Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Models
2G1316 Data
Communications and
Computer Networks
2E1623 Data Links and
Local Area Networks
Illustrations in this material are collected from
• Principles behind
Internet model (TCP/IP protocol suite)
4
Standards
• Defined by public organizations (de juro) or by widespread use (de
facto)
Open standards
o Avaliable to everyone (but not necessarily for free)
o Everyone has the possibility to propose, criticize, and influence
• Standards organizations
ISO: International Organization for Standardization
IETF: Internet Engineering Task Force
IEEE: Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
ANSI: American National Standards Institute
ETSI: European Telecommunications Standard Institute
ITU: International Telecommunication Union
o ITU-T: International Telecommunication Union—Telecommunication Standards
Sector
5
System Model
6
Layered Communication Models
7
A Layered Model: Sending a Letter
• Communications functions
o Coding
o Control algorithms
— Error control, flow control, congestion control, ...
o Security functions
o Timing
o Generally: distributed algorithms
• Examples of protocols:
IEEE 802.11 (WLAN), IP, TCP, HTTP, ...
9
Services and Applications
• Service
What a network operator offers
to customers (subscribers)
• Application
What the customer uses
the service for
• Examples
Telephone connection
o Service: voice transmission
o Application: conversation between two parties
10
Common Layered Network Models
and
OSI model
11
Network Models
• System structure
o Protocol functions
o Interfaces between protocols
o Separation of functions into layers
o Technology
o Application areas
o Security and charging systems
• Examples
o Open Systems Interconnection (OSI)
o Internet protocols, TCP/IP suite
o Global system for mobile communications (GSM)
12
ISO’s OSI Model
• Open Systems
Interconnection
• Seven layer model
• Three key concepts
Service
Interface
Protocol
• Originates from early
80’s
Protocol stack was never
fully implemented and
deployed
13
Internet Model
14
Communication Between Layers
• Peer-to-peer processes
Betwen protocols at the same layer in different
devices
Logical connection
15
Communication Between Layers
16
Interfaces Between Layers
17
Data Exchange
18
Function of Layers
• Physical Layer
• Network Layer
• Transport Layer
• Application Layer
19
Physical Layer
• Protocols
Physical connection between device and medium
o Mechanical and electrical interfaces
— Connectors, cables, voltage levels
o Bit synchronization
— Synchronous and asynchronous transmission
20
Data Link Layer—Hop-to-Hop
21
Data Link Layer
• Transmission of frames between nodes
• Framing
Divides bit stream into larger data units, frames
o Ethernet frame up to 12,144 bits (1518 bytes), including
control information
• Flow control
Prevent receiver from being overrun
• Error control
Detect and (perhaps) retransmit damaged frames
• Access control
Which device may send on a shared link
• Addressing
22
Data Link Layer Frame Example
• Flags
Bit sequence for frame synchronization
• Addresses
Source and destination
• Control
Sequence number
o Transmitted and expected
Link connect and disconnect
acknowledgements
• Trailer
Bit sequence for detecting bit errors
23
Data Link Layer Standards
• Ethernet
Family of protocols
”Ethernet” (10 Mb/s), ”Fast Ethernet” (100 Mb/s), ”Gigabit
Ethernet” (1 Gb/s)
• IEEE 802.11 Wireless LAN
• IETF: Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP)
• IETF: Multi-protocol Label Switching (MPLS)
• ISO: High-level Data Link Control (HDLC)
o Link Access Procedure Balanced (LAP-B), ITU-T X.25
o Normal Response Mode (NRM), SDLC
24
Network Layer—Source-to-Destination
25
Network Layer
26
Transport Layer—Process-to-Process
27
Transport Layer
28
Application Layer
29
OSI Model Session and Presentation Layer
• Session layer
Dialogs
Multiplexing of data
streams
• Presentation layer
Application-independent
data representation
(syntax)
• Integrated into
application/transport
layers in Internet model
30
Summary
• Concepts
Protocol and network model
• OSI model
31
Reading Instructions
1 Introduction
o 1.4 Standards
2 Network Models
o 2.1-2.3
32