
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N =°^Î°~O`ÇHO ~*ì~OQêi '=ãHQ®`Ç°°Ñ 'ä½O¬\÷Õ ä½¬°=°OÑ
"³ò^Î~ò# H^Î° ¬°ã¬²^Î=ò°. H^¥xHê ~¡KÇ~òã`Ç°Õ N=°u "²ï~_Û
Ô`^Íq, =¶f KÇO^Î¶~¡°, WeÁO^Î ¬~¡ Þ¬ f^Íq, N^Íq, ì#°=°u =ò#ßQ®°"~¡°
À~ùø#^Îy#"~¡°.
§ó`Ç¼=OQ® ²ìOn ì+¬#°O_ Ìä½ø H^¥xH#°=kO¬|_Çò#ßq.
\ìª°, =¶H÷OQËsø, "³òª, =¶¦¬°O =ò#ßQ®° §ó`Ç¼~¡KÇ~ò`ÇÇò,
~¡gOã^Î, ×~K¡ óÇ O ã^Î ã¬$ u =OQ® ~¡K~Ç ò`ÇÇò, [Ç° ×OH~¡ ã¬ª^Î ãÀ=°KÇOã^Î
ã¬ = òY ² ì On ~¡ K Ç ~ ò`Ç Ç ò Q® ^ ¥ xH ° =O^Î Hùk ~òOH # °
J#°=kO¬|_È°KÇ°#ßq. P^Î°xH Hê=ò# Q®^¥xHä½ [#°Õ #~¡"³°Ø#
Ç¶^Î~a=¶#=ò°#ßq. H^¥xHê ~¡KÇ~ò`Çbq+¬Ç°=ò#° ãQ®²ìOz `Ç=°
~¡KÇ#Õ ¬OY¼HO>ÿ tæ qõ+¬=ò#ä½ JkH ã^¥#¼"³ò¬OQ®°^Î°~¡° QêH.
J^Î¼Ç°# "ÍkH
J~¡Ö=ò° :
ã = =ò « Qù¬ æ `Ç # =ò i`Ë+² H = ò«|¬ =¶#=ò
P^Î°¼°«"³ò@"³ò^Î\÷"~¡° ¬i=¶}=ò«Hù`Ç: q¬à$`Ç=ò«#tOz#:
H#|_ÈHé~ò#, ¬OãQê=°=ò « Çò^Î=ò, <s=°}°° « ¢Ôë°, ã¬×¬ë=ò «
À~¡°QêOz#.
78
¬O^Î°° :
D ãH÷Ok ¬^=Î ò#° q_Èn² ¬Ok À~¡#Á ° ¬¶ã`Ç=ò#° ã"Çò=ò.
"VàÇ°=ò, q×Þq^¥¼Ç°=ò, J`Ç°¼`Çë=°.
¬=¶¬=ò° :
D ãH÷Ok "xH÷ qãQ®¬ì "H¼=ò#° ã"² ¬=¶¬=ò À~¡Á#°
ã"Çò=ò.
POã^Î "VàÇ°=ò, =°}÷^~Î æ¡ }=ò, ³¶Q®q³¶Q®=ò°, ìª²ì`Ç¼=ò.
J~¡Ö ¬O^Î~¡Ä=ò° :
1. POã^=Î ò# ~[õY~¡ KÇiã`Ç°Í "³ò^Î\÷ #=Qê ¬iQ®}O÷ ¬|_È°KÇ°#ßk.
2. ¬ð¬¼~¡¬=ò#° Lz`Ç su ÕkOKÇ°@Õ g~¡° ²^Î¬ì¬°ë°.
3. ã¬¬OKÇ H^¥xH é\©Õ kÞfÇ° |¬=¶#=ò ÚOk#k.
ã¬×ß° :
1. '#=ÑÐ¬ô@°H#° Q®¶ió ã"Çò=ò.
2. POã^Î ^Í×=òÕ "³²# ã¬²^Î #=°Ð ~¡KÇ~ò`Ç#° À~ùø#°=ò.
3. q×Þ<^Î ¬`Ç¼<~Ç°}Qê~¡° '#=ìãöQ¬~¡°°Ð q=iO¬ô=ò.
4. ¬ð¬¼~¡¬ ã¬^¥#=òÿá# #=#° À~ùø#°=ò.
5. #=ì ~¡KÇ#Õ À~¡°QêOz# <s=°}°°, "i ~¡KÇ#° À~ùø#°=ò.
6. H^¥xH ³òHø ã=òY¼=ò Ð ~¡KÇ~ò`Ç°, ~¡KÇ~òã`Ç° Q®¶ió
q=iO¬ô=ò.
79
L^¥¼Çòä½ ¬¶KÇ# :
q^¥¼~¡°Ö° ãQ®O^¥Ç°=ò#ä½ "³o¤ #=°Ð H^¥xH° KÇ^Î°=ô@ä½
ãé`Ç²ìO¬ô=ò.
q^¥¼~¡°Öä½ ¬¶KÇ# :
H^Î°, H^¥xH°, ã"Çò@ä½ ã¬Ç°ußO¬ô=ò.
80
4. POã^Î ¬ãuHê=`Ç~¡}=ò
-- <Ëi #~¡²O¬ì§¢²ë
<Ëi #~¡²O¬ì§¢²ëQê~¡° 1900= ¬O=`Ç~¡=ò# Q®°O@¶~¡°Õ [xàOzi.
=°¬ðH÷Æà, ¬ì#°=°Kó¢²ëQê~¡°Á gi `ÇeÁ^ÎOã_È°°. g~¡° `³°Q®°, ¬O¬ø$`Ç=ò, H#ß_È=ò,
POQ®Áì+¬Õ Qù¬æ ¬O_`Ç°°. ''Hqªã=¶@°ÑÑ a~¡°^¥OH÷`Ç°°. `³°Q®°^Í× KÇiã`Çä½
''=KÇ# H^¥Hê=¼ QÒ~¡=OÑÑ ²kO¬*è²# =°¬ð ~¡KÇ~ò`Ç. #=¼ ª²ì`Ë¼^Î¼=° "¼²ëH÷
qõ+¬ H$+² KÍ²i. gi 'Hqª~¡Þº=ò_È°Ñ #=ä½ POã^Îã¬^Í ª²ì`Ç¼ JHê_Èq° "i
|¬=°u aOz#k. g~¡° Hq =¶ã`Ç"Í° QêH Qù¬æ q=°~¡Åä½°, <@H ~¡KÇ~ò`Ç
=°iÇò "¼¬H~¡ë Q®¶_È. w`Ç=¶eH, ªé=°<^Î q[Ç°=ò, <~Ç°}@°, ìQ®=`=
`Ç~¡}=ò, =°ìÁï~_Û, Hqª~¡Þº=ò_È° "³ò^ÎQ®°#q gi ~ò`Ç~¡ ~¡KÇ#°.
ã¬¬°ë`Ç ~¡¼ìQ®=ò N <Ëi #~¡²O¬ì§¢²ë ~¡zOz# ª~¡¬Þ`Ç
"¼¬=òO^Îe ''¬î~¡â ¬ô~¡°+¬µ_È°ÑÑ N Hêjq×Þ<^Î°x <öQ×Þ~¡ ¬O`Ç°°Qê~¡°ÑÑ
J<³_ jiÂH #°O_ ãQ®²ìO¬|_#k. WO^Î° POã^Î ¬ãuH J=`Ç~¡}=ò#° Q®°iOz
KÇHøQê q=iO¬|_#k.
<öQ×Þ~¡~=ô J¬æ\÷ x"¬ ¬Ö=ò çOì~ò #Q®~¡=ò.

J¬ôæ_È° ì~¡`^Ç Í =× ò#ä½ ~[^¥x HH`ë. HH`ëä½ ~[H©°Ç ã^¥#¼"³°ä½ø=.
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81
¬OKÇ<xß\÷H© HH`ë, çOì~ò #Q®~° J¬æ\ÕÁ öHOã^¥°Qê =ôO_Íq.
J~ò`Í P ï~O_È° #Q®~ä½ P^Î~¡Å ¬Þ~¡¶¬=òÕ ZO`Ë è^Î=òO_Ík.
HH`ë ~[^¥x J~ò#O^Î°# q^Í× ¬Oªø~° =OQ®^Í×=òÕ =òO^Î°
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Ì^Îí Ì^Îí Çò^Ë¼QêÕ #°#ß ì~¡fÇòO` =OwÇòè. =OwÇò [#¬OY¼
Q®¶_È K Zä½ø=, J~ò^Î° HË@°Á, =OQ®^Í× ã|¼=ò J}KÇ_¨xöH J¬ôæ_È°
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JkHê~¡ ì+¬Qê =ôO_È=²#k ¦~¡ÔÇ¶, ¬O¬ø$`Ç=¶, WOwÁ J<Í ¬=°¬¼
=zó#¬ôæ_È°, WOwÁ+¬µ#° ¬=°iÖOz# "iÕ ã¬=òY°°, ¬O¦¬°¬O¬ø~¡ëÿá#
~=°"³¶¬ì#~Ç°° =O\÷ "ix =°~¡zé~^Î°. P `Ç~Þ`Ç ãa\÷+¬µ ~[hu
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=OQ®ã=òY¼=ò `Çy¾#k.
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=°¬ð~¢+¬µ°. POöQÁÇò#° z=~¡ä½ ã¬u¦¬°\÷Oz# ã¬| ì~¡fÇò°
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° =²ìOz#k =°¬ð~¢+¬µè. =°¬ð~R=ò ~[H©Ç° öHOã^Î"³°Ø#¬ôæ_È°,
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Jx =¼=¬ìiOKÍ "~¡O` ¬æ+¬OQê `³°Q®°^Í×=ò#°O_ "³o¤ =°¬ð~¢+¬µÿá#
"ö~. J\ìÁöQ ~ò`Ç~¡ ãO`"~¡° Q®¶_È "³o¤ =°¬ð~¢+¬µÕ He²é~ò<~¡°.
=°¬ð~ã+¬µO>è ì~¡`Ç *ìfÇ°`Çä½ z=i "~¡¬°°, z=i ã¬°=ô°.
~[H© Ç ° =òQê =°¬ ð ~¢+¬ µ ã = =ò `Ç y ¾ < , ªO¬ ø $uH O Qê
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82
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"~¡¬`ÇÞ=ò =²ìOz#^Îx J=Q®`Ç=°=ô`Ç°Ok.
=°¬ð~R=òÕ =òY¼=òQê t"r ¬à~¡}=ò`Ë#°, Q®}¬u #=~ãu
L`Ç" ¬O^Î~¡ÄOQê#° *ìf³¶^Î¼=¶° qH²Oz#q. QËYè =O\÷ q^¥¼"Í`Çë,
uä½ =O\÷ =°¬ðq^¥¼O¬°_È° JHø_ L^Î¼=¶° #_²# "iÕ ã¬^¥#°°.
''öH¬iÑÑ ¬ãuH ªÞ`ÇOã`Ç¼ ¬=°~xH÷ ^¥if²#k. =°¬ð~R ^Í× x"¬=ò N.
ïH.q.H;}~=ôQêi q*ìý# KÇOãkHê ãQ®O^Î =°O_Èe ªÖ¬#ä½, q*ìý# ¬~¡Þ¬Þ
ã¬KÇ°~¡}ä½ ¬ôiHùeæ#>èÁ, N <öQ×Þ~¡~=ô ¬O`Ç°#° |¬=òY ~¡OQ®=òÕ
^¥i KÇ¶² #_²OKÇ°@ä½ Hê~¡}"³°Ø#k.
<öQ×Þ~¡°k =°¬ð~R =°^Î¼=òÕ L^Î°Ä^Î"³°Ø# ¬Þ*ìfÇ° ¬Oªø~¡=ò.
Jk Hö ==ò =¶~¡°æ èä½ O_¨, q*ìfÇ° q*ìý# *Õ¼ux KÇ¶_È#x HÃ× ¤ =ü¬°Hùx
LO_Í JO^Î° =ü_È ¬^Îu Hê^Î°. Jk q×Þ"¼¬ë"³°Ø# q*ìý<xß, ¬Oªø~xß,
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"i ì"`Ë UH©qOKÇx "iÇ°O^Î° Q®¶_È "iH÷ ^ÍÞ+¬=òO_Ík Hê^Î°. JO^Î°ä½
=òY¼"³°Ø# Hê~¡}=ò "iÕ k# k# ã¬=~¡=¶#=°=ô`Ç°#ß ¬~Þ`Çà ì="Í°.
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"³ò^Î\÷ n¬=ò ''POã^Î ¬ãuHÑÑ. Jk 1908 [#=i Õ ã~¡O"³°Ø#k. J¬ôæ_Èk
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83
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¬ô\÷#qQêx, POã^Î^Í×=òÕx ¬ãuH° K ìQ®=ò `ÇÞ~¡Qê<Ë, P¬¼OQê<Ë
JO`Çi¬°ë#ß"Í. Q®}ìk¬u ã¬ª^Î=ò#ß POã^Î ¬ãuH `ÇÞ~¡Õ<Í k#¬ãuH³Ø°#k.
<öQ×Þ~¡°° `Ç=° Ja=¶<ñ+¬^¥xH÷ J=°$Ò[#=ò Jx À~¡° Ì\÷
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P~¡O"³°Ø#k. JO^Î°Õ POã^Î ¬ãuH =²ìOz# ã`Ç ZO`Ç =iâOz< f~¡^Î°.
XHø POã^Î ¬ãuH Àö~Qê^Î°. J¬ôæ_È° POã^Î^Í×=òÕ Kì ãQê=¶ä½
"~xH÷ ï~O_È°ª~¡Áx À~¡°<ß x[OQê XHøªö~ @ "³õÁk. ¬iQê¾ @ "³õ¤
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"~xH÷ POã^Î ¬ãuH =KÍó^¥Hê, ãQêg°}°° P ¬ãuH#° =°~¡ =°~¡ KÇk"Í"~¡°.
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Ju×³¶H÷ë Hê^Î°. ¬ãuHê ã¬KÇ°~¡} H+¬¬°Mì°, ¬ô@° ¬î~ËÞ`Çë~° ìQê
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k#¬ãuH° Ja=$kÕH÷ =KóÇ°O>è J^ÎO` PÇ°# KÇ"Í. 1914 Õ PÇ°#
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POã^ Î ^ Í × =òÕx ã¬ u ãQ® O^¥Ç¶xH÷, ã¬u ¬~¡# =°Ok~xH÷ ï~O_È°
^Î§ìí@° PÇ°# Lz`ÇOQê ¬ãuH#° ¬O¬=² =zóOk. ¬ãuHä½ "¼ª°
ã"À"iH÷ i`Ë+²HO WKÍó PK~xß "³ò^Î°Ì\÷Ok "ö~. WO^Î°=Á `³°Q®°
¬ãuHê ~¡KÇ# ^Í× À= =¶ã`Ç"Í°QêH QÒ~¡=hÇ°"³°Ø# =$uëQê ¬i}=°eÁOk.
POã^Î ¬ãuH Hö =O "~ë ¬ãuH Hê^Î°. *ìfÇ° ¬O¬.Ö POã^Î ã¬*ì"²ìxH÷
ã¬uaO|=ò. POã^Î *ìuH÷ QÒ~¡==ò ä~¡°¬°ë#ß L`Çë=° ¬ãuH. Jk ZO`Ç\÷
Lã^ÍH ¬i²Ö`Ç°Õ<³á< `ù}H^Î°. Lã^ÍH ¬~¡KÇ^Î°. PÕKÇ< ¬î~¡ÞH"³°Ø# ì"°
ãÀö~²Oz q*ìý<`ÇàH=ò, ªuÞH=ò, ¬°²Ö~¡"³°Ø# q^¥#=ò J=Oa¬°ëOk.
ãH=°"³°Ø# ¬i}ì=°=ò Hey ²Ö~¡"³°Ø# huQ® ¬ãuH. Jk POã^Î° x`Ç¼rq`ÇO`Ë
Ì#"Í¬°ä½é~òOk. D =¶@° XH~¡#ßq Qê=ô. Kì=°Ok Kìª~¡°Á J#ßq.
[#=°O` UHãw=OQê J<Í =¶@°. <öQ×Þ~¡~=ô POã^Î ¬ãuH#° #_²Ok
=ò¬æk ¬O=`Ç~¡=òè. "~¡° ¬~¡=°¬kOz# `Ç~Þ`Ç ~ò¬æ\÷H÷ =°~ùH =ò¬æk
UO_È°Á ^¥^¥¬ôQê #_Èz#q. J~ò< ^¥x ªÖ~ò J\ìÁöQ L#ß^ÎO>è ^¥xH÷ Hê~¡}=ò
<öQ×Þ~¡~=ô ²Ö~¡=òQê <³Hùeæ# ¬`ÇOã¬^¥Ç°"Í°. <öQ×Þ~=ô ¬~¡=°
¬kOKÍ<\÷H÷ 'POã^Î ¬ãuHÑ Zxq°k =O^Î =°OkH÷ Lz`ÇOQê ¬O¬ô`Ç¶
LO_Í"~¡@ÑÑ.
J^Î¼Ç°# "ÍkH
J~¡Ö=ò° :
^Í¬ìo « Q®_È¬, ^¥Þ~¡=ò =OQ®ì+¬ « ÿOQêeì+¬ =OwÇò° «
ÿOQêe ã¬[° ã|¼=ò « PkH¼=ò L^Î°Ä^Î=ò « ã~¡O=ò, ¬ô@°H
JKÇOKÇ=ò « ^Î$_È=ò ^Í=<Q®~¡e² « ¬O¬ø$`Çì+¬ |¬=¶#=ò
i`Ë+²HO « ¬i}ì=°=ò « =¶~¡°æ.
85
¬O^Î°° :
D ãH÷Ok"xx q_Èn² ¬Ok À~¡Á#°, ¬¶ã`Ç=ò#° ã"Çò=ò :
~¢é^Î¼=°=ò, ªÞ`ÇOã`ÍKÇó, ¬~Þ`Çà, H$`~¡°Ö°.
¬=¶¬=ò° :
D ãH÷Ok"xH÷ qãQ®ì¬ "H¼=ò° ã"², ¬=¶¬=ò À~¡#Á ° ã"Çò=ò
:
=ü_È¬^Îu, <°Q®° =ü°, #=~ã`Ç°°.
J~¡Ö ¬O^Î~¡Ä=ò° :
1. ì~¡`Ç *ìfÇ°`Çä½ z=i "~¡¬°°, z=i ã¬°=ô°.
2. H×Ã¤ =ü¬°Hùx LO_Í, ''JO^Î° =ü_È¬^Îu Hê^Î°ÑÑ
3. J^Î°Ä`Ç"³°Ø# ^Î¶~¡^Î$+²H÷ x^Î~¡Å#=ò.
4. ãQê=°¬°Öä½ Jk XH ¬O_È°Q®.
5. ''POã^Î ¬ãuH #°Oz J=°$Ò[#O^¥HêÑÑ
ã¬×ß° :
1. =OQ®ã¬[ ã|¼=ò Z\÷k?
2. g° ~¼O×=ò#° |\÷ =°¬ð~¢+¬µ "³á==ò#° q=iOKÇ°=ò.
3. <öQ×Þ~¡~=ô POã^Î ¬ãuHä½ KÍ²# À=° q=iOKÇ°=ò.
q^¥¼~¡°Öä½ ¬¶KÇ# :
k#¬ãuH#° KÇ^Î°=ô@#° J"@° QêqOKÇ°Hù#°=ò.
V
86
5. zã`Ç H×°
-- N ²OQ®o H©àÆ HêO`ÇO
N ²OQ®o H©ÆàHêO`ÇOQê~¡° H$â lìÁ, P~¡ë=ü~¡° #O^Î° 1894 ¬OIIÕ
[xàOzi. ä½@°O|=°à, "ÍOH@~¡`ÇßOQê~¡°Á gi `ÇeÁ^ÎOã_È°°. g~¡° q^ÎÞ`Çø=ô°.
J=^¥# q^¥¼^Î°s}°° ¬iÕ^Î< @"xH÷ =KÇ# ~¡KÇ#ä½ ã¬Mì¼`Ç°°. u~¡°¬u
H=ô t+¬µ¼°. POã^Î, N"ÍOH>è×Þ~¡ q×Þq^¥¼Ç¶Õ `³°Q®° §Mì^Î¼äÆ½°Qê
#°O_ `³°Q®° ¬O¬ø$`Ç ì+¬ Ja=$kH÷ `Ë_Èæ_¨Û~¡°. QÒ`Ç=° "¼¬=ò°, ªÏO^Î~¡
#O^Î = ò, P`Ç à¬ ì i, POã^ Î ª² ì `Ç ¼ KÇ i ã`Ç , =ò#ßQ® ° #q gi ~¡ K Ç # Õ
À~ùø#^Îy#q.
ã¬¬°ë`Ç ~¡¼ìQ®=ò 'gi ª²ì`Ç¼ tæ ¬g°HÆÑ #°O_ ãQ®²ìO¬|_#k.
Hq`ÇÞ=ò, ¬Ow`Ç=ò, zã`ÇYè #=ò, qãQ®ì¬ tæ=ò, <@¼=ò

J<³_ P#O^Î^¥Ç°H=òÿ#á J~ò^Î° H× ä½ zã`ÇH × °, e`ÇH × °, ¬~¡ H¬ × °
Jx ¬~¼Ç° ¬^Î=ò° H=ô. ¬^¥~¡Ö"³òH\÷Í°³Ø°##° Q®°} x~¡ÞKÇ# è^Î=ò#°
|\÷ ¬~¼Ç° ¬^Î=ò è~¡æ_È°#°.
zã`Ç}=ò Hq Q®#°H Wq zã`ÇH×³°¼#° (Arts of delineation) D
zã`Ç}=ò Hq`ÇÞ=ò# ×ìí~Ö¡ zã`Ç}=òQê, ¬Ow`Ç=ò# ~Q®Þ¬ ~¡ zã`Ç}=òQê,
zã`ÇYè #=ò# =~¡~â ¶¡ ¬ zã`Ç}=òQê, qãQ®ì¬ tæ=ò# Hö = ~¡¶¬ zã`Ç}=òQê
=¼Hë=°Q®°KÇ°O_È°#°.
ãH÷Ç¶ ìe`Ç¼=ò (Graceful execution) Hq Q®#°H, Wq e`Ç
H× #|_³#°.
~¡ª#O^Î [#H=ò° Q®#°H ¬~¡¬H×³°¼#° (Aesthetic arts).
87
J¬° Hq`ÇÞ=ò, ¬Ow`Ç=ò, zã`ÇYè #=ò qãQ®ì¬ tæ=ò J<³_ <°Q®°
=¶ã`Ç"°Í ã¬^¥ # zã`ÇH × xÇò, <@¼=ò ¬=¶¬ð~¡ HQ× #® °H#°, J¬Þ`ÇOã`Ç=ò
Q®#°H#° D =~¡=¾ ò# KÍ~^¡ xÎ Çò "kOK³_ XH =°`Ç=ò Q®^Î°. <@¼=°#Qê
<@H ã¬^~Î Å¡ #=ò. D ã¬^~Î Å¡ #=ò#ä½ ¬Ow`Ç Hq`ÇÞ=ò° ã¬^¥ <ã×°Ç =ò°.
P H×g°^Î P^¥~¡¬_Í° <@Hêa#Ç°=ò [~¡°Q®°#°. JO^Î°KÍ <@¼=ò
¬=¶¬ð~¡ H×Ç°Q®°@Í° QêH, JO^Îe Ja#Ç¶O×=ò ¬Þ`ÇOã`Ç ¬$+² Hêä½O_¨
é~ò#k.
Hq`ÇÞ, ¬Ow`Ç, zã`ÇYè #, qãQ®ì¬ tæ=òè ¬~Þ¡ ¬=°à`Ç=òÿ#á zã`ÇH × °.
D <°yO\÷Õ ¬Ow`Ç Hq`ÇÞ=ò° KÇ~H¡ × xÇò, zã`ÇYè # qãQ®ì¬ tæ=ò°
²~Ö H¡ × xÇò ~ï O_È° qìQ®=òQ®°#°. D qìQ®=ò<Í ã×=¼^Î$×¼ H× x ä_È
À~ùøO^Î°~¡°. ã×=¼ H× ° qx P#OkO¬^yÎ #=xÇò nx J~¡=Ö ò. JkÇò#°
QêH, ã×=¼H× #áÿ ¬Ow`Ç Hq`ÇÞ=òO^Î° =~¡=â ¬°=ë ô zã`Ç qzã`Ç Q®`°Ç `Ë KÇeOz
é=ôKÇ°O_È°#°. JO^Î°KÍ Jq KÇ~¡H×ì³°#°. ^Î$×¼H×ÿá# zã`ÇèY# qãQ®¬ì
tæ=òÕ ï~O_È° =~¡¾=ò`Ë XH^¥x Ç°O^Î° XH q^Î=òQê, WOHùH^¥x
Ç°O^Î° WOHùH q^=Î òQê Q®°}ìkH¼ =ò#ß#°, =¬°ë `Ç`ëÇ Þ=ò#° |\÷, ã×=¼=ò°
^Î$×¼=òHO>ÿ "Í°ë~¡=òQê JOwHiO¬|_#q.
'H×xßÇò ªÏO^Î~¡¼^Ë¼`ÇH=òè Hêx, U H×Ç°O^Î° P ªÏO^Î~¡¼=ò
KÇeOKÇ°<Ë Jk Q®°}ìu§~òÑ Jx K³¬æ<ù¬ôæ#°. KÇ#=ò ªÏO^Î~¡¼=ò#ä½
"³¶¬ì#`ÇÞ=¶kOKÇ°#°. x×ó [¬î~¡"â °³ #Ø XH ¬~¡ °¬ . qzó# `=°~¡î¬ `Ë
xO_, KÇ¶KÇ°@ïHO`Ë ¬°O^Î~=¡ òQê #°O_È°#°. `Ç=x `ÇO¬ôQê XH ¬#ßx
=°O^Î"Çògz D ¬~¡¬°Õ zxß zxß `Ç~¡Q®° ¬ô\÷O¬Qê, P h\÷ H^ÎeH`Ë
`=°~¡° ä_¨ TQ®°KÇ°O_ÈQê P ¬~Ë=~¡ ªÏO^Î~¡¼=°O`ÇÇò KÇe`Ç"³°Ø JO`Çä½
=òO^Î° èx "³¶¬ì#`ÇÞ=ò#° `°ó#°. J>èÁ ¬¬ì[ ªÏO^Î~¡¼~t³Ø°# XH
#~¡ëH÷ Ja#Ç¶~¡Ö=ò "Í+¬^¥~¡}=ò KÍ² ~¡OQ®=ò#H=`ÇiOz =°#³°^Î°@
xez#¬ô_È° P ã`Ç ªÏO^Î~¡¼=ò H#°qO^ù#~¡°ó#°. JO`ÇÕ ¬¶ã`Ç^¥~¡°_È°
ã~¡<Ö ~¡¶¬"°³ #Ø U^Ë wu#O^Î°Hùx `×òÇ H=ë òQê KÇ~} ¡ =ò #OkOKÇ°@`Ë_È<Í
P #~¡Hë ÷ JO`Çä½ ¬î~¡Þ=ò x×ó=òQ® #°#ß `Ç# ¬ì¬=ë ò#° ^Î=ò#°
H^ÎeOz q<¼¬=ò° KÇ¶¬ "³ò^Îe_È°#°. J¬ôæ_¨"³° ªÏO^Î~¡¼=ò KÇe`Ç=ò
HêQê KÇ ¶ ¬ ~ ¡ ° ° "³ ò ^Î @ J#° q Oz# ~¡ ¶ ¬ ¬ O ^Î ~ ¡ Å <#O^Î = ò#ä ½
88
kÞQ®°}©H$ `Ç"°³ #Ø P#O^Î=ò##°q O`Ç°~¡°. D Ju×¶Ç #O^Î=ò#ä½ Hê~¡}=ò
P ªÏO^Î~¼¡ KÇ#=ò.
D KÇ#=ò ã×=¼H×Õ<ÍQêx ^Î$×¼H×Õ LO_È^Î°. Jq ²Ö~¡=ò°
Q®#°H, ªÏO^Î~¼¡ =ò KÇeO¬^°Î . zã`ÇHê~¡°_È° Qêx, teæQêx `=ò zãuO¬^Î z#
=üië ³òHø UH=¬ °Ç° Ð UHê=¬Ö UH O y=°#° =¶ã`Ç"°Í zãuO¬Q® °Q®°^Î°~¡°.
¬=°Ç¶O`Ç~¡, J=ªÖO`Ç~¡ Oy=¶O`Ç~¡ q=~¡ë#=ò#° ã¬^ÎiÅO¬*ì~¡°.
WH KÇ~¡ H×Õ ¬Ow`Ç=ò#O^Î° P KÇ#=ò ã¬"¬ìQ®uQê ªQ®^Î°.
Qê#=ò#ä½ ã^Î=¼=ò <^Î=ò. =°Oz Qêã`Ç ¬O¬^QÎ ® <Ç°ä½x <Ë@ Jk
"³°=_#¬ôæ_È° `ÿó_ =¶^Î°~¡¼ Q®°}"Í° JO^Îe ªÏO^Î~¡¼=ò. P <^Î=ò
~Qêì¬#, ¬Þ~¡, ã¬~ë¬ ,¡ qO|, ã^Î°`Ç, `×Q`
® °Ç `Ë "³eqÁ iÇò@ ^¥x KÇ#=ò.
D KÇ#"Í° P <^Î =¶^Î°~¡¼=ò#ä½ "³¶¬ì#`ÇÞ=ò#° HeyOKÇ°#°.
Hq`ÇÞ=ò #O^Î°#° WO`Ç ã¬¬°æ@"³°Ø# KÇ#=ò H^Î°. H^¥`ÇàH"³°Ø#
Hê=¼=°Q®°KË P H^¥Q®=°#"Í° QêH JO^Îe ã`Ç §s~¡H"³°Ø# J=Ç°= qöHÆ¬
=~¡â#°#°, =¶#²H=òÿá# ì=q=~¡ë# =~¡â#°#° D KÇ# Hê~¡¼=ò#ä½
K³Ok#"Í. Hê=¼=ò H^¥`ÇàH=ò Hêä½#ß#°, ²Ö~¡"³°Ø# XH =~¡â¼ =¬°ë=ô#° Q®¶ió
Hq`ÇÞ=ò K³¬ôæ#¬ôæ_È° ä_È Hq P =¬°ë=ô#° <<q^Î=ò =iâOKÇ°@ KÇe`Ç
~¡¶¬=ò#° zãuOKÇ°@Í°. "Í°¦°¬ ¬O^Í=× òÕx "Í°¦°¬ =~¡#â =ò D KÇ# H}
Æ =ò
H^Í.
=°iÇò 'U Hì x~à}=ò#O^Î° ºuH ã^Î"¼ÀHÆ J`Ç¼æ=òQê
#°O_È°<Ë Jk `Çk`Ç~¡ H×HO>è Q®°}ìkH¼=ò HkÑ Jx K³¬æ^Îy# WOHùH
ã¬=¶}=ò#ßk. D ï~O_È° =~¡¾=ò`Ë ²Ö~¡H×ä½#ßO`Ç ºuH ã^Î"¼ÀHÆ KÇ~¡
H × ä ½ è ^ Î ° . ² Ö ~ ¡ H × Õ qãQ® ¬ ì tæ=ò#ä ½ D Ç ° ÀH Æ Zä ½ ø=.
zã`ÇèY#=ò#ä½ JO`ÇHO>ÿ `Çä½ø= qãQ®¬ì x~à}=ò#ïHá P teæãQ®²ìOK³_
¬^¥~¡Ö=ò J#Qê t Ð Ju ¬¶Ö"³°Ø#k. zã`ÇèYä½_È° `Ç# ~¡KÇ#ä½ ÔÞHiOK³_
¬@=ò JO`Ç ¬¶Ö=ò Hê^Î°. t ãuk§`ÇàH"³°Ø# ¬^¥~¡Ö=ò. ^¥x`Ë
xiàO¬|_³_ qãQ®¬ì=ò ä_È ãuk§`ÇàH"Í°. zã`ÇHê~¡°_È° `Ç# ~¡KÇ# HÀH÷ÆOKÇ°
ºuH ¬^¥~¡Ö=ò (Hêy`Ç"³¶, =G"³¶) kÞk§`ÇàH=ò. t`Ë#°, tì
qãQ® ¬ ì =ò`Ë#°Ú_È = ô, "³ _ È °æ, =°O^Î = ò J#° =ü_È ° k× °O_È Q ê
zã`ÇYè #=ò# ä½¬¶³ yOKÇ° ¬^¥~¡=Ö òÕQêx, zã`Ç=òÕQêx Ú_È=ô, "³_È °æ
89
=¶ã`Ç"°Í LO_È°#° Qêx =°O^Î=ò è^°Î . Hêy`Ç=ò#ä½ ä_È U^Ë HùO`Ç =°O^Î=ò
H^Î#°Hù#ß#°, Jk Ju ¬¶H;"³°Ø# =°O^Î=ò ¬iQ®}÷O¬^Îy#k Hê^Î°.
JkÇò#° QêH tg°^Î =°KÇ|_# qãQ®¬ì=ò#ä½ =ü_È° k×°O_ÈQê,
Hêy`Ç=ò g°^Î ã"Ç°|_# zã`Ç=ò#ä½ ï~O_È° k×èQêx =ü_È=k è^Î°.
Hêy`Ç=ò#ä½ LO_È=KÇ°ó#x X¬ôæHù#ß Ju ¬¶H;"³°Ø# =°O^Î=ò ^¥xg°^Î
xià`Ç"³°Ø# zã`Ç=ò#ä½ è<Í è^Î°.
ã×=¼H× Õ, D ºuH ¬^¥~ÖÀHÆ D+¬ }ìàã`Ç=ò ¬Ow`Ç=ò# H^Î°Qêx,
Hq`ÇÞ=ò# JkÇò#° è^°Î . ¬Ow`Ç=ò, =¶#=ô_È° Qêã`Ç=ò`Ë _È^yÎ #k.
=¶#= ×s~¡=ò ºuH"Í° Q®#°H ¬Ow`Ç=ò#ä½ `Ç^ÎÀHÆ J¬i¬ð~¡¼=ò Hê|\÷,
²Ö~¡H× Ç°O`ÇQê Hêä½#ß#°, ¬Ow`Ç=ò ä_È ºuH ¬^¥~¡Ö ª¬ðÇ°¼=ò#°
PÀH÷ÆOKÇ°@ H×Í°. W\÷ JÀHÆ Hq`ÇÞ=ò#ä½ P=¶ã`Ç"Í°xÇòè^Î°. Hq`ÇÞ=ò
ã"Çò@ä½ Hq KÍ`Ç|>ÿ_ H=ò Hêy`Ç=ò ºuH=òè³Ø°##° zã`ÇHê~¡°x
ä½OK³=ÿ ~¡KÇ#ä½ L¬H~¡}=òè Qêx ª^Î# ã^Î=¼=ò° Hê=ô. Hq`ÇÞ ¬$+²
Ç°O`ÇòÇ ì=< ã^Î=¼=ò`Ë =°<ËQË×=ò# [~¡°Q®°#°. Hq `Ç# ¬^¼Î =ò#°
=òO^Î° =°#¬°#<³ ~¡zOKÇ°#°. J`ÇxH÷ `Ç[û#¼"³°Ø# `Ç$²ë JO`Ç`Ë<Í f~¡°#°.
ÕH=ò Hù~¡ä½#°, `Ç# Ç°×=ò Hù~¡ä½#° ^¥xx Hêy`Ç=ò g°^Î ã"Çò<Í Hêx
P ã"Çò@ =¶ã`Ç=ò Hq`ÇÞ ~¡KÇ# Hê^Î°.
Hê=ô# D <e¾O\÷Õ ºuH ¬^¥~ÖÀHÆ U=¶ã`Ç=ò#° èx H× Hq`ÇÞ=ò
=¶ã`Ç"°Í .
XH KÇ~¡àKÇäÆ½=ô#ä½ QËKÇiOKÇ° ã¬`Ç¼HÆ ~¡¶¬ zã`Ç}=òÕ ²Ö~¡H×ä½#ß
ª=°~¡Ö¼=ò KÇ~¡H×ä½ è^Î°. qãQ®¬ì tæ=ò# xiàO¬|_# =¶#==üiëQêx,
=¶#"Í ` Ç ~ ¡ =üië Q êh ã¬ ` Ç ¼ H Æ [Q® ` Ç ° ë # ZO`Ç J=Ç ° = ¬ i =¶}=ò
HeyÇòO_È°<Ë JO`Ç ¬i=¶}=ò`Ë<Í ªHÆê`ÇøiO¬|_È*èÇ°=KÇ°ó#°.
zã`Ç è Y #=ò# J\÷ J=Ç ° = ¬ i =¶} ªHÆ ê `ø~¡ = ò è ä ½ #ß#°,
"¬ëqH=°x²OKÇ° =üië x~à}=ò H^Î°. P =üië =°# =OH KÇ¶KÇ°KÇ°#ß@°Á,
=°#`Ë =¶\ìÁ_ÈÕ=ôKÇ°#ß@°Á ¬æOkO¬*èÇò ×H÷ë D H×ä½ qãQ®¬ì tæ=òHO>è
Zä½ø= H^Î°. JO`ÍHê^Î°. zã`ÇèY#=ò# <<=~¡â Õa`Ç=òÿá# ã¬H$u
^Î$×¼=ò <³xßO\÷<Ë zãuO¬=KÇ°ó#°. tg°^Î J\÷ ã¬Ç°`Çß"Í° Hù#ªQ®^Î°.
90
KÇ~¡H×³Ø°# ¬Ow`Ç=ò# ~¡¶¬ zã`Ç}=ò è<Í è^Î°. =¶sKÇ°x
¬O¬ìiOKÇ°#¬æ\÷Çò, t=^Î#°~¡ÄOQ®=ò KÍÇò#¬æ\÷Çò ~=òx HÒ=¶~¡
¬°O^Î~¡ =üiëx KÇ¶² q§Þq°ã`Ç°_³O`Ë Ç¶#OkOz#@°ÁQê Ð
JH ìÁ_QÈ ® Q®x P~}°àx Z@°ÚOïQ<Ë IIJII
K³°=ô g°~¡Q®#° =¶sKÇ°x =°^Î=°}KÍ"Í× IIJII
=òx H#° ÌáQ® ^³e² t= ^Î#°=ô#° qiKÍ ¬=°Ç°
=ò# `¼Q®~[q#° Ð `Ç°x "³¶=ò# ~¡Ol°Á IIJII
Jx `¼Q®~A _³#°. D @ _È°#¬ô_È°, =°#ä½ ¬æiOKÇ° ì
~=òx =ò^Î°í "³¶=ò, Hq`ÇÞ ¬$+²Í°Qêx, ¬Ow`Ç ¬$+² Hê^Î°.
J¬° ×Ã^ÎQê#=ò#ä½ ×|íª¬ìKÇ~¡¼=òO_È^Î°. ª²ì`Ç¼=ò #ÀH÷ÆOKÇ°
#¬ô_Í ¬Ow`Ç=ò q°ã×H×Ç°Q®°KÇ°#ßk. JÀH÷ÆO¬|_#¬ô_È° Jk ×Ã^ÎQê#"Í°.
nx<Í (Pure music and Applied music) Jx JO^Î°~¡°. Hq`ÇÞ=ò# Q®¶_È W\÷
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J#°ä"³°#Ø "`=~¡}=ò Q®eæOKÇ=²# J=¬~¡=ò ZO`ÍxÇò #°#ßk.
¬î~¡Þ=ò =ÿ<Í <Í_È°#° ªO¬ø$uH "³á*ìýxH ã¬^Î~¡Å#=ò <Í~æ@° KÍÇò@,
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H°Q®° H+¬ #+¬=ò° Q®¶ió ã"², ÌìKÇóiH° KÍÇò@, L¬<¼¬=ò°,
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=°^Î¼# xÀ+^Î=ò#ä½ J#°ä=òQê ã¬*ì¬¬ìHê~¡=ò#° ÚO^Î=KÇ°ó#°.
ö~_³¶°, ã¬K~¡ KÇ#zã`Ç=ò° =°iÇò ª²ì`Ç¼ ã¬ãH÷Ç° =##° xk
¬°ª^Î¼=ò HêQ®^Î°.
=°^Î¼# xÀ+^Î=ò#ä½ =¼uö~ä½° HùO^Î~¡° `Ç=° =¼H÷ë ªÞ`ÇOã`Ç¼=ò
JiH@|_È°KÇ°#ß^Îx Ì^Îí JaãÇ°=ò#° ö~ïHuëOKÇ°KÇ°<ß~¡°. =¼H÷ë ªÞ`ÇOã`Ç¼
=°#°#k ¬qã`Ç"°³ #Ø =°iÇò J=ü¼"³°#Ø ¬ìä½ø. Hê^Î#è=ò. Hêx, ^¥xx
¬OöHÆ=°=òQê x~¡ÞzO¬è=ò. =¼H÷ë ªÞ`ÇOã`Ç¼=ò#ä½ ¬O¦¬°ÀÞKÇóä½ #_È°=°
w`ÇwÇò@ K H+¬"³°Ø# ¬x. JO^Î°=# ã¬°`ÇÞ=ò =°^Î¼<¬ä½ëQ®° U
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=¶#°Hù#~^Î°. UHùkí=°Ok³¶ =°^Î¼=ò#° J¬Hê~¡=òQêx ¬iq°uÕ
f¬°Hù#° ¬ÞÇ°O tH÷Æ`Ç°Q®° "~¡°#ß¬æ\÷H÷x, ª^¥~¡}=òQê =°^Î¼#=ò
Ôì# ^Î°~K~¡=ò J#H `Çæ¬ ^Î°. JO^Î°=# ã¬° `ÇÞ=ò P~ËQ®¼ "³^á ¥¼kH=òQ®°
98
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<¼Ç°"Í°.
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Jxß ~R=òä½ öHOã^Î ã¬°`ÇÞ ¬¬ðÇ°=ò P=×¼H=ò. ^Í×=°O^Îe PiÖH
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xÀ+^Î=ò J=°° [~¡°¬|_È° ×Ãk#=ò Hù~¡ä½ =°#=ò Z^Î°~¡° KÇ¶K³^Î=ò.
J^Î¼Ç°# "ÍkH
J~¡Ö=ò° :
`ÇH=ò « ¬=ò, ^¥~¡°}=ò « ãä~¡=ò, P@OH=ò « J_ÈÛOä½°,
K³á`Ç#¼=ò « =¶~¡°æ, x+¬æ=ò « =¼~¡Ö=ò, ^Î°Hê}=ò « JOQ®_,
Hê~Qê~¡=ò « *ÿá°.
¬O^Î°° :
D ãH÷Ok "xx q_Èn² ¬OkÀ~¡Á#°, ¬¶ã`Ç=ò#° ã"Çò=ò.
äÆ½ã^¥K~¡=ò, JìæÇò+¬µø°, J`Ç¼kä½°.
¬=¶¬=ò° :
D ãH÷Ok "xH÷ qãQ®¬ì "H¼=ò° ã"², ¬=¶¬=ò À~¡Á#° ã"Çò=ò.
=°¬ð`ÇH=ò, ¬Hê~¡¼=ò. JìæÇò+¬µø°, H+¬#+¬=ò°, fã=
~¡¶¬=ò, ×Ãk#=ò, äÆ½ã^¥K~¡=ò.
J~¡Ö¬O^Î~¡Ä=ò° :
1. ¬OKÇ=°¬ð`ÇH=òOkk ³òH\÷.
2. Hê"³òHøsu Q®_È°=^Î° H^¥.
99
ã¬×ß° :
1. =°^Î¼#=ò Q®°iOz =°#¬î~¡°Þ° U=°x K³²æi?
2. QêOnl =°^Î¼# xÀ+^Î=ò#ä½ KÍ²# ã¬Ç°`Çß=ò° ÐZ\÷q?
3. ''ã¬[ ¬¬ðÇ° ¬¬ìHê~¡=ò° èxk =°^Î¼# xÀ+^Î=ò Jª^Î¼=ò''
q=iOKÇ°=ò.
4. =°^Î¼#=ò Ð ^Î°+¬æe`Ç=ò#° q=iOKÇ°=ò.
q^¥¼~¡°Öä½ ¬¶KÇ# :
=°^Î¼# xÀ+^Î=ò#° Q®¶ió ã¬[ä½ `³eÇ°*èÇò=ò.
100
7. N <Í^Î°#¶i Q®OQê^Î~¡O Qê~¡°
("i [#¬^Î "VàÇ° À=)
-- Ç°ÔÞ. *ÕQê~=ô
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q×ÞHì¬i+¬`Ç°ëÕ `³°Q®° Z"£°.Z. ã¬^Î=°ãõ}÷Õ ¬~¡Þã¬^Î=ò°Qê Lfë~¡°â~òi.
g~¡° ²ÌìK._.¬@=òïHá ã"²# Ç°HÆQê# "VàÇ° KÇiã`Ç L`Çë=° ¬iÕ^Î#
ãQ®O^Î=òQê ¬iQ®}÷O¬|_ ¬°=~¡â¬`ÇHêxß JO^Î°ä½<ß~¡°. POã^Î, J"³°iHê
q×Þq^¥¼Ç°=ò#°O_ _.e\. QÒ~¡=¬@=ò#°ä_È ÚOki.
=°^Î°~¡ ¬~¡¬Þu, =°¬ðHq, ª²ìf~¡`ßH~¡, ¬iÕ^ÎH ¬~¡"Í°×Þ~¡, Ja#=
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q×Þq^¥¼Ç°OÕ, W`Ç~¡ q×Þq^¥¼Ç¶Õ#°, *ìfÇ° ªÖ~òHêÿá# J<ÍH
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POQ®Á, ¬O¬ø$`Ç ª~¡¬Þ`Ç, ªO¬ø$uH q+¬Ç¶#° Q®°iOz POã^Î, POQ®Á
¬ãuHÕ, q*ìý# ¬~¡Þ¬Þ=òÕ J<ÍH "¼ª° ~¡zOzi.
gi ¬~¡¼"ÍHÆ}Õ 25 =°OkH÷ ÌáQê _¨H~¡° ¬@ã^Î°ÿái. ~¡¼, Çü~¡¬ô,
J"³°iHê, ïH#_¨ =ò#ßQ®° ^Í§#° ¬~¡¼\÷OK~¡°.
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101
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NHO^Î°äi gö~×eOQ®=ò ¬O`Ç°°Qê~¡°, N y_È°Q®° ~=°=üië ¬O`Ç°°Qê~¡°Ð
<Í_È° N<Í^Î°#¶i Q®OQê^Î~¡OQê~¡°. HO^Î°äi"~¡° ãQ®O^Î=ò° JKÇ°ó
"³òQ®"°³ ~¡Qx® ~ËAÕ P^¥~¡=ò° J>è H#°¬@x ~ËAÕ 'POã^ÎH=ô KÇiã`ÇÑ
¬O`ÇiOK~¡°. y_È°Q®°"~¡° e²³Ø°< Z~¡Q®x ¬=~¡ì+¬ä½ J#°§¬#"Í°
¬OHeæOK~¡°. "i "¼=¬ðiH ìé^Î¼=°=ò ¬ö~¬i. P ÿHøÕx^Í <Í^Î°#¶i
"i *ì#¬^Î "VàÇ° H$+²ä_È. P ¬iÕ^Î# ä½`Çë=¶kHê~¡°° "~¡°.
<Í^°Î #¶i "iH÷ ''`Ç@ Q®OQê^~Î O¡ ÑÑ Jx =°~Ë =¼=¬ð~¡<=°O L#ßk.
"iH÷ ''"¬°ëq§~¡^ÎÑÑ ''HqHËH÷ÑÑ J<Í a~¡°^Î° ÿxß L<ß J=hß XH ³°`Ç°ë.
W^ùHø\÷ XH ³°`Ç°ë. Wk "iH÷ Ï~¡°+¬<=°O. P =¶@ J<Í¬iH÷ KÇ@°# "iH$+²
JO` JO^Î°Õ ¬°æi¬°ëOk. P `Ç@ ¬iÕ^Î# =¶@° Hê^Î°. @
¬iÕ^Î# >èÁHêx =¶@ÿO^Î°H=ô`Ç°On. ¬O_`Ç "VàÇ° ¬iÕ^Î#ä½ ×ÃãOQê
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ãQ®O^¥Ç¶¶ J<ÍH=ò°#ßq. P ¬iÕ^Î# ã¬ãH÷Ç°H=¬~¡"³°Ø# HË×=ò°,
HÆ}ãQ®O^Î=ò°, öH@ìQ®°°, WOHê J<ÍH q^Î=ò ^Ë¬ì^¥° aO¬Q®=ô.
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ÀHiOz# ã¬³¶[#"Í° è^Î°.
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=òÌáæHê¬° |OQê~xß H<¼×ÃøOQê ¬=°iæOKÇ°Hùx P ¬^ÎHq` =°^Î=ux
`³KÇ°óHù<ß~¡°. Q®OQê^Î~¡OQêi Q®°iOz "i "VàÇ° H$+²H÷ ¬O|OkOz#O`Ç
=°@°ä½ "i rq`Ç qõ#° ¬æ $t¬¶ë ï~O_È° =òHø° K³¬æ_ÈO q^¥Ç°HO.
PÇ°# ã|^Î°HO` z#ß |_¬O`Ç°°Qê Q®_È°¬ô`Ç°#ß n~¡°°. PÇ°#
L^¥¼Ç°`ÇÞ"³òH =$uëQê Hêä½O_¨ À^Î²Áä½, =³¶[#°ä½ Lz`Ç
102
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Jk Hêªë ~ü ¬^¥ ¬ô°¬°Õ ¬_éQê<Í L^¥¼Ç° =$uëÌá =°iO`Ç x+¬»
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z#ß¬ôæ_È° |_ é\© ¬sHÆÕ |¬=°`Ç°e¬¶ë gö~×eOQ®OQê~¡° nqOz# n=#`Ë
ìa=¶#O ¬ô@°HùzóO^Î@. `Ç~¡°"`Ç N *ç#ßQ®_ÈÛ ì²~AQêi =^Îí
J=°~kHË×=ò°, POã^ÎHê=¼=ò°, N=¶#=eÁ ~=°H$+¬â HqQêi =^ÎíÎ
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#ìÁ KÇãH=~¡°ë N~=¶K~¡°¼ "i=^Îí ¬Ow`Ç=ò, N HO^¥_³á ~¡¦¬ò
<^¥K~¡°¼ =^Îí *Õ¼u+¬=ò, N =ò_È°Oÿá "ÍOH@ H$+¬â=¶K~¡°¼ "i =^Îí
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KÇ ^ Î ° =ô Hùxi. nxx|\÷ Q® O Qê^ Î ~ ¡ O Qêi q^¥¼"¼¬ O Q® = ò QÒ~¡ = =ò
q×^Î=°¿`Ç°Ok.
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|_ Ì=ô ~Ë*çH ø \÷ =$^ ¥ Hêä ½ O_¨ qk q ~=°O è ä ½ O_¨, qõ + ¬
=¼Ç°ã¬Ç¶¬ä½ Õ<³á, `³°Q®° <Í <°Q®° K³~¡Q®°ä½ uiy uiy J^ùH
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"³ò^Îÿá# ¬ãuHä½ ¬OÀ"~¡°. N zO` nH÷Æ`Ç°Qêi ¬¬ðÌá jiÂHê q^¥#O
[iyOk. N y_È°Q®°"~¡° ¬^Î=ò Üáe éH_È#° |\÷ Jq ¬ô\÷# ^Í× ìQ®=ò°
xö~ítOKÇ° ¬¶ã`Ç=ò° ÕkOz<~¡°. N =¶ö~=°O_È ~=¶~=ôQê~¡° KÇiã`Ç,
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QËH$+¬â=üiëQê~¡° =¶O_ÈeH ¬^Î=ò°, ª"³°`Ç° "³ò^ÎQ®° q+¬Ç°=ò`Ë
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103
PÇ¶ ~¡OQ®=òÕ Pi`Íi# Ì^Îí ¬¬ð° \÷¬¶ë, ¬iã×=°#° ¬ãH=°OQê
ªy¬¶ë =Kó~¡°. PÇ°##° ã¬×O²O¬x ¬¬ì$^ÎÇò_È° è_È°.
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Z\÷ ^Ë¬ì^Î=ò èHé~ò##°, ¬OkOz# ¬Oªø~¡ QÒ~¡= =ü~¡H QêeH÷
éä½O_¨ J<ÍH ¬O¬Ö° ªÖ²OK~¡°. ãQ®O^Î=òÕ =O^Îä½ Ìáz°ä½ ~¡zOK~¡°.
Q®OQê^Î~¡OQêi ¬Oªø~¡=òÕ Zì "³áq^Î¼=ò#ß^Ë "i ãQ®O^Î ~¡KÇ#Õ#° P
"³áq^Î¼=ò ¬æ+¬¬_Ok. "i ãQ®O^Î ¬OKÇÇ°=òÕ "¬°ë =¼=ªÇ°
*Õ¼uª=òãkH ~¡`ßk §G ãQ®O^Î=ò°, `Ç`ÇÞãQ®O^Î=ò°, =°¬ð¬ô~¡°+¬µ
rq`Ç KÇiã`Ç=ò°, ªéëã`Ç=ò°, ×`ÇH=ò°, KÇ=°`ø~¡ ¬^Î¼ ãQ®O^Î=ò° öQÇ°
¬OH#=ò° "³ò^ÎQ®°#q Q®=ô. WOk¬æ\÷H÷ =ò¬ækï~O_È° ãQ®O^Î=ò°
=òãk`Ç=òÿá#q.
Hêx Jxß\÷H#ß =òY¼"³°Ø# ãQ®O^Î=òè J=òãk`Ç=ò°Qê #°O_é~ò#q.
Jq 1. r=^¥Ä x¦¬°O@°=ô 2. *ì#¬^Î öQÇ°=ò° (3. ¬O¬ô@=ò°) J<Í
"i *ì#¬^Î "VàÇ° ¬iÕ^Î# ¦¬=ò°. "x =òã^Î}ä½ ã¬[Õ, ã¬°`ÇÞ"³¶,
¬O¬ÖÕ P^Î°Hù#°@ J=¬~¡=ò. Jk Q®OQê^Î~¡OQêiöH^Ë L^ÎiO¬ô J#°HË~^Î°.
^Í§xH÷ HùO`Ç "Í°° KÍ²#@ÁQ®°#°.
J^Î¼Ç°# "ÍkH
J~¡Ö=ò° :
¬à~¡}©Çò° « [ý²ëÇ°O^Î°OKÇ°Hù#=²#"~¡° ¬O`ÇiOzi « ~¡zOzi
¬°æ~¡}=ò « *ìý¬H=ò =¼¬#=ò « J"@° ¬ì=ò « <öQ° ×Ãã×´+¬ «
À= x¦¬°O@°=ô « ¬^Î ¬^¥~¡Ö=ò#° `³eÇ°*èÇò ãQ®O^Î=ò.
¬O^Î°° :
D ãH÷Ok"xx q_Èn² ¬OkÀ~¡#Á ° ¬¶ã`Ç=ò#° ã"Çò=ò.
"VàÇ°=ò, ìé^Î¼=°=ò, ²ãìû`Ç=ò, q^¥¼iÖ, r=^¥Ä+¬,
104
¬=¶¬=ò° :
D ãH÷Ok "xH÷ qãQ®¬ì "H¼=ò° ã"², ¬=¶¬=ò À~¡Á#°
ã"Çò=ò.
"VàÇ°À=, ¬iÕ^Î#ã¬ãH÷Ç°, `ÇeÁ^ÎOã_È°°,
J~¡Ö ¬O^Î~¡Ä=ò° :
1. ''KÇ^Î°=ô <Í~¡æ_È=°<Ík ZO`Ç ã=`Ç"³¶ <Í~¡°óHË`Çy#^ÎìÁ <Í~¡°óHË_ÈO
JO`Ç=¼¬#OÑÑ
2. ''é`Ç#ßìQ® HO`Ë @° ¬ìO¬\÷ HêöHÆ¬O KÍª~¡°ÑÑ
3. ^Í§xH÷ HùO`Ç "Í°° KÍ²#@ÁQ®°#°.
ã¬×ß° :
1. N <Í^Î°#¶i "i r=#=ò Q®¶ió q=iO¬ô=ò.
2. Q®OQê^Î~¡OQêi *ì#¬^Î "VàÇ°À=ä½ Z=~¡°, Z@°Á ãé`Ç²ìOzi?
q^¥¼~¡°Öä½ ¬¶KÇ# :
*ì#¬ ^ Î ª² ì `Ç ¼ =ò#° ÀH i OKÇ ° @ä ½ ã¬ Ç ° `Ç ß =òQêqO¬ ô =ò
*ì#¬^Î@Õ L¬³¶Q®¬_È°#q <Í~¡°óHù#°=ò.
L^¥¼Çòä½ ¬¶KÇ# :
*ì#¬^Î ª²ì`Ç¼=ò, "i ¬hÐ@#° q¬ð~¡ Ç¶ã`Ç =ü=òQê
q^¥¼~¡°Öä½ `³eÇ°|~¡KÇ°@ ÇòHë=ò.
V
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3. "Í=°# h`Ç°#° Q®¶ió ã"Çò=ò.
4. "Í=°# Hq`ÇÞ=ò Q®¶ió KÇióOKÇ°=ò.
q^¥¼~¡°Öä½ ¬¶KÇ# :
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2. ×Ãó`ÇÞ¬Ok :
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3. [×ë Þ¬Ok :
=~¡¾ã¬^Î=¶HÆ~¡=òä½ =~¡¾`Ç$fÇ° KÇ`Ç°~ÖHÆ~¡=ò°, ¬ì Ð Ç° Ð = Ð ~¡
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~\ { ^Î¶`Ç ÐÐÐÐ ~_È¶ë`Ç
×~¡` { Ç°=ò ÐÐÐÐ ×~¡^ÎÄÇ°=ò
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1. ãuH¬Ok :
P Ð D Ð U ÐÐÐÐ ° ãuH=ò°. ãuH=ò g°k J¬OÇòHë ¬ì°Á#ä½
kÞ`ÇÞ=ò#°, ãuHn~¡É=ò#ä½ ã¬ì¬Þ=ò |¬×=òQê #Q®°#°.
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U { "Þ~¡°, U { "Þ~¡° ÐÐÐÐ Z"Þ~¡°, U"~¡°
2. @°QêQ®=°¬Ok :
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L^¥ :- ¬O_È° { Pä½ ÐÐÐÐ ¬O_È°\ìä½
x°=ô { J^Îí=ò ÐÐÐÐ x°=ô@^Îí=ò
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zQ®°~¡° { Pä½ ÐÐÐÐ zQ®°~¡°\ìä½, zQ®°~ä½.
3. ~¡°QêQ®=°¬Ok :
1. H~à¡ ^¥~¡°Ç =ò# ''À^¥kÑÑ ×|=í òä½ ''P°ÑÑ ×|=í ò ¬~=¡ °Q®°#¬ôæ_È°
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1. ªO¬ø$uH=ò :Ð ¬îië ¬O¬ø$`Ç ì ¬^Î=òä½ ¬O|OkOz#

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L^¥ :- 1. ~*ì[ý 2. `Ç\ìHË^ÎH=ò
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L^¥ :- ~A<#u, èxÇ¶[ý, `Ç\ìH¬ôh~¡°
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ã¬^¥#=òQê Q®k
L^¥IIÐ ~=ò_È°#°, HÆà}°_È°#° ÐÐÐÐ ~=°HÆà}°°
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ä~¡Çò#°, HêÇ°Çò#° ÐÐÐÐ ä~¡QêÇ°°.
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B. |¬¬^Î ^ÎÞO^ÎÞ=ò :Ð WO^Î° ï~O_È° ¬^Î=òHO>ÿ Zä½ø= ¬^Î=ò
J~¡Ö=ò ã¬^¥#=òQê #°O_È°#°.
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H;} ~¡`Ç ×ã`Ç°¦¬òß°
2. kÞQ®°¬=¶¬=ò :
WO^Î° "³ò^Î\÷ ¬^Î=ò ¬OMì¼ "KÇH qõ+¬}=òQê#°, ï~O_È= ¬^Î=ò
qõ+¬¼=òQê #°O_È°#°.
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¬k³Ø°# k#=ò° ÐÐÐÐ ¬kk#=ò°
#= ¬OY¼ Q®e¾# ãQ®¬ì=ò° ÐÐÐÐ #=ãQ®¬ì=ò°
^Î× ¬OY¼ Q®e¾# k×° ÐÐÐÐ ^Î×k×°
3. |¬ãg²ì ¬=¶¬=ò :Ð J#¼ ¬^¥~¡Ö ã¬^¥#=ò |¬ãg²ì. WO^Î° qãQ®¬ì

"H¼=òO^Î° z=~¡ Q®k, Q®"_È°, Q®"~¡° J#° ¬^Î=ò° KÍ~¡°#°.
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q§"³°Ø# JäÆ½° Q®k ÐÐÐÐ q§ìH÷Æ
^Î×HO~¡=ò° Q®"_È° ÐÐÐÐ ^Î×HO~¡°_È°
¬ô}ì¼`ÇàQ®"~¡° ÐÐÐÐ ¬ô}ì¼`Çàä½°
4. ~¡¶¬H ¬=¶¬=ò :
L¬=¶# ^Î~¡à=ò#° L¬"Í°Ç°=ò#O^Î° P~Ë²OKÇ°@ ~¡¶¬H=ò.
L^¥:- Q®~¡Þ=°<³_È° JO^ÎHê~¡=ò ÐÐÐÐ Q®~ÞO^ÎHê~¡=ò
HË¬=°<³_È° Jyß ÐÐÐÐ HËyß
L^Î~¡=°<³_È° Jyß ÐÐÐÐ L^Î~yß
5. J=¼~ü ì=¬=¶¬=ò :
J=¼Ç°=ò HÆ}=òQ®k. WO^Î° ¬î~¡Þ¬^Î=ò ª^¥~¡}=òQê J=¼Ç°"³°Ø
ÇòO_È°#°.
124
L^¥:- J~¡Ö"³°\ÕÁ J@°Á ÐÐÐÐ Ç°^¥~¡Ö=ò
Lz`Ç"³°\ÕÁ J@°Á ÐÐÐÐ Ç°^Ëz`Ç=ò
6. #& `Ç`Ç°æ~¡°+¬ ¬=¶¬=ò :

¬O¬ø$`Ç=ò# ''#ÑÑ J#°#k =¼uö~Hê~¡Ö=ò#° `³°¬ô#°. `³°Q®°Õ Hêxk
J~¡Ö=ò =KÇ°ó#°. ¬=¶¬=ò#O^Î° D..... ''#ÑÑ "³ò^Î\÷ ¬^Î=òQê#°O_, ï~O_È=
¬^Î=ò "³ò^Î@ ¬ì°Á#ßKË ''JÑÑ Qê =¶~¡°#°. JKÇ°ó#ßKË ''J<£ÑÑ Qê =¶~¡°#°.
L^¥II # { ¬`Ç¼=ò - ¬`Ç¼=ò Hêxk ÐÐÐÐ J¬`Ç¼=ò
# { Ç°=ò - Ç°=ò Hêxk ÐÐÐÐ JÇ°=ò
# { J¦¬°=ò - J¦¬°=ò Hêxk ÐÐÐÐ J#¦¬°=ò.
7. H~¡à^¥~¡Ç° ¬=¶¬=ò :
qõ + ¬ } =òä ½ <=°"KÇ H = ò`ËQêx, L¬ = ¶#=òä ½ L¬ " Í °
Ç°=ò`ËQêx ¬=¶¬=ò KÍÇò@ H~¡à^¥~¡Ç°=ò.
1. qõ+¬} ¬î~¡Þ¬^Î H~¡à^¥~¡Ç° ¬=¶¬=ò :Ð WO^Î° "³ò^Î\÷ ¬^Î=ò
qõ+¬}=òQê#°, ï~O_È= ¬^Î=ò qõ+¬¼=òQê #°O_È°#°.
L^¥:- ãä~¡"³°Ø# =°$Q®=ò ÐÐÐÐ ãä~¡=°$Q®=ò
Jæ"³°Ø# ¬ð¬¼=ò ÐÐÐÐ Jæ¬ð¬¼=ò
^Î°+¬"³°Ø# Hê=ò ÐÐÐÐ ^Î°ø=ò
2. qõ+¬} L`Çë~¡¬^Î H~¡à^¥~¡Ç° ¬=¶¬=ò :Ð WO^Î° "³ò^Î\÷ ¬^Î=ò
qõ+¬¼=òQê#°, ï~O_È= ¬^Î=ò qõ+¬}=òQê #°O_È°#°.
L^¥:- J^Î=ò_³á# ××=ò ÐÐÐÐ ×§^Î=ò_È°
=$^Î"³°Ø# (=ò¬e) Hé`Ç=ò ÐÐÐÐ Hé`Ç=$^Î=ò.
J^Î=ò_³á# #~¡°_È° ÐÐÐÐ #~^Î=ò_È°
3. ¬Oì=< ¬î~¡Þ¬^Î H~¡à^¥~¡Ç° ¬=¶¬=ò :Ð WO^Î° "³ò^Î\÷ ¬^Î=ò
¬O*ìý"KÇH qõ+¬}=òQê#°, ï~O_È= ¬^Î=ò *ìu <=° "KÇH=òQê
#°O_È°#°.
L^¥:- W=°#° À~¡°Q® ¬ô~¡=ò ÐÐÐÐ W¬ô~¡=ò.
125
¬ì²ë# J#°À~¡°Q® ¬ô~¡=ò ÐÐÐÐ ¬ì²ë<¬ô~¡=ò.
^¥Þ~¡HJ<³_È° #Q®~¡=ò ÐÐÐÐ ^¥Þ~¡Hê#Q®~¡=ò.
4. L¬=¶# ¬î~¡Þ¬^Î H~¡à^¥~¡Ç° ¬=¶¬=ò :Ð WO^Î° L¬=¶#=ò
¬î~¡Þ¬^Î=òQê#°, L¬"Í°Ç°=ò ï~O_È= ¬^Î=òQê #°O_È°#°.
L^¥:- #öQOã^Î=ò =ÿ n~¡°_È° ÐÐÐÐ #öQOã^Î n~¡°_È°.
^=Î ì|û ¬ã`Ç=ò =O\÷ <Íã`Ç=ò° ÐÐÐÐ ^=Î ì|û ¬ã`Ç <Íã`Ç=ò°.
5. L¬=¶# L`Çë~¡¬^Î H~¡à^¥~¡Ç° ¬=¶¬=ò :Ð WO^Î° L¬"Í°Ç°=ò
"³ò^Î\÷ ¬^Î=òQê#°, L¬=¶#=ò ï~O_È= ¬^Î=òQê #°O_È°#°.
L^¥:- `=°~¡ =O\÷ öH° ÐÐÐÐ öH° `=°~¡°
JO|°[=ò =O\÷ ^Î=ò° ÐÐÐÐ ¬^¥O|°[=ò°
²O¬ì=ò =O\÷ ~A ÐÐÐÐ ~[ ²O¬ì=ò
J|û=ò =O\÷ KÇ~¡}=ò° ÐÐÐÐ KÇ~¡}ì|û=ò°.
8. `Ç`Ç°æ~¡°+¬ ¬=¶¬=ò :
1. kÞfÇ¶ `Ç`Ç°æ~¡°+¬ ¬=¶¬=ò :Ð WO^Î° "³ò^Î\÷ ¬^Î=ò z=~¡ x<£
Ð #°<£ Ð <£ Ð äió Ð Q®°iOz J#° ã¬`Ç¼Ç°=òÕ XH\÷ ÇòO_
¬=¶¬=ò KÍ²#¬ô_È° Õ²OKÇ°#°.
L^¥:- =°~¡°x ¬ìiOz# "_È° ÐÐÐÐ =°~¡° ¬ì~¡°_È°
=°#à^Î°x KÇO²#"_È° ÐÐÐÐ =°#à^Î ^Î=°#°_È°
KÇOã^Î°x ^ÎiOz#"_È° ÐÐÐÐ KÇOã^Î ^Î~¡°_È°
^Î~à ^Î~¡à=ò#° `³e²#"_È° ÐÐÐÐ ^Î~à ^Î~¡à q^Î°_È°.
2. `Ç$fÇ¶ `Ç`Ç°æ~¡°+¬ ¬=¶¬=ò :Ð WO^Î° "³ò^Î\÷ ¬^Î=ò z=~¡ KÍ`Ç<£

Ð KÍ<£ Ð `Ë_È<£ Ð `Ë<£ J#°"xÕ XH\÷ ÇòO_, ¬=¶¬=ò
KÍ²#¬ôæ_È° Õ²OKÇ°#°.
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=°^Î°#=òKÍ`Ç =°`Ç°ë° ÐÐÐÐ =°^Î°# =°`Ç°ë°
"ä½ø`Ë Çò^Î=ò ÐÐÐÐ "Q®°¼^Î=ò
126
3. KÇ`Ç°sÖ `Ç`Ç°æ~¡°+¬ ¬=¶¬=ò :Ð WO^Î° "³ò^Î\÷ ¬^Î=ò z=~¡ ''Hùä½
Ð ïHáÑÑ J#° ã¬`Ç¼Ç°=òÕ XH\÷ÇòO_ ¬=¶¬=ò KÍ²#¬ô_È°
Õ²OKÇ°#°.
L^¥:- ~¡}=ò Hùä½ ~¡OQ®=ò ÐÐÐÐ ~¡}~¡OQ®=ò
4. ¬OKÇg° `Ç`Ç°æ~¡°+¬ ¬=¶¬=ò :Ð WO^Î° "³ò^Î\÷ ¬^Î=ò z=~¡, =#<£
HO>ÿ<£ Ð ¬\÷ J#° ã¬`Ç¼Ç°=òÕ XH\÷ ÇòO_ ¬=¶¬=ò
KÍ²#¬ô_È° Õ²OKÇ°#°.
L^¥:- KË~¡°=# Ç°=ò ÐÐÐÐ KË~¡Ç°=ò
L¬"¬=ò =# PÇ¶¬=ò ÐÐÐÐ L¬"ªÇ¶¬=ò.
ã}=ò HO>ÿ Jkä½_È° ÐÐÐÐ ã}ìkä½_È°
5. +¬+Ô» `Ç`Ç°æ~¡°+¬ ¬=¶¬=ò :Ð WO^Î° "³ò^Î\÷ ¬^Î=ò z=~¡ H÷<£ Ð

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HÒ~¡=ôä½ <^Î°_È° ÐÐÐÐ HÒ~¡=<^Î°_È°
q×Þ=ò#ä½ ã^Ë²ì ÐÐÐÐ q×Þã^Ë²ì
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yi ³òHø #O^Î# ÐÐÐÐ yi#O^Î#
#~¡°Õ J^Î=ò_È° ÐÐÐÐ #~^Î=ò_È°
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6. ¬¬ëg° `Ç`Ç°æ~¡°+¬ ¬=¶¬=ò :Ð WO^Î° "³ò^Î\÷ ¬^Î=ò z=~¡, JO^Î°Ð#

J#° ã¬`¼Ç Ç°=òÕ XH\÷ ÇòO_ ¬=¶¬=ò KÍ#² ¬ô_È° Õ²OKÇ°#°.
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g} Ç°O^Î° ãg}¼=ò ÐÐÐÐ g}ìãg}¼=ò
q+¬Ç°=ò #O^Î° B#ß`Ç¼=ò ÐÐÐÐ q+¬Ç°¿#ß`Ç¼=ò
#@# Ç°O^Î° HÒ×=ò ÐÐÐÐ #@<HÒ×=ò
127
KOÇ ^Î°¬
1. HO^Î=ò :
HO^Î¬^Î¼=ò#ä½ <°Q®° ^Î=ò °O_È°#°.
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2 Ð 4 ^Î=ò° J~ò^Í² Q®}=ò°O_ Ú_È=ôQê #°O_È°#°.
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2 Ð 4 ^Î=òO^Î° =ü_È= Q®}=ò [Q®}=òQêx, #=ò Qêx
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ã¬xÇ°=°=ò Q®^Î°.
Ç°u :Ð 2 Ð 4 ^Î=òO^Î° ^Î=ò "³ò^Î\÷ JHÆ~¡=ò#ä½ 4= Q®}=ò
"³ò^Î\÷ Ç°HÆ~¡=ò#ä½ Ç°uK³°Á#°.
L^¥:-
#
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2. Ô¬=ò :
Ô¬¬^Î¼=ò#ä½ <°Q®° Ì^Îí^Î=ò°O_È°#°. ã¬u^Î=ò#O^Î° "³ò^Î@
6 WO^ÎãQ®}=ò°, z=~¡ 2 ¬¶~¡¼Q®}=ò°O_È°#°.
128
ã¬xÇ°=°=ò è^Î°.
Ç°u :Ð ã¬u^Î=ò#ä½ ï~O_Í² Ç°`Ç°° K³°Á#°.
1. ^Î=ò "³ò^Î\÷ JHÆ~¡=ò#ä½ 3= Q®}=ò "³ò^Î\÷ JHÆ~¡=ò#ä½ XH
Ç°u K³°Á#°.
2. 5= Q®}=ò "³ò^Î\÷ JHÆ~¡=ò#ä½ 7= Q®}=ò "³ò^Î\÷ JHÆ~¡=ò#ä½
=°i³òH Ç°uK³°Á#°.
<°Q®° Ì^Îí^Î=òä½ z=~¡ P@"³kQêx, `Í@wux Qêx KÍió#KË
¬îië Ô¬¬^Î¼=°Q®°#°.
L^¥:-
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I IU I U I I UI U I
Q® [~A ÚOk# Qê² Í°q°
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3. kÞ¬^Î :
kÞ¬^Î ¬^Î¼=ò#ä½ ï~O_È° ^Î=ò° =¶ã`Ç"Í° ÇòO_È°#°.
ã¬ u ^Î = ò#O^Î ° "³ ò ^Î @ 3 WOã^Î Q ® } =ò°, z=~¡ 1 ¬ ¶ ~¡ ¼
Q®}=òO_È°#°.
ã¬xÇ°=°=ò Q®^Î°.
ã¬ Ç°u Q®¶_È K³°Á#°.
Ç°u :Ð ^Î=ò "³ò^Î\÷ JHÆ~¡=ò#ä½ 3= Q®}=ò "³ò^Î\÷ JHÆ~¡=ò#ä½
Ç°uK³°Á#°.
129
L^¥:-
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U IU I I U I U I I U I
Hù=°àh HùH=°Oz ç=°àÇò ÿ ¬
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U I U I I I I U I U I I I
ç=°àÚ uë H #° Õ~ò`³ K³ó ^Î= ò
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1. ¬¶~¡¼Q®}=ò° :Ð ¬¶~¡¼Q®}=ò° ï~O_È°.
¬ìQ®}=ò - U I
#Q®}=ò - I I I
2. WOã^ÎQ®}=ò° :Ð WOã^ÎQ®}=ò° P~¡°.
#=ò - I I I I
#Q®=ò - I I I U
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Q®}=ò - U I I
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KÇ`Ç°~àã` Q®}=ò° :Ð D KÇ`Ç°~àã` Q®}=ò° HO^Î ¬^Î¼=ò#
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Q®Q®=ò - U U
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130
JOHê~¡=ò°
¢Ôëä½ |OQê~¡° #Q®° JO^Î=ò#° KÍäió#>èÁ ì+¬HO^Î=ò#°
KÍä~¡°ó#x JOHê~¡=ò°. JOHê~¡=ò° ï~O_È° ~¡H=ò°.
1. ×ìíOHê~¡=ò° 2. J~ÖOHê~¡=ò°.
×ìíOHê~¡=ò° :Ð ×|í=ò ã¬^¥#=òQê Q®q ×ìíOHê~¡=ò°.

1. =$`Çë ¼#° ã¬=ò :Ð XHªi =zó# JHÆ~¡=ò#° =°~¡ =°~¡
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L^¥:- J_ïQ^Î #x H_È°=_ KÇ#°
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2. ì\ì#° ã¬=ò :Ð ×ìí~Ö¡ ^è =Î ò° èH, ``Çæ~¡¼ ^è =Î ò#° =¶ã`Ç=ò
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N<^Î° =iâOKÇ° l¬ìÞ l¬ìÞ
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(KÍ`Ç°°) H~¡=ò° (ãõ+¬»"³°Ø# KÍ`Ç°°)
l¬ìÞ (<°H) l¬ìÞ (ãõ+¬»"³°Ø# <°H) Jx ``Çæ~¡¼ è^Î=ò K³¬ôæ@KÍ
xk ì\ì#°ã¬=ò.
3. Ç°=°H=ò :Ð J~¡Öè^Î=ò#° Hey XHªi =zó# ¬^Î=ò =°~¡
=°~¡ ¬°=¶~¡°Á =KÇ°ó#@°Á K³¬ôæ@ Ç°=°H=ò.
L^¥:- ¬ô~¡=ò#O^Î° ÑJOuÑ ¬ô~¡=ò#O^Î°.
WKÇó@ ...... ¬ô~¡=ò « ¬@}=ò
131
'JOuÑ ¬ô~¡=ò « ~}°° x=²OKÇ° =#=ò (JO`Ç¬ô~¡=ò) Jx
J~¡Öè^Î=ò Hey# ¬^Î=ò° ¬°=¶~¡°Á K³¬ôæ@KÍ xk Ç°=°H=ò.
4. JO`Ç¼ã¬=ò :Ð ¬^¥O`Ç=ò Ç°O^Î° ã¬Çò#ß JO`Ç¼ã¬
Ç°Q®°#°.
L^¥:- N~¡¦¬ò~=° K~¡° `Ç°Ô^Î×^¥=° ×=°HÆ=¶k×$OQê~¡
Q®°}ìa~=°! ãu[Q®#°#ß`Ç º~¡¼~¡=¶ ì=°.
WO^Î° ¬^¥O`Ç=ò Ç°O^Î°
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JO`Ç¼ã¬=ò.
J~ÖOHê~¡=ò° : J~¡Ö=ò ã¬^¥#=òQê Q®q J~ÖOHê~¡=ò°.
1. L¬=¶OHê~¡=ò :Ð XH =¬°ë=ô#° =°i³òH =¬°ë=ô`Ë éeó
=°<Ë¬ì~¡=òQê K³¬ôæ@#° L¬=¶OHê~¡=ò.
èH
L¬"Í°Ç°=ò#° L¬=¶#=ò`Ë éeó K³¬ôæ@#° L¬=¶OHê~¡=ò.
L^¥:- P¢Ôë=òY=ò KÇOã^ÎaO|=ò =ÿ ã¬HêtOKÇ°KÇ°#ßk.
L¬"Í°Ç°=ò :Ð ¢Ôë =òY=ò
L¬=¶#=ò :Ð KÇOã^ÎaO|=ò
L¬=¶"KÇH ×|í=ò :Ð =ÿ
¬=¶# ^Î~¡à=ò :Ð ã¬HêtOKÇ°@...
WKÇó@ ¢Ôë=òY=ò#° KÇOã^ÎaO|=ò=ÿ ã¬HêtOKÇ°KÇ°#ßk Jx éeó
K³¬ôæ@<Í xk L¬=¶OHê~¡=ò.
2. ~¡¶¬H=ò :Ð L¬=¶# L¬"Í°Ç°=òä½ Jè^Î=ò K³¬ôæ@ ~¡¶¬H=ò.
L^¥:- ''P¢Ôë=òY=ò KÇOã^ÎaO|=ò''
L¬"Í°Ç°=ò :Ð ¢Ôë=òY=ò
L¬=¶#=ò :Ð KÇOã^ÎaO|=ò
WKÇó@ ¢Ôë =òY"Í° KÇOã^ÎaO|=ò.
132
KÇOã^ÎaO|"Í° ¢Ôë=òY=ò.... Jx L¬=¶# L¬"Í°Ç°=òä½ Jè^Î=ò
K³¬C@KÍ xk ~¡¶¬H=ò.
''¬ô`Çë_ç=°à ¬î~¡â=°àÑÑ
3. Lã`ÍæHÆêOHê~¡=ò :Ð L¬"Í°Ç°=ò#° L¬=¶#=òQê T²ìOKÇ°@#°
Lã`ÍæHÆêOHê~¡=ò.
L^¥:- P=°^ÎHi #_ÈHùO_ÈÇ¶ Ç°x #_Èz =KÇ°óKÇ°#ßk.
L¬"Í°Ç°=ò :Ð =°^ÎHi (U#°Q®°)
L¬=¶#=ò :Ð #_ÈHùO_È
WKÇó@ =°^ÎHix #_ÈHùO_ÈQê T²ìOKÇ°@KÍ xk Lã`ÍæHÆêOHê~¡=ò.
(Lã`ÍæHÆ « T²ìOKÇ°@)
4. ª~OHê~¡=ò :Ð XH^¥xHO>ÿ =°i³òH\÷ Qù¬æk Jx K³¬ôæ@
ª~OHê~¡=ò.
L^¥:- `Í<³ =°^Î°~¡=ò. ^¥xHO>ÿ J=°$`Ç=ò =°^Î°~¡=ò. ^¥x HO>ÿ
Hq "ä½ø° =°^Î°~¡=ò.
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