nata axmeteli, besik lorTqifaniZe

istoria 7

moswavlis wigni

grifminiWebulia saqarTvelos ganaTlebis, mecnierebis, kulturisa da

sportis saministros mier 2019 wels
nata axmeteli, besik lorTqifaniZe

istoria

VII klasi

moswavlis wigni

redaqtorebi: lali baqraZe, solomon nozaZe

rukebis avtori: manana SeyilaZe

dakabadoneba da dizaini: ana lorTqifaniZe

© gamomcemloba `diogene~, 2019

yvela ufleba daculia

ISBN-978-9941-11-598-1

gamomcemloba `diogene~, Tbilisi, afaqiZis q. 9, telefoni 221 33 21

www.diogene.ge
 sarCevi

I Tavi. preistoriuli xana

1. ra aris istoria. rogor gavigoT Cveni warsulis Sesaxeb? 6
2. rogor ikvleven preistoriul warsuls. rogori iyo uZvelesi adamiani? 8
3. rogori iyo pirvelyofili adamianis yofa-cxovreba da saqmianoba qvis xanaSi? ra gavlena
moaxdina didma gamyinvarebam uZveles adamianze? 10
4. rogor Seiqmna gvarovnuli sazogadoeba? 13
5. rogor aRiqvamda uZvelesi adamiani samyaros _ ras mogviTxrobs paleoliTuri mRvimeebis
kedlis mxatvroba? 15
6. risi swamda da sjeroda pirvelyofil adamians? 18
7. ratom ixseneben miwaTmoqmedebisa da mesaqonleobis gaCenas kacobriobis istoriaSi pirveli
revoluciis saxeliT? 20
8. rogori iyo neoliTuri sofeli? ratom iTvleba saqarTvelo miwaTmoqmedebisa da meRvineo-
bis erT-erT uZveles kerad? 23
II Tavi. brinjaos xana / Zveli aRmosavleTi
9. ra Seicvala liTonis aRmoCeniT? 28
10. rogor da ratom mividnen adamianebi qonebriv uTanasworobamde? 31
11. ratom agebdnen yorRanebs? 33
12. rogor wavida pirvelyofili sazogadoeba civilizaciisken _ ratom gaCnda pirveli
saxelmwifoebi mdinareebis piras? 36
13. rogor imarTeboda saxelmwifo? 39
14. aris Tu ara kanonebi aucilebeli saxelmwifos arsebobisTvis? 41
15. rogor urTierTobda diaoxi Zvel aRmosavlur qveynebTan? 43
16. rogor da visTan urTierTobda kolxa? 45
17. aqemenianTa sparseTi _ pirveli saxmeleTo imperia. 48
18. rogor aRmoCndnen qarTveluri tomebi aqemenianTa sparseTis SemadgenlobaSi? 51
19. ratom aris mniSvnelovani `vimogzauroT Zvel aRmosavleTSi~? 53
III Tavi. antikuri da gvianantikuri xana
20. rogor da ratom daaarses berZnebma qalaqebi kolxeTis sanapiroze? 58
21. rogori iyo berZnuli samyaro? ratom daiwyes berZnebma farTo masStabiani zRvaosnoba? 60
22. rogori iyo pirveli fuli da riT gansxvavdeba Tanamedrove fulisgan? 62
23. ras warmoadgens berZnuli civilizaciis memkvidreoba? gakveTili I 64
24. ras warmoadgens berZnuli civilizaciis memkvidreoba? gakveTili II 67
25. ratom eomebodnen erTmaneTs xangrZlivad berZnebi da sparselebi? 71
26. rogor daamarcxes berZnebma sparseTis didi imperia? 74
27. ras mogviTxrobs qarTvelTa winaprebze qsenofontes `anabasisi~? 78
28. ratom iTvleba aleqsandre makedoneli Zveli drois yvelaze didi mxedarTmTavrad? 80
29. ratom adareben elinizms Tanamedrove globalizacias? 83
30. rogor Seiqmna qarTlis samefo elinistur periodSi? 86
31. rogor moawyo farnavazma qarTlis samefo _ ratom sWirdeba saxelwifos reformebi? 88
32. rogor gamodis asparezze romis saxelmwifo? 91
33. rogori iyo romauli sazogadoeba da kanonebi? Tavisufalni da damonebulni. 93
34. rogor da ratom farTovdeboda romis saxelmwifos sazRvrebi? 96
35. rogor gadaiqca romis respublika romis imperiad? 100
36. rogor warimarTa romis aRmosavluri eqspansia da ratom ilaSqres romaelebma qarTlSi? 103
37. rogori iyo romisa da qarTlis urTierToba ax.w. I saukuneSi? 105
38. rogori iyo romisa da qarTlis samefos urTierToba ax.w. II saukuneSi? 107
39. ras warmoadgenda romi da rogori iyo romauli yofa-cxovrebis wesi? 110
40. ra religiebi arsebobda romSi manamde da rogor gavrcelda qristianoba romis imperiaSi? 114
41. rogor scades diokletianem da konstantinem romis imperiis SenarCuneba? 118
42. rogor gavrcelda qristianoba qarTlis samefoSi? 120
43. ras warmoadgens qristianuli kultura da ratom dasWirdaT qristianebs saeklesio
krebebis mowveva? 122
44. ratom daiwyo da rogor damTavrda xalxTa didi gadasaxleba? 124
45. ratom daupirispirdnen erTmaneTs sasanuri sparseTi da bizantia? ra roli hqonda am
dapirispirebaSi lazikas? 126
46. ra roli hqonda bizantia-sparseTis dapirispirebaSi qarTlis samefosa da vaxtang
gorgasals? 128
47. ratom mimdinareobda didi omianoba egrisSi? 131
pirobiTi niSnebi

kiTxvebi da davalebebi

Semajamebeli davaleba

norCi mkvlevrebis sadiskusio klubi:

norCi mkvlevrebi gamoTqvamen azrs ama Tu im
sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT. zogjer winadadebebi
dausrulebelia da azri Sen unda daasrulo, an
gaagrZelo msjeloba.

leqsikoni

es sainteresoa!
 I Tavi
preistoriuli xana

am Temis Seswavlisas Sen gaigeb: rogori iyo uZvelesi adamiani; rogori

iyo misi yoveldRiuri yofa; sad cxovrobda; ras saqmianobda; rogor aRiqvamda
garemos, rogori iyo misi damokidebuleba samyaros mimarT;
aseve gaigeb, ratom uwodes mecnierebma uZveles dros qvis xana; saidan
vigebT im yvelafris Sesaxeb, rac qvis xanaSi moxda. Tqven Tavad gaxdebiT pa-
tara mkvlevrebi da SeecdebiT uZvelesi drois gacocxlebas, SeadarebT Tana-
medroveobas.
gaecnobi im siaxleebs, romlebic qvis xanis bolo periodSi moxda da
imsjelebT: SeiZleba ki es siaxleebi `revoluciad~ movnaTloT, rogorc mas
mecnierebma uwodes?

paleoliTi mezoliTi neoliTi

Zv.w. XII - Zv.w. X aTaswleuli Zv.w. VII aTaswleuli

uZvelesi moazrovne
hominini adamiani - homo adamiani qvisgan adamianma
afrikaSi sapiensi sul ufro saxlebi aaSena,
cxovrobda daaxloebiT daxvewil iaraRebs Tixisgan
200 000 amzadebda WurWeli gaakeTa
wlis win gaCnda. adamianma
moiSinaura
cxovelebi da
1,8 mln. wlis miwaTmoqmedeba
win homininma daiwyo
afrika datova

5
 1. ra aris istoria. rogor gavigoT Cveni warsulis Sesaxeb?
adamiani dedamiwaze daaxloebiT 4 milioni wlis win gaCnda. im dros jer kidev
ar arsebobda soflebi da qalaqebi, saxelmwifoebi. adamianma jer ar icoda uam­ravi
ram. is bunebis Svili iyo da imiT sargeblobda, rasac buneba aZlevda. magali­Tad,
sakvebis mosapoveblad tyeSi dadioda, nadirobda da Tevzaobda. maSin adamiani gamo-
qvabulSi cxovrobda _ es xom bunebrivi TavSesafari iyo.
uZvelesi droidan dRemde Zalian bevri ram Seicvala. adamianebma saxlebis
aSe­
neba iswavles, cxovelebi moiSinaures, mcenareebi saxlTan axlos darges, rom
nayo­­fis­Tvis tyeSi ar wasuliyvnen, jer borbali gamoigones, Semdeg _ uremi, raTa
Sors wasvla da tvirTis gadatana SesZlebodaT.

gamogonebebis CamonaT­
vali Zalian vrcelia.
­is, riTac Cven dRes
vsargeb­lobT, didi
xnis ganmavlobaSi
TandaTano­biT iqmnebo-
da. swored amitom vam-
bobT, rom kacob­riobam
ganviTarebis grZe­­li
gza gaiara.
sur.1 gamoqvabulidan caTambjenamde

sur.2 borblis gamogonebidan manqanis gamogonebamde Zalian didi dro gavida.

1. daakvirdi mocemul ilustraciebs, rogor Seicvala adamianis sacxovrebeli

Zveli droidan dRemde? ra cvlilebebi ganicada transportma?
2. CamoTvale is, riTac dRes vsargeblobT da Seni azriT, ar iqneboda Zvel droSi.
daasabuTe, ratom.

kacobriobis warsuls istoria Seiswavlis. istoria berZnuli sityvaa.

mecnierebis es dargi mogviTxrobs imis Sesaxeb, rac warsulSi moxda. magaliTad,
rogor cxovrobdnen adamianebi Zvelad; rodis Seiqmna pirveli saxelmwifo; romeli
damwerloba rodis gamoigones; ratom gamoigones fuli da a.S.

3. gaagrZele CamoTvla da gamoTqvi Seni azri, kidev ras SeiZleba Seiswavlides

istoria? Seecade, pasuxi daasabuTo.

im mecnierebs, romlebic warsuls Seiswavlian, istorikosebi ewodebaT. mainc

rogor igeben istorikosebi imis Sesaxeb, rac warsulSi moxda? roca adamianma dam-
werloba Seqmna, sxvadasxva mniSvnelovani ambebis Cawera daiwyo. istorikoss SeuZlia,
waikiTxos Zveli Canawerebi da ase gaigos warsulis Sesaxeb. magram adamianebi damwer-
lobis Seqmnamdec xom cxovrobdnen? rogor gaarkvevs istorikosi im uZveles ambebs?
Cveni warsulis amsaxveli nivTebi xSirad miwaSi inaxeba. mitovebul adgilebs,
sadac adamianebi odesRac cxovrobdnen da saqmianobdnen, miwa faravs _ SeiZleba,
6
adamianebi sxvagan gadasaxldnen, an omis dros ganadgurda iqauroba da cxovreba
aRar gagrZelebula, droTa ganmavlobaSi ki nel-nela yvelaferi mtverma dafara.
aseTi dasaxlebebis xelaxla aRmoCenis Semdeg istorikosebi Senobis nangrevebisa
da yoveli nivTis Seswavlas iwyeben. Seswavlis Sedegad isini adgenen, ra masaliT da
rogor agebdnen adamianebi im dros saxlebs, rogori WurWeli an iaraRi hqondaT.
yvela SemorCenili Senoba, nivTi Tu naxati mniSvnelovania istorikosisTvis.
yvelafers, rac warsulis SeswavlaSi gvexmareba _ warwerebs, istoriuli teqstebs
Tu sayofacxovrebo nivTebs _ wyaroebs uwodeben.
magaliTad, saqarTvelos teritoriaze erT-erT uZveles dasaxlebaSi
mecnierebma Tixis didi WurWeli aRmoaCines. mas yurZnis mtevnebiani ornamenti
amSvenebda. Semdeg es WurWeli laboratoriaSi waiRes da Seiswavles. aRmoCnda, rom
am nivTs Rvinis Sesanaxad iyenebdnen.
vnaxoT, ra informacia mogvawoda WurWelma, rogorc istoriulma wyarom.
amisTvis norC mkvlevarTa sadikusio klubs vestumroT da klubis wevrebis azrebi
movisminoT.

• im dros WurWels Tixisgan amzadebdnen.

• WurWels ornamentebiT rTavdnen.
• rogorc Cans, mevenaxeobas misdevdnen, radgan ornamenti
yurZnis mtevnebis msgavsia.
• Rvinosac ayenebdnen, radgan analizis Sedegad WurWelSi
Rvinis kvali aRmoCnda.

4. imsjele daskvnebze. Seni azriT, raze miuTiTebs:

a) Tixis WurWlisa da WurWelze ornamentis arseboba?
b) Rvinis damzadeba?

vnaxoT, ra informacias gvawvdis sxva istoriuli wyaro:

es gamosaxulebiani qvis fila saqarTvelodan Sors, wina aziaSi, mdinare ev-
fratis napirebTan ipoves. is daaxloebiT 6500 wlis win daamzades.

sur.4 qvis fila

5. daakvirdi gamosaxulebas. aRwere, raze metyvelebs gamosaxulebis Sinaarsi?

6. Seni azriT, ratom aris es nivTi mniSvnelovani, rogorc istoriuli wyaro?
7
 2. rogor ikvleven preistoriul warsuls, rogori iyo uZvelesi
adamiani?
drois monakveTs damwerlobisa da pirveli saxelmwifoebis Seqmnamde mecnier-
ebi pirvelyofil, preistoriul epoqas uwodeben. swored am uZveles periodSi gaC-
ndnen uZvelesi adamianebi da dedamiwis sxvadasxva nawilebSi gansaxldnen.
ras niSnavs preistoria da ratom uwodeben mas ase? TavsarTi `pre~ winares
niSnavs, e.i. preistoria winare istoriuls anu istoriamdel periods hqvia. damwer-
lobis gamogonebis Semdgom xanas ki mecnierebi ukve istoriuls uwodeben.

damwerlobis gamogoneba

istoriamdeli, preistoriuli dro ← ← istoriuli dro

1. Seni azriT, ratom uwodeben damwerlobis gamogonebis Semdgom dros istoriuls?

uZveles periods arqeologebi ikvleven. arqeologia istoriuli mecnierebis

calke qvedargia, romelic aRmoaCens da Seiswavlis nivTier wyaroebs, anu arte-
faqtebs. nivTis aRmoCena TavisTavad mniSvnelovania, magram aranakleb Rirebulia am
nivTis `alaparakeba~ da misi meSveobiT rac SeiZleba meti informaciis miReba.
arqeologebi TiToeul aRmoCenil nivTs dawvrilebiT aRweren da Seiswavlian.
isini adgenen nivTis Seqmnis TariRs da arkveven, Tu ras saqmianobdnen adamianebi,
romlebsac es nivTebi ekuTvnodaT. arqeologiuri masaliT SesaZlebelia sruliad
sxvadasxva xasiaTis mravalferovani informaciis miReba.

artefaqti _ adamianis xeliT damzadebuli uZvelesi nivTi, romelsac arqeolo-

gebi moipoveben.

2. riT gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisgan preistoriuli da istoriuli periodebi?

3. saidan viRebT informacias preistoriaze?

uZvelesi adamiani
uZvelesi adamianebi Zlier gansxvavdebodnen Tanamedrove adamianebisgan.
mecnierebi maT homininebs uwodeben. isini Cveni uZvelesi winaprebi arian.
istorikosebis umravlesoba fiqrobs, rom pirveli homininebi afrikaSi war-
moiSvnen da didi xnis ganmavlobaSi mxolod am kontinentze cxovrobdnen. isini
aseul aTasobiT wlis ganmavlobaSi viTardebodnen. homininebis sxvadasxva saxeo-
bidan Tanamedrove adamiani Camoyalibda.

uZvelesi hominini - avstralopiTeki (samxreTu- neandertaleli - Tanamedrove adamianis erT-erT

li primati) afrikaSi cxovrobda, mas or fexze
siaruli SeeZlo, magram ZiriTadad mainc xeze
binadrobda.
homo habilisic (marjve adamiani) - afrika-
Si cxovrobda, gamoqvabulSi binadrobda da
iaraRs amzadebda.
1,8 mln. wlis win homo ergasteri (`muSa~ ada-
miani) afrikaSi cxovrobda. is ufro maRali da
Zlieri iyo, vidre misi winamorbedi homininebi,
ufro met iaraRs amzadebda da nadirobda. homo
ergasteri aziaSi gadavida da iq gaagrZela gan-
viTareba. mis STamomaval homininebs homo ereq-
tusebs (welSi gamarTul adamianebs) uwodeben.
8
winaprad iTvleba. misi ConCxis nawilebi pirve-
lad germaniaSi, neanderis xeobaSi aRmoaCines da
saxelic amis mixedviT uwodes. neandertaleli
300 000 - 40 000 wlis win periodSi ZiriTadad ev-
ropasa da dasavleT aziaSi cxovrobda. misi kvali
saqarTveloSicaa aRmoCenili. mecnierebis azriT,
neandertaleli Tanamedrove tipis adamianTan Ta-
naarsebobda.
neandertalelebi jgufurad cxovrobdnen, or-
ganizebulad nadirobdnen, Sromis iaraRebs amza-
debdnen, cecxls anTebdnen.
homininebis ganviTarebis Sedegad Camoyalibda
adamianis Tanamedrove tipi, romelsac mecniere-
bi homo sapienss (moazrovne adamians) uwodeben.
homo sapiensi daaxloebiT 200 000 wlis win gaCnda.
mas Camoyalibebuli metyvelebis unari da ganvi-
Tarebuli goneba hqonda.
 mecnierebi varaudoben, rom homininebi afrikis farglebs gareT 1,8 milioni
wlis win gavrceldnen, radgan swored ase TariRdeba afrikis gareT aRmoCenili maTi
naSTebi.
dResdReobiT maT Soris uadresi saqarTvelos teritoriaze, dmanisSi aRmoCenili
homo ereqtusebia. mogvianebiT isini Cveni planetis sxvadasxva kuTxeSi gansaxldnen.

ruka:
homininebis
homo sapiensi neandertaleli homo ereqtusi
gansaxleba
4. ra procesia rukaze asaxuli?
5. romel kontinentebze saxlobdnen homo ereqtusebi?
6. rogor fiqrob, ra SemTxvevaSi Se­­iZ­leba Seicvalos amJamad aRiare­buli
mosazreba, rom homininebi afrikis gareT 1,8 milioni wlis win gansaxldnen?
7. konturul rukaze (moswavlis rveuli, davaleba #1.) daitane homoereqtusisa
da homosapiensis gadaadgileba, moxaze neandertalelis gansaxlebis areali.
dmanisis eqspediciis erT-erTi xelmZRvaneli daviT lorTqifaniZe mogviTxrobs:
`ram aiZula adamiani, afrikidan gadasaxlebuliyo? Cemi Rrma rwmeniT, mas undoda
axali teritoriebis aTviseba... vinaa dmaniseli hominini? misi winaprebis naSTebi mxolod
afrikaSia napovni. misi STamomavlebi saqarTvelos teritoriidan gavrceldnen rogorc
evropis, aseve aziis mimarTulebiT. rogor gamoiyureboda dmaniseli hominini? mdedris
simaRle 1,50 m., Tavis tvinis moculoba TiTqmis orjer Camouvardeboda Tanamedrove
adamianisas. igi amzadebda qvis iaraRebs, SesaZloa, iyenebda cecxlsac, Tumca dmanisSi
amis kvali dafiqsirebuli araa. dmanisis Semdgomi adamianebis naSTebis asaki evropaSi
daaxloebiT 800 000 welia. ase rom, qarTveli mecnierebis aRmoCenebma orjer daaZvela
pirveli evropelis asaki.~
dmaniseli homininebi qvis iaraRebs
amzadebdnen. masalad mTlianad adgilob-
riv mdinareTa xeobebidan motanil qvebs
iyenebdnen. isini, savaraudod, Semgroveb-
lobas eweodnen, patara cxo­ velebze na-
dirobdnen da didi mtaceblebis nana-
direvi leSiTac ikvebebodnen. dmanisSi
arqeologebma cxovelebis Zvlebic aRmo-
aCines. es Zvlebi xmalkbila vefxvis, af-
Tris, Jirafis, martorqis, spilos, sir-
aqlemis, irmisa da sxva, 30-mde saxeobis,
sur.1 `zezva da mzia~ _ ase uwodes dmanisSi cxovelebisaa.
aRmoCenil homininebs.

Semgrovebloba _ uZvelesi adamianis erT-erTi ZiriTadi saqmianoba _ tyis

nayofis, kenkris, fesvebis, sokoebisa da a.S. Segroveba, bunebaSi sakvebis
mopoveba.

8. ra mniSvnelovani informacia mogvawoda dmanisis arqeologiurma gaTxrebma iq

mcxovrebi uZvelesi adamianis Sesaxeb?
9. uyure siuJets neandertalelze https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iSb7ZB8hWpk
ris Semdegac venis diagramis saSualebiT erTmaneTs Seadare neandertaleli da
dmaniseli hominini. 9
 3. rogori iyo pirvelyofili adamianis yofa-cxovreba da
saqmianoba qvis xanaSi? ra gavlena moaxdina didma gamyinva-
rebam uZveles adamianze?
uZvelesi adamianebi patar-patara jgufebad cxovrobdnen. ramdenime zrdas-
ruli mamakaci da qali Cvilebsa da mozardebs sakvebiTa da TavSesafriT uzrunvel-
yofda. isini sacxovreblad moxerxebul adgils irCevdnen da iq sadgoms awyobdnen,
an gamoqvabuls afarebdnen Tavs. ikvebebodnen mcenareuliTa da nanadirevis xorciT.
pirvelyofili adamiani sxvadasxva mcenarisa da nayofis Sesagroveblad tyeSi
dadioda, xorcs ki nadirobiT moipovebda. Tu wylis piras cxovrobda, maSin Tevzaob-
da kidec. amgvarad, pirvelyofili adamianis ZiriTadi saqmianoba Semgrovebloba,
nadiroba da Tevzaoba iyo.
iaraRs umetesad qvisgan, aseve, xisa da Zvlisganac amzadebdnen. mecnierebi
miiCneven, rom adamianis mier damzadebuli pirveli qvis iaraRi iyo wawvetebuli,
wverwamaxuli qva, romliTac xis totis moWra, patara cxovelis mokvla da gatyaveba
SeiZleboda.
droTa ganmavlobaSi adamianma qvisgan sxvadasxva iaraRis: culebis, safxeke-
bis, saWrisebis damzadeba daiwyo. isini gansxvavebuli samuSaosTvis iyo gankuTvnili.
am iaraRebiT adamians ukve xis moWra, gaTla, mozrdili cxovelis mokvla da sxva
rTuli samuSaoebis Sesruleba
SeeZlo. qvis iaraRis damuSavebaSi
did miRwevad SeiZleba CaiTvalos
adamianis mier qvis iaraRisTvis
xis, Zvlisa da rqis taris damza-
deba. mas Semdeg ki, rac qvis gax-
vreta iswavla, adamianma iaraRze
tari ufro mWidrod daamagra
da gacilebiT rTuli iaraRebi
daamzada.
radgan am periodSi ada-
miani iaraRs ZiriTadad qvisgan
amzadebda, arqeologebma preis-
torias qvis xana uwodes.

1. rogor fiqrob, ra upiratesoba hqonda qvis iaraRs xisa da Zvlis iaraRTan

SedarebiT?

sur.2 qvis iaraRebi

2. daalage fotoze asaxuli qvis iaraRebi siZvelis, anu imis mixedviT, Tu ra

TanamimdevrobiT gamoigona isini adamianma.

saqarTvelos teritoriaze qvis xanis 400-mde sadgomia cnobili. uZvelesi

adamianis cxovrebis kvals miagnes arqeologebma devis xvrelSi, sakaJias, sagvar-
jilesa da sxva gamoqvabulebSi. saqarTveloSi SemorCenilia neandertalelebis
naSTebic. sakaJias mRvimesa da orTvala kldeSi aRmoCenili masala miuTiTebs, rom
iq neandertalelebi cxovrobdnen. arqeologebis mier aRmoCenili artefaqtebi
metyvelebs, rom saqarTvelos teritoriaze adamianebi bizonze, martorqaze, ga-
10
 moqvabulis lomze, melasa da mgelze, gigantur iremze, taxze, kavkasiur Txaze
nadirobdnen. gansakuTrebiT gavrcelebuli yofila gamoqvabulis daTvze nadi-
roba.

ფს ოუ
ბზიფ
ი რ უ ს ე თ ი ს ფ ე დ ე რ ა ც ი ა
ცივი მღვიმე
სვანთა სავანე
ქვემო იაშთხვა კოდორ
ი
ური
აფიანჩა ენგ
გ ა რიო
ღალიძ ნ

წ ყა ლ ი

ი
თე
რგ
ს
ხერგულის კუდარო

ი
რუხი

ი
ცხენ
კლდე
საკაჟია კაცხი დარკვეთის წონა
  ა ეხი
რიონი ლ
ლაშებალთა

რი

ქსანი
საგვარჯილე

ყვი
თაროკლდე

არაგვ ი
ს უ ფს

ალ
ა
ფერსათი დევისხვრელი ა
ქისტაური ზ ა ნ ი
პირობითი აღნიშვნები
ქვაბ
ამირანის ქცია ეძანი იო
ქვედა პალეოლითი ლი
ანი გორა ალ
მტ
კ რი
გეთ
(ძველი ქვის ხანა) ჭიქიანი ი გარეჯი

ვა
ი სწ ყ ა ლ ი
აჭარ

რი
ზედა პალეოლითი ზიარი
ფა რა ვან ი
ჭო

მეზოლითი (შუა ქვის ხანა) დმანისი

რო

ახალქალაქი წოფი

ა
ხი

მ ტ კ ვ ა რი

ზ
ზედაპალეოლითური
რ sur.3 daba walkis

ე
გამყინვარება
ბ ა
დღევანდელი თ უ რ ქ ე თ ი ს ო მ ხ ე თ ი ი ჯ ა ნ ი maxloblad, mdinare
სახელმწიფოების საზღვრები
patara xramis xeoba-
ruka: paleoliTisa da mezoliTis sadgomebi saqarTvelos Si mdebare mRvimeSi
teritoriaze aRmoCenili cxovel-
Ta gamosaxulebebi

3. Seni azriT, raze metyvelebs xramis mRvimis kedelze aRmoCenili es gamosa­

xuleba?

qvis xana mecnierebma pirobiTad ramdenime nawilad dayves: Zvel periodad,

anu paleoliTad (berZ. palaios _ Zveli, liTos _ qva), Sua periodad, anu mezo­
liTad (berZ. mezos _ Sua, saSualo) da axal periodad, anu neoliTad (berZ. neos
_ axali). amJamad miRebulia qvis xanis Semdegi periodizacia:

4. gaavleT drois xazi da masze qronologiuri TanamimdevrobiT daitaneT qvis

xanis periodebi.

qronologia _ (berZ. chronos _ dro, logos _ moZRvreba) istoriuli movlene-

bis Tanamimdevroba drois mixedviT.

didi gamyinvareba
istoriis am uZveles da xangrZliv periodSi dedamiwaze mniSvnelovani klima-
turi cvli­lebebi moxda. daiwyo didi gamyinvareba, romlis drosac evropis udidesi
nawili yinulis sqelma fenam dafara. vrcel teritoriaze mcenareuloba da bala­
xismWameli cxovelebi ganadgurdnen. im adgilebSi ki, romlebic yinuliT ar dafaru-
la, mudmivi Tovlis xazma mTebidan 1200-1300 metriT dabla daiwia.
gamyinvarebam adamianebi aiZula, daetovebinaT gamoqvabulebi maRalmTian
xeo­bebSi da TavSesafari dablob raionebSi eZebnaT, sadac sakvebis mopoveba Sedare-
biT ioli iyo.
saqarTvelos teritoriaze gamyinvarebis droindeli Zeglebi ZiriTadad
zRvis­pira zolSi, enguris xeobasa da rion-yvirilis auzSia Tavmoyrili.

11
 gamyinvarebisas pirvelyofilma adamianma cecxlis gamoyenebac iswavla, kli-
maturma pirobebma ukarnaxa sxeulis sicivisgan dacvac. adamiani tansacmliT uZve-
les warsulSi Seimosa. qvis xanaSi is tanze monadirebuli cxovelis tyavs ixvevda.
Tavdapirvelad tyavi daumuSavebeli, uxeSi iyo.
nel-nela adamianebma iswavles misi damuSaveba,
gamoyvana, darbileba, tanze morgeba. tansacmlis
uZvelesi `modelebi~ Seukeravi tyavis mosasxamebi
da saxvevebi iyo, riTac sxeulis sxvadasxva nawi­ls
ifaravdnen. mxrebsa da welze morgebul saxvevebs
Zvlis samagrebiT imagrebdnen.
arsebobs sxvadasxva mosazreba, Tu ratom
Seimosa adamiani: klimaturi Teoriis mixedviT,
klimaturi pirobebi ukarnaxebda adamians, daecva
sxeuli sicivisa da sicxisagan. moraluri Teoriis
mixedviT, adamianma siSiSvliT gamowveuli sircx-
vilis gamo Tavisi sxeuli tansacmelSi `damala~.
sur.4 qvis xanis nemsebi

5. gansazRvre, ra cvlilebebi mohyveboda cecxlis mopovebas pirvelyofilTa

cxovrebaSi.

paleoliTis bolos adamianis sabrZolo iaraRs, culis, xelculis, danisa da

sasroli qvis garda, mSvild-isaric Seadgenda.

6. Seni azriT, ra upiratesoba hqonda mSvild-isriT SeiaraRebul adamians qvis

culiT SeiaraRebul adamianTan SedarebiT?

daaxloebiT Zv.w. XII aTaswleulSi, mezoliTis xanaSi gamyinvareba dasrulda

da dedamiwaze TanamedrovesTan miaxloebuli klimaturi pirobebi Camoyalibda. am
periodis sadgomebi napovnia rogorc mdinareTa xeobebSi, sadac adamiani uzrunvel-
yofili iyo wyliTa da TevziT, ise maRalmTian gamoqvabulebSi.

7. diskusiis monawileebi msjeloben did gamyinvarebaze, aseve msjeloben pirvel-

yofili adamianis gamogonebebze, Tu romelia maT Soris yvelaze mniSvnelovani.

SeuerTdi norC mkvlevrebs da gaagrZele diskusiis monawileTa mier gamoTqmuli

azrebi: (moswavlis rveulSi, davaleba #2)

• Cemi azriT Zalian, mniSvnelovani iqneboda mSvild-isari, radgan...

• me mgonia, cecxlis aRmoCenaa yvelaze mTavari, radgan...
• aba, warmovidginoT, rogor cxovrobda adamiani cecxlis gareSe...
• Cemi azriT, gamyinvarebam udidesi roli iTamaSa adamianis cxovrebaSi, radgan...
• netav, ra iqneboda, gamyinvareba rom ar dawyebuliyo?

12
 4. rogor Seiqmna gvarovnuli sazogadoeba?
pirvelyofili adamianebi jgufebad imitom cxovrobdnen, rom maT cal-cal-
ke arseboba gauWirdebodaT. jgufis wevrebi erTad nadirobdnen da tyeSi nayofis
Sesagrovebladac erTad dadiodnen. maT erTmaneTTan naTesauri urTierTobebi aka-
vSirebdaT, amitom am gaerTianebas gvars uwodeben. gvarSi Taobidan Taobas gadae-
cemoda Tanacxovrebis wesebi, romlebic nel-nela dauwerel kanonebad Camoyalibda.
SemdegSi ramdenime gvaris gaerTianebiT Temi Seiqmna. am sazogadoebas mecnierebi
gvarovnul Tems uwodeben (anu Tems, romelic gvarebisgan Sedgeba). qvis xanaSi ada-
mianebi gvarovnuli Temis pirobebSi cxovrobdnen. ZiriTadi saqmianobis mixedviT am
sazogadoebas monadire-SemgrovebelTa sazogadoebasac uwodeben.

1. warmoidgine, rom im uZveles sazogadoebaSi cxovrobdi. ras fiqrob, rogor

moiqceodi, ras gaakeTebdi dRis ganmavlobaSi? geqneboda Tu ara garkveuli val-
debulebebi Temis wevrebis mimarT?
qvemoT mocemul kiTxvebze pasuxis gacema dagexmareba warmoidgino, rogori
urTierTobebi arsebobda da rogor inawilebdnen Sromas gvarovnul TemSi.

2. rogori iqneboda Sromis ganawileba monadire-Semgroveblebis sazogadoebaSi:

a. sazogadoebis romeli wevri wavidoda sanadirod? tyeSi nayofis Sesagroveb-
lad? rogor fiqrobT, darCeboda Tu ara gamoqvabulSi vinme, rodesac sxvebi
nadirobdnen?
b. marto inadirebdnen Tu koleqtiurad? pasuxi daasabuTe.
g. rogor fiqrob, nanadirevi an Segrovebuli nayofi mxolod maTi sakuTreba
iqneboda, vinc sakvebi moipova, Tu yvelasi erTad? pasuxi daasabuTe.
d. vin da rodis daamzadebda sabrZolo Tu samuSao iaraRs?
e. rogor fiqrob, Sromis ganawilebis dros eqneboda Tu ara mniSvneloba asaksa
da sqess? pasuxi daasabuTe.

frinvelze nadiroba
Segroveba paleoliTuri banaki
nadiroba

fiCxis
Tevzaoba gamoqvabuli
Segroveba
xorcis
gaSroba

tyavis
gafxeka

cecxlis
danTeba

nanadirevis qoxi
daWra

Wrilobis
mkurnaloba

saWmlis
momzadeba iaraRis
qvis damzadeba
damtvreva

sur.1 Tanamedrove mxatvris TvaliT danaxuli paleoliTuri banaki 13

 3. gamoTqvi varaudi, SeZlebda Tu ara pirvelyofili gvarovnuli Temi koleqti-
uri saqmianobis, saerTo sakuTrebisa da Tanasworuflebianobis gareSe arsebo-
bas? Seecade, pasuxi daasabuTo.
4. naxatis Sesabamisad daajgufe saqmianobebi sqesisa da asakis mixedviT. Seavse
cxrili moswavlis rveulSi, davaleba #3.
5. Seadare mxatvrisa da Seni warmodgenebi erTmaneTs. ramdenad daemTxva Tqveni
azri TemSi samuSaos ganawilebis Taobaze?

pirvelyofili adamiani Tavisi saqmianobisas xangrZlivi drois ganmavlobaSi

swavlobda bunebas: sad ra izrdeboda, romeli mcenare iyo vargisi sakvebad, romeli
cxoveli sad binadrobda da rogor iyo SesaZlebeli misi monadireba.

6. ra unar-Cvevebs SeiZenda adamiani nadirobis dros? mcenareuli sakvebis Seg-

rovebisas?
7. arsebobs mosazreba, rom pirvelyofil adamianTa ganviTarebisaTvis nadiroba
ufro mniSvnelovani iyo, vidre mcenareuli sakvebis Segroveba. eTanxmebi Tu ara
am mosazrebas? pasuxi daasabuTe.
8. gamoTqvi mosazreba: esaWiroeboda Tu ara gvarovnul Tems lideri. ratom?

marTalia, Temis wevrebi Tanasworuflebianebi iyvnen, yvelafers erTad

akeTebdnen da nanadirevi Tu mopovebuli sakvebic saerTo hqondaT, magram am sazo-
gadoebas hyavda Tavisi lideri. mas saxalxo krebaze irCevdnen.

9. rogor fiqrob, ra Tvisebebi unda hqonoda liders?

gvarovnuli Temis lideri marjve monadire da mompovebeli iyo. is valdebu-

li iyo, jgufis wevrebisTvis piradi magaliTiT daemtkicebina sakuTari avtoriteti:
moepovebina yvelaze meti nanadirevi. sxva SemTxvevaSi mas sxva, ufro moxerxebuli
Secvlida.

10. warmoidgineT, rom Temis wevrebi xarT da beladi unda airCioT. beladobis
ramdenime kandidatia. klasSi daiyaviT jgufebad da TiToeulma jgufma sakuTari
kandidatis programa SeimuSaveT. aseve moamzadeT Tqveni kandidatis saarCevno
plakati. samuSaos Sesrulebis Semdeg jgufebma kandidatis programa da plakati
klass warudgineT.

ruka: neoliTisa da eneoliTis sadgomebi saqarTvelos teritoriaze

ფს ოუ
ბზიფი რ უ ს ე თ ი ს ფ ე დ ე რ ა ც ი ა

კისტრიკი
ი ური
კოდორ ენგ

მაჭარაღ ა ლ ი ძ გ ა რიო
ნ
ი
წ ყა ლ ი

საკაო თე
რგ
ოდიში ს
ი
ი
ცხენ

ურთა
გვი

ა
  თეთრამიწა ლ
რიონი
რი

ქსანი

არა

ბერიკლდეები
ყვი

ზემო ალვანი
გურიანთა ანასეული ჟინვალი
ალ

აზ
ქობულეთი ს უ ფს
ა გრაკლიანი ბოდორნა ან
ი
ხუცუბანიქ ვ ამირანის გორა
აბლ
პირობითი აღნიშვნები ი სწ ყ ა ლ ი
იან
ი გორა
ქცია
ალ მტ იო
რი წითელი
აჭარ გეთ კ
გორები
ი
ნეოლითური დასახლება
ვა

ფარავანი არუხლოს
რი

(ახალი ქვის ხანა) შულავრის

გორა
ფა რ

ა ვან ი გორა
ჭო

ენეოლითური დასახლება იმირის

რო

გორა
(სპილენძ-ქვის ხანა)
ა
ხი

მ ტ კ ვ ა რი სიონი
ზ

დღევანდელი თ უ რ ქ რ
ე

ე თ ი ბ ა
სახელმწიფოების ს ო მ ხ ე თ ი ი ჯ ა ნ ი
საზღვრები
14
 5. rogor aRiqvamda uZvelesi adamiani samyaros _ ras mogvi-
Txrobs paleoliTuri mRvimeebis kedlis mxatvroba?

1875-79 wlebSi espaneli moyvaruli arqeologi marselino de sautuola es-

paneTSi, altamiris mRvimeSi, pirvelyofili adamianebis cxovrebis nakvalevs swav-
lobda. misma mcirewlovanma qaliSvilma gamoqvabulis Werze naxatebi SeamCnia da ma-
masac uCvena. sautuolas azriT, naxatebi pirvelyofili adamianis mier paleoliTis
epoqaSi iyo Seqmnili. mecnierTa umravlesobam sautuolas mosazreba maSin ar gaizi­
ara. 1895 wels, rodesac safrangeTSi, la-mucis gamoqvabulSi, kedelze amoWrili
cxovelebis gamosaxulebebi ipoves, mecnierebma ukve irwmunes, rom pirvelyofili
adamiani gamoqvabulis kedlebze xatavda.
qvemoT moyvanilia preistoriuli xanis kedlis mxatvroba. isini sxvadasxva
qveynis mRvimeebSia aRmoCenili.

1. aRwere naxatebi. ra aris maTze gamosaxuli?

2. Tqveni azriT, ra aris am mRvimeebSi mcxovrebi xalxis ZiriTadi saqmianoba?

sur.1 pirvelyofili adamianis kedlis mxatvroba

3. kidev ra informacias gawvdis naxatebi? qvemoT CamoTvlilis garda, sxva

mosazrebebic daasaxele:

• albaT, ZiriTadad im cxovelebze nadirobdnen, romlebic

suraTebzea gamosaxuli.
• vfiqrob, am cxovelebs gansxvavebuli mniSvneloba eniWeba
maT cxovrebaSi.
• saRebavebis damzadeba ician, naxatebi feradia.

15
 erT-erT gamoqvabulSi fuRurodan Taflis
amoRebis scenaa daxatuli. rogorc Cans, adamiani Tav-
dapirvelad Tafls ase moipovebda, mogvianebiT ki ukve
mTel fuRuros Wrida, Sin mihqonda da Taflis mTel
marags iRebda. droTa ganmavlobaSi adamianma aRmoaCi-
na, rom erTxel `gaZarcvul~ fuRuroSi futkari isev
aSenebda fiWas, e. i. fuRuros gamoyeneba mravaljera-
dad SeiZleboda. amis Semdeg adamianebi tyeSi fuRuros
specialur niSans adebdnen da Tafls yovelTvis uxvad
agrovebdnen.
albaT, ase daiwyo dakvirveba mefutkrem fut-
karze da bevri saintereso ram Seityo.

sur.2 pirvelyofili adamianis kedlis mxatvroba

pirvelyofil adamianTa xelovnebis asaxsnelad mecnierebi paralelebs avleben
Tanamedrove avstralieli aborigenebis xelovnebasTan. avstralieli aborigenebis na­
wili civilizaciis miRma, jer kidev gvarovnuli wyobilebis pirobebSi cxovrobs. maTze
dakvirveba mecnier-eTnologebs pirvelyofilTa cxovrebis aRdgenaSi exmareba.
avstralieli aborigenebis xatvis stils rentgenis stili Searqves, radgan adami-
ani xatavs ara mxolod imas, rasac xedavs, aramed imasac, rac icis am saganze (mag., xatavs
kengurus da zed axatavs guls an ConCxs). avstraliel aborigen monadireTa mxatvrobas
praqtikuli _ ritualuri daniSnulebac aqvs. isini nadirobis win sasurvel msxverpls
xataven (mag., kengurus) da Semdeg naxats isrebiT Cxvleten, rom nadiroba warmatebuli
iyos.
aborigeni _ adgilobrivi mkvidri mosaxle
eTnologia _ (berZn. eTnos _ xalxi, logos _ metyveleba, mcodneoba) istoriis
dargia, calke disciplina, romelic Seiswavlis sxvadasxva xalxs, maT kulturas,
yofas.
rituali _ adamiani zebunebrivi Zalebis keTilganwyobis mopovebas sxvadasxva
gziT cdilobda: mReroda, cekvavda, kverebs acxobda, saqonels klavda. am moqme-
debebis erTobliobas rituali hqvia. adamiani sxvadasxva zebunebrivi ZalisTvis
sxvadasxva ritu­als marTavda.

sur.3 avstralieli aborigenebis mxatvroba

4. Seni azriT, ra aqvs saerTo paleoliTeli adamianebisa da avstralieli aborigenebis

mxatvrobas?

16
 mecnierebi gamoqvabulis kedlebze, Werze, kldeebze Tu calkeul qvebze Ses-
rulebul uZveles gamosaxulebebs petroglifebs (berZnulad _ qvaze amokveTa) uwode-
ben.
uZvelesi adamiani ZiriTadad xatavda cxovelebis _ irmebis, bizonebis, gareuli
Rorebis, veluri cxenebis gamosaxulebebs, maT Soris, iseTebs, romlebic dedamiwaze
aRar binadroben _ grZelbewvian mamontebs, xmalkbila vefxvebs da sxv. ufro mogvianebiT
daiwyo adamianis figurebisa da yofa-cxovrebis scenebis _ nadirobis, brZolis, cekvis an
sxva raime wes-Cveulebis gamosaxva.

5. gaixsene, saqarTvelos teritoriaze sad aris aRmoCenili petroglifebi?

maTi daTvaliereba SegiZlia Semdeg vebgverdze: www.culturalroutes.gov.ge

naxat gamosaxulebebs, simboloebs dResac viyenebT. mag., yvelasTvis nacnobi da

gasagebi socialuri qselis ganwyobis gamomxatveli `smaili~, sagzao niSnebi da a.S. maTi
daxmarebiT SevecdebiT, informacia gadmogceT. amindis pirobiT aRniSvnebidan avirCevT
karg aminds, Semdeg Cvens ganwyobas giCvenebT, bolos _ ki velosipeds:

6. Seni azriT, ra informaciaa gadmocemuli am simboloebiT?

7. davaleba: gadmoeci informacia petroglifebiT.
warmoidgine, rom Sens TemTan erTad gamoqvabulSi cxovrob. erT dResac
mTel Tems am gamoqvabulis datoveba da sxva sacxovrebeli adgilis Zieba mogixdaT.
mizezi SeiZleba mravali iyos: klimaturi pirobebis gauareseba (mag., didi gamyinva-
reba), cxovelebis raodenobis Semcireba, an piriqiT _ momravlebuli mtaceblebis
Tavdasxmebi, mezoblad mtruli Temis dabanakeba, romelsac ver moereviT da a.S.
gadawy­viteT, gamoqvabulis datovebis win Tqveni istoria kedelze daxatoT ise, rom
sxva dros iq moxvedrilisTvis gasagebi iyos.
daiyaviT jgufebad da gadmoeciT Tqveni istoria petroglifebiT.
Sesrulebuli namuSevrebi erTmaneTs gauziareT. naxeT, Tu SeZlebT erTmane-
Tis naazrevis gamocnobas.

sur.4 petroglifebis nimuSebi

17
 6. risi swamda da sjeroda pirvelyofil adamians?
Tanamedrove mecnierebi gamoqvabulis kedlebze SemorCenili naxatebis mixedviT
ara marto pirvelyofili adamianis yofa-cxovrebasa da saqmianobaze msjeloben, aramed
pirvelyofili rwmena-warmodgenebis aRdgenasac cdiloben.
rogori iyo pirvelyofili adamianis Sexedulebebi, damokidebuleba garemos
mimarT? sakiTxis gasarkvevad kvlav avstraliel aborigenebs vestumroT.

avstralieli aborigenis interviu eTnologTan

`gveSinia uamindobis, romelsac unda vebrZoloT, rom sazrdo movipovoT. Cvens
civ qoxebSi gveSinia gaWirvebisa da SimSilis, gveSinia avadmyofobis, rac ase xSiria,
gveSinia micvalebulebis da nadirobisas daxocili mxecebis sulebis. gveSinia yvelafris,
rac ucnobia CvenTvis~.

1. rogoria avstralieli aborigenis damokidebuleba garesamyaros mimarT?

2. Seni azriT, ratom eSinia avstraliel aborigens yvelafris?
3. waikiTxe saxelmZRvanelos teqsti da Seavse cxrili moswavlis rveulSi (dav. #4),
sadac cal-calke grafaSi unda amowero: SenTvis nacnobi masala; is, rac SenTvis
axalia; ewinaaRmdegeba Sens codnas, anu `sxvagvarad vfiqrobdi~; sakiTxebi, romel-
Ta Sesaxeb msurs, meti vicode; is, rac ver gavige, anu `aris kiTxvebi~.
pirvelyofili adamiani misTvis auxsneli mravali ambis mowme iyo. gansakuTrebul
SiSs iwvevda bunebis mrisxane movlenebi, romelTa winaSe Tavs uZlurad grZnobda, amitom
xan mzes evedreboda, rom gamoedara, xan mnaTobebs, rom wyvdiadi gaefantaT. bolos da
bolos, rodesac dari dgeboda, adamiani Tvlida, rom zeciurma Zalebma Seismines misi
vedreba da madlierebis niSnad maT saCuqrebs uZRvnida. amas msxverplSewirva erqva.
uxilavi Zalebis daxmareba sWirdeboda monadiresac, radgan misi nadiroba xan
warmatebuli iyo, xanac _ warumatebeli. amitom igi Sesawirs winaswar uZRvnida zeciur
mfarvelebs, Tavad ki nadirobisas manamde mokluli cxovelis an frinvelis nawils (nis­
karts, eSvs, kbils...) Camoikidebda xolme kiserze. monadires swamda, rom amiT avsulebs
daafrTxobda da nadirobac warmatebuli gamodgeboda. imave mizniT, nadirobis win mo-
mavali nadirobis scenas an isrebiTa da SubebiT gangmirul cxovels xatavdnen. naxats
Seulocavdnen, rac warmatebuli nadirobis imeds aZlevdaT. gaCnda adgilebi, sadac mih-
qondaT ZRveni an msxverplSewirvis rituali tardeboda. es pirveli salocavebi iyo.
ase TandaTanobiT Camoyalibda uZveles sazogadoebaSi religiuri rwmena-warmod-
genebi.
mecnierebi uZvelesi religiuri war-
modgenebis ramdenime formas ganarCeven.
adamianis mcdelobas, mouxmos zebunebriv Za-
lebs da maTi daxmarebiT miaRwios garkveul
mizans, magias uwodeben. magia pirvelyofi-
li adamianis azrovnebisa da msoflmxedv-
elobis umTavresi forma iyo. igi sagnebsa
da adamianebs Soris uxilavi kavSirebis ar-
sebobas gulisxmobda. magiuri warmodgenebi
msoflios TiTqmis yvela xalxSi arsebobda,
Tumca sarwmunoebrivi xasiaTis qmedebebi _
ritualebi _ cxadia, gansxvavebuli iyo. ze-
bunebriv ZalebTan kavSiri yvelas ar SeeZlo. gaCndnen adamianebi, romlebic marTavdnen
bunebis Zalebs, micvalebulTa sulebi gadahyavdaT sxva samyaroSi, msxverpls swiravdnen
RvTaebebs da yvela rituals atarebdnen. ase gaCndnen sazogadoebaSi qurumebi - uZvele-
si kultis msaxurebi. maT sazogadoebaSi gansakuTrebuli adgili ekavaT.

magia _ berZnulad `mageia~ _ jadoqrobas niSnavs.

4. gamoTqvi varaudi, ra daskvnas gaakeTebda adamiani, Tu misi magiuri rituali uSe-

dego aRmoCndeboda?
18
 gasulierebuli samyaro
eTnologebi agroveben gavrcelebul gadmocemebs, Tqmulebebs, romlebSic aseve
SemorCenilia uZvelesi xalxuri rwmena-warmodgenebi. ai, ras mogviTxrobs qarTveli
mecnieri giorgi Citaia qarTvelTa winaprebis religiur warmodgenebze:
`Cveni winaprebis warmodgeniT, xe cocxali arseba iyo. mas sakuTari suli gaaCnda.
SemdegSi xe wminda arsebebis, RvTaebebis samyofeli gaxda. wminda xeTa Soris qarTveleb-
Si yvelaze metad gavrcelebuli iyo muxisa da cacxvis Tayvaniscema.
sayovelTaod iyo cnobili wminda cacxvis xe, romelzedac uamravi Sesawiri iyo
Camokidebuli. aseve saxelganTqmuli iyo Wyondidi, romelic megrulad `did muxas~ niS-
navs. xis TayvaniscemasTan aris dakavSirebuli warmodgenebi sicocxlis xis Sesaxebac.~
pirvelyofili adamiani miiCnevda, rom yvelafers samyaroSi, adamianis msgavsad,
suli hqonda. misi warmodgeniT, SeiZleboda am sulebis momadliereba locviT, TxovniT,
msxverplSewirviT. saqarTveloSi dResac SesTxoven zogierTi xis `suls~ survilebis Ses-
rulebas da zed ferad naWrebs abamen. aseT xeebs saqarTvelos bevr kuTxeSi Sexvdebi.
amave dros, SesaZlebelia sulebis ganrisxebac. pirvelyofilTa warmodgeniT, xis moWra,
mcenareebis Segroveba, nadiris mokvla da sxv. sulebis `TanxmobiT~ unda momxdariyo,
Torem SurisZieba iyo mosalodneli. aseT SemTxvevaSi ki aucilebeli iqneboda Tavis
dacva `arakeTilmosurne sulebisgan~. amitom adamiani sakidebiT, avgarozebiT, sxeulis
moxatviT afrTxobda maT. uZveles rwmenas sulebis Sesaxeb animizmi hqvia.

animizmi _ momdinareobs laTinuri sityvidan `anima~ _ suli da gasuliere-

bas niSnavs. animizmis mixedviT, suli aqvs yovelgvar sagans _ cocxalsa Tu
aracocxals.

5. gaixsene filmebidan (mag., `hari poteri~, `beWdebis mbrZanebeli~ da sxv.) epizode-

bi, rodesac filmis gmirebi miznis misaRwevad sxvadasxva Zalas uxmoben.

uZveles droSi arsebobda rwmena-warmodgenac, romlis Tanaxmad adamianTa jgufs

ama Tu im cxovelis saxiT saerTo winapari hyavda. aseT Soreul winapars mecnierebma
totemi uwodes, rwmena-warmodgenas ki totemizmi. totemi icavda, mfarvelobda, afrTxi­
lebda Tavis gvarsa da Tems mosalodneli safrTxis Sesaxeb. sadResaswaulo dReebSi
totemuri jgufis wevrebi niRbiT, CacmulobiT, sxvadasxva morTulobiT cdilobdnen,
gansakuTrebiT damsgavsebodnen totems. zogierTi xalxis gadmocemebsa da zRaprebSi
totemma SeiZleba adamianis saxe miiRos (mag., cxovelma `gaixados~ tyavi) da daexmaros
`naTesavs~, gadasces Tavisi gansakuTrebuli Tvisebebi (mag., daTvma _ Zal-Rone).
saqarTvelos teritoriaze daTvis kulti jer kidev paleoliTis dros iyo
gavrcelebuli. amas mowmobs imereTSi, cucxvaTis mRvimeSi aRmoCenili daTvis Tavis qa-
lebi da kidurebi, romlebic mRvimeSi bunebriv Taroze iyo dalagebuli. rogorc Cans,
mRvimis mcxovreblebi daTvs eTayvanebodnen da Temis mfarvelad miaCndaT.
totemi _ arseba, sagani an movlena (rogorc wesi, cxoveli an mcenare), rome-
lic warmoadgens adamianTa jgufis Tayvaniscemis da romelsac ukavSirdeba
saerTo warmomavloba da miiCneva mfarvelad.

giorgi Citaia qarTvelTa winaprebis religiur warmodgenebze:

`xisa da mcenareulis kultTan erTad Zvel saqarTveloSi metad farTod iyo
gavrcelebuli totemuri warmodgenebi. totemuri cxovelebidan saqarTveloSi, kerZod,
svaneTSi, mgelia dadasturebuli. mglis totemidan momdinareobs svanuri salaSqro dro-
Sa _ lem. cxovelTa kultTan aris dakavSirebuli nadirTa mfarveli RvTaebebis kultic.
es RvTaebebi cxovelTa mwyemsad, maT patronad iTvleboda. nadirT RvTaebebidan saqa-
rTveloSi cnobili iyvnen svanuri nadirobis qalRmerTi oqrosTmiani dali, xevsuruli
_ anatori, megruli _ Jini anTari da sxva...~

6. rogor vigebT pirvelyofili adamianis rwmena-warmodgenebis Sesaxeb?

7. zogierTi uZvelesi religiuri rituali dRemdea SenarCunebuli. Seni azriT, ra
mniSvneloba aqvs maT dRes?
19
 7. ratom ixseneben miwaTmoqmedebisa da mesaqonleobis gaCenas
kacobriobis istoriaSi pirveli revoluciis saxeliT?

pirvelyofili adamiani sakvebsa da TavSesafars tyeSi mzamzareulad poulobda.

aseT meurneobas mecnierebma `mimTvisebluri~ uwodes. magram mimTvisebluri meurneoba
adamians arc sakmarisi sakvebiT uzrunvelyofda da arc _ uxifaTo TavSesafriT.
qvis xanis bolo periodSi _ neoliTSi (axal qvis xanaSi) adamianis cxovreba mniS-
vnelovnad Seicvala.
qvemoT baraTebze cal-calke aRwerilia is siaxleebi, rac neoliTis xanaSi moxda,
Tumca isini movlenebs TanamimdevrobiT ar gadmogvcemen.

1. gaecani baraTebs. daajgufe isini Tematurad:

a. miwaTmoqmedebis ganviTareba da masTan dakavSirebuli movlenebi;
b. mesaqonleobis ganviTareba da masTan dakavSirebuli movlenebi.
TiToeuli mimarTulebis Sesabamisi baraTebi daalage qronologiurad, anu im
TanamimdevrobiT, rogorc es movlenebi moxdeboda.

baraTi 1.
erT adgilas dasaxlebulma adamianebma cxovelebis moSinaurebac daiwyes. moSi-
naurebul cxovelebs adamiani Tavisi sadgomis siaxloves abinavebda da Tavad zrunavda
maT gamokvebaze.
cxovelTagan yvelaze adre moSinaurebul ZaRls axali saqme gamouCnda. ZaRli
ara marto icavda sadgoms, aramed im cxovelebsac darajobda, romlebic adamianma moiSi-
naura. saqonlis moSinaurebis Semdeg adamianma mecxvare ZaRlis jiSic gamoiyvana. is
faras darajobda, mwyemss cxvris morekvaSi exmareboda, nerbTan batknis miyvana SeeZlo.
ZaRlebs sanadirod iyenebdnen.

baraTi 2.
mecnierebi varaudoben, rom adamianebma velad dasaxleba daaxloebiT 10000 wlis
win daiwyes. maT saxlebi aages da soflebi Seqmnes. daiwyes marcvleulis daTesva da mov-
la-moyvana, anu miwaTmoqmedeba. adamiani ukve Tavad awarmoebda kvebis produqts. amitom
mecnierebma adamianis dawyebul axal saqmianobas `mwarmoebluri meurneoba~ uwodes.
adamianis Seqmnil produqtebis marags saTanadod Senaxva sWirdeboda, rasac axa-
li gamogonebebi mohyva.

baraTi 3.
adamianma axali sivrceebis aTviseba daiwyo. tyispira velebze, mdinaris siax-
loves, tenian garemoSi marcvlovani mcenareebi (ZiriTadad, xorbali da qeri) izrde-
boda. maTi nayofi kargad anayrebda adamians, advili mosakrefi iyo da xangrZlivadac
inaxeboda. amitom adamianebma aseT adgilebSi daiwyes dasaxleba. bunebriv mosavals isini
xeliT, qvis daniT an namglismagvari iaraRiT iRebdnen.

baraTi 4.
marTalia, adamianebs mosavals kvlav buneba aZlevda, magram misi movla da dacva iyo
saWiro. amitom gvalvisas mcenareebs rwyavdnen, mosavals ki frinvelebisa da cxovelebi-
sagan icavdnen. ase adamiani naklebad iyo damokidebuli bunebis Wirveulobaze. velad cx-
ovreba ufro uxifaToc iyo _ didi nadiri tyidan iSviaTad gamodioda da velze Sedare-
biT advili mosanadirebelic iyo. velad dasaxlebuli adamiani cdilobda, sacxovreb­lad
SemaRlebuli adgili aerCia, radgan borcvidan aremare kargad moCanda. borcvis dacva
saerTo saqme iyo da gvaris mamakacebs evalebodaT.

20
baraTi 5.
adamianma sakvebis momarageba daiwyo. xorblis an sxva marcvleulis Senaxva dawnul
godrebSi, xisgan gamoTlil WurWelSi SeiZleboda, magram cecxlze saWmlis mosamzadeb­
lad aseTi ram ar gamodgeboda. cecxlze saWmlis mosamzadeblad da ZiriTadad rZis
Sesanaxad adamianma Tixis WurWlis gamoyeneba daiwyo. Tavdapirvelad is gamouwvav da
uxeSad naZerw Tixis WurWels amzadebda, magram maleve Seqmna mowyobiloba _ sameTuneo
Carxi, romlis saSualebiTac WurWels ufro daxvewil formas aZlevda. Tixam, rogorc
samSeneblo masalam, male xe Secvala. adamianma Tixisgan aguris damzadeba daiwyo. Tavda-
pirvelad Tixis agurs mzeze aSrobdnen da Semdeg misgan saxlebs agebdnen.

baraTi 6.
adamianma iswavla matylisgan Zafis rTva da qsova. qsovilis damzadeba ufro ad-
vili iyo, vidre tyavis damuSaveba. is adviladac ikereboda Zvlis nemsiT.

meTune _ Tixis WurWlis ostati; meTuneoba _ meTunis saqmianoba, meTunis xeloba.

sameTuneo Carxi _ danadgari, xelsawyo, romelzec Tixis WurWels amzadebdnen.

2. daasabuTe, ratomaa marTebuli Sen mier Sedgenili qronologia da ra kavSirSia es

movlenebi erTmaneTTan, anu rogor gamoiwvia erTma movlenam meore.
3. ra gansxvavebaa mimTviseblur da mwarmoeblur meurneobas Soris?
4. Seni azriT, mimTvisebluri meurneobis romeli dargisgan Camoyalibda mesaqon-
leoba?

droTa ganmavlobaSi adami-

ans gauCnda moTxovnileba, sul ufro
ukeTesi da mravalferovani iaraRi
da sxva nivTebi daemzadebina. magram
sofelSi bevri saqme iyo gasakeTebeli,
amitom yvelas ar ecala ama Tu im niv-
Tis dasamzadeblad. garda amisa, bev-
rma arc icoda, magaliTad, sxvadasxva
masalisgan WurWlis damzadeba, Tixis
qvevrebis gakeTeba, Zafis darTva, qso-
vilis moqsova da sxv. ase gaCndnen xe-
losnebi _ adamianebi, romlebmac esa
Tu is saqme kargad icodnen da mxo-
lod am saqmiT iyvnen dakavebulni.
radgan xelosnebs miwis damuSavebisa Tu Sinauri cxovelebis movlisTvis ar ecalaT,
isini TavianT nawarms im produqtebSi cvlidnen, romlebic sWirdebodaT, magaliTad,
yvelSi, fqvilSi, xorcSi, matylSi da sxv. garda amisa, xelosnebi erTmaneTsac ucvlidnen
TavianT nawarms.
ase gamoeyo soflis meurneobas _ miwaTmoqmedebasa da mesaqonleobas _ xelosno-
ba. xelosnebi iyvnen meTuneebi, mqsovelebi, mSeneblebi da sxv. droTa ganmavlobaSi ada-
miani ufro da ufro met xelobas eufleboda, Sesabamisad, xelosnobis dargebic ufro
mravalferovani xdeboda.

5. rogor fiqrob, Sromis aseTi danawileba Seuwyobda Tu ara xels adamianis cxov-
rebis gaumjobesebas? pasuxi daasabuTe.
6. Seni azriT, xelosnobis ganviTareba Seuwyobda Tu ara xels adamians axali cod-
nis SeZenaSi? pasuxi daasabuTe.
21
 pirvelyofilTa cxovrebaSi es mniSvnelovani gardaqmnebi ZiriTadad Zv.w. VIII_VII
aTaswleulebSi, axal qvis xanaSi moxda. cnobilma mecnierma gordon Caildma am gardatex-
as `neoliTuri revolucia~ uwoda. kacobrioba mimTvisebluri meurneobidan mwarmoeb-
lurze gadavida. pirvelad moxda Sromis danawileba _ miwaTmoqmedeba da mesaqonleoba
erTmaneTisgan gansxvavebul dargebad Camoyalibda. aman cxovrebis stilis Secvla gamoi-
wvia, warmoiSva miwaTmoqmedi _ binadari da mesaqonle _ momTabare sazogadoebebi.
calke dargad Camoyalibda xelosnobac. neoliTis adamiani binadar cxovrebaze
gadavida da saxlebis mSenebloba daiwyo. gaCnda pirveli dasaxlebebi, romlebic Semdeg
soflebad da qalaqebad gadaiqca.

revolucia _ Zirfesviani cvlileba, gadatrialeba bunebaSi, sazogadoebasa an

adamianis azrovnebaSi.

7. ramdenad marTebulia termini `revolucia~ im gardaqmnebis aRsaniSnavad, rom-

lebic pirvelyofilTa cxovrebaSi moxda? pasuxi daasabuTe.
8. yuradRebiT waikiTxe warwerebi rukaze.
a. gansazRvre, dedamiwis romel nawilSi moiyvanes pirvelad xorbali da qeri.
b. gansazRvre, ra marcvleuli iyo ZiriTadi sakvebi sxvadasxva kontinentsa Tu re-
gionSi mcxovrebi adamianebisTvis.
9. Seavse cxrili (davaleba #6 moswavlis rveulSi). cxrilSi erTmaneTs Seadare
paleoliTisa da neoliTis dros mcxovrebi adamianebis saqmianoba da yofa-cxovreba.

22
 8. rogori iyo neoliTuri sofeli? ratom iTvleba saqarTvelo
miwaTmoqmedebisa da meRvineobis erT-erT uZveles kerad?
neoliTur xanaSi gaCnda pirveli miwaTmoqmedi Temebi, pirveli dasaxlebebi, pir-
veli myarad nagebi Senobebi, xelosnobis dargebi, ramac, Tavis mxriv, gvarovnul TemSi
axali urTierTobebis Camoyalibebas Seuwyo xeli. monadire-SemgrovebelTa sazogadoeba
miwaTmoqmed-mesaqonleTa sazogadoebiT Seicvala. es sulac ar niSnavs, rom erTdrou-
lad yvela xalxi mkvidr cxovrebaze gadavida, sadme mdinaris piras dasaxlda da qerisa
Tu xorblis moyvana daiwyo. zogma kvlav Zveleburad gaagrZela cxovreba da Tavs kvlav
SemgroveblobiTa da nadirobiT irCenda.

1. gamoTqvi varaudi, raze iqneboda damokidebuli es procesi _ miwaTmoqmedebis

dawyeba da mkvidri cxovrebis wesze gadasvla.

am gakveTilze vimogzauroT uZveles dasaxlebebSi da vnaxoT, ra informacias

gvawvdis arqeologia maT Sesaxeb.

uZvelesi dasaxlebebi
mecnierebi Tvlian, rom miwaTmoqmedebasa da mesaqonleobaze gadasvlam, cxovre-
bis pirobebis gaumjobesebam mosaxleobis raodenobis zrda gamoiwvia.
neoliTur sofelSi mcxovrebTa ricxvi sul ufro izrdeboda da nel-nela
aucilebeli xdeboda axali sacxovrebeli adgilebis aTviseba. gaCnda axali dasaxlebebi.
Temis wevrebs saerTo interesi hqondaT _ miwebis erTad damuSaveba.

2. Seni azriT, ratom amuSavebdnen miwas erTad Temis wevrebi? raze miuTiTebs es?

dasaxleba ieriqoni
arqeologebma xmelTaSua zRvis aRmosavleT sanapiroze (Tanamedrove palestinis
teritoria, mkvdari zRvis maxloblad), qalaq ieriqonis midamoebSi aRmoaCines dasaxle-
ba, romelic Zv.w. VIII aTaswleuliT TariRdeba.

sur.1 ieriqonis nangrevebi sur.2 aRdgenili neoliTuri sofeli

ieriqonis dasaxleba garSemortymuli iyo uzarmazari qvis kedliT, romlis sis-

qe 3 metramde aRwevda. ieriqonis mosaxleoba Tixis gamouwvavi agurisgan nageb, gver-
digverd mdebare mrgval saxlebSi cxovrobda.
mosaxleoba misdevda miwaTmoqmedebas _ mohyavda qeri, xorbali, ospi, xurma. maT
saqmianobaSi mniSvnelovani adgili eWira nadirobasac. didi raodenobiT aRmoaCines ga-
reuli Rorisa da viris Zvlebi, moSinaurebuli ki mxolod ZaRli, Txa da kata iyo.
iaraRs qvisa da Zvlisgan amzadebdnen. napovnia kaJis (magari qva) isris pirebi,
namglis dakbiluli pirebi, xelsafqvavebi, aseve _ sxvadasxva WurWeli. rogorc Cans,
Zvlis­iaraRebs ZiriTadad Wilofebis dasawnavad iyenebdnen. Tixisgan adamianebisa da
cxo­velebis patara figurebs Zerwavdnen. ieriqonSi WurWels Tixisgan ar amzadebdnen,
rogorc Cans, Tixis gamowva jer kidev ar icodnen. samkaulebidan napovnia niJarebisa da
qvisgan damzadebuli mZivebi.
23
 3. ra sameurneo saqmianobas misdevda ieriqonis mosaxleoba?
4. monaxe teqstSi is adgili, romelic metyvelebs, rom ieriqonSi mesaqonleoba
ganviTarebuli ar iyo.
5. Seni azriT, ratom Semoavles ieriqonis mcxovreblebma qalaqs galavani?
6. Seni azriT, ra daniSnuleba SeiZleba hqonoda adamianebisa da cxovelebis Tixis
patara figurebs?

dasaxleba Sulaveri
saqarTvelos teritoriaze, SulaverSi
(qvemo qarTli), aRmoCenil dasaxlebas Zv.w. VI-V
aTaswleuliT aTariReben.
dasaxleba Sulaveri SemaRlebul adgilas
mdebareobda.
sur.3 es mrgvali kedlebi SulaverSi aRmoCenili sax-
lis nangrevebia. isini Tixis aguriTaa nagebi.

TixiT amolesil ormoebSi, romlebsac arqeologe-

bi sameurneo ormoebs eZaxian, da Tixis did Wur-
WelSi sxvadasxva produqtsa da wyals inaxavdnen.

arqeologebi Sulaveris saxlebis Sesaxeb:

Senobis kedeli Ziridanve TandaTanobiT gadaxurvaSi gadadis. marTalia, arc
erTi Senobis gumbaTi mTlianad ar gadarCenila, magram kedlebis simrudis mixedviT
sakmao sizustiT SeiZleba simaRlis gamoTvla. is 2,5 metrze naklebi ar gamodis. nagebo-
bas erTi viw­ro Sesasvleli hqonda da, ueWvelia, sarkmlebic eqneboda. varaudoben, rom
es sarkmeli gumbaTSi keriis Tavze unda yofiliyo datanebuli, saidanac kvamli gavido-
da da Suqic Semovidoda.

sur.4 aseTi Tixis WurWeli dasaxlebaSi mravlad aRmoC-

nda. isini uxeSadaa xeliT gamoZerwili. zedapiri morTu-
lia ornamentiT da gaprialebuli ar aris.

7. Seni azriT, raze miuTiTebs WurWlis damzadebis teqnika?

dasaxlebaSi napovnia qvis, Zvlisa da obsidianis iaraRebi _ namglis pirebi, cule-

bi, Toxiseburi iaraRi, qvasanayebi.
aqve aRmoCnda xorblis, qeris, fetvis marcvlebi. saqarTveloSi ukve am droidan
mohyavdaT sxvadasxva jiSis xorbali. mravlad iyo aseve Sinauri cxovelis _ xaris, cxv­ris,
Rorisa da ZaRlis Zvlebi, aseve, Tevzis fxebi. SulaverSi aRmoCenili cxovelTa Zvle­
bis umetesoba msxvilfexa rqosani pirutyvisa iyo. erT-erT WurWelSi arqeologebma
yurZnis wipwebi aRmoaCines. kvlevis Sedegad dadginda, rom isini vazis kulturul saxe-
obas ekuTvnoda. dRes mecnierebi Tvlian, rom saqarTvelo meRvineobisa da mevenaxeobis
uZvelesi samSobloa, swored aq moxda veluri vazis `gakultureba.~

obsidiani _ vulkanuri warmoSobis muqi feris mina.

wipwa _ yurZnis kurka, Tesli.

24
 dasaxlebaSi napovnia qalis patara qandakeba, romelsac
mkerdze sicocxlis xis gamosaxuleba aqvs. sicocxlis xe Zvel
samyaroSi erT-erTi yvelaze gavrcelebuli gamosaxuleba iyo,
romelic simbolurad gamoxatavda dedamiwisa da zecis kavSirs.
mkvlev­rebi mas xSirad sicocxlisa da nayofierebis qalRmerTis
kults ukavSireben.
sur.5 sicocxlis xis gamosaxuleba erT-erT neoliTur qandakebaze

Sulaveris msgavsi dasaxlebebi mraval adgilas aRmoCnda. es dasaxlebebi adre

samiwaTmoqmedo sazogadoebas ekuTvnis. mecnierebi mas Sulaver-SomuTefes arqeologi-
ur kulturas uwodeben da V-IV aTaswleulebiT aTariReben. es is xanaa, rodesac adamiani
qvasTan erTad TviTnabadi spilenZis gamoyenebas iwyebs, Tumca spilenZs civi WedviT
amuSavebs, radgan jer ar icis liTonis gamodnoba. mecnierebi am periods qvis xanidan
brinjaos xanaze gardamaval periodad Tvlian da mas eneoliTs uwodeben. Sulaver-So-
muTefes kultura ara marto kavkasiaSi, aramed wina aziaSic erT-erT uadresia.

SomuTefe _ adresamiwaTmoqmedo xanis goranamosaxlari dasavleT azerbai-

janSi.
arqeologiuri kultura _ gansazRvrul teritoriaze gavrcelebuli ar-
qeologiuri Zeg­ lebis erToblioba, romelic konkretul periodSi (mag.,
mezoliTSi an neoliTSi, Zv.w. V aTaswleulSi, an Zv.w. V aTaswleulis mxolod
I naxevarSi da a.S.) arsebobda. am kulturis Zeglebs (mag., dasaxlebebs an
samarxebs) msgavsi niSan-Tvisebebi aerTianebs (mag., ganviTarebis done, meur-
neoba, dasaxlebis tipebi, dakrZalvis wesi, iaraRi da samkauli, keramika da
ornamentacia keramikaze da a.S.). mecnierebi arqeologiur kulturas saxels
arqmeven an aRmoCenis adgilis (mag., Sulaveri _ saqarTvelo, SomuTefe _
azerbaijani) an ufro farTo teritoriis mixedviT, romelzec gavrcelebu-
lia es kultura.

8. qvemoT mocemulia ruka, romelzec Sulaver-SomuTefes kulturis Zeglebia data-

nili. daakvirdi mas. romeli Tanamedrove qveynebis arealSia Sulaver _ SomuTefes
arqeologiuri kultura moqceuli?

25
 9. meurneobis romeli dargebi iyo SulaverSi ganviTarebuli? ris safuZvelze gaakeTe
aseTi daskvna?
10. ris aRmoCena miuTiTebs SulaverSi mevenaxeobis ganviTarebaze?
11. Seni azriT, xelosnobis dargebidan romeli iyo SulaverSi ganviTarebuli?
12. ratom iTvleba saqarTvelo miwaTmoqmedebisa da mevenaxeobis erT-erT uZveles
kerad?
13. erTmaneTs Seadare ieriqonisa da Sulaveris dasaxlebebi, Seavse cxrili moswavlis
rveulSi (dav. #7). daasaxle is niSnebi, romlebic orive Zegls aerTianebs.

Semajamebeli davaleba: preistoriuli xanis sagamofeno darbazi

warmoidgine, rom muzeumis TanamSromeli xar da unda moamzado eqspozicia pre-
istoriul xanaze an mis romelime periodze (mag., mxolod homininebis gansaxlebis peri-
odze, paleoliTze an neoliTze), Tumca aseT SemTxvevaSi unda Candes, rom SerCeuli
drois monakveTi erTi didi epoqis _ preistoriis Semadgeneli nawilia. gamofenam sruli
STabeWdileba unda Seuqmnas damTvaliereblebs am epoqaze: rogor bunebriv pirobebSi
cxovrobda adamiani, ras saqmianobda, rogori sabrZolo Tu samuSao iaraRebi hqonda, ro-
gor viTardeboda da icvleboda misi saqmianoba. unda Camowero im nivTebis sia, romlebic
gamofenis mosawyobad gWirdeba. nivTebSi igulisxmeba rogorc artefaqtebi, ise rukebi,
posterebi, maketebi.
siis Sedgenis Semdeg Seni sagamofeno eqsponatebi unda aRwero da daasabuTo, Tu
ratom aris saWiro da mniSvnelovani maTi warmodgena.
SegiZlia, werilobiT Seasrulo es davaleba da Tan naxatebic daurTo;
moamzado prezentacia PowerPoint-is saSualebiT; gaakeTo maketi.

rCevebi:
davalebis Sesrulebamde muzeums estumre, an internetiT moiZie da daaTvaliere
preistoriis amsaxveli sagamofeno sivrceebi.
Sens namuSevarSi unda Candes codna, romelic am Temis ganxilvisas SeiZine.

26
 II Tavi
brinjaos xana / Zveli aRmosavleTi

am Temis Seswavlisas gaigeb, ratom uwodeben mecnierebi qvis xanis Semdgom pe-
riods brinjaos xanas da ra Seicvala liTonis aRmoCeniT. rogor gaCnda sazogadoebaSi
sxvadasxva socialuri fena, tomis beladebi da rigiTi wevrebi.
gaecnobi saqarTvelos teritoriaze gavrcelebul arqeologiur Zeglebs. warmoidgen,
rom mkvlevari xar da Seudgebi artefaqtebis Seswavlas, maTgan sxvadasxva informaciis
miRebas.
amave TavSi gaigeb, rogor gaCnda pirveli saxelmwifoebi da ratom mdebareob-
da isini didi mdinareebis gaswvriv; ratom gamoigona adamianma damwerloba da Seqmna
kanonebi; rogori iyo es uZvelesi kanonebi da ramdenad misaRebia isini dRes.
gaecnobi qarTvelur tomebs, maT mier Seqmnil pirvel saxelmwifoebs da maTze
ara mxolod artefaqtebze, aramed ukve werilobiT wyaroebze dayrdnobiT imsjeleb.
Seityob, ras mogviTxroben warwerebi Cveni winaprebis Sesaxeb.

saqarTvelos saqarTvelos
teritoriaze teritoriaze
adre brinjaos Sua brinjaos xanis qarTveluri
xanis mtkvar-araqsis TrialeTis qarTvelurma tomebi aqemenianTa
kultura iyo kultura iyo tomebma sparseTis
gavrcelebuli gavrcelebuli saxelmwifoebi SemadgenlobaSi
Seqmnes Sevidnen
Zv.w. IV aTasw.
Sua xanebi Zv.w. XVIII s.
Zv.w. IV aTasw. bolo Zv.w. XIV s. Zv.w. XII - Zv.w. VIII Zv.w. VI s.

egvipteSi asureTi
gaerTianebuli gaZlierda
SuamdinareTSi
saxelmwifo
babiloni aqemenianTa iranma
Camoyalibda
dawinaurda mTeli axlo
Sumerebma
aRmosavleTi
qalaq-saxelmwifoebi
moicva
Seqmnes

27
 9. ra Seicvala liTonis aRmoCeniT?

mecnierebs iaCniaT, rom sazogadoebis ganviTarebisTvis didi mniSvneloba hqon-

da liTonis aRmoCenas. sainteresoa, ratom Tvlian ase? ra Secvala liTonis aRmoCenam
adamianis cxovrebaSi? iseve mniSvnelovani iyo, rogorc cecxlis aRmoCena Tu miwaTmoq-
medebis dawyeba? vnaxoT, rogor aRmoaCina adamianma liToni, raSi gamoiyena da igi Semdeg
SevecadoT, vupasuxoT dasmul kiTxvebs.

pirveli liToni, romelic adamianma aRmoaCina, spilenZi iyo. spilenZis madani

xSirad axlos iyo miwis zedapirTan, amitom misi mopoveba did sirTules ar warmoadgen-
da. albaT swored amitom sxva liTonebze adre adamianma spilenZis damuSaveba daiwyo.
spilenZi ar tydeboda dartymisas, rogorc qva, rbili iyo, amitom misTvis sa-
surveli fromis micema qvis iaraRiTac ki SeiZleboda. spilenZis damuSavebisa da misgan
iaraRis damzadebis amgvar xerxs civad Wedva ewodeba. Tumca ase gamoWedili iaraRi for-
mas male kargavda da saWiro xdeboda misi gasworeba.
adamianma spilenZi aRmoaCina da civi WedviT pirveli iaraRebis damzadeba eneo-
liTis xanaSi daiwyo. eneoliTis xanas spilenZ-qvis xanasac uwodeben, radgan adamiani
spilenZis iaraRebTan erTad, kvlav ganagrZobda qvis iaraRebis gamoyenebasac.

1. Seni azriT, ra iaraRebis damzadebas SeZlebda adamiani civi WedviT?

2. rogor fiqrob, liTonis aRmoCenis miuxedavad, ratom SemorCa qvis iaraRic?

adamianma aRmoaCina, rom spilenZi cecxlis siaxloves dneboda, magram misi didi
raodenobiT gadasadnobad maRali temperaturis miRweva da SenarCuneba iyo saWiro. amas
mohyva quris gamogoneba, romelSic maRali temperaturis SenarCuneba xangrZlivad SeiZ-
leboda. quraSi aTavsebdnen spilenZs, sxva minarevTan erTad. spilenZTan sxva minarevebis
SeerTebis gziT adamianma Senadnobi _ brinjao miiRo. quraSi brinjao dneboda.
brinjaosgan damzadebuli iaraRi gacilebiT magari, gamZle da srulyofili iyo.
liTonis aRmoCenas axali dargis _ metalurgiis _ Camoyalibeba mohyva. pirveli meta-
lurgebi mWedlebi iyvnen. mWedeli yvela sofels sWirdeboda. is TanasoflelebisTvis
samuSao da sabrZolo iaraRs amzadebda, dazianebuli, Zveli iaraRis SekeTebac SeeZlo.
mWedeli Tavi­si saqmianobis safasurad sxvadasxva sasoflo produqts iRebda. soflis
mcxov­
rebTa umetesoba martiv sasoflo-sameurneo saqmianobas misdevda, mWedloba ki
specia­
lur codnas moiTxovda. amas mWedeli mxolod xangrZlivi swavliTa da gamoc-
dilebiT aRwevda.

metalurgia _ berZnulad, `liTonebs vamuSaveb~ _ Zvelad xelosnobis, amJamad

ki warmoebis dargi, romelic madnidan liTonis miRebasa da mis damuSavebas
gulisxmobs.

sur.1 saberveli da Rumeli

tyavisgan damzadebuli specialuri mowyobilobiT _ saberveliT RumelSi haeris

nakads uberavdnen da cecxls aRvivebdnen.

28
 sur.2 brinjaos iaraRebi sur.3 yalibi
gamomwvari Tixis formaSi _ yalibSi _ gamdnar, gavarvarebul liTons asxamdnen
da misi gacivebis Semdeg sasurveli formis nivTs iRebdnen. Tavdapirvelad yalibi
erTnawiliani, martivi formisa iyo. ornawiliani yalibebis gamogonebis Semdeg SesaZle-
beli gaxda mravalferovani, ufro rTuli sagnebis damzadeba.

3. ratom hqonda upiratesoba quraSi damzadebul liTonis nakeTobas?

4. Seadare erTmaneTs qvis, spilenZisa da brinjaosgan damzadebuli iaraRis Tvise-
bebi.
5. rogor fiqrob, ra upiratesobas flobdnen is uZvelesi tomebi, romlebsac
meta­lurgia hqondaT ganviTarebuli?

brinjaos xanis mtkvar-araqsis kultura

brinjaos xana Zv.w. IV aTaswleulis meore naxevarSi daiwyo. mecnierebi brinjaos
xanasac sam nawilad: adre, Sua da gvian brinjaos periodebad yofen.
samxreT kavkasiaSi adre brinjaos xanis dasaxlebebi mdinareebis _ mtkvrisa da
araqsis _ auzSia aRmoCenili da amitom im drois kulturas mecnierebi mtkvar-araqsis
kulturas uwodeben. saqarTveloSi mtkvar-araqsis periodis bevri dasaxlebaa gaTxrili
da Seswavlili. arqeologebi Tvlian, rom saqarTvelos teritoria brinjaos warmoebis
TvalsazrisiT imdroindeli msoflios mowinave regioni iyo.
gavecnoT adre brinjaos xanis erT-erT dasaxlebas _ amiranis goras. (mdebareobs
samcxe-javaxeTSi.)
es dasaxleba ferdobze mdebareobda, amitom saxlebi terasulad iyo ganlage-
buli. dasaxlebaSi iyo sasaflaoc, mTis wverze ki _ sakulto Senoba, sadac maSindeli
rwmena-warmodgenebis Sesabamisad ritualur RonisZiebebs marTavdnen.
sworkuTxa saxlebi qvisgan iyo nagebi. zogierT saxls gverdidan miSenebuli hqon-
da arasacxovrebeli saTavso, romelic,
mkvlevarTa azriT, pirutyvis­ Tvis iyo
gankuTvnili. saxlebs brtyeli gada­
xurva hqonda da saxuravi oTaxis SuaSi
mdgar boZs eyrdnoboda. oTaxis ukana
nawilSi Tixisgan naZerwi grZeli skamebi
idga. sacxovrebels keriiT aTbob­dnen.
saxlis win, zog SemTxvevaSi _ SenobaSic
ki, mowyobili iyo sameurneo ormoebi,
romlebSic marcvleuliT savse Wur-
Wels inaxavdnen. zogierT WurWelSi
qeris, xorblis, fetvis marcvlebi da
yurZnis wipwebi aRmoCnda.
TiTqmis yvela Senoba erTnai-
rad iyo nagebi. dasaxlebaSi SeZlebul-
Ta ubnebi ar iyo. 29
 am periodis keramika mravalferovania rogorc
zomisa da formis, ise ornamentebis TvalsazrisiT.
keramikuli nakeTobebi sameTuneo Carxzea damzadebu-
li.
arqeologebma dasaxlebaSi mravalferovani
brinjaos iaraRi, sadnobi Rumlebi da sabervelebi
aRmoaCines.
amiranis goris mcxovreblebi micvalebulebs
dasaxlebis teritoriazeve krZalavdnen qvis yuTeb-
Si. samarxebi erTmaneTisgan didad ar gansxvavdebo-
da. gardacvlilebs saflavSi sxvadasxva nivTebsa da
iaraRs atandnen.
sakulto SenobaSi, qviT SemozRudul adgilas,
rogorc Cans, msxverpls swiravdnen. iq aRmoCenilia
mravali Sinauri cxovelis Zvlebi, cxovelebis patara
qandakebebi, keramikis namtvrevebi, brinjaos iaraRi.

6. meurneobisa da xelosnobis romeli dargebi iyo ganviTarebuli amiranis goraze?

7. rogor fiqrob, mxolod amiranis goraze rom enaxaT brinjaos mravalferovani iara-
Ri, mtkvar-araqsis kulturaze saubars SevZlebdiT?
8. monaxe teqstSi adgilebi, romlebic, Seni azriT mosaxleobis rwmena-warmodgenebze
gvawvdis informacias.
9. Seni azriT, ratom atandnen micvalebulebs sxvadasxva nivTsa da iaraRs?
10. rogor fiqrob, iyvnen Tu ara qonebrivad Tanasworni mtkvar-araqsis sazogadoebis
wevrebi? pasuxi daasabuTe.
11. riT gansxvavdeba mtkvar-araqsis kultura Sulaveris kulturisgan? detalurad
CamoTvale ganmasxvavebeli niSnebi.
12. drois xazze daitane istoriuli periodebi. miuwere TiToeul periods, Tu ra si-
axle moxda kacobriobis ganviTarebaSi (davaleba #9 moswavlis rveulSi).

paleoliTi neoliTi eneoliTi adre brinjaos xana

davalebis Sesrulebis Semdeg daiyaviT jgufebad da

airCieT TiTo-TiTo periodi. TiToeulma jgufma unda moiy­
vanos argumentebi da daasabuTos, rom swored am konkre­
tul periodSi momxdari siaxleebi, aRmoCenebi, mignebebi iyo
kacobriobis ganviTarebaSi umniSvnelovanesi da swored maT
ganapi­robes Semdgomi progresi.
Semdeg kvlav gaagrZeleT muSaoba jgufebSi. gaaanali­
zeT mosmenili argumentebi da SeadgineT aRmoCena­Ta Tu ga-
mogonebaTa reitingebi. gaacaniT reitingebi erTmaneTs da
naxeT, ramdenad gansxvavdeba isini erTmaneTisgan.

30
 10. rogor da ratom mividnen adamianebi qonebriv
uTanasworobamde?

rogor fiqrob, ramdenad Tanasworia Tanamedrove sazogadoeba?

gvaqvs Tu ara gansxvavebuli uflebebi? aris Tu ara Cveni uflebebi damokidebuli qone-
baze?
uZvelesi sazogadoebis wevrebi erTad misdevdnen sasoflo saqmianobas. mcxovreb-
lebi sofelSi moweuli mosavlis nawils imaragebdnen da Tavdapirvelad es maragi saer-
To iyo. saWirboroto sakiTxebis ganxilvis drosac sazogadoebis wevrebi (srulwlo-
vani mamakacebi) Tanasworni iyvnen. isini ikribebodnen da erTad wyvetdnen ama Tu im
mniSvnelovan sakiTxs. Temebad gaerTianebuli gvarebis mamakacebi erTad ibrZodnen da
nadavlsac Tanabrad iyofdnen. Tumca Zvel sazogadoebaSi yovelTvis iyvnen - Temis lid-
erebi, Temidan arCeuli uxucesebi, romlebsac didi gamocdileba hqondaT da avtorite-
tiT sargeblobdnen, religiuri lideri.
uZveles sazogadoebaSi gamorCeuli mdgomareobis dasakaveblad sazogadoebis
wevrs gamorCeuli piradi Tvisebebi unda hqonoda. lideri sakuTari Temis keTildReo-
baze zrunavda, saxalxo krebaze sadavo sakiTxebis ganxilvisas gadawyvetilebas iReb-
da, samiwaTmoqmedo sazogadoebaSi samuSaoebs gegmavda da xelmZRvanelobda, sakuTari
saxelisa da avtoritetisTvis zrunavda.
liTonis iaraRis gamoyenebam SesaZlebeli gaxada meti miwis damuSaveba, Sesabami-
sad mosavlis raodenobac gaizarda. mas mravalricxovani sazogadoebis gamokveba SeeZ-
lo. zedmeti qonebisa da produqtis ganawileba lideris funqcia gaxda.
sazogadoebis uxucesebis arCeva saxalxo krebaze xdeboda. arCevisas iTvalis-
winebdnen maT mdgomareobas sazogadoebaSi, avtoritets. maTgan erT-erTi beladi xde-
boda. sazogadoebis wevrebi mas ZRvenis saxiT Cuqnidnen marcvleulsa da sxva sakvebs,
romelsac saWiroebisamebr moixmarda da gascemda, sxvebsac unawilebda. amis miuxeda-
vad, produqti droTa ganmavlobaSi meti grovdeboda. beladi TandaTan saerTo qonebis
gamanawilebeli gaxda.
Semdeg TemTa gaerTianeba daiwyo. erT bunebriv garemoSi, magaliTad, mdinaris
dablobSi, an mTis ferdobebze erTmaneTis mezoblad mcxovrebi gvarovnuli Temebi gaer-
Tiandnen. TemTa Soris yvelaze Zlieri, mdidari Temis lideri imorCilebda mezobel
Temebs da maT sakuTari Zalauflebis qveS aqcevda. ase warmoiSva ufro didi gaerTianeba
– tomi.

1. Seadare, ra niSniT irCeven liders dRes da ra niSniT irCevdnen Zvel droSi?

tomis beladi da warCinebuli meomrebi

tomebi xSirad erTmaneTs eomebodnen. brZolaSi gamarjvebul toms damarcxebu-
lisagan mihyavda tyveebi, saqoneli, mihqonda mosavlis maragi, sabrZolo Tu samuSao
iaraRebi. yvelaferi es omiT mopovebuli nadavli iyo. gamarjvebuli tomis wevrebi Tav-
dapirvelad nadavls Tanabrad inawilebdnen.
tomis mamakacebs Soris zogi ukeTesi meomari iyo, ufro Zlieri, mamaci da Wkvi-
ani, zogi _ naklebad. amitom TandaTanobiT tomSi nadavlis ganawilebis wesi Seicvala.
nadavlis didi nawili ukeTesi meomris sakuTreba gaxda. ase gaCndnen tomSi warCinebuli
meomrebi da maTi ojaxebi. isini Tanatomelebisagan qonebiTa da mdgomareobiT gamoir-
Ceodnen. amgvarad sazogadoebas mmarTveli fena gamoeyo. tomSi marTva da urTierTo-
bebis daregulireba garTulda, amitom sxvadasxva Tanamdebobis SemoReba gaxda saWiro.
tomis beladi da warCinebuli meomrebi ukve aRar saqmianobdnen TanatomelebTan
erTad. beladi xelmZRvanelobda Tavis toms omisa da mSvidobis dros. is tomis wevrebze
miwas ukve Tavis neba-surviliT gascemda da moweuli mosavlidan gadasaxadi ekuTvnoda.
warCinebuli meomrebisTvis ZiriTadi saqmianoba brZola gaxda. Semosevis dros
isini Tanatomelebs icavdnen, an mezobeli tomebis winaaRmdeg ilaSqrebdnen.
tomis srulwlovani mamakacebi isev ikribebodnen yvela mniSvnelovani sakiTxis gada-
31
 sawyvetad, Tumca gadawyvetilebas ukve beladi iRebda. gadawyvetilebis SesrulebaSi
belads warCinebuli meomrebidan arCeuli Tanamdebobis pirebi exmarebodnen.
ase gaCnda sazogadoebaSi calkeuli fenebi, romlebic erTmaneTisgan qonebiTa
da mdgomareobiT gansxvavdeboda: beladi da misi ojaxi, warCinebuli meomrebi, tomis
rigiTi wevrebi. Tumca Tavdapirvelad beladoba memkvidreobiTi ar iyo.

2. ramdenad daemTxva lideris arCevasTan dakavSirebiT Seni Sexeduleba warsulSi

arsebul wess?
3. Seavse cxrili (moswavlis rveuli, davaleba #10). marcxena grafaSi CamoTvlilia
tomis wevrebi. marjvena grafaSi TiToeuls miuwereT, ra iyo maTi ZiriTadi saqmia-
noba.
4. moawyveT diskusia da gamoTqviT mosazrebebi: eTanxmebiT Tu ara nadavlis ganawi­
lebis axal wess? ra dadebiTi da uaryofiTi mxareebi hqonda ganawilebis Zvel da
axal principebs? gamoTqviT varaudi: qonebrivi uTanasworobis gaCena Zveli sazoga-
doebis ganviTarebis logikuri Sedegi iyo Tu ZalmomreobiT miRebuli mdgomareoba.

SeuerTdi norC mkvlevarTa sadiskusio klubs:

• ratom unda gaginawilo nadavli, Tu Sen zarmacob
an mSiSara xar da CvenTan erTad ar modixar?
• ar veTanxmebi nadavlis ganawilebis axal wess,
radgan...
• me veTanxmebi, radgan ufro samarTliani mgonia...
• qalebze, bavSvebsa da moxucebze rogor movilapa-
rakoT, isini xom saerTod ar dagvyavs saomrad?
• yvelafers beladi gvinawilebs _ miwebs, mosavals,
ase rom, arc nadavlis ganawileba SeeSleba. is Cveni
lideria.

5. klasSi daiyaviT jgufebad da TiToeulma jgufma beladis saarCevno plakati

moamzadeT. masze daitaneT beladobis kandidatis programa. davalebas Semoqmedebi-
Tad miudeqiT, SeecadeT, konkretuli RonisZiebebi SesTavazoT tomis wevrebs.

32
 11. ratom agebdnen yorRanebs?

Zv.w. III aTaswleulis meore naxevridan saqarTvelos teritoriaze gavrcelebas

iwy­ebs qvayriliT dafaruli samarxebi _ yorRanebi, romlebic Sua brinjaos xanas mie-
kuTvneba. arqeologebma yorRanebi Tavdapirvelad samxreT saqarTvelos teritoriaze,
TrialeTSi aRmoaCi­nes, amitomac mas TrialeTis kultura uwodes.
arqeologebisTvis ZiriTadad TrialeTis kulturis samarxebia cnobili. teri-
toriaze, sadac es uzarmazari yorRanebi mdebareobda, adamianTa dasaxlebebi mxolod
mcire raodenobiTaa aRmoCenili. amitom SeuZlebelia im epoqis yofa-cxovrebis sruli
suraTis aRdgena. TrialeTis sazogadoebaze garkveul warmodgenas TviTon yorRanebi da
iq aRmoCenili nivTebi gviqmnis.
warmoidgine, rom mkvlevari xar da Sen xelTaa yorRanebSi aRmoCenili sxvadasxva
artefaqtebi. maTze dayrdnobiT im sazogadoebis saqmianobasa Tu rwmena-warmodgeneb-
ze unda imsjelo, romelsac TrialeTis yorRanebi ekuTvnis. gaiTvaliswine arqeologis
Canawerebic.

1. daiyaviT jgufebad, airCieT erTi an ori nivTi da imsjeleT, ra informacias

gvawvdis es nivTebi TrialeTis kulturaze.

1. Tixis moxatuli WurWeli;

2. kaJisa da obsidianis isrispirebi; brinjaos iaraRi _
dana, brtyeli culi da sxv.;
3. oqros WurWeli;
4. oqros samkauli;
5. xorbali, wabli, Txili, tyis xili; saqonlis Zvlebi;
6. vercxlis WurWeli;
7. samarxebSi qsovilebic iyo _ Salis, selis.
sur.1 TrialeTis moxatuli
WurWeli

seli _ boWkovani mcenare, romelic dasavleT saqarTveloSi izrdeboda. mis-

gan qsovils amzadebdnen.

sur.2 TrialeTis satevrebi sur.3 TrialeTis oqros Tasi sur.4 oqros yelsabami

oqrosa da vercxlis samkauli da WurWeli pirvelad swored Sua brinjaos xanaSi Cndeba.
33
 8. arqeologis Canaweri #1
yorRanebi erTmaneTisgan sididiTa da micvalebulisTvis Catanebuli nivTebiT
gansxvavdeboda. mag., erT-erTi yorRanis diametri 140 metrs aRwevda, simaRle _ 11
metrs. am yorRanis 4 samarxidan erTi, Tavisi adgilmdebareobiTa da nivTebiT, mTavari
iyo, danarCen sams ki aSkarad daqvemdebarebuli xasiaTi hqonda.
mcire zomis yorRanebSi micvalebulisTvis Zalian cota nivTi iyo Catanebuli.

9. arqeologis Canaweri #2
didi yorRanis centralur nawilSi qvis filebisgan nagebi dasakrZalavi kamera
iyo, sadac gardacvlili oTxTvlian etlze esvena. Soriaxlos ki Tixis moxatuli WurWe-
li, brinjaos iaraRi, oqrosa da vercxlis samkauli elaga.

10. arqeologis Canaweri #3

TrialeTis yorRanebSi adamianis Zvlebi ver aRmovaCineT. arada, samarxSi Cayole-
buli cxovelebis Zvlebi sakmaod kargadaa Sena­xuli. amitom davaskveniT, rom am sazoga-
doebaSi micvalebulebs wvavdnen da Semdeg ferfls kameraSi aTavsebdnen. rogorc Cans,
micvalebulis dawva dakrZalvis ritualis Semadgeneli nawili iyo.

2. saidan vigebT TrialeTis kulturis Taviseburebebis Sesaxeb?

3. yorRanebSi aRmoCenili artefaqtebis mixedviT ivaraude, ra saqmianobas misdevda
TrialeTis sazogadoeba.
4. aRwere TrialeTis vercxlis Tasis gamosaxuleba.
5. Seni azriT, vin SeiZleba iyos gamosaxulebis centraluri figura, romliskenac
danarCeni figurebi TasiT xelSi miemarTebian? Seni mosazreba daasabuTe.
6. Seni azriT, ras gamoxatavs es gamosaxuleba?
7. ris mixedviT xvdebian arqeologebi, rom TrialeTis sazogadoeba fene­ bisgan
Sedgeboda?
8. arqeologebi fiqroben, rom mdidruli da kargad nagebi yorRanebi tomTa bela­
debsa da warCinebulebs ekuTvnoda, momcro da Raribi yorRanebi ki rigiTi mosax-
leebisa iyo. ratom fiqroben arqeologebi ase?
9. Seni azriT, ratom marxavdnen beladebs did yorRanebSi?
10. CamoTvale, ra cvlilebebi moxda sazogadoebaSi brinjaos xanaSi. Seni azriT,
romelia maT Soris umniSvnelovanesi?
34
 gvian brinjaos xana
Zv.w. II aTaswleulis II naxevarSi Sua brin-
jaos xana gvian brinjao - adreuli rkinis xanam
Secvala.
am periodSi saqarTvelos teritoriaze ori
arqeologiuri kultura ikveTeba: erTi _ dasav-
leT, meore ki aRmosavleT saqarTvelos terito-
riaze. arqeologebi maT Soris erT-erT ganmasx-
vavebel niSnad culebs asaxeleben. aRmosavleT
saqarTveloSi amzadebdnen culebs erTi piriT,
dasavleTSi ki _ oriT. dasavleTSi damzadebuli
culebi kolxuri culebis saxeliTaa cnobili, am-
itom xSirad am kulturas kolxuri culebis kul-
turasac ki uwodeben.
kolxuri culebi xSirad Semkuli iyo orna-
mentiT. mecnierebi fiqroben, rom am iaraRebs ara
mxolod sabrZolo, aramed sakulto daniSnulebac
hqonda.
arqeologebi saqarTvelos teritoriaze
aRmoCenil rkinis nivTebs Zv.w. IX s.-iT aTariReben,
Sesabamisad, am droidanve gamoyofen rkinis xanas.
rkinis warmoebis uZvelesi kerebi iyo samxreT-aR-
mosavleT SavizRvispireTsa da qvemo qarTlSi.
am periodidan aqtiurdeba qarTvelTa
winaprebis urTierToba mezobel da Soreul xal­
xebTan.

11. Seni azriT, ratom fiqroben mecnierebi, rom am culebs sakulto daniSnuleba
hqonda?

pirobiTi a R ni S v ne b i
xi

ადრე მტკვარ-არაქსის
ru

ka
a

fsou al კულტურა
erd

ბრინჯაოს
ma

ani
m

qs ხანა
Teb

bzifi ba ek Te
i

r rgi
Ce შუა თრიალეთის
ri ბრინჯაოს
do კულტურა
r uxi

ხანა
ko

ni
do

u
გვიან კოლხური კულტურა
ri
ar

gu ბრინჯაოს
en აღმ. ქართული კულტურა
ხანა
rioni ყობანის კულტურა
    ყაიაქენთ-ხოროჩოის
კულტურა
    al
az
ani


io
ri


mt uri
sam
i

ar kva
mtkv ri


i
o
x

r
Wo

se
va
ni


qsi
ara
mtkva
ri

araqsi

ruka: brinjaos xana kavkasiaSi

35
 12. rogor wavida pirvelyofili sazogadoeba civilizaciisken _
ratom gaCnda pirveli saxelmwifoebi mdinareebis piras?
Zv.w. IV aTaswleulSi kacobriobis istoriaSi preistoriuli xana dasrulda da
civilizaciis xana daiwyo. ras niSnavs civilizacia? riT gansxvavdeba civilizebuli
sazogadoeba pirvelyofilisgan?
civilizaciis damaxasiaTebeli mravali niSani arsebobs, magram pirvelyofili
sazogadoebisgan ZiriTad ganmasxvavebel niSnad mecnierebi qalaqebis, saxelmwifosa da
damwerlobis arsebobas miiCneven.
pirvelad saxelmwifo, qalaqebi, damwerloba Zvel aRmosavleTSi Seqmnes Sumereb-
ma da egviptelebma, amitom civilizaciis istoriasac maTgan iwyeben.
swored maT magaliTze gavecnobiT, rogor da ra pirobebSi Camoyalibda saxelmwi-
foebi.

S a v i z R v a

ka
sp
ii
kavk
asi

s z
a

Rva
azia
mcire

ti
gr
os
i
Su
am
di

asuri
na
re

x m
T

e l
e vf

T a S a ra
u a z R v ti

babiloni
memfisi Sumeri
uruqi
uri
ni l o s i
egvip

eridu
sp

ar
se
te

Ti
wi

s yu
T

re
el

regioni, sadac pirveli

i
zR

civilizaciebi Camoyalibda
va

ruka: SuamdinareTi da nilosis auzi. regioni, sadac pirveli saxelmwifoebi Camoyalibda.

1. daakvirdi rukas. moZebne, sad cxovrobdnen Sumerebi da egviptelebi. ra msgavseba

da gansxvavebaa SuamdinareTisa da egviptis bunebriv pirobebs Soris?

Zveli aRmosavleTi

egviptelebi Sumerebi

afrikis kontinentis Crdilo-aR- aziis kontinentze or mdinares,

mosavleTSi, mdinare nilosis dablobSi,
miwaTmoqmedi tomebi saxlobdnen. sanapiro
vakeebs irgvliv udabno akravs. am region-
Si wvima TiTqmis ar modis, amitom nilosi
aq tenis erTaderTi wyaroa. roca centra-
lur afrikaSi, saidanac nilosi saTaves
tigrossa da evfrats xSirad `tyup mdina­
reebs~ uwodeben, mdinareebs Soris mde-
bare qveyanas ki _ SuamdinareTs. berZnebi
am teritorias mesopotamias (berZ. mesos
_ Sua, SuaSi myofi, potamos _ mdinare)
eZaxdnen.

36
iRebs, wvimebis sezoni dgeboda, mdinareSi
wylis done imatebda, kalapotidan gadmo-
dioda da mimdebare teritorias tborav-
da. roca nilosi Tavis kalapots ubrun-
deboda, miwis zedapirze nayofieri Slami
rCeboda. misi damuSaveba advili iyo, xis
ToxiTac ki SeiZleboda. xvna-Tesva noem-
berSi iwyeboda, april-maisSi ukve pirvel
mosavals iRebdnen. Tumca naTesebs nilo-
sis meore adideba uqmnida safrTxes da
yanebs dacva sWirdeboda.
droTa ganmavlobaSi egvipteleb-
ma movardnili wylis sarwyavi arxebiT
regulireba iswavles: ZiriTadi arxi maT
mdinaris kalapotis gaswvriv gahyavdaT,
misgan patar-patara arxebiT ki wyali ya-
nebamde midioda.
arxebis garda, egviptelebma aages
wyalsacavebic, romlebic wyliT ZiriTadi
arxidan maragdeboda da gvalvis dros mo-
sarwyavad iyenebdnen. TandaTan nilosis
dablobi sarwyavi arxebis qselma dafara.
miwaTmoqmedebas, romelic niadagis xe-
lovnur morwyvazea damyarebuli, sairiga-
cio, anu sarwyavi miwaTmoqmedeba ewodeba.
Zv.w. IV aTaswleulis Sua xanebSi
samxreT SuamdinareTSi Sumerebi dasax-
l­dnen. Sume­ rebi miwaTmoqmedebas mis-
devdnen da naTesebis dasacavad wylis
stiqiasTan brZola uwevdaT. mdinareebi
weliwadSi orjer diddeboda: zamTarSi
_ wvimebis dros da gazafxulze _ mTebSi
Tovlis dnobisas. wyali dablobSi grov-
deboda, amitom aucilebeli iyo niadagis
gaTavisufleba zedmeti tenisgan. Sume-
rebs primitiuli iaraRebiT _ ToxiT, niC-
biTa da kaviT gahyavdaT wylis sawreti
arxebi, wyalsacavebs aSenebdnen, miwasac
aseTive iaraRebiT amuSavebdnen da weli-
wadSi orjer uxv mosavals iRebdnen.
Sumerebis meurneobis xasiaTi re-
gionis bunebrivma pirobebma gansazRvra.
noyieri niadagi uxv mosavals iZleoda.
yanebSi xorbali, Wvavi, seli mohyavdaT,
soflebis irgvliv ki finikis baRebi xa­
robda.

2. ra iyo saerTo egviptelebisa da Sumerebis sameurneo saqmianobaSi?

3. egviptelebisa da Sumerebis magaliTze imsjele, ramdenad gansazRvravda bunebrivi
pirobebi sameurneo saqmianobas.
4. Seni azriT, ra dadebiTi Sedegebi moitana xelovnuri sarwyavi sistemis Seqmnam?

sur.1 Tanamedrove mxatvris TvaliT danaxuli evfratis sanapiro

37
 dablobSi dasaxlebul miwaTmoqme-
dTa TiToeulma tomma mdinaris mimdebare
teritoriis garkveuli nawili aiTvisa da
damoukidebeli sarwyavi sistema Seqmna.
ase Camoyalibda nilosis gaswvriv damou-
kidebeli erTeulebi _ nomebi.
TiToeul noms hyavda sakuTari
mmarTveli _ nomarqi, hqonda galavniT
SemozRuduli qalaqi, sadac nomarqi ijda.
iqve iyo adgilobrivi RvTaebis taZaric.
nomebi sakuTari sazRvrebis ga-
farToebas cdilobdnen: erTi nomi meo-
res ipyrobda da mis miwas ierTebda. erTi
nomarqis Zalaufleba SemoerTebul nomze
vrceldeboda. TandaTan, nomebis gaer-
Tianebis Sedegad Zv.w. IV aTaswleulSi
ori samefo: zemo da qvemo egviptis same-
foebi Camoyalibda. Zv.w. IV aTaswleulis
dasasrulsa da III aTaswleulis dasawyisSi
ki es samefoebic gaerTianda da erTiani
saxelmwifo Seiqmna, rolis saTaveSic
mefe-faraoni idga. mTeli Zalaufleba mas
ekuTvnoda.
gaerTianebuli saxelmwifos deda­
qalaqi iyo memfisi _ qalaqi nilosis del-
tis samxreT nawilSi.
TiToeul Sumerul gvarovnul
Tems sakuTari mcire sarwyavi meurneo-
ba hqonda. gvarovnuli Temis centri iyo
taZari, romelsac marcvleulis Sesanaxi
adgili da saxelosnoebi hqonda, taZris
irgvliv ki Temis wevrebi cxovrobdnen.
Temis saTaveSi idga taZris umaR­
lesi qurumi, romlisTvisac Temis mi-
webidan calke nakveTi iyo gamoyo­ fili
da is Temis mfarveli RvTaebis sakuTre-
bad iTvleboda. swored amgvari dasaxle-
bebidan Camoyalibda Sumeruli qalaqebi.
qurumis xelSi mTeli Zalaufleba gadavi-
da. rogorc wesi, pirveli saxelmwifoebis
saTaveSi swored mefe-qurumebi idgnen.
am qalaqebma TiTqmis aTasi wlis
ganmavlobaSi damoukideblad iarseba. Ti-
Toeuli maTgani _ sakuTari teri­toriiT,
meurneobiT, mosaxleobiT, uzenaesi RvTa­
ebiTa da mefiT patara saxelmwifo iyo.
mTeli Zalaufleba am saxelmwifoSi mef-
es ekuTvnoda. swored amitom Sumerul
qalaqebs xSirad qalaq-saxelmwifoebs
uwodeben.

faraoni _ Zvel egvipteSi mefis tituli.

5. mecnierebs miaCniaT, rom egvipturi nomebi da Sumeruli sataZro meurneobebi uZ-

velesi saxelmwifoebis safuZveli iyo. daasaxele maTi saerTo damaxasiaTebeli ni-
San-Tvisebebi.
6. venis diagramis saSualebiT gamoyavi egvipturi da Sumeruli saxelmwifoebis msgav-
seba-gansxvavebebi.
7. mecnierebi egviptesa da SuamdinareTSi Camoyalibebul saxelmwifoebs xSirad `sam-
dinaro saxelmwifoebs~ uwodeben. romeli migaCnia ufro marTebulad qvemoT moyvani-
li mosazrebebidan? pasuxi daasabuTe.
a. egviptisa da SuamdinareTis pirveli saxelmwifoebi mdinareebis napirebze mdebare-
obda, amitom maT `samdinaro saxelmwifoebs~ uwodeben;
b. rogorc egvipteSi, ise SuamdinareTSi saxelmwifoebi im sarwyavi meurneobebis sa-
fuZvelze Camoyalibda, romlebsac mdinareebi asazrdoebda, amitom maT `samdinaro
saxelmwifoebs~ uwodeben.

norCi mkvlevrebi saxelmwifos Camoyalibebaze msjeloben. maT bevri

kiTxva gauCndaT:
• pirveli saxelmwifoebi swored im mdinareTa napirebze Camoya-
libda, sadac sarwyavi arxebi gaiyvanes. gana organizebuli Sroma
saxelmwifos Camosayalibeblad sakmarisia?
• maSin ratom miviReT egviptesa da SumerSi gansxvavebuli Sedegi?
• egviptesa da SumerSic saxelmwifoebi Camoyalibda, gansxvaveba
mxolod masStabSi iyo: didi da patara.
• mtkvar-araqsis arqeologiuri kultura aseve or mdinares Soris
iyo moqceuli. saxelmwifo ratom ver Camoyalibda?
• am kiTxvas rom pasuxi gavceT, albaT, mtkvar-araqsis kultura
da egvipte erTmaneTs unda SevadaroT. iqneb, mizezebic gavigoT.
38
 13. rogor imarTeboda saxelmwifo?

saxelmwifo sazogadoebis gaerTianebis axali forma iyo. riT gansxvavdeboda is

Temisa da tomisgan? rogori iyo am sazogadoebis Semadgenloba da vis ra funqcia ekis-
reboda? am sakiTxebis garkvevas egviptis magaliTze SevecdebiT.
Seni azriT, ratom SeiZleba aRmoCeniliyo erTi piris xelSi mmarTvelobaca da
qurumobac?

mefe-faraoni
Zveli egviptis sazogadoeba sqematurad
SeiZleba warmovid­ ginoT piramidis saxiT, romlis
saTaveSic mefe-faraoni idga. is erTdroulad qvey-
nis mmarTvelic iyo da umaRlesi qurumic. mTeli
egviptis miwa-wyali, mosaxleobis CaTvliT, fara-
onis sakuTreba iyo. samefo Zalaufleba egvipteSi
mamidan Svilze gadadioda.
faraoni erTpirovnulad ganagebda saxelm-
wifos, rac imas niSnavs, rom gadawyvetilebas mxo­
lod Tavad iRebda. faraoni gascemda brZanebebs
samiwaTmoqmedo da samSe­neblo saqmianobis Sesaxe-
bac. masTan inaxeboda monacemebi mosaxleobis ra-
odenobis, saWiro xorbleulis, zeTis, tansacmli-
sa da iaraRis Sesaxeb. samefo saxlis beRlebsa da
sawyobebSi yovelive es sakmarisi raodenobiT iyo
momaragebuli. TiToeul sawyobs Tavisi mmarTveli hyavda. mmarTvelebs mTavari moxe-
le akontrolebda. mas SeeZlo, gaeTavisuflebina an daeniSna moxeleebi. Tavdapirvelad
faraoni mosavlis aRwerasac ki Tavad atarebda. Semdeg am saqmes moxeleebi asrulebdnen.
faraonis Semdeg meore kaci saxelmwifoSi mTavari moxele iyo.
didebulebi _ moxeleebi da qurumebi
ierarqiis Semdeg safexurze idgnen didebulebi _ moxeleebi da qurumebi.
moxeleebi faraons saxelmwifos marTvaSi exmarebodnen. Sesrulebuli samuSao-
saTvis faraoni maT gasamrjelos uxdida. umaRles Tanamdebobebze ZiriTadad faraonis
ojaxis wevrebi iniSnebodnen da isinic faraonisgan iRebdnen gasamrjelos.
samefoSi calkeul mxareebs moxeleebi ganagebdnen. maT evalebodaT im mxareSi
sarwyavi sistemis mowesrigeba, mosaxleobis aRricxva, gadasaxadebis akrefa da omebis
dros gansazRvruli raodenobis meomrebis gamoyvana.
egviptur sazogadoebaSi gansakuTrebuli adgili eWiraT mwerlebs, anu gadam-
werebs. isinic didebul-moxeleTa wres miekuTvnebodnen. mwerlebi aRricxavdnen gada­sa­
xadebs, faraonis, qurumebisa da sxva moxeleebis moTxovniT adgendnen sxvadasxva Sina­
arsis teqstebs. maSin wera-kiTxva cota vinmem Tu icoda, isic didebulTa wridan.
egviptelTa rwmeniT, cxovrebis sxvadasxva sferos Tavisi mfarveli RvTaeba hyav­
da. yovel RvTaebas Tavisi taZari hqonda. RmerTebisadmi miZRvnil ritualebs qurume-
bi atarebdnen. moxeleebis msgavsad, qurumebic sxvadasxva rangisani iyvnen da umaRles
qurums emorCilebodnen. qurumebis fena yvelaze gavleniani iyo.

saxelmwifos CamoyalibebasTan erTad egvipteSi damwerlobac gaCnda.

egvipturi damwerlobis niSan-simboloebs ieroglifebs uwodeben.
ieroglifebi sagans, moqmedebas an ideas aRniSnavda. mag., ieroglifi
`mjdomare kaci~ gamoxatavda kacs, romelic wers; ieroglifi `SeboWili kaci~ _
tyves, an mters; ieroglifi `mosiarule fexebi~ _ siaruls, sirbils; ieroglifi
`sami mTa~ _ ucxo qveyanas da a.S.
egviptelebs Tavidan daaxloebiT 700 ieroglifi hqondaT, Tumca TandaTan
maTi raodenoba gaizarda.

1. ra aqvs saerTo da riT gansxvavdeba ieroglifebi petroglifebisgan?

39
 2. Seni azriT, ratom iyo saWiro saxelmwifoSi mosaxleobis aRwera?
3. rogor fiqrob, faraonis mier gadasaxadebis akrefa misi gamdidrebis wyaro iyo Tu
saxelmwifos arsebobis aucilebeli piroba? pasuxi daasabuTe.
4. rogor fiqrob, ratom vixdiT gadasaxadebs da aucilebelia Tu ara gadasaxadebis
gadaxda saxelmwifosTvis?
5. ratom eWiraT gansakuTrebuli adgili egvipteSi gadamwerebs?
6. mecnierebi miiCneven, rom damwerlobis SemoReba saxelmwifoebis Seqmnis Semdeg gax-
da aucilebeli. SeecadeT axsnaT, ratom iyo ase saWiro saxelmwifos arsebobisTvis
damwerloba.

miwaTmoqmedi meTemeebi
egviptis mosaxleobis ZiriTad nawils miwaTmoqmedi meTe-
meebi Seadgendnen. isini amuSavebdnen faraonis, aseve faraonis
mier taZrebisa da moxeleebisTvis gadacemul miwebs, mohyavdaT
mosavali da ixdidnen dawesebul gadasaxadebs. zogjer maT saxel-
mwifo samuSaoebze anawilebdnen (mSeneblobasa da gzis gayvanaze),
rasac faraoni gansazRvravda.
miwaTmoqmedebis garda, rigiT egviptelebs Soris mrav-
lad iyvnen daostatebuli xelosnebi: qvis mTlelebi, mWedlebi,
durglebi, gemTmSeneblebi, oqromWedlebi, meTuneebi, mqsovelebi.
rigiTi egviptelebi Tixis qoxebSi cxovrobdnen. qoxis cen-
trSi keria iyo. miirTmevdnen purs, finiks, Tevzs, luds, dResas-
waulebze _ xorcsa da Rvinos. produqtebs Tixis qoTnebSi inaxav­
dnen.

monebi
mezobel mxareebSi laSqrobebis Semdeg faraonebs egvipteSi
tyveebi mohyavdaT. ase gaCndnen egvipteSi monebi. monebi uufle­
boni iyvnen. maT araferi gaaCndaT, sakuTari qoxebic ki ar hqon-
daT. monebi saxelmwifos mflobelobaSi iyvnen. maT gzebis gasay-
vanad da sxva mZime samuSaoebis Sesasruleblad iyenebdnen.

7. warmoadgine egviptis sazogadoebis socialuri suraTi cxrilis saxiT (moswavlis

rveuli, davaleba #12). marcxena grafaSi CamoTvlilia socialuri fenebi. marjvniv,
cariel grafaSi TiToeul fenas miuwere misi mdgomareoba sazogadoebaSi da saqmi-
anobis sfero.
8. rogor imarTeboda egviptis samefo, anu rogori iyo egviptis samefos mmarTvelo-
bis sistema? Seni azriT, riT gansxvavdeba is Tanamedrove saxelmwifosgan?
9. gamoTqvi varaudi, ratom aris aucilebeli sxvadasxva specialobis adamianebis ar-
seboba saxelmwifos ganviTarebisTvis?
10. klasSi gamarTeT diskusia saxelmwifos damaxasiaTebel niSan-Tvisebebze. Tqveni
azriT, ra pirobebia aucilebeli saxelmwifos arsebobisTvis?
11. rogor fiqrob, ra unda aRmoeCinaT arqeologebs, rom TrialeTis kultura
mkvlev­rebs saxelmwifod CaeTvalaT?

SeuerTdi norC mkvlevarTa klubs da imsjele:

• me mgonia, rom faraonis daniSnuli moxeleebis es mTe-
li sistema (mmarTvelobis sistema) aucilebelia saxel-
mwifos arsebobisTvis.
• damwerlobis gareSe mosaxleobas da gadasaxadebs xom
ver aRricxavdnen?
• gana gadasaxadebi mniSvnelovani ar aris? akrefili ga-
dasaxdebiT faraoni xom uamrav rames akeTebda?
• saxelmwifos xom Tavisi sazRvrebi aqvs?
• faraoni dedaqalaqSi ijda da qveyanas iqidan marTavda?
40
 14. aris Tu ara kanonebi aucilebeli saxelmwifos arsebobisTvis?
iyo Tu ara kanonebi saxelmwifos arsebobisTvis iseve aucilebeli, rogorc
mmarTvelobis sistema _ Tavisi moxeleebiT, gadasaxadebiT, damwerlobiT? dasmul ki-
Txvaze pasuxis gasacemad jer im periodis _ Zveli samyaros _ kanonebs gavecnoT. amisaT-
vis Suam­dinareTSi, qalaq babilonSi unda vimogzauroT, radgan SedarebiT sruli saxiT
Cvenamde swored babilonis mefis, xamurabis, mier Sedgenilma kanonebma moaRwia.
Sumeruli qalaqebis Camoyalibebis Semdeg didi dro gavida. Zv.w. XVIII saukuneSi
SuamdinareTSi qalaqi babiloni dawinaurda da male Zveli samyaros udides qalaqad
gadaiqca. babilonelebi sakuTar qalaqs `RmerTis karibWes~ uwodebdnen. qalaqs didi
galavani ertya gars. SuaSi mefis rezidencia da mTavari salocavi mdebareobda.
babilonis mmarTvelma xamurabim Tavisi Zalaufleba mTel samxreT SuamdinareTze
ganavrco. manve Seadgina kanonTa krebuli, romelic istoriaSi kanonTa pirvel srul
krebulad iTvleba. xamurabim kanonebi Savi bazaltis qvaze amoakveTina da mTavari RvTa­
ebis taZarSi daadgmevina.
suraTze xamurabi TxovniT mimarTavs Sa-
maSs, mzisa da samarTlianobis mfarvel RmerTs,
is ki mefes kanonTa krebuls gadascems. gamosaxu-
lebas xamurabis sityva mosdevs: `me, xamurabi,
mefe samarTlianobisa, romelsac SamaSma simar-
Tle uboZa! Cems sityvasa da saqmes ara hyavs swori!
mxolod ugnurTaTvis aris is arafris mTqmeli,
xolo brZen­TaTvis ki dasacavia... dae, imas, vinc
pati­viT ar moekideba stelaze amokveTil Cems
gadawyve­ tilebebs, ar SeeSindeba RmerTebis ris­
xvisa da uaryofs Cem mier dadgenil kanonebs,
daamaxinjebs Cems sityvebs, Secvlis Cems brZane-
bebs... iqneba es mefe, mmarTveli, Tu nebismieri,
saxelis mqone adamiani, _ RmerTebis mefe, romel-
mac me xelisufleba miboZa... dawyevlis mis beds.~

Sumerebis Seqmnil damwerlobas lursmuls uwodeben, radgan am damwerlobis Ti-

Toeuli niSani, anu simbolo lursmnis moyvanilobis mqone xazebisgan Sedgeba.
erTi an ramdenime simbolo gadmoscems sityvis marcvals, mTel sityvas an cnebas.
lursmuli damwerloba mTel wina aziaSi gavrcelda. mas sxvadasxva xalxi iyeneb-
da _ babilonelebi, asurelebi, xeTebi da sxv.

1. Seni azriT, ratom daadgmevina xamurabim taZarSi kanonebiani qvis fila?

2. warweris mixedviT, rogor gaxda xamurabi mefe?
3. Seni azriT, ratom laparakobs xamurabi RmerTebis saxeliT?
4. rogor fiqrob, ratom moiTxovs xamurabi, rom es kanonebi samaradiso iyos da
ara mxolod misi mefobis periodSi moqmedebdes?

xamurabis kanonebi
kanoni 5. Tu mosamarTlem samarTali gansaja, ganaCeni gamoitana, beWedi dasva,
xolo Semdgom amisa samarTali Secvala, am mosamarTles samarTlis SecvlaSi amxelen. am
saqmis sasjels Tormetmagad gadaixdis da sakrebuloSi Tavisi samosamarTleo savarZli-
dan gadaayeneben, ukan veRar dabrundeba da mosamarTleebTan erTad sasamarTloSi veRar
dajdeba.
kanoni 6. Tu kacma vercxli an oqro, an mona, an mona qali, an xari, an cxvari, an
viri, an sxva ram kacis Svilisagan an kacis monisagan mowmeebis an sabuTis gareSe iyida an
Sesanaxad miibara, es kaci qurdia da sikvdiliT unda daisajos.
kanoni 8. Tu kacma an xari, an cxvari, an Rori, anda navi moipara, Tu es saqoneli
taZris an sasaxlisaa, ocdaaTmagad unda zRos, Tu muSqenisaa, erTiaTad unda zRos. Tuki
qurds gadasaxdelad araferi abadia, sikvdiliT unda daisajos. 41
 kanoni 117. ukeTu kaci valebSi Cavardes da Tavisi coli, vaJi, an asuli gayidos an
valis sanacvlod misces, maT sam weliwads myidvelis an mepatronis saxlSi unda imuSaon,
meoTxe wels ki unda ganTavisufldnen.
kanoni 218. ukeTu mkurnalma brinjaos daniT kacs mZime naWrevi gaukeTa da kaci
Semoakvda, anda brinjaos daniT libri moaSora da Tvali amosTxara, xelis mtevani unda
mohkveTon.
kanoni 237. ukeTu kacma mexomalde da xomaldi daiqirava, xorbliT, matyliT,
zeTiT, finikiT, ginda sxva saqonliT datvirTa, mexomalde daudevrad moiqca, xomaldi
CaiZira da rac Sig iyo, yvelaferi daeRupa, mexomaldem CaZiruli xomaldisa da daRupu-
li saqonlis Rirebuleba unda zRos.
kanoni 274. ukeTu kaci xelosans daiqiravebs, gasamrjelod dRiurad 5 marcvali
vercxli, meagures (...) marcvali vercxli, mqsovels gasamrjelod (...) marcvali vercxli,
qvis mTlels gasamrjelod (...) marcvali vercxli, mWedels gasamrjelod (...) vercxli,
durgals gasamrjelod 4 marcvali vercxli, mebaRes gasamrjelod (...) marcvali vercx-
li, megodres gasamrjelod (...) marcvali vercxli, xuros gasamrjelod (...) marcvali
vercxli unda aZlios.

(* mravalwertiliT (...) aRniSnulia adgilebi, romelTa amokiTxva stelaze

ver moxerxda. Sesabamisad sxvadasxva xelosnisTvis micemuli gasamrjelos raodenoba
ucnobia)

kaci _ kanonebis teqstSi `kaci~ Cveulebriv gulisxmobs mosaxleobis Tavisu-

fali fenis warmomadgenels, muSqenisa da monisgan gansxvavebiT.
muSqeni (`damorCilebuli~) _ damokidebuli fenis warmomadgeneli babilonis
sazogadoebaSi.
marcvali _ wonis erTeuli, 0,047 grami.
xuro _ xelosani, romelic Senobis xis nawilebs amzadebs, an xis Senobas
agebs.

5. dakvirvebiT waikiTxe TiToeuli kanoni da miRebuli informacia daskvnebis

saxiT Camowere (moswavlis rveuli, davaleba #13). qvemoT nimuSad ixile kanoni 6.

kanoni 6. babilonSi arsebobdnen monebi. ganviTarebuli iyo mesaqonleoba. moSina­

urebuli hyavdaT xari, cxvari, viri. babilonelebi oqro-vercxliT, monebiTa da saqon-
liT vaWrobdnen. isini yidva-gayidvas mowmeebis TandaswrebiT awarmoebdnen an sabuTs
gascemdnen.

6. ramdenad dawinaurebuli Cans cxovreba babilonSi da ris safuZvelze SegiZlia

amis Sesaxeb daskvnis gamotana?
7. axseni xamurabis TiToeuli zemoT naxsenebi kanonis mniSvneloba. romeli geCve-
neba yvelaze Tanamedroved da ratom?
8. xamurabis kanonebidan gamoyavi Seni azriT yvelaze samarTliani da yvelaze
usamarTlo kanoni.
9. babilonis samefoSi yvelaze dabal, uuflebo fenas monebi Seadgendnen. mona
SeiZleboda:
a. omis dros dalaSqruli an dapyrobili qveynidan CamoeyvanaT, rogorc tyve;
b. sxvisgan eyidaT;
g. babilonelis ojaxis wevric yofiliyo, romelic valis sanacvlod gayides an
droebiT misces mevales.
CamoTvlilTagan monad gaxdomis romeli gzis Sesaxeb gvawvdis informacias
erT-erTi kanoni?
10. Seni azriT, ramdenad misaRebia xamurabis kanonebi Tanamedrove epoqaSi?
11. Seni azriT, ratom gaxda saWiro kanonebis SemoReba? rogor fiqrob, aris Tu
ara kanonebi aucilebeli saxelmwifos arsebobisTvis? pasuxi daasabuTe.
42
 15. rogor urTierTobda diaoxi Zvel aRmosavlur qveynebTan?

egviptisa da SuamdinareTis Semdeg saxelmwifoebi axlo aRmosavleTSi sxva xal­

xebmac Seqmnes. maTTan ukve uSualod urTierTobdnen qarTveluri tomebic, romlebic
Zv.w.II aTaswleulis bolos gaerTiandnen. ase warmoiSva pirveli qarTuli saxelmwifoebi
_ diaoxi da kolxa.

SavizRva

diaoxi
berZnuli
samyaro
kaspiiszRva

egeosiszRva

xmelTaSuazRva

diaoxi Zv.w. XII-VIII saukuneebSi arsebobda, misi teritoria moicavda mdinare

Woroxis auzsa da Savi zRvis samxreT sanapiroebs. diaoxs urTierToba uwevda asureTsa
da urar­­tus­Tan. mis Sesaxeb informacias swored dRemde SemorCenili asuruli da urar-
tuli war­werebi gvawvdis. romlebSic am qveyanas asurelebi daiaens uwodebdnen, xolo
urartelebi _ diaoxs.
asureTi Zv.w. XVI s.-Si SuamdinareTis CrdiloeT nawilSi, tigrosis zemo welSi
Camoyalibda. saxelmwifo bunebrivi sazRvrebiT (zRvebi, qedebi) daculi ar iyo, amitom
asurelebs teritoriis SesanarCuneblad gamudmebuli brZola uwevdaT da meomar xalxad
Camoyalibdnen. asurelebis saxels araerTi siaxle da reforma ukavSirdeba samxedro
mimarTulebiT. Zv.w. XIV_XII saukuneebSi asureTi gaZlierda. SemorCenilia asureTis mefe-
Ta uamravi warwera taZris kedlebze, qvis filebsa Tu Ti­xis firfitebze, romlebic am
mefeTa laSqrobebze mogviTxrobs. es warwe­rebi Zalian hgavs erTmaneTs. isini ZiriTadad
Semdeg suraTs gvixatavs: mosaxleobis darbeva, maTi dasaxlebuli punqtebis dawva-dan-
greva, nadavlis wamoReba, tyveebisa da mZevlebis wamoyvana, xarkis dadeba, mosaxleobis
damorCileba.

sur.2 asuruli samxedro etli

1. rogor fiqrob, ras emsaxureboda aseTi scenebis sasaxlis kedlebze gamosaxva?

43
 Zv.w. XII saukunis bolos asureTis mefe tiglaTfileser I-ma CrdiloeTis qveynebSi
ilaSqra da am laSqrobas warwerac miuZRvna. jerjerobiT es qarTvelTa winaprebis pir-
veli werilobiTi moxseniebaa. asurelebi CrdiloeTis qveynebs `nairis qveynebs~ eZaxdnen.
nairis qveynebis gaerTianebaSi diaoxic Sedioda.

wyaro a): asureTis mefis tiglaTfileser I-is warwera

`me, tiglaTfileseri, romelic samyaros oTxiv mxareze samarTlianad vbrZaneb-
lob, gavemarTe Soreul mefeTa qveynebisken, romelnic zemo zRvis napiras cxovroben
da romelTac ar icodnen morCileba... sul nairis qveynebis 23 mefem Sekriba TavianT
qveynebSi etlebi da jarebi da brZolisaTvis gamoemarTnen... maTi jarebi gavanadgure,
maTi didi qalaqebi davipyari, maTi qoneba, sarCo-sabadebeli wamoviRe. maTi qalaqebi
davwvi, davarbie, davangrie. cxenebis, jorebis, jorcxenebis mravalricxovani jogebi da
maTi mindvrebis uricxvi pirutyvi wamoviyvane. yvela mefe davatyveve da fici msaxurebi-
sa davadebine. maTi Zeni, samefo naSierni, mZevlebad gamovarTvi, 1 200 cxeni, 2 000 suli
msxvilfexa rqosani pirutyvi xarkad davade da TavianT qveynebSi gavuSvi... sieni, mefe
daiaenis qveynisa (romelic ar memorCileboda), Cems qalaq asurSi waviyvane da iq Sevi-
wyale da asuridan morCili gavuSvi~.

2. ratom ilaSqra tiglaTfileseri I-ma `nairis qveynebSi~?

3. ratom dasWirda asurel mefes daiaenis mefis Tavis qalaqSi wayvana?
4. SeiZleba Tu ara vTqvaT, rom warmatebuli omi mniSvnelovani Semosavlis wyaro iyo?
5. gamoTqvi varaudi, ratom ver gauwia tiglaTfilesers winaaRmdegoba `nairis
qveynebis~ ocdasamma mefem?

Zv.w. XI-IX saukuneebSi asurelebi Soreul laSqrobebs CrdiloeTiT aRar awyob-

dnen, radgan Tavad hqondaT mezoblebTan omebi, IX saukunidan ki dapyrobiTi omebi sxva-
dasxva mimarTulebiT ganaaxles. amave periodSi Camoyalibda axali saxelmwifo _ urartu,
romelic mezoblebis xarjze teritoriebis gafarToebas cdilobda. Sesabamisad, diaoxis
mdgomareoba garTulda.
urartus mefe argiSTim Zv.w. VIII saukuneSi diaoxSi ilaSqra. vnaxoT, ra informa-
cias gvawvdis misi warwera.

wyaro b): urartus mefis, argiSTi menuas Zis warwera
`gavemarTe me salaSqrod didi qveynis winaaRmdeg, qalaq zuas winaaRmdeg. qalaqi
zua, diaoxis qveynis samefo qalaqi, me gadavwvi; warwera davdgi qalaq zuaSi... diaoxis
mefe davimorCile, Seviwyale igi xarkis gadaxdis pirobiT. ai, ranairi xarki misca diao­
xelma argiSTis: 41 mina sufTa oqro, 37 mina vercxli, aTi aTasi mina spilenZi, 1000 saj-
domi cxeni, 300 suli msxvilfexa rqosani pirutyvi. ai, rogori xarki davade me diaoxis
qveyanas, raTa mas es xarki eZlia yovelwliurad.
... is mefeni, romelnic diaoxeli mefis dasaxmareblad movidnen, me gavanadgure.~
Zv.w. VIII saukunidan, argiSTis Semdeg, diaoxi warwerebSi aRar ixsenieba. mecnierebi
fiqroben, rom is urartusTan brZolaSi ganadgurda.

mina _ wonis erTeuli. erTi mina udrida daaxloebiT 570 grams.

6. venis diagramis saSualebiT erTmaneTs Seadare asureTis mefisa da urartus me-

fis warwerebi, ra aqvT maT saerTo da ra _ ganmasxvavebeli?
7. ra informacias gvawvdian wyaroebi diaoxis Sesaxeb?
8. daaxasiaTe diaoxis social-ekonomikuri mdgomareoba.
9. wyaroebidan gamomdinare, rogori urTierToba hqonda diaoxs asureTTan da
urartusTan?
10. gamoTqvi varaudi, SeeZlo Tu ara diaoxis mefes Tavidan aecilebina asurelebisa
da urartuelebis Semosevebi? Seni mosazreba daasabuTe.

44
 16. visTan da rogor urTierTobda kolxa?

Zv.w. VIII saukunidan, diaoxis ganadgurebis Semdeg, urartuuli warwerebi kolxaze

mogviTxroben. urartuelebi mas kulxas eZaxian. mecnierebi fiqroben, rom diaoxis ganad-
gurebis Semdeg kolxa da urartu erTmaneTs gaumezobldnen, rasac maT Soris omebi mohyva.
kolxaSi urartuelTa laSqrobis Sesaxeb laparakia sarduri II-is (Zv.w. 764-735 ww.)
warwerebSi, saidanac Cans, rom man sul cota orjer ilaSqra kolxaSi da samefo qalaqi
ildimuSa aiRo.
wyaro a): urartus mefe sarduri II-is warwera
`gavemarTe salaSqrod kulxas qveynis winaaRmdeg. es qveyana me davipyari, qalaqi
ildamuSa, samefo qalaqi kulxas qveynis mefisa, gamagrebuli, brZoliT davipyari, misi
mosaxleoba davwvi. kulxas qveynis moxeleni, romelnic ki iq iyvnen, gavJlite. rkinis be-
Wedi gavakeTebine, warwera davdgi qalaq ildamuSaSi. cixesimagreebi, qalaqebi davwvi da
davangrie, qveyana gavaCanage, kacebi da qalebi gavreke.~

1. daakvirdi rukas da gamoTqvi mosazreba, ratom ar ixsenieba kolxa Zv.w. VIII saukunem-
de urartuul warwerebSi?
2. dasaxlebaTa ra tipebs asaxelebs warwera? warweraSi aseve amoicaniT sazogadoebis
sxvadasxva fenis wevrebi.
3. Seni azriT, risi simboloebia rkinis beWedi da warwerebiani stela?
4. wyaros mixedviT CamoTvale urartuelTa kolxaSi laSqrobis Sedegebi.

kolxas Sesaxeb mogviTxrobs berZnuli miTic. am miTis Sesaxeb Sen, albaT, ukve
gsmenia. wina klasis masalidan gaixsene, ratom imogzaures argonavtebma kolxaSi? ratom
gaimeora tim severinma argonavtebis marSruti? raSi dasWirda es?

miTi _ xalxuri Tqmuleba, romelic Taobidan Taobas zepirad gadaecemoda da cvli-

lebebs ganicdida, Tumca mTavar ideas inarCunebda. miTebi mogviTxroben sicocxlis
warmoSobis, bunebis Zalebis, RmerTebisa da gmirebis Sesaxeb. miTebi SeiZleba or
tipad davyoT: zogi miTi xalxis rwmena-warmodgenebs asaxavs, maT msoflmxedvelobas,
damokidebulebas garemomcvel samyarosTan, zogi _ ambavs, romelic SesaZloa, odes-
Rac moxda da xalxis mexsierebam Semoinaxa.


სკვ

( )
კი
მე
ითები

(ყირიმის ნკ.) რი
(დუ ელ
(

ნაი) ებ
ი


  




( )


(ბალკანეთის ნკ.)
( აია
სინოპე
ხ ა
სა ჰერაკლეა


    ) იოლკოსი ლ
ბე (ვოლოსი) ხ ა თემისკირახ ა კ ო ხ ი
(სევანის
ე თ ლ ი ბ ები ა ო
ქ

რ შქ ტბა)
ა ები
 

ძნ ლიდია იგ
ი
ხათუსა ე ბ ი
ი
დ ა რ ტ
ეთ  რ უ
)

ფ ქანესი რ
(პელოპონესის ნკ.)
ი მ უ შ ქ ე ბ ი ტუშფა
უ

 (ანატოლიის ზეგანი) (ურმიის

(ვანის ტბა)
ტბა)
(მცირე აზიის ნკ.) თაბალი
ა ტიგ
ლიკია კილიკია
მი ს რო
თ
მ ი დ ი ა
სი

კ. კრეტა ან ნინევია
უ
ს

ი
რ
ე

ევფ ასური
ფინიკი ა

ეთ
მ

რ
კ. ალასია ტ
ი

 () 

ატ

ე
ი

ბა
ი

ბ
ი ბი
პირობითი აღნიშვნები ლ ელ
ონ ამ
ბერძენთა განსახლების არეალი ი
ე

ი
ი ორდან

ქალაქი ბაბილონი
იერუსალიმი
არგონავტების მოგზაურობა მკვდარი
საბერძნეთიდან კოლხეთში ზღვა

ძვ.წ. XIII-XII სს. 
მემფისი (  

კიმერიელების ლაშქრობა  
ოსი


ძვ.წ. VIII ს. 30-20-იან წწ. (სინას 
  
ილ

სკვითების ლაშქრობა ნ   
ნკ.) მეწამული 
ძვ.წ. VIII ს. ბოლოს ეგვიპტე ზღვა
)
© M.Shekiladze, 2019

ruka: qarTveluri tomebi da mezobeli samyaro

45
 5. romeli zRvebi gadacures argonavtebma, sanam kolxas moaRwevdnen?
6. rogor fiqrob, ra mniSvneloba eqneboda Sav zRvas kolxasTvis?
7. miTebis romel tips miekuTvneba argonavtebis miTi? axseni ratom?
8. axseni Zveli berZeni istorikosis sityvebi: `kolxeTSi mdinareebs CamoaqvT oqro,
rasac adgilobrivebi daxvretili varclebiTa da tyavebiT agroveben. aqedan momdi­
nareobs miTi oqros sawmisze~.
9. gaixsene, am periodSi romeli liTonis damuSaveba hqondaT ukve dawyebuli qarTve-
lur tomebs?
10. Seadare argonavtebis miTidan miRebuli informacia wyaroebidan miRebul infor-
macias da imsjele, SeiZleba Tu ara, miTi istoriul wyarod ganvixiloT?

samwuxarod, CvenTvis ucnobia, rogori cxovrebis wess misdevdnen diaoxelebi

da kolxebi. arqeologiurad es teritoria Seuswavlelia. maT Sesaxeb mxolod
ZvelaRmosavluri (asuruli da urartuuli) wyaroebi moipoveba. rogorc Cans, mezobel
urartusTan kolxasa da diaoxs xangrZlivi urTierToba hqondaT. amaze metyvelebs qar-
Tul enaSi Semonaxuli mTeli rigi gamoTqmebi.

qarTulma Semoinaxa mTeli rigi gamoTqmebi, romlebic qarTuli eniT

ver aixsneba, samagierod urartuulad gasagebia. mag., qarTul gamoTqmebSi
_ yiramala, Tavdayira, yiraze gadasvla. `yira~ miwas niSnavs, Sesabamisad
gasagebi xdeba zemoT CamoTvlili sityvebi. qarTul simReris misamReri:
ivri arale, Tari arale, ari arale aseve urartuuli sityvebia da niSnavs
`meufeo arale~, `Zlevamosilo arale~, `momec, arale~

istoriuli wyaroebidan
vigebT, rom Zv.w. VIII saukunis
bolos CrdiloeT kavkasiidan
da samxreT ruseTis stepebidan
skviTebisa da kimerielebis Semose­
vebi daiwyo.
skviTebi da kimerielebi mom-
Tabare cxovrebas eweodnen da um-
Tavresad mesaqonleobas da cxene-
bis moSenebas misdevdnen, mTeli
wlis ganmavlobaSi erTi saZovri-
dan meoreze gadadiodnen da Tan
mihyavdaT ojaxebi. axal adgilze
karvebs Slidnen da droebiTi sad-
gomebs awyobdnen. maTi Semosavlis
ZiriTadi wyaro, mesaqonleobisa
da cxenebis moSenebis garda, laSqrobiT alafis mopoveba iyo. roca sakvebi Semoaklde-
bodaT, nayofier miwebs Seeseodnen da Zarcvavdnen.

11. riT gansxvavdeboda erTmaneTisgan momTabare da binadari, mkvidri sazogadoebebi?

12. ratom uqmnida did safrTxes civilizaciebs momTabare tomebis Semosevebi?

skviTebisa da kimerielebis meomar momTabareTa cxenosani laSqari im droisaTvis

mrisxane Zalas warmoadgenda da Tavis gzaze yvelafers anadgurebda.
momTabare tomTa did Semosevebs yovelTvis Tan axlda cvlilebebi _ zogi qveya-
na Semosevebs saTanado winaaRmdegobas ver uwevda da nadgurdeboda, zogi qveyana agr-
46
 Zelebda arsebobas, magram misi sazRvrebi icvle-
boda.
skviTebi da kimerielebi samxreT kavkasi-
aSic SemoiWrnen, aqedan ki _ axlo aRmosavleTSi,
Tumca, rogorc Cans, maTi raRac nawili kavkasia-
Si, maT Soris saqarTveloSi, dasaxlda. mecnier-
Ta azriT, amaze metyvelebs Tundac saqarTve-
los erTi olqis, TrialeTis saxeli, romelsac
erT-erT kimeriul toms _ trerebs ukavSireben.
saqarTvelos teritoriaze aRmoCenilia
nivTebi, romlebsac arqeologebi skviTebs uka-
vSireben, mag., akinakebi (rkinis maxvili specifi-
kuri vadiT), saomari culebi, cxenis aRkazmulo-
bis nawilebi da sxv.
raWaSi, sofel brilSi, samarxebis gaTx-
risas arqeologebma aRmoaCines: Tormeti akina-
ki, 15 saomari culi, cxenis aRkazmuloba: lag-
ami, brinjaos saybeuri rgolebi, zarebi, eJvani.
aqve iyo Zvlis patara samkaulebic, romlebiTac
mokazmuli yofila cxenis unagiri.
skviTebisa da kimerielebis Semoseveb-
ma saerTaSoriso sarbielze bevri ram Secvala:
kolxam arseboba Sewyvita, urartu Zlivs gadaur-
Ca ganadgurebas. skviTebisa da kimerielebis naw-
ilma asureTsa da egviptemdec ki miaRwia.

13. rogor gesmis fraza `kolxam arseboba Sewyvita~?

14. Seasrule davaleba konturul rukaze (moswavlis rveuli dav. #14.).

47
 17. aqemenianTa sparseTi _ pirveli saxmeleTo imperia?

sxvadasxva iranuli tomi _ midielebi, sparselebi, baqtrielebi, parTelebi da sxv.

_ aziis samxreT-dasavleT nawilSi cxovrobdnen. am tomebs Soris pirveli saxelmwifo
Zv.w. VII saukunis 70-ian wlebSi Seqmnes midielebma. Zv.w. VI saukuneSi sparselebi dawinaur-
dnen. sparsuli tomebis gaerTianebas saTaveSi aqemeni Caudga, romelic samefo sagva-
reulos fuZemdebeli gaxda. Zv.w. 558 wels sparseTis samefo taxtze aqemenis erT-erTi
STamomavali kirosi avida, romelsac Semdgom kiros II didi uwodes. kirosma mezobeli
qveynebis dapyroba da sparseTis saxelmwifos gafarToeba daiwyo.

sarmate
bi
დუნა ი

k a თერგ ი


  iv k

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donia a s
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
gordioni
xo
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

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berZn

19
k iber
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16
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sparta
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ik

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ინდ
   siria i
ი

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babiloni

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ინდ

o
ნ ი ლ ო სი

e persepolisi
g sparseTis sazRvari
17

d
v i


p t e  pe rs ida



sazRvari satrapiebs Soris n

© M.Shekiladze, 2019

dedaqalaqi  i
Tebe dasaxlebuli punqti

 20

samefo gza

1 - 20 satrapiebis numeracia  
© M.Shekiladze, 2019

ruka: Zveli sparseTis (aqemenianTa) saxelmwifo

kiros II didis mier mowyobili samxedro laSqrobebi:

• Zv.w. 553 w. _ daikava midiis dedaqalaqi ekbatana da Tavi sparseTisa da midiis mefed
gamoacxada.
• daikava midiis mTeli saxelmwifo da mis SemadgenlobaSi myofi parTiac. kiross miem-
xro mcire aziis erT-erTi samefo _ kilikia _ da mas samxedro daxmarebac SesTavaza.
amis gamo kiross arasdros gaugzavnia kilikiaSi sparseli mmarTvelebi, sxva qveynebis­
gan gansxvavebiT; Semdeg daimorCila lidiis samefo da xmelTaSua zRvis sanapiroze
mdebare berZnuli qalaqebi.
• gaagrZela laSqrobebi aRmosavleTiT da daipyro Sua aziis nawili.
• daipyro babiloni da Tavi babilonis mefed gamoacxada.
• Zv.w. 530 w. _ gadawyvita, saxelmwifos Crdilo-aRmosavleTi sazRvrebi gaemagrebina
da iq mcxovrebi momTabare tomebi gaenadgurebina. amisaTvis man Sua aziaSi ilaSqra,
magram mdinare amudariis sanapiroze momTabareebTan brZolaSi daiRupa.

1. Seasrule davaleba konturul rukaze (moswavlis rveuli dav. #15.)

2. SenTvis cnobili romeli saxelmwifoebi aRmoCnda kirosis dapyrobebis Sedegad
Seqmnil saxelmwifoSi?
3. daakvirdi wina aziis Tanamedrove politikur rukas. dRes romeli saxelmwifoebi
mdebareobs am teritoriaze?

48
 sparselTa religiis Sesaxeb
uZveles droSi sparselebi sxvadasxva RmerTs scemdnen Tayvans. Zv.w. VII-VI sauku-
neebSi zaraTuStram (berZnulad _ zoroastrma) Camoayaliba moZRvreba, romelsac Semdeg
zoroastrizmi ewoda da is sparselTa saerTo religiad iqca.
zoroastrizmis mixedviT, samyaroSi or urTierTsapirispiro sawyiss _ sikeTesa
da borotebas, sinaTlesa da sibneles, sicocxlesa da sikvdils _ Soris mudmivi brZola
mimdinareobs. dadebiT sawyiss naTeli RvTaeba ahuramazda ganasaxierebs, uaryofiTs _
bneli RvTaeba ahrimani. ahuramazdas saxelis mixedviT am religias mazdeanobasac eZaxian.

4. riT gansxvavdeboda zoroastrizmi uZvelesi rwmena-warmodgenebisgan?

sparselTa Seqmnil am vrcel saxelmwifos aqemenianTa saxelmwifos, `qveynebis

qveyanas~, mefes ki `mefeTa mefes~ uwodeb­dnen. sparseTis mefeebs miaCndaT, rom `uzenaes-
ma RmerTma ahuramazdam uboZa sparseTis mefeebs did miwaze, mraval qveyanasa da enaze,
zRvis iqiT da aqeT, mTasa da barze, udabnos aqeT da iqiT, mbrZanebloba~. aqemenianTa
saxelmwifos gafarToeba kirosis memkvidreebis drosac gagrZelda.

5. Seni azriT, ratom ewoda sparselTa am saxelmwifos `aqemenianuri~?

dariosis reformebi
sparseTis vrcel saxelmwifos marTvis gansxvavebuli sistema sWirdeboda. es Tvi-
sobrivad axali saxelmwifo iyo. darios I-ma (Zv.w. 522-486 ww.) reformebi Caatara da
saxelmwifos marTvis axali sistema Camoa­y­aliba.
dariosis reformis Sedegad Seiqmna didi samoxeleo aparati, romelic samefo
kancelariidan imarTeboda. mefis rezidencia persepolisSi iyo, magram saxelmwifos ad-
ministraciul centrs qalaqi suza warmoadgenda. suzis garda sxva did qalaqebSic _
babilonSi, ekbatanaSi da sxva satrapiebis dedaqalaqebSic arsebobda kancelariebi, sa-
dac saxelmwifo moxeleebi isxdnen. mweralTa uzarmazari Stati oficialur dokumen-
tebs iwerda.
dariosma mTeli saxelmwifo teritoriul-administraciul erTeulebad _ satra-
piebad dayo da saTaveSi moxeleebi _ satrapebi dauyena. sparseTis saxelmwifoSi 20 sat­
rapia iyo. me-19 sat­rapiis SemadgenlobaSi aRmoCnda Savi zRvis samxreT-aRmosavleTiT
mdebare miwa-wyalic, sadac odiTganve qarTuli tomebi _ ­ kolxebi cxovrobdnen.
satrapi Tvalyurs adevnebda miwis damuSavebasa da gadasaxadebis akrefas. mas umaRlesi
xelisuflis nebasa da brZanebas mefis mdivani atyobinebda. samxedro saqmes mxedarTmTa-
vrebi warmarTavdnen, romlebic uSualod mefes emorCilebodnen. saWiroebis SemTxveva-
Si isini satrapiidan jars krebdnen. satrapebsac da mxedarTmTavrebsac mudmivad akon-
trolebda centraluri administracia. yovelwliurad, da xandaxan ufro xSiradac,

sur.1 persepolisis nangrevebi 49

 saxelmwifos specialuri mox-
eleebi _ `mefis Tvalebi da yure-
bi~ moivlidnen. isini satrapebis
saqmianobas amowmebdnen. maT
SeeZloT, cvlilebebi SeetanaT
sat-rapebis saqmianobaSi, an saer-
Tod gaeTavisuflebinaT isini.
mTel am samoxeleo aparats Tval­
yurs adevnebda hazarapeti, rome-
lic daaxloebiT imave funqcias
asrulebda, rasac Tanamedrove
saidumlo policiis ufrosi.
aqemenianuri sparseTis
SemadgenlobaSi myofi yvela da-
pyrobili xalxi inarCunebda sa-
kuTar enas, religias, wes-Cveule-
bebs, kanonebs da xandaxan tomis beladebsac ki.
Tavad sparselebi gadasaxadebisgan gaTavisuflebuli iyvnen. isini saxelmwifo
aparatSi, mefis `ukvdavTa gvardiasa~ da armiaSi msaxurobdnen. sparsuli aristokratiis
warmomadgenlebi msxvili miwaTmflobelebic iyvnen da sakuTari miwebidan Semosuli
SemosavlebiT cxovrobdnen.
dariosma imperiaSi saerTaSoriso enad arameuli SemoiRo (arameuli Zv.w. I aTas­
wleulSi axlo aRmosavleTSi yvelaze gavrcelebuli ena iyo). mTeli imperiis teritori-
aze oficialuri dokumentebi centridan satrapiebSi arameul enaze igzavneboda, adgil-
ze ki, sadac arameuli ar icodnen, dokumentebs Targmnidnen.
dariosma ekonomikuri reformebic gaatara. man imperiaSi fulis saerTo erTeuli
SemoiRo _ es iyo oqros `dariki~. vaWrobisa da komunikaciis gansaviTareblad darios-
ma moawesriga gzebi, Seqmna mudmivi safosto sadgurebi, romlebic informaciis swrafi
gavrcelebis saSualebas iZleoda da am uzarmazari saxelmwifos TviT yvelaze Soreul
provinciebsac ki erTmaneTTan akavSirebda.

6. Seni azriT, riT gansxvavdeboda aqamenianuri sparseTi Sen mier Seswavlili Zveli
saxelmwifoebisgan? raSi mdgomareobs misi Tvisobrivi siaxle?
7. Seni azriT, ratom uwodebdnen aqemenianTa saxelmwifos `qveynebis qveyanas”, mefes
ki _ `mefeTa mefes”?
8. moswavlis rveulSi Seadgine aqemenianuri sparseTis saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis
martivi sqema. Camowere saxelmwifo moxeleebis Tanamdebobebi da aRniSne TiToeuli
moxe­lis funqcia.
9. CamoTvale dariosis mier saxelmwifoSi gatarebuli reformebi da aRniSne, romeli
reforma migaCnia yvelaze mniSvnelovnad da ratom?
10. aqemenianuri sparseTis samoxeleo aparati Seadare egviptisas. ra aris saerTo da
ra _ ganmasxvavebeli?
11. Seni azriT, ratom sargeblobdnen aseTi uflebebiT dapyrobili xalxebi:
a) sparselebi ufro lmobierebi iyvnen da meti pativiscemiT epyrobodnen dapyrobil
xalxebs;
b) sparselebi met SorsmWvretelobas iCendnen da amgvarad icavdnen Tavs am xalxebis
ajanyebisgan.
12. Seni azriT, ratom dasWirda darioss saerTaSoriso enad arameulis da ara spa-
rsulis arCeva? am TvalsazrisiT, dRes romel enasTan gaavlebdi paralels?

50
 18. rogor aRmoCndnen qarTveluri tomebi aqemenianTa sparseTis
SemadgenlobaSi?

aqemenianTa imperiis SemadgenlobaSi qarTveluri tomebis nawilic moeqca. Ta-

namedrove saqarTvelos samxreT-dasavleTiT mcxovrebi sasperebi, mosxebi, tibarenebi,
mosinikebi, makronebi, marebi sparseTis XVIII da XIX satrapiebSi iyvnen gaerTianebuli.

Savi zRva
kolxebi

xmelTaSua
zRva babiloni

persepolisi

1. monaxe rukaze XVIII da XIX satrapiebi. romeli qarTuli saxelmwifo mdebareobda

adre XIX satrapiis adgilas?
2. rukaze monaxe kolxebi. ra kavSiri aqvs mas Zvel kolxasTan?

berZeni istorikosi herodote mogviTxrobs:

dariosma sagamgebloebs (satrapiebs) dauwesa xarki, rac misTvis unda gadaexadaT.
matienebs, sasperebs da alaroidebs dawesebuli hqondaT 200 talanti; mosxebi, tibarene-
bi, makronebi, mosinikebi da marebi 300 talants ixdidnen.
zog xalxs xarki ar hqonda dawesebuli, magram saCuqrebi ki mohqondaT: kolxebma
nebayoflobiT daiweses saCuqrebi da aseve maTma mezoblebmac vidre kavkasiis mTebamde _
yovel mexuTe wels sparseTSi 100 yrma da 100 qalwuli unda gaegzavnaT.

3. Seni azriT, ratom ixdidnen satrapiebi gansxvavebul gadasaxads, raze iqneboda es

damokidebuli?
4. Seni azriT, ratom agzavnidnen kolxebi sakuTari neba-surviliT saCuqrebs?
5. Seni azriT, ratom aqvT kolxebs ukeTesi mdgomareoba, vidre danarCen qarTvelur
tomebs?
5. warmoidgine, rom kolxebis saxalxo krebas eswrebi. Sekrebis mizezi irgvliv gan-
viTarebuli movlenebia _ kirosma yvela mezobeli tomi daipyro. Sekrebaze unda
ga­da­wy­­­des, rogor unda moiqcnen kolxebi: morCileba gamoucxadon Tu brZola dai-
wyon.
moiyvane argumentebi TiToeuli gadawyvetilebis sasargeblod.
6. gadasaxadis gadaxdis garda, kidev ra valdebulebebis Sesruleba uwevdaT aqeme-
nianuri sparseTis SemadgenlobaSi myof xalxebs?

51
 aqemenianTa sparseTis dedaqalaqi iyo persepolisi, romelic dariosma aago. swored
persepolisSi tardeboda mefed kurTxevis ceremoniali. aq xvdebodnen da zeimobdnen isini
axal wels. weliwadSi ramdenjerme aqve moarTmevdnen satrapebi da qveSevrdomi mefeebi
Zvirfas ZRvens `mefeTa mefes”

7. aRwere gamosaxuleba. Seni azriT, ra procesia kedelze gamosaxuli?

aqemenianTa Zalauflebis qveS didi geografiuli sivrce gaerTianda. aq mcxov-

reb xalxebs erTi saxelmwifos farglebSi unda ecxovraT, erTmaneTTan ekonomikuri
urTierTobebi hqondaT, rasac maTi kulturuli daaxloebac mosdevda. isini ecno-
bodnen erTmaneTis wes-Cveulebebs, rwmena-warmodgenebs, msoflmxedvelobas. sparsuli
kultura Tavis TavSi aerTianebda am xalxebs. am kulturuli arealis wevri gviano-
bamde iyo aRmosavlur-qarTuli sivrce. qarTulma kulturam bevri ram SeiTvisa spar-
sulisgan, rac dResac ki vlindeba. qarTul enaSi bevri sparsuli sityvaa, romlebic
Cven qarTuli gvgonia. mag., ganZi, maspinZeli, eSmaki, leqsi, baRi, varjiSi, CiraRdani
da a.S. dResac gavrcelebulia sparsuli saxelebi. mag., daCi, zurabi, merabi, farnavazi,
romelic xSirad sparsel satrapebs uwodebdnen.

8. gaavle drois xazi da masze daitane Zv.w. VIII-VI saukuneebis monakveTSi kolxebis
istoriaSi momxdari mniSvnelovani movlenebi. drois xazi momdevno davalebis Ses-
rulebaSi dagexmareba.
9. dawere patara Tema: kolxebis istoria.

52
 19. ratom aris mniSvnelovani `vimogzauroT Zvel aRmosavleTSi”?

am gakveTilze Zvel aRmosavleTSi vimogzaurebT. isev davbrundebiT Suamdina-

reTsa da egvipteSi. vnaxavT, rogor Senobebs agebdnen, rogor qandakebebs qmnidnen. ga-
vecnobiT sxvadasxva tipis wyaroebs: naxatebs davaTvalierebT, werilsac ki wavikiTxavT,
raTa ukeT gavigoT, rogor cxovrobdnen adamianebi Zvel aRmosavleTSi.
SuamdinareTSi, sadac ZiriTadi samSeneblo masala Tixa iyo, taZrebi da sasaxle­
ebi naklebad SemorCa. drom arc Raribuli lerwmis qoxebi Semogvinaxa. Tumca werilo­
biTi wyaroebidan viciT, rom qalaqis centrSi idga taZari _ zikuraTi, romelsac mTavar
RvTaebas ugebdnen. im droisaTvis es uzarmazari nageboba iyo da irgvliv yvelas _ adg-
ilobrivi mcxovreblebisa Tu Casulebis _ yuradRebas iqcevda. zikuraTi did safexure-
bad _ terasebad iyo agebuli. terasebis raodenoba meryeobda. Sumeruli zikuraTi sami
safe­xurisgan Sedgeboda, babilonelebi ki ZiriTadad Svidsafexurians agebdnen. safex-
urebi sxvadasxvafrad iyo SeRebili. zeda safe­xurze asvla mxolod qurums SeeZlo.

sur.2 asureTis mefis, sargon II-is sasaxlis karibWe

egvipteSi, sadac samSeneblo
masalad qvas iyenebdnen, dRemde dgas
piramidebi da faraonebis sasaxleTa
kompleqsebi. SemorCenilia kldeSi na-
kveTi RmerTebis, faraonebisa da gi-
ganturi miTuri arsebebis figurebi.
taZars ama Tu im RmerTis pativsace-
mad aSenebdnen. maT swamdaT, rom taZ-
rebSi RmerTebi cxovrobdnen. taZram-
de misasvlel gzas sfinqsebi icavdnen.
taZris SesasvlelTan faraonis qan-
dakebebi idga. Sesasvleli did ezoSi
Sedioda, sadac adamianebi salocavad
ikribebodnen. ezos boloSi mTavari
nageboba iyo. iq Sesvla mxolod fara-
onebsa da qurumebs SeeZloT. mTavar
nagebobaSi im RmerTis qandakeba idga,
romlis saxelzec taZari iyo agebuli. taZris kedlebsa da svetebze gamosaxuli iyo
scenebi RmerTebisa da faraonebis cxovrebidan.
grandiozulobiT gamoirCeoda faraonis sasaxlec, romelic, misi Zalauflebis
gamomxatveli iyo.

sfinqsi _ adamianis Tavisa da mwoliare lomis sxeulis mqone fantastikuri

arseba Zvel egvipteSi (faraonis Zlierebis gansaxiereba).
53
 1. ra aerTianebs SuamdinareTisa da egviptis nagebobebs?
2. Seni azriT, ra gancda eqnebodaT im dros mcxovreb adamianebs am nagebobebisa da
qandakebebis mimarT?
3. Zveli aRmosavleTisTvis zogadad damaxasiaTebelia monumenturi arqiteqtura.
rogor fiqrob, ratom agebdnen aseTi didi zomis nagebobebs?

monumenti _ didi zomis Zegli qandakebasa da arqiteqturaSi, romelic

mniSvnelovan istoriul movlenas, gamoCenil moRvawes eZRvneba.

sur.5 persepolisis nangrevebi

sur.4 gizis piramidebi. am piramidebs ase

adgilis mixedviT ewoda. isini faraonTa
gansasvene­beli samarxebia. maTgan udidesi
(simaRle - 137 metri) fara­on xeofss ekuT-
vnis.

sur.6 egviptis dedoflis

nefertaris taZari

rogor fiqrob, ra mniSvneloba hqonda qarTvelTa winaprebisTvis

am samyarosTan urTierTobas?

norC mkvlevarTa diskusiis klubSi am kiTxvaze msjeloben:

• gaixsene, asurelTa laSqrobebi diaoxSi. Cvens winaprebs maTi Setevebis mogerieba
uwevdaT.
• e.i. mniSvneloba ar hqonda maTTan urTierTobas? mxolod uaryofiTi mxare hqonda?
• gaixsene, diaoxis mefe asureTis mefem dasamorCileblad sakuTar qalaqSic ki waiy-
vana.
• xom gadarCa. samagierod, iq misTvis ramden saintereso rames naxavda? mere Tavis
xalxs gaacnobda.
• me vfiqrob, rom Zalianac mniSvnelovani iyo am samyarosTan urTierToba. aba, war-
moidgineT, ramdeni siaxlis gageba SeeZloT...
54
 saqmianoba da yofa-cxovreba
damwerlobis gaCenis Semdeg adamianebma mniSvnelovani movlenebis Cawera daiwyes,
Tumca amas ZiriTadad mefeebisa da qurumebis miTiTebiT akeTebdnen. mwerlebi iwer­
dnen mefis brZanebebsa da kanonebs, religiur teqstebs qurumebisTvis, aRricxavdnen
gadasaxadebs, magram rigiTi meTemis an xelosnis, miTumetes, monis cxovrebas Zalian
iSviaTad aRwerdnen. maS saidan unda gavigoT, rogor cxovrobda adamiani Zvel aRmosav-
leTSi? rogori iyo misi yoveldRiuroba? sad cxovrobda? ra emosa? riT erToboda?

4. Seni azriT, romeli istoriuli wyaroebi dagvexmareba yoveldRiurobis aRdgenaSi?

xSirad dRemde SemorCenili nagebobis, samarxebis kedlebs naxatebi amSvenebs.

isini warmodgenas gviqmnis adamianebis yoveldRiur saqmianobasa da yofa-cxovrebaze.

sur.7 egvipturi naxatebi

5. ra aris naxatze gamosaxuli? ra informacias viRebT egviptelebze?

gaecani dRemde SemorCenil, Tixis firfitaze lursmuli damwerlobiT Sesrule-

bul teqsts _ Sumeri mwerali mama Svils Wkuas arigebs.

wyaro: Sumeri mamis darigeba:

`skolaSi wadi, skolaSi iyavi,
davaleba waikiTxe, amocanebi gamoiyvane,
Tixis firfitaze dawere,
dae, `ufrosma Zmam~ axali Tixis firfita dagiweros (mogces).
roca saSinao davalebas Seasruleb da `skolis mamas~ upasuxeb, mxolod amis Semdeg
dabrundi saxlSi,
rac giTxari, Tu gaige, gaimeore!
_ Sen meubnebi, rom skolaSi viaro,
davalebebi Sevasrulo, amocanebi amovxsna. Tixis firfitaze davwero,
55
 ufrosma Zmam Tixis firfita momces,
davaleba `skolis mamam~ Seamowmos
da mxolod amis Semdeg davbrunde saxlSi.
_ kargi, wadi da kaci (adamiani) iyavi.
moedanze nu gaCerdebi, quCaSi usaqmod nu ixetialeb,
SenTvis vcdilob da vwvalob!
Tu Wkuas garigeb da gaswavli,
ufrosis darigebas unda daujero da daemorCilo!
me mxolod SenTvis vcxovrob, Sen ki quCaSi daxetialob!
iswavle Cemgan, iswavle ufrosebisgan. Sens sizarmaces da sicrues ar miviReb!
me xom lerwmis mosatanad arasdros gamigzavnixar,
lerwmis WalebSi ramdeni patara bavSvi muSaobs,
Sen ki lerwami arasdros giTrevia.
xarebis garekva SenTvis arasdros mibrZanebia,
xarebis ukan gayola da muSaoba arasdros mibrZanebia,
Cemi yanebis gaToxna arasdros damivalebia,
arc sxva raime samuSao damivalebia
da ar miTqvams: wadi, imuSave da sarCo Seni _ puri moipove.
Senxela bavSvebi sxvagvarad cxovroben,
mamisTvis da dedisTvis puri moaqvT!
patarebs, sakuTari mamis msaxurebs, 10 guri marcvali moaqvT, ai, es adamianebi
gjobian!~

a. ra iwvevs Sumeri mamis guliswyromas?

b. Seni azriT, ratom unda Sumer mamas, rom misma Svilma ganaTleba miiRos?
g. Seadare Sumeri mamis darigeba Seni mSoblebis darigebas. msgavsia Tu ara isini?
d. ra aris SenTvis misaRebi am darigebaSi da ra _ miuRebeli?
6. Seavse cxrili moswavlis rveulSi (davaleba #16). Seadare erTmaneTs uZvelesi
da Tanamedrove skolebi, gaiTvaliswine skolis daniSnuleba Zvelad da axla. ras
da ratom swavlob skolaSi da risTvis aris sakmarisi miRebuli ganaTleba?
7. Zvel aRmosavleTSi mogzaurobis Semdeg Seajame Seni codna da pasuxi gaeci Sem-
deg kiTxvebs:
• saidan viciT Zveli aRmosavleTis Sesaxeb?
• rogor cxovrobdnen, ras saqmianobdnen adamianebi ZvelaRmosavlur xanaSi? ro-
gori iyo maTi sazogadoeba?
• riT gansxvavdeba ZvelaRmosavluri xana Tanamedrove xanisgan?

Semajamebeli davaleba
warmoidgine, rom Zvel aRmosavleTSi cxovrob, brinjaos xanis romelime qarTve-
luri tomis erT-erTi wevri xar da tomis beladma Soreul mxareebSi samogzaurod gag-
gzavna. samxreT kavkasiidan jer SuamdinareTisken gaeSurebi, Semdeg ki egviptisken aiReb
gezs.
davaleba SemdegSi mdgomareobs: pirvel pirSi unda awarmoo dRiuri, aRwero mog-
zauroba, CainiSno yvelaferi, rac am qveynebSi mogewona da survili gagiCnda, rom Seni
tomis belads gauziaro.
dRiuris warmoebis garda, konturul rukaze daitane Seni mogzaurobis marSruti
(moswavlis rveuli, dav. #17). Seadare es ruka regionis fizikur rukas, monaxe, romeli
mdinareebis, tbebisa da mTebis gavliT Tu gaswvriv mogiwevs mogzauroba. es monacemebi
dRiuris warmoebisas gamoiyene.

56
 III Tavi
antikuri da gvianantikuri xana
mesame Tavi or bloks aerTianebs: 1. saqarTvelo da garesamyaro elinur-elin-
istur xanaSi da 2. saqarTvelo da garesamyaro romaul epoqaSi. TiToeul nawilSi
axali civilizacia gamodis asparezze: jer berZnebi, Semdeg ki _ romaelebi. Cveni
qveynis istoriaze, mis kulturaze orive civilizaciam udidesi gavlena moaxdina da
garkveuli droiT misi ganviTareba gansazRvra.

saqarTvelo da garesamyaro elinur-elinistur xanaSi

am blokSi gaigeb, rogor daaarses berZnebma qalaqebi kolxeTis sanapi­roze da
riT vaWrobdnen Semdeg erTmaneTTan Zveli saberZneTisa da kolxeTis mcxovreblebi;
ramdenad sasargeblo iyo es urTierToba orive mxaris­ Tvis; rogori iyo pirveli
fuli, romelic am dros moiWra da ra iyo masze gamosaxuli.
SeiZleba dainteresde: ratom mocurdnen berZnuli xomaldebi mainc­ damainc
kolxeTis sanapirosTan? iqneb berZnebi sxva qveynebSic dacurav­dnen da vaWrobdnen?
am kiTxvebze pasuxis gasacemad maT kvals gahyvebi da saberZneTSi imogzaureb.
am TavSi berZnebis Sesaxeb bevr rames Seityob da maT Seqmnil civilizacias
danarCenebisgan ganasxvaveb. saintereso iqneba imis garkvevac, Tu rogor daamarcxes
berZnebma sparseTis uzarmazari imperia.
am TavSi msoflios erT-erT udides mxedarTmTavars _ aleqsandre makedo-
nelsac Sexvdebi, mis laSqrobebs gaecnobi da aRmoaCen, rom Sens qve­yanas yvela am
movlenasTan kavSiri hqonda.

berZnebma
kolxeTis xalibebi, mosxebi, aleqsandre
sanapiroze kolxebi am omSi makedonelebma makedonelis
axalSenebi monawileobas qarTlSi imperiis daSlis
daaarses iRebdnen ilaSqres Semdeg qarTlis
samefo
Camoyalibda
Zv.w. VIII VI ss Zv.w. V s. Zv.w. IV s.

didi
berZnuli aleqsandre
kolonizacia makedonelis
berZen-sparselTa
omi imperiis daSlis
aleqsandre Semdeg axali
makedonelis saxelmwifoebi
laSqrobebi Camoyalibda

57
 20. rogor da ratom daaarses berZnebma qalaqebi kolxeTis
sanapiroze?
rogor fiqrob, ra mniSvneloba aqvs zRvasa da sazRvao gzebs zRvis pira qveynebis
mcxovrebTaTvis? ra gavlenas axdens geografiuli garemo xalxis cxovrebis wesze? saqmi-
anobaze?
Zveli berZnebi zRvebiT iyvnen garSemortymulni, romlebic erT did _ xmelTaSua
zRvaSi erTiandeboda. isini kargi mezRvaurebi da vaWrebi iyvnen. berZnebma bevri qveyana
gaicnes mas Semdeg, rac xomaldebis ageba da Sor manZilze curva daiwyes. maTi pirveli
Soreuli mogzaurobebi miTebSic aisaxa. berZnebma sxva qveynebTan vaWrobasac mihyves
xeli. erT-erTi aseTi qveyana kolxeTi iyo. (ix. argonavtebis mogzaurobis ruka, 17)
berZnuli xomaldebi kolxeTis sanapiros im adgilebSi Cerdebodnen, sadac dasax-
lebebi iyo. Tavdapirvelad zRvaosnebi iq mcxovreb xalxTan gacvla-gamocvlas awar-
moebdnen. aq maT CamohqondaT yvelaferi, rac berZnul samyaroSi uxvad iyo da gahqondaT
is, rac kolxeTSi moipoveboda. dasaxlebebi TandaTan gaizarda. kolxeTSi sul ufro
meti berZeni modioda sacxovreblad.
kolxi xelosnebi saxelosnoebsa da saxlebs aSenebdnen. gaCnda bazrebic _ moed-
nebi, sadac masala an nawarmi gamohqondaT gasayidad. berZnebi sacxovreblad rCebodnen,
morigi xomaldis Camosvlamde saWiro raodenobis kolxur nawarms agrovebdnen da mezR­
vaurebs axvedrebdnen. Tavis mxriv, kolxi vaWrebi berZnuli samyarodan momaval xomal-
debs elodebodnen, Semdeg berZnul nivTebs yidulobdnen da qveynis SigniT, sanapirodan
moSorebul dasaxlebebSi gasayidad mihqondaT.
ase gadaiqca dasaxlebebi qalaqebad, sadac kolxebi da berZnebi erTad cxovrob­dnen.
modi gavarkvioT: ra resursebi hqondaT kolxebs, ra dargebi iyo iq ganviTare-
buli, ra gahqondaT da ra SemohqondaT kolxeTSi. amis dadgenaSi Tavad Zveli berZeni
istorikosebi da arqeologiuri wyaroebi dagvexmareba.
qvemoT moyvanilia sxvadasxva istoriuli wyaro.
pirobiTi aRniSvnebi

olbia ბერძნული კოლონია

tanaisi
ბერძნული კოლონიზაციის
 მიმართულება
tirasi
( )
(ყირიმის ნკ.) pantikapeoni
istria Teodosia
fanagoria
qersonesi permanasa
Tomi
დუნაი
 
k
odesosi k
a v k a s
( ) o i
o
n
dioskuria l i
mesambria
gienosi
x

apolonia kitorosi sinope

sezamosi fazisi ისი
ფაზ
e

biZantioni amisosi fiWvnari

qalkedoni
T

trapezunti ი
ვარ
მტკ
i
heraklea
  kotiora
   ისი ი
ჰალ kerasosi სარ
მცირე აზიის ნ.კ. აფ
© M.Shekiladze, 2019

ivirone
wyaro a) berZeni istorikosi apiane:
`kavkasionidan gamomdinare mraval nakaduls uCinari oqros qviSa Camoaqvs. adgi-
lobrivi mcxovreblebi sqelmatylian cxvris tyavs deben da agroveben qviSas, romelic
am tyavebze rCeba. albaT, amgvarive iyo aietis oqros sawmisic.~
wyaro b) berZeni istorikosi da geografi straboni:
`kolxeTSi mdinareebs CamoaqvT oqro, rasac adgilobrivebi daxvretili varcle­
biT agroveben... qveyanaSi tkbili nayofebi icis, garda Taflisa (es metwilad mwarea), da
moipoveba gemTsaSeni yovelive masala: radgan izrdeba aq mravali tye da mdinareebiTac
Camoitaneba, amuSaveben blomad sels, kanafs, cvilsa da fiss, xolo selis damuSaveba
ganTqmulic aris, qveynis gareTac ki gaaqvT.~

58
 wyaro g) berZeni istorikosi herodote:
`mxolod kolxebi da egviptelebi amuSavebdnen sels erTnairad.~

sur.1 sanelsacxebleebi
sur.2 WurWeli - krateri, romelzec miTologiuri siuJetia gamosaxuli.
berZnebi scenebs sakuTari miTosidan da sagmiro eposidan keramika-
ze xatavdnen. am moxatulobis gamo, rac ase ucxo iyo Zvel samyaroSi,
berZnuli WurWeli fufunebis sagnad iTvleboda.
wyaro d) berZeni istorikosi fsevdoqsenofonti:
`Tu romelime qalaqi mdidaria gemTsaSeni xetyiT, sad gaasaRebs mas igi, Tu ar mi-
aRwevs SeTanxmebas imasTan, vinc zRvaze batonobs?... Tu romelime qalaqi mdidaria rkiniT,
spilenZiT an seliT, sad unda gaasaRos man igi, Tu ar daiTanxma is, vinc zRva­ze batonobs?
xolo gemebi xom swored amisgan iqmneba. erTisgan iRebs xetyes, meorisgan _ rkinas, mesa-
misgan _ spilenZs, meoTxisgan _ sels, mexuTisgan _ cvils, garda amisa, nebas ar darTaven,
yovelive es sxva adgilas gaitanon.~
wyaro e) arqeologebis mier kolxeTis teritoriaze aRmoCenili sxvadasxva artefaqti,
romlebic kolxeTis berZnul samyarosTan urTierTobas adasturebs.

nelsacxebeli _ kosmetikuri surnelovani zeTi

seli _ boWkovani mcenare, romlisganac amzadebdnen narTs, qsovils.

wyaro v) arqeologebis mier dRevandeli bulgareTis sanapirosTan napovni xomaldi

bulgareTis sanapirodan ramdenime kilometris daSorebiT zRvis fskerze ipoves
xomaldi, romelic daaxloebiT 2400 wlis win CaiZira. xomaldi amforebiT iyo datvirTu-
li. es WurWeli Rvinis, zeiTunis zeTis, Tevzisa da kvebis sxva produqtebis gadasatanad
gamoiyeneboda. erT-­erT amforaSi Tevzis _ kbilanas fxebi iyo SemorCenili. rogorc Cans,
Tevzi ukve naWrebad daWrili gadahqondaT. Semwvari kbilana didi
popularobiT sargeblobda Zvel saberZneTSi.
arqeologi, romelmac xomaldi Seiswavla, ambobs: `is-
torikosebs pirvelad miecaT SesaZ­lebloba, sakuTari TvaliT enax-
aT mniSvnelova­ni savaWro periodis xomaldi. rogorc Cans, xomalds
Savi zRvis koloniidan savaWro saqoneli saberZneTSi gadahqonda.
egeosis zRva mSvenieria, magram masSi Zalian cotaa zRvis produq-
ti.~
Rvinisa da zeiTunis zeTis gadasatanad gankuTvnili amfore-
bi aseve napovnia baTumis, foTis, qobuleT-fiWvnaris midamoebSi.
aRmoCenilia patara zomis WurWelic _ sxvadasxvanairi sasmisebi da
sanelsacxebleebi.
sur.3 amfora
1. ra rols asrulebdnen berZnuli axalSenebi kolxeTis sanapiroze?
2. ratom aarsebdnen berZnebi axalSenebs zRvis sanapiroze da ara sanapirodan
moSorebiT, qveynis SigniT?
3. daasaxele kolxebsa da berZnebs Soris vaWrobis obieqtebi.
4. moyvanili wyaroebis mixedviT, meurneobis romeli dargebi iyo kolxeTSi
ganviTarebuli?
5. gamoTqvi mosazreba, kolxeTis sanapiroze berZnuli axalSenebis daarseba adgi-
lobrivi mosaxleobisaTvis dadebiTi movlena iyo Tu uaryofiTi. pasuxi daasabuTe.
59
 21. rogori iyo berZnuli samyaro? ratom daiwyes berZnebma
farTo masStabiani zRvaosnoba?

rogori iyo Zveli berZnuli samyaro, misi bunebrivi pirobebi, geografiuli gare-
mo? berZnebis yofasa da saqmianobas mxolod zRvis piras cxovreba gansazRvravda?
balkaneTis naxevarkunZuli, egeosis zRvis kunZulebi da xmelTaSua zRvis aRmo-
savleTi sanapiro is teritoriaa, sadac Zveli berZnuli tomebi cxovrobdnen. mciremiwi-
ani, liTonis sabadoebiT mdidari, magram xevebiTa da wyalmeCxeri mdinareebiT daserili
mTagoriani xmeleTi _ aseTi iyo berZnebis miwa-wyali. marcvleuli arasodes hqondaT
sakmarisi. misi moyvana mxolod garkveul adgilebSi SeiZleboda da esec ZiriTadad wvi-
maze iyo damokidebuli. samagierod, SedarebiT uxvad modioda mravalferovani xilis
mosavali: vaSli, msxali, broweuli, yurZeni da sxv.
berZnebisTvis gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovani iyo zeTisxilis moyvana. zeTisxils
iyenebdnen saWmelSi, parfiumeriaSi. garda amisa, zeTisxilisgan gamoxdil zeTs didi ra-
odenobiT yiddnen mezobel qveynebSi.

1. riT gansxvavdeboda: a) berZnebis mier dasaxlebuli miwa-wyali egviptisa da Suamdina­

reTis bunebrivi pirobebisgan; b) berZnuli samyaro da kolxeTi iq mopovebuli re-
sursebis mixedviT?

berZnebma sazRvao vaWroba da axali qalaqebis _ koloniebis daarseba daiwyes. am

process istoriaSi didi berZnuli kolonizacia ewoda. is Zv.w. VIII-VI saukuneebSi mimdi­
nareobda. rukaze swored es procesia asaxuli.
ligeri (luara) histeri (dunai
)




 yirimis n.k.
 



  



  


 


(  k


 


o
k. korsika  )

lx e



apeninis n.k.
balkaneTis e r i


i b


T
iberiis n.k. a


i
n.k.
k.sardinia





  k. sicilia



   S


ტი

u



გრ

a

ოსი

ევ m


 ფ d
i

რა

k. kviprosi n
ტი


a


r

 
e

პირობითი აღნიშვნები  
T
i

ბერძენთა განსახლების
არეალი (სინას
სი
ნილო

ნკ.)
ბერძნული კოლონიზაციის
მიმართულება მეწამული
© M.Shekiladze, 2019
ზღვა

ruka: didi berZnuli kolonizacia

2. berZnul sivrceSi xetye mcire raodenobiT moipoveboda. rogor moaxerxes berZnebma

gemTmSeneblobis ganviTareba?
3. xmelTaSua zRvis romel naxevarkunZulebze daaarses berZnebma koloniebi?
4. romeli mimarTulebiT warimarTa kolonizacia ufro intensiurad?
5. rogor fiqrob, ratom ar daaarses berZnebma koloniebi egviptis sanapiroze?
6. romeli koloniebi daaarses berZnebma kolxeTis sanapiroze?
7. rogor fiqrob, ratom ar gaxda egviptesa da SuamdinareTSi adamianebis ZiriTadi
saqmianoba vaWroba?

60
 polisebi da koloniebi

Tavad berZnebs erTiani saxelmwifo ar hqondaT. maT Seqmnes polisebi _ qa-
laqi-saxelmwifoebi. TiToeuli polisi damoukidebeli saxelmwifo iyo, romelSic adgi­
lobrivi, sxva polisebisgan gansxvavebuli kanonebi moqmedebda. polisebi ZiriTadad mTis
ferdobze iyo Sefenili. maT maRali galavani icavda. galavnis siaxloves rigiTi moqa-
laqeebi da xelosnebi cxovrobdnen, qalaqis zeda nawilSi ki akropolisi (akropoli), anu
zeda cixe, iyo agebuli. akropolisSi moqalaqeebi xifaTis dros afarebdnen Tavs. poli-
sis moqalaqed is iTvleboda, vinc iq miwis nakveTs flobda.
swored am polisebis wargzavnilebma daiwyes koloniebis daarseba. berZnebi aseT
qalaqebs dedaqalaqebs _ metropoliebs uwodebdnen. mag., kolxeTis axalSenebis­Tvis: fa-
zisisTvis (Tanamedrove foTis midamoebi), gienosisTvis (oCamCiris teritoria, afxazeTi),
dioskuriisTvis (Tanamedrove soxumis midamoebi afxazeTSi), pitiuntisTvis (dRevandeli
biWvinTis teritoria, afxazeTi) metropolia qalaqi mileti iyo.
koloniis daarseba metad sapasuxismgeblo saqme iyo. polisis mcxovreblebi dasax-
lebis adgilis SerCevisas Semdeg pirobebs iTvaliswinebdnen: a) qalaqi zRviT advilad
unda yofiliyo misadgomi; b) qalaqis dacva ioli unda yofiliyo; g) axali dasaxleba
nayofieri miwebiT unda yofiliyo garSemortymuli; d) qalaqs mudmivad unda hqonoda
sasmeli wyali.
koloniis daarsebis Semdeg misi usafrTxoebis dasacavad polisebidan samxedro
flots agzavnidnen. koloniis mosaxleoba swrafad izrdeboda. gadmosaxlebulebi
awyobdnen saxelosnoebs, qalaqis garSemo amuSavebdnen miwas, misdevdnen mesaqonleobas,
vaWrobdnen qveynis siRrmeSi mcxovreb adgilobriv tomebTan. berZnebi maTgan monebs yi-
dulobdnen. monebis nawils koloniaSi itovebdnen, nawils ki gasayidad metropoliaSi
gzavnidnen. koloniebi berZnuli saqonlis gasaRebis axal bazrad iqca. Tavis mxriv, kolo-
niebidan polisebSi Sedioda damatebiTi nedleuli, rac metropoliis ekonomikas Zlier
sWirdeboda. TandaTan berZnuli koloniebi did savaWro centrebad gadaiqca. xmelTaSua
zRvis auzSi arsebulma zogierTma berZnulma koloniam adgilobrivi mosaxleoba Tavisi
gavlenis sferoSi moaqcia da damoukidebel saxelmwifod Camoyalibda.

8. Seasrule davaleba konturul rukaze (moswavlis rveuli dav. #18.)

9. politikuri mowyobis mixedviT, SenTvis nacnob romel civilizacias Seadareb-
di berZnul qalaq-saxelmwifoebs?
10. qvemoT CamoTvlilia kolonizaciis Sedegebi, oRond zogi debuleba mcdaria
da kolonizaciis Sedegs ar asaxavs. imsjele da aRmoaCine mcdari winadadebebi.
a) kolonizaciam xeli Seuwyo meurneobis, vaWrobis, gemTmSeneblobis ganviTare-
bas.
b) berZnuli samyaros sazRvrebi kolonizaciis dros TandaTan gafarTovda. ko-
lonizacia xels uwyobda garesamyaros Sesaxeb berZnebis codnis gaRrmavebas.
g) kolonizaciisas berZnebma bevri sxvadasxva xalxi, maTi ena, tradicia,
wes-Cveulebebi, religia da kultura gaicnes.
d) axali qalaqebis daarseba xels uwyobda ama Tu im mxaris dawinaurebas, meurne-
obisa da vaWrobis ganviTarebas.
e) kolonizaciis procesSi berZnuli kultura, sxvadasxva sferoSi dagrovili
gamocdileba, gamogonebebi ucxo qveynebSic gavrcelda.
v) kolonizacia uaryofiTi movlena iyo adgilobrivi mosaxleobisaTvis, radgan
axal­Senebs berZnebi aarsebdnen da ara isini.
z) koloniebidan metropoliebSi gahqondaT marcvleuli, saqoneli, marili,
nedleuli (xe-tye, liToni), gahyavdaT monebi. koloniebSi samagierod araferi
SehqondaT.

61
 22. rogori iyo pirveli fuli da riT gansxvavdeba is Tanamed­
rove fulisgan?

berZnuli kolonizaciis periodSi gaC-

nda pirveli fuli _ liTonis moneta.
pirveli monetebi mcire aziis berZnul
nawilSi, oqroTi mdidar lidiis samefoSi moW-
res. monetaze gamosaxuli iyo lomi, romelsac
brWyalebiT Txa eWira. Semdeg monetebi moWres
kunZul eginazec. eginur monetebze zRvis ku
iyo gamosaxuli. amis Semdeg monetebis moWris
idea swrafad gavrcelda da sakuTari fulis
moWra sxva berZnulma qalaq-saxelmwfoebmac
daiwyes. mag., aTenis monetaze bu an zeTisxi-
lis rto iyo gamosaxuli, korinTos monetaze
_ pegasi (frTosani cxeni), efesos monetaze _
futkari da a.S.
sakuTar monetebs damoukidebeli qala­
qebi da saxelmwifoebi Wridnen. ase rom, mone­
tebis moWra saxelmwifos damaxasiaTe­bel erT-
erT niSnad gadaiqca.
daaxloebiT Zv.w. VI saukuneSi sakuTari
fulis moWra kolxeTSic daiwyes. mas vercxli-
sgan amzadebdnen, amitom mecnierebi kol­ xur
TeTrs uwodeben. monetaze xari iyo gamosaxu-
li. qarTuli fulis istoria swored Zv.w. VI
saukunidan, kolxuri TeTris moWriT iwy­eba.

1. ratom moiWra pirveli moneta berZnuli kolonizaciis sivrceSi?

2. Seni azriT, ras unda niSnavdes gamosaxulebebi monetaze? ratom iyo sxvadasxva qa-
laqisa Tu saxelmwifos monetebze gansxvavebuli gamosaxu­lebebi?
3. raze miuTiTebs, is faqti rom: a) kolxuri TeTric berZnuli kolonizaciisas moiW-
ra; b) kol­xuri TeTri dasavleT saqarTvelos teritorias moicavs.
4. qronologiurad daalage qvemoT mocemuli baraTebi.

baraTi 1
sxvadasxva saqonlis Sefaseba Zvirfasi qve-
biT, liTonis zodebiT mouxerxebeli iyo,
amitom adamianebma Rirebulebis aRsaniS-
navad moneta moigones. moneta zodebTan
SedarebiT msubuqi iyo. moneta pirveli
fulia.
baraTi 2
adamianebma gacvlis gamartivebis mizniT
erTi romelime saqonlis Sefaseba sxva
Zvirfasi saqonliT, mag., Zvirfasi qvebiT
daiwyes. xSirad maT mZivebad kinZavdnen.

baraTi 3
sxvadasxva tomi erTmaneTs ucvlida saWiro nivTebs, nawarms, nedleulsa da saqo-
nels. magram gacvla ubralod rodi xdeboda. erT saqonels meoresTan Sefardeb-
iT afasebdnen. magaliTad, erTi Zroxa SeiZleba gaecvalaT xorbliT savse tomara-
Si, cxvari _ erT qoTan xorbalSi.

62
 5. qvemoT moyvanilia monetis moWrisa da misi mimoqcevaSi Semosvlis mniSvnelobis
oTxi Sefaseba. maT Soris mxolod erTia marTebuli. daasaxele, romelia swori da
Seni arCevani daasabuTe.
a) monetis mimoqcevaSi Semosvlam mTlianad Secvala manamde arsebuli gacvla-ga-
mocvlis sistema da garkveuli periodis ganmavlobaSi Seaferxa vaWrobis ganvi-
Tareba.
b) monetis mimoqcevaSi Semosvlam gaaiola gacvla-gamocvla da xeli Seuwyo vaWro-
bis ganviTarebas.
g) moneta Rirebulebis pirveli pirobiTi erTeuli iyo da monetis moWriT iwyeba
vaWrobis istoria kacobriobis istoriaSi.
d) monetis mimoqcevaSi Semosvlam didad ar Secvala im dros arsebuli saerTaSo-
riso vaWroba, radgan mTel rig qveynebs saqonlis erTmaneTSi gacvla-gamocvla
ukve didi xnis dawyebuli hqondaT.

norCi mkvlevrebi msjeloben: aris Tu ara moneta arqeologebisTvis istoriuli wyaro?

• erTi wuTiT warmoidgine, rom arqeologi xar da moneta aR-
moaCine. xom dainteresdebi, ra informacias inaxavs moneta
im xalxis Sesaxeb, romlis wiaRSic moiWra?
• pirveli, rasac dainaxav, is aris, rom moneta liTonisganaa
damzadebuli. e.i. xalxs, romelmac moneta moWra, metalur-
gia ganviTarebuli hqonia.
• daaskvni, rom Sen mier aRmoCenil civilizacias hqonda
fuli, rac pirdapir miuTiTebs kargad ganviTarebul vaW-
robaze.
• vakvirdebiT: vin an ra aris monetaze gamosaxuli? Tu adami-
ania, vin SeiZ­leba iyos igi _ RmerTi, mefe, mmarTveli? iqneb
monetis meore mxares gamosaxuli frinveli an cxoveli am
adamianis RvTaebrivi simboloa? mag., Zveli egviptelebi
RmerTebs cxovelebis TavebiT gamosaxavdnen. SeiZleba es
xalxic egviptelebis msgav­sad iqceoda?
• monetis Seswavlisas masze warweris arsebobas gansakuTre-
buli yuradReba unda davuTmoT, Tumca naklebad mosalod-
nelia, rom mokle warweriT enis Sesaxeb srul informacias
miviRebT.
• rogorc Cans, monetis Seswavlisas bevri ram unda gaviT-
valiswinoT. albaT, arian iseTi adamianebi, vinc monetebs
Seiswavlian.
• me msmenia, rom aseT adamianebs numuzmatebi hqviaT. numizma-
tika istoriuli dargia, romelic swored monetebs Seiswav-
sur.5 Tanamedrove lis.
20 TeTriani

6. sadiskusio blokSi dasmuli kiTxvebis gaTvaliswinebiT, aris Tu ara moneta

arqeologebisTvis istoriuli wyaro? ra saxis informacia SeiZleba mogvawodos
monetam?
7. pirveli monetis moWridan dRemde fulis erTeulebSi bevri ram Seicvala.
erTmaneTs Seadare kolxuri TeTri da Tanamedrove qarTuli ocTeTriani. daakvir-
di da pasuxi gaeci kiTxvebs:
• ra iyo gamosaxuli Zvel monetebze da ra aris gamosaxuli Tanamedrove fulis
niSnebze?
• riT gansxvavdeba Tanamedrove gamosaxulebebi Zveli drois fulis niSnebis
gamosaxulebebisgan?
• rogorc Zveli monetebi, ise Tanamedrove fulis niSnebi ganixile, rogorc
istoriuli wyaro. ra informacias gvawvdidnen isini Zvelad da ra informacias
gvawvdian axla?
63
 23. ras warmoadgens berZnuli civilizaciis memkvidreoba?
gakveTili I
kacobriobis ganviTarebaSi berZnebs udides rols akuTvneben. aRiarebulia, rom
civilizacia, romelic berZnebma Seqmnes, manamde arsebuli civilizaciebisagan Zalian
gansxvavdeba. Tanamedrove evropul civilizacias xSirad berZnuli civilizaciis mem-
kvidred moixsenieben. mainc ra udevs safuZvlad mecnierebis aseT Sefasebas?
am kiTxvebze pasuxis gasacemad antikur berZnul samyaroSi vimogzauroT. gavec-
noT berZnuli civilizaciis sxvadasxva mxares da Semdeg Cvenc gamovTqvaT sakuTari azri:
varT Tu ar berZnuli civilizaciis memkvidreebi.

1. qvemoT mocemulia erTmaneTisgan damoukidebeli teqstebi.

a) daajgufe isini sferoebis (politikuri, socialuri, kulturuli) mixedviT.
b) Semdeg Seafase, riT aris gansakuTrebuli da mniSvnelovani konkretuli sfero, ra
migaCnia am mimarTulebiT berZnuli civilizaciis miRwevad.
g) vsargeblobT Tu ara dResac am miRweviT?
SegiZliaT, davaleba jgufurad SeasruloT. erTma jgufma erTi konkretuli sfero
airCios.

1. rodesac im periodis berZnul samyaroze vlaparakobT, politikuri daqsaqsu-

lobis miuxedavad, mas erTian samyarod aRviqvamT. SeiZleba gagiCndeT kiTxva _ ratom?
ra aerTianebda erTmaneTisagan damoukidebel qalaq-saxelmwifoebs? pasuxi aseTia: ber-
Znuli kultura da ena.

2. dRes bevri mecnierebis saxeli berZnuli sityviT aRiniSneba. niSnavs Tu ara es,
rom berZnebi am mecnierebebis saTa­veebTan idgnen? rasakvirvelia, codna da gamocdileba
manamdec iyo dagrovili, magram berZnebma yvelafers Tavi mouyares da TiToeul sferos
calke saxeli SeurCies. ase gaCnda mecnierebaTa dasaxelebebi: geometria (ge _ dedamiwa,
metreo _ vzomav), geografia (ge _ dedamiwa, grafo _ vwer ), istoria (gadmocema, ambavi,
Txroba) da a.S.

3. berZnul samyaroSi erT-­er­Ti yvelaze popularuli saxalxo sa­na­xaoba Teatra-

luri warmodgena iyo. warmodgenebs berZnebi marTav­dnen specialurad agebul, naxev­rad
wriuli formis Ria SenobaSi da mas `Teatrons~ uwodebdnen, rac berZnulad sanaxaobaTa
adgils niSnavs. berZenma mwerlebma Seqmnes literaturuli nawarmoebebi, romlebic spe-
cialurad TeatrSi, scenaze dasadgmelad iyo gankuTvnili. aseTi daniSnulebis litera-
turul nawarmoebs, romelic dialogebadaa dawerili, drama ewodeba. `drama~ berZnuli
sityvaa da `moqmedebas~, `warmodgenas~ niSnavs. siuJetis (Sinaarsis) mixedviT dramatu-
li nawarmoebebi erTmaneTisgan gans­xvavdeboda. zogs mxiaruli, sasacilo an damcinavi
_ satiruli xasiaTi hqonda. aseT dramatul nawarmoebs komedia hqvia. zog dramatul
nawarmoebSi gadmocemuli iyo Seurigebeli dapirispireba, konfliqti, romlis drosac
mTavari gmiri iRupeboda da es ambavi mayurebelSi Rrma gancdebs iwvevda. amgvar drama-
tul nawarmoebs tragedia ewodeba. tragediac da komediac berZnuli sityvebia.
64
 4. berZnul samyaroSi ganaTlebis sistema Zv.w. IV saukuneSi sabolood Camoyalib-
da. berZnul skolebSi yvela Tavisufali moqalaqis Svili dadioda. garda imisa, rom iq
isini ganaTlebas iRebdnen, mozardis fizikur wvrTnasac didi yuradReba eTmoboda.
5. Tavisufali moqalaqeebi (qalebisa da monebis gamoklebiT) qonebrivi mdgomare-
obis miuxedavad iyvnen CarTuli saxelmwifos marTvis saqmeSi. maT ekiTxebodnen azrs
yvela mniSvnelovani sakiTxis Sesaxeb. berZnul polisebSi kanoni moqalaqeTa uflebebis
damcvelad iqca. qalaqebSi xelisufleba, rogorc wesi, arCeviTi iyo. demokratia, ro-
gorc mmarTvelobis forma, swored aTenSi Camoyalibda.
moqalaqe _ adamiani, romelsac aqvs saxelmwifos marTvaSi, arCevnebSi monawileobis
ufleba.
demokratia (berZnulad `demos~ _ xalxi, `kratos~ _ Zala) _ mmarTvelobis for-
ma, reJimi, rodesac saxelmwifoSi Zalaufleba xalxs ekuTvnis.
6. polisebs Soris ZvelTaganve gamoirCeoda aTeni.
aTeneli kanonmdeblebis, solonis, Semdeg ki perikles re-
formebis Sedegad aTenSi marTvis demokratiuli sistema
Camoyalibda _ poliss saxalxo kreba marTavda, xmis micemis
ufleba aTenis yvela moqalaqes Tanabrad hqonda. swored
solonma daamkvidra Tavi­ sufali adamianis, anu moqalaqis
cneba, perikles dros ki kanoniT `wminda moqalaqeoba~ gani-
sazRvra. vin iTvleboda aTenis moqalaqed? moqalaqe iyo
yvela mamakaci, romelsac mSoblebi aTenelebi hyavda. aTene-
li moqalaqeobas brZolaSi gamoCenili laCrobis, qurdobis,
valebis gadauxdelobis, RmerTebis upativcemulobis gamo
kargavda. aTenis moqalaqe, pirvel rigSi, miwis mflobeli
iyo da mas Tavad an monebis daxmarebiT amuSavebda. Wabukebs
samxedro samsaxuris gavla evalebodaT. roca am samsaxurs
daasrulebdnen, maT msxverpli unda SeewiraT yvela Rmer-
TisTvis, ris Semdegac sruluflebiani moqalaqeebi xdebod-
nen da 49 wlis asakamde qalaqis damcvelTa rigebSi iricxe-
bodnen.
aTenis moqalaqeobas da, Sesabamisad, politikur uflebebs moklebuli iyvnen qa-
lebi, monebi da ucxoeli Tavisufali moqalaqeebi _ vaWrebi da xelosnebi, romlebic
qalaqis ganapiras cxovrobdnen. amgvarad, 400 000 aTenelidan aTenis moqalaqed mxolod
40 000 mamakaci iTvleboda.
polisebSi yvelgan demokratia ar iyo mmarTvelobis forma. mag., aTenis sapirwone
iyo sparta, sadac Zalaufleba sazogadoebis SedarebiT mcire jgufs `TanasworTa Tems~
ekuTvnoda. isini mxolod samxedro saqmiT iyvnen dakavebuli maSin _ roca danarCenebi
muSaobdnen da maT gadasaxadebs uxdidnen. mcirericxoxovanTa mmarTvelobas berZnebi
oligarqias uwodebdnen.

politikuri ufleba _ arCevnebsa da saxelmwifos marTvaSi monawileobis ufleba

sur.3 parTenoni - aTenas taZari qalaq aTenSi.
7. qalaqis mTavari nageboba qalaqis
mfarveli RvTaebis saxelze agebuli taZari
iyo. polisis sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis
centri iyo agora _ adgili, sadac qala-
qis Tavi­sufali moqalaqeebi mniSvnelovani
gadawyvetilebebis miRebisas ikribebod-
nen. keTildReobisa da demokratiis gan-
viTarebasTan erTad, moqalaqeebma agoris
keTilmowyoba da mis irgvliv Senobebis
ageba daiwyes. es ZiriTadad sazogadoeb-
rivi daniSnulebis Senobebi iyo: gimnasiebi
da palestrebi _ saganmanaTleblo dawese-
bulebebi, Teatri, stadioni _ adgili Te-
atraluri warmodgenebisa da sportuli
SejibrebisaTvis. 65
 8. olimpiur TamaSebs safuZveli berZnul samyaroSi
Caeyara. 4 weliwadSi erTxel Zveli berZnebi qalaq olimpias
maxlobelad ikribebodnen, umaRlesi RvTaebis, zevsis pativ-
sacemad sakulto ritualebs marTavdnen da Semdeg erTmaneTs
ejibrebodnen sportis sxvadas­ xva saxeobaSi. es saerTo ber-
Znuli erovnuli dResaswauli iyo, masSi monawileobas yvela
qalaqi iRebda da imdenad mniSvnelovnad iTvleboda, rom ber-
Znebi welTaRricxvisTvisac olimpiadas iyenebdnen.

sur.4 berZeni olimpieli,

badros mtyorcneli

9. Zvelma berZnebma xelovnebis yvela sferoSi gansa-

kuTrebul simaRleebs miaRwies. berZnuli qandakeba da mxat-
vroba Semdgomi epoqebis xelovanTaTvis sanimuSod, anu
klasikurad iqca.
berZeni moqandakeebidan erT-erTi gamorCeuli fidi-
asi iyo. misi namuSevrebis udides nawils Cvens dromde ar
mouRwevia, magram SemorCenilia qandakebebis aslebi. garda
amisa, misi namuSevrebi sxvadasxva berZenma avtorebma aR-
weres werilobiT wyaroebSi.
10. berZnebis warmodgeniT, RmerTebi olimpos mTaze
cxovrobdnen. maT krebuls berZnebi panTeons uwodebdnen.
RmerTebs Soris uzenaesi zevsi iyo _ amindis, Weqa-quxilis,
kanonisa da samarTlianobis RmerTi. misi Zmebi iyvnen posei-
doni _ zRvebis mbrZanebeli da hadesi _ qvesknelis mbrZane-
beli. zevss sxva da-Zmebi da bevri
Svili hyavda. RmerTebi cxovrebis
sxvadasxva sferos mfarvelobdnen.
mag., hera, zevsis coli, qorwinebisa
da ojaxis mfarveli iyo; artemida,
zevsis erT-erTi qaliSvili _ nad-
irobis qal­RmerTi; zevsis sayvareli
qaliSvili, omisa da sibrZnis qal-
RmerTi aTena, qalaq aTenis uzenaesi
RvTaebac iyo. man adamianebs cxe­
nebis Sekazmva, xvna-Tesva aswavla,
aCuqa samuSao iaraRebi, TiTistari
da saqsovi dazga. berZnebi RmerTebs
adamianuri iersaxiT gamosaxav­ nen,
maTze nair-nair saTav­gadasavlo am-
bebs hyvebodnen.

2. Seni azriT, Zvel droSi berZnuli civilizaciis miRwevebiT sxva xalxebic sargeb­
lobdnen Tu ara? rogor vrceldeboda informacia siaxleebis Sesaxeb?
3. iqneboda Tu ara berZnebis yvela miRweva misa­Rebi sxva saxelmwifoebisTvis, tomebis­
Tvis?
4. am sakiTxebis gaTvaliswinebiT, kidev erTxel imsjele didi berZnuli kolonizaciis
Sedegebis Sesa­xeb da gaeci pasuxi kiTxvas: berZnuli axalSenebis daarseba kolxeTis
sanapiroze adgilobrivi mosaxleobisaTvis dadebiTi movlena iyo Tu uaryofiTi? pa-
suxi daasabuTe. isev davubrundeT paragrafis dasawyisSi gamoTqmul azrs da gamoTqvi
varaudi: ratom Tvlian Tanamedrove evropul (dasavlur) civilizacias berZnuli civi-
lizaciis memkvidred?
5. internetiT moiZie informacia berZnuli civilizaciis romelime sferos Sesaxeb da
moamzade prezentacia.
66
 24. ras warmoadgens berZnuli civilizaciis memkvidreoba?
gakveTili II
Svidi saocreba

msoflios Svidi saocreba _ ase uwodes Zvelma berZnebma im nagebobebsa Tu qan­
dakebebs, romlebic, maTi azriT, gamorCeuli iyo imdroindel msoflioSi. am Svidi
RirsSesaniSnaobidan dRemde SemorCenilia mxolod egviptis piramidebi, romelTa Sesaxe­
bac ukve ici (ix. paragrafi 19). danarCeni Zeglebis aRweriloba ki isev berZenma avtoreb-
ma Semogvinaxes. ra niSniT gamoarCies isini an ratom uwodes saocreba _ am Temaze Sen
msoflios Svidi saocrebis samyaroSi mogzaurobis Semdeg imsjeleb.

semiramidas dakidebuli baRebi

semiramidas dakidebuli baRebi qalaq babilonSi mdebareobda. Zv.w. VI saukuneSi
baRebi babilonis mefe nabuqodonosoris brZanebiT gaaSenes. gadmocemis Tanaxmad, nabu­
qodonosoris sayvareli coli amitisi mTagoriani midiidan iyo, babilonis gaSlil vakeze
gaSenebuli dakidebuli baRebi ki mas Tavis samSoblos agonebda. baRebi nabuqodonosoris
sasaxlis win terasebad iyo gaSenebuli. terasebi TaRebs eyrdnoboda da zed sxvadasxvag-
vari mcenareebi: xeebi da buCqebi iyo darguli. Soridan ise Canda, TiTqos baRebi haerSi
ekida. sasaxlis oTaxebidan terasebze gamosvla SeiZleboda. baRebis mosarwyavad wyali
wyalsacavidan milebiT adioda tera­sebze.
berZnebma dakidebuli baRebi SecdomiT daukavSires asureTis dedofals semira­
midas, romelic nabuqodonosoramde gacilebiT adre cxovrobda. amis gamo es nageboba
semiramidas dakidebuli baRebis saxeliT SemorCa istorias.

artemidas taZari efesoSi
mcire aziaSi mdebare berZnuli qa-
laqis, efesos, mcxovreblebma gadawyvites,
mfarveli qalRmerTisTvis _ artemidasTvis
taZari aegoT. Zv.w. VI saukuneSi maT taZris
mSenebloba araerTxel wamoiwyes, magram am
mxareSi, sadac miwisZvra xSiri iyo, nagebo-
ba didxans ver Zlebda da ingreoda. bolos
efe­soelebma taZris asaSeneblad arqiteq­
tori hersifrone miiwvies. man taZris age-
ba mdinaris napirTan, Waobian niadagze ga­
dawyvita. hersifrones azriT, rbili niadagi
miwisZvris biZgebs Searbilebda da Senoba
nak­
lebad Seiryeoda. taZari miwaSi rom ar
Cafluliyo, Rrma qvabuli amoTxares, rome­
lic naxSiriTa da matyliT amoavses. amgvarad, taZars baliSismagvari safuZveli gaukeTes.
rogorc Cans, aseTi Tamami gadawyvetileba bevr sxva sainJinro Tavsatexsac Seicavda.
dasrulebuli taZris sigrZe 105 metri, sigane _ 50 metri iyo. mas irgvliv 18 met­
ri simaRlis 127 sveti ertya or rigad.

taZris aSenebidan daaxloebiT 200 wlis Semdeg, Zv.w. 356 wels erTma rigiTma
berZenma, saxelad herostratem, sakuTari saxelis ukvdavyofa ganizraxa da amitom ar-
temidas taZari dawva. efesoelebi didxans fiqrobdnen, ra sasjeli moefiqrebinaT mis­
Tvis. herostrate sikvdiliT dasajes da misi saxelis samudamod daviwyeba gadawyvites.
wlebis ganmavlobaSi efesos quCebSi specialurad daqiravebuli adamianebi dadiodnen
da yvirodnen: `aravin gabedos SeSlili herostrates saxelis damaxsovreba, romelmac
ampartavnebis gamo artemidas taZari dawva~. sinamdvileSi ise moxda, rom istoriam mainc
Semogvinaxa damnaSavis saxeli.
Zv.w. III saukunis dasawyisSi efesoelebma Zveli taZris adgilas imave gegmis mixed-
viT artemidas axali, ufro didi taZari aages. hersifrones sainJinro gamogonebis wya­
lobiT taZris ageba ramdenime weliwadSi moxerxda.

67
 zevsis qandakeba
Zveli berZnebis warmodgeniT, RmerTebi
olimpos mTaze cxovrobdnen. droTa ganmavloba-
Si mTis Ziras imave saxelwodebis qalaqic gaCnda,
sadac uzenaes RmerTs _ zevss Zv.w. V saukuneSi
taZari auges. berZnebma saocrebaTa rigs miakuT-
vnes ara taZari, aramed qandakeba, romelic taZ-
ris siRrmeSi idga da mnaxvelebs Tavisi sididiT
aocebda. zevsi mdidrulad morTul taxtze ijda,
Tavs zeTisxilis rtoebis gvirgvini umSvenebda,
cal xelSi gamarjvebis qalRmerTis _ frTosani
nikes qandakeba eWira, meoreSi ki Zalauflebis
simbolo _ kverTxi. qandakebas fexebi ewyo spe-
cialur merxze, romelic or loms eyrdnoboda.
merxze warwera iuwyeboda: `aTenelma fidiasma
Semqmna~. zevsis taZris simaRle 64 metrs aRwevda,
taZris siRrmeSi mjdar RmerTs ki Tavi WerisTvis
hqonda mibjenili.

qalaq halikarnasis mefis, mavsoles, samarxi

(mavzoleumi)
mavsole Zv.w. IV saukuneSi mefobda kariis
qveyanaSi (mcire azia). Tavad mavsole sparseli iyo,
magram qveyanaSi bevri berZeni cxovrobda. mavsolem
sicocxleSive gadawyvita sakuTari gansasveneblis
ageba. am mizniT man cnobili berZeni mSeneblebi
piTia da satira miiwvia. mSeneblebma mavsoles Txov­
na Seasrules da kariis dedaqalaqSi, halikarnasSi
samsarTuliani gansasvenebli auges. pirvel sarTul­
ze mefisa da dedoflis samarxebi iyo, meoreze _
maRali svetebi da marmarilos lomis qandakebebi,
mesameze safexurebiani piramida idga. nagebobis si-
maRle daaxloebiT 50 metrs aRwevda. am samarxs me-
fis saxelis mixedviT mavzoleumi ewoda. halikar-
nasis mavzoleumma daaxloebiT aTas wels gaZlo da
erT-erTi omis dros daingra.

rodosis kolosi
Zv.w. III saukuneSi kunZul rodoss Tavs makedoniis mefe demetre daesxa. rodosis
alya xangrZlivi iyo. demetrem rodoselTa damarcxeba ver SeZlo da ukan gabrunda.
makedonielebze gamarjvebis aRsaniSnavad rodoselebma msoflioSi yvelaze maRali qan­
dakebis aRmarTva gadawyvites. es saocreba rodosis kolosis saxeliTaa cnobili. es
iyo mzis RmerTis _ heliosis qandakeba, romelic brinjaosgan iyo Camosxmuli. heliosi
TeT­ri marmarilos kvarcxlbekze idga. simyarisTvis misi terfebi imxela iyo, rom zomiT
yvela sxva qandakebas aWarbebda.
helioss win gaSveril xelSi CiraRdani eWira. roca CiraRdans anTebdnen, is ge-
mebisTvis Suquris movaleobasac asrulebda. qandakeba 36 metri simaRlisa iyo da Tavs
sxivebiani gvirgvini umSvenebda. misi elvareba Soridanve Canda. qandakebam mxolod 65
wels gaZlo da Zv.w. 225 wels miwisZvrisgan daingra. qandakebis susti adgili heliosis
muxlebi aRmoCnda.
saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi rodosis kolosis nawilebi kunZulze eyara. rodoseleb-
ma araerTxel scades kolosis aRdgena, magram uSedegod. I saukuneSi kunZulze romaeli
moxele, pliniusi Cavida. is namsxvrevebis zomebma gaaoca. pliniusi werda, rom mxolod
zogierTs SeeZlo, xelebiT qandakebis cera TiTs Semoswvdomoda.
68
 aleqsandriis Suqura
qalaqi aleqsandria mdinare
nilosis SesarTavTan mdebareobda.
is imdroindel msoflioSi erT-erTi
yvelaze xalxmravali qalaqi iyo, vaW-
robis, kulturisa da ganaTlebis cen-
tri. qalaqSi iyo museioni (am saxelidan
warmodga Semdeg muzeumis saxelwode-
ba), mecnierebis TavSeyris adgili,
yvelaze didi biblioTeka, sadac naxe­
var milionamde gragnili inaxeboda.
aleqsandriis misadgomebTan, kunZul
farosze, aleqsandriisken momavali
xomaldebisTvis gzis gasanaTeblad
Suquris ageba gadawyvites. Suquris
mSeneblebis gankargulebaSi flo-
ti, qvis samtexloebi da museionis
mecnierebi iyvnen. mSeneblobas 5 weli
dasWirda da Zv.w. 280 wels dasrulda.
aleqsandriis Suqura daaxloebiT 120 metri simaRlisa iyo. mas samsarTuliani
koSkis forma da oTxkuTxa safuZveli hqonda. qvis filebiT nagebi pirveli sarTulis
simaRle 60 metrs aRwevda. meore sarTuli _ ormocmetriani rvakuTxa koSki _ TeTri mar-
mariloTi iyo mopirkeTebuli. mesame sarTulze wriulad ganlagebuli svetebis SigniT
mudmivad enTo cecxli, romlis sinaTlesac sarkeebi ireklavda da zRvaSi Sori manZili-
dan mosCanda. SeSa koconisTvis xveuli derefniT ahqondaT. derefnis sigane imis SesaZ-
leblobas iZleoda, rom SeSa virebSebmuli sazidrebiT aetanaT. Suqura imavdroulad
sameTvalyureo koSkic iyo. iqidan mtris flotis danaxvac SeiZleboda, sanam is qalaqs
mouaxlovdeboda. droTa ganmavlobaSi Suquris zeda sarTulebi Camoingra, mTliani nage-
boba ki sabolood XIV saukuneSi ganadgurda.

1. rogor fiqrob, ra niSniT gamoarCies es Zeglebi Zvelma berZnebma da ratom

uwodes saocrebebi?
2. romelia Svidi saocrebidan sakulto nageboba? danarCenebi ra daniSnulebisaa?
3. daiyaviT jgufebad da SeafaseT Zeglebi Semdegi kriteriumebis mixedviT:
masStabu­roba, sirTule, arqiteqturuli siaxle. imsjeleT jgufSi da SeadgineT
Zeglebis reitingi, Semdeg flifCartebze CamowereT da kedelze gaakariT, an da-
faze gadaitaneT monacemebi. jgufidan arCeulma warmomadgenelma unda daasabu-
Tos, ratom aRmoCnda Zegli reitingSi ama Tu im adgilze.
4. internetiT moiZie informacia Tanamedrove msoflios Svidi saocrebis Sesaxeb.
funqciiT, iersaxiT, esTetikuri niSniT Seadare axali Svidi saocreba Zvels.

delfosi da vani - ritualuri qalaqebi

Zveli berZnebis saerTo religiuri centri iyo qalaqi delfosi, sadac mzisa da
sinaTlis RmerTis, apolonis taZari da misi cnobili samisno mdebareobda. aq ijda apol-
onis taZris orakuli _ qurumi qali piTia. piTiasTan mTeli berZnuli samyarodan modi-
odnen. mas rCevas ekiTxebodnen yvela mniSvnelovan wamowyebaze, iqneboda es omis dawyeba,
koloniis daarseba Tu sxva ram.
apolonis taZari SemaRlebul adgilze mdebareobda da galavniT iyo garSemor-
tymuli. karibWidan taZrisken farTo gza miemarTeboda. gzis orive mxares qandakebebi
iyo Camwkrivebuli. ezoSi iyo auzi, sadac momlocvelebi ganibanebodnen. ferdobze Se-
fenili iyo momcro nagebobebi, romlebic saganZuris sacavis funqcias asrulebda. mom-
locvlebi iq Sesawirs tovebdnen. delfoSi yvela mdidruli SesawiriT midioda, radgan
RmerTis keTilganwyobis mopoveba surdaT. ezoSi aseve iyo Teatri da momlocvelTa Tav-
Sesayari nageboba. taZris SesasvlelTan ki momlocvelebs apolonis qandakeba elodaT.
oTx weliwadSi erTxel aq apolonisadmi miZRvnili zeimebi da piTiuri asparezo-
bani tardeboda, sadac, poetTa da musikosTa gamosvlebis garda, sportuli TamaSebic
imarTeboda. 69
 orakuli _ (laTinurad, `vambob~, `vTxov~), berZenTa rwmeniT, orakuli RvTaebi-
sa da adamianis urTierTobis erT-erTi gamovlineba iyo. orakuli ewodeboda,
rogorc Tavad misnobas anu winaswarmetyvelebas, ise im adgils, sadac winaswar-
netyvelebda misani.

vani
saqarTvelos teritoriaze arqeologebma ramdenime sakulto centri aRmoaCines,
maT Sorisaa vanis naqalaqaric. naqalaqarze SemorCenilia taZar-samlocvelos naSTebi,
kldeSi nakveTi sakurTxevlebi, mdidruli samarxebi, didi raodenobiT samkauli _ oqros
yelsabamebi, samajurebi, diademebi da sxv.
taZari, rogor Cans, sworkuTxa nageboba iyo, romelsac Sesasvleli aRmosavle-
Tidan hqonda. taZris siRrmeSi idga sakurTxeveli _ ovaluri formis qvis boZi. taZars
TeTri da Ria vardisferi qvebiT mopirkeTebuli mozaikuri iataki hqonda. erT kuTxeSi
aRmoCnda 40 kolxuri amfora, sakurTxevelTan ki uzarmazari piTosi _ Rvinis Sesanaxi
WurWeli. iqve ewyo brinjaos monetebi.
nangrevebs Soris arqeologebma ipoves Zlier deformirebuli brinjaos WurWeli,
romelsac skulpturuli Semkulobani amSvenebda. WurWeli mtacebeli frinvelis Zlier
brWyalebze idga, ZirSi ki 16 sm-is simaRlis arwivis qandakebebi hqonda gars Semovlebu-
li. WurWels agvirgvinebda gamarjvebis frTosan qalRmerT nikes 18 sm-iani qandakeba.
WurWels aseve amSvenebda dionises Tanmxleb RvTaebaTa Tavebis gamosaxulebani: wvero-
sani pani; axalgazrda satiri; vazis foTlebis gvirgviniT Semkuli dionises meuRle _
ariadne; dionises mudmivi Tanamgzavri qalebi _ menadebi.

pani _ berZnuli miTologiis mixedviT: saqonlisa da mwyemsebis mfarveli Rmer-

Ti. warmodgenili hyavdaT adamianis saxisa da Txis fexebis, rqebisa da wveris
mqoned.
satiri _ berZnuli miTologiis mixedviT: Rvinisa da mxiarulebis RmerTis, di-
onises mxlebeli, romelsac Txis fexebi, wveri da rqebi aqvs.

es aRmoCenebi pirvel rigSi cxadyofs,

rom adgilobrivi mosaxleoba icnobda ber-
Znul religiur-miTologiur saxeebs. amave
dros taZari, sadac Rvinis piTosi, amforebi,
dionisesa da misi mxlebel RvTaebaTa saxee-
biT Semkuli ritualuri WurWeli aRmoCnda,
meRvineobisa da mevenaxeobis kults ukavSir-
deboda.
berZnul religiur panTeonSi dionise
meRvineobisa da mevenaxeobis, mosavlianobi-
sa da nayofierebis mfarveli RmerTi iyo.
mis pativsacemad Zvel saberZneTSi weliwad-
Si ramdenjerme aRniSnavdnen dResaswauls,
romelsac dionisiebi ewodeboda. TiToeuli
es dResaswauli dakavSirebuli iyo venaxis
movlisa da Rvinis damzadebis wliuri cik-
lis romelime etapTan. dionisesadmi miZ-
Rvnil dResaswaulebs Tan axlda cekva-sim-
Rera, warmodgenebi, TamaSobebi.

sur.5 kolxeTSi aRmoCenili nikes qandakeba

5. raze metyvelebs arqeologiuri aRmoCenebi vanSi?

6. vanis magaliTze imsjele, ra kvali daaCnia elinurma kulturam qarTul sivrces?
7. venis diagramis saSualebiT erTmaneTs Seadare delfosi da vani.
70
 25. ratom eomebodnen erTmaneTs xangrZlivad berZnebi da
sparselebi?
antikur epoqaSi momxdari omebidan erT-erTi mniS-
vnelovani berZen-sparselTa omi iyo, romelic Zv.w. V sauku-
nis I naxevarSi mimdinareobda. `istoriis mamad~ wodebulma
berZenma istorikosma herodotem am oms Tavisi Txzuleba
`istoria~ miuZRvna. avtorma yvelaf­ ris dawvrilebiT aR-
wera daisaxa miznad, raTa momxdari ambebi daviwyebas ar
miscemoda. swored amitom am omis Sesaxeb gacilebiT meti
viciT, vidre sxva omebis Sesaxeb.
orive samyarosTan qarTvelur tomebs garkveuli
urTierTobebi akavSirebda, Sesa­bamisad, es omi maTzec moax-
denda zegavlenas.
sur.1 herodotes biusti

1. ra akavSirebda qarTvelur tomebs rogorc berZnul samyarosTan, ise sparseTTan?

2. romel istoriul process SeuSlida xels berZen-sparselTa omi?
3. ivaraude: miiRebdnen Tu ara qarTveluri tomebi am omSi monawileobas? vis mxareze?

vnaxoT, gamarTldeba Tu ara Seni varaudi. manamde ki gavarkvioT, ra gaxda am ori

samyaros dapirispirebis mizezi.
Sen ukve ici, rom Zv.w. VI saukuneSi sparselebma didi dapyrobiTi omebi awarmoes
da imperia Seqmnes. aqemenianuri sparseTis gavlenis qveS mcire azia da iq mdebare berZnu-
li qalaq-saxelmwifoebic moeqca. Zv.w. 500 wels isini sparselebis winaaRmdeg ajanydnen.
berZenTa dasaxmareblad aTenidan xomaldebi gagzavnes. sparselebTan dapirispirebaSi
isini damarcxdnen da ukan gabrundnen. dariosma mcire aziis polisebis ajanyeba CaaxSo
da balkaneTis naxevarkunZulze laSqroba gadawyvita. mas xmelTaSua zRvaze gabatoneba
surda. dariosi ise iyo aTenelebze ganrisxebuli, rom msaxurs ubrZana, misTvis dReSi
samjer gaemeorebina: ufalo, gaxsovdes aTenelebi!
sparselebma berZnul qalaqebSi elCebi gaagzavnes da maT miwa-wylis daTmo-
ba mosTxoves. aTensa da spartaSi elCebi sikvdiliT dasajes. Zv.w. 492 wels sparselTa
floti balkaneTis naxevarkunZulisken daiZra, magram es eqspedicia marcxiT dasrulda,
radgan sparselebs qariSxalma mouswro da flotis didi nawili ganadgurda.
sparselebis Semdgom mcdelobas, daemorCilebinaT berZnuli qalaq-saxelmwifoe-
bi, sparselebsa da berZnebs Soris xangrZlivi omi mohyva. es omi Zv.w. 449 wlamde grZel-
deboda da is istoriaSi berZen-sparselTa omis saxeliTaa cnobili.

ruka. aqemenianuri da berZnuli sivrce

71
 berZen-sparselTa omis dros erTmaneTs ori gansxvavebuli civilizacia daupirispirda:
aqemenianTa uzarmazari imperia da berZnuli daqucmacebuli qalaq-saxelmwifoebi, Tumca
umTavresi mainc maT Soris kulturuli sxvaoba iyo.
antikuri kulturis matarebeli elinebi sakuTar Tavs barbarosul samyaros upi-
rispirebdnen. berZnebisTvis yvela `sxva~, maT Soris sparselebic, barbarosebi iyvenen.

elini _ ase uwodebdnen berZnebi sakuTar Tavs.

barbarosi _ berZnuli warmoSobis sityva, romelic niSnavda ara berZens, ara
berZnulad molaparake adamians. bar-bar _ gamoxatavda ucnob enaze saubris
mosmenisgan miRebul STabeWdilebas. berZnebs eCvenebodaT, rom maTi lapa-
rakis dros ismoda bar-bar. mogvianebiT veluri, ukulturo adamianis mniSvn-
eloba SeiZina.

sadiskusio klubis norC mkvlevrebs amasTan dakavSirebiT bevri kiTxva gauCndaT da pasuxis
gacemac scades:
• SeiZleba ki barbarosul samyarod ganvixiloT uzarmazari aqeme-
nianuri sparseTi?
• gana saqme mxolod enaSi iyo? iqneb sxva rameSia saqme da davfiqr-
deT?
• kidev raSia maT Soris gansxvaveba?
• iciT, me herodotes `istoria~ maqvs wakiTxuli da is sparselebs
monobaSi myofT da aTenelebs ki Tavisuflebs uwodebs. aba, gaix-
seneT, ratom iyvnen aTenelebi Tavisuflebi?
• e.i. sparselebma ar icodnen polisis kanonebi? ar hqondaT war-
modgena Tavisuflebasa da demokratiaze?
• aba, kidev gavixsenoT, ras niSnavda elinuri cxovrebis wesi da
maSin yvelaferi gasagebi gaxdeba.
• e.i. vinc ar icoda berZnuli da ar cxovrobda elinuri cxovre-
bis wesiT, is iyo barbarosi?

dapirispirebul mxareTa samxedro Zalebi omis dawyebamde

sparsuli armia

im imperiaSi, romelic uzarmazar teritoriaze iyo ga-
daWimuli, armiis birTvs cxenosani meomrebi _ mxedrebi Sead-
gendnen. mxedrebi ZiriTadad sparselTa warCinebuli fenidan
_ aristokratiidan ikribebodnen. maT SeiaraRebaSi Sedioda
mSvild-isari, Subi da mokle xmali. brZolis da­ wy­
e­
bisas Sei-
araRebuli mxedrebi mowinaaRmdeges jer Soridan isrebs dau-
Sendnen xolme, Semdeg Setevaze gadadiodnen da mowinaaRmdegis
ganadgurebas ukve xelCarTul brZolaSi cdilobdnen. es msu-
buqad SeiaraRebuli cxenosanTa armia sparselTa mTavari dam-
rtymeli Zala iyo, xolo qveiTebi _ maTi damxmare.
armiis birTvi iyo 10 000 meomrisgan Semdgari samefo
gvardia, romelsac `ukvdavTa~ gvardias uwodebdnen. rodesac
brZolaSi romelime `ukvdavi~ meomari daiRupeboda, mis adgils
myisve meore ikavebda. isini sparsuli armiis rCeuli meomrebi
iyvnen. `ukvdavebis~ SeiaraRebas grZeli Subi, mZlavri mSvild-
isari da mZime fari Seadgenda.
sparselTa armiaSi, sparselebis garda, imperiis Semadgen-
lobaSi myofi sxva xalxebic Sediodnen. TiToeul satraps Tavisi
satrapiidan gamohyavda jari.

72
 herodote mogviTxrobs: `xalibebs patara farebi hqondaT
xaris tyavisgan damzadebuli da TiToeuls ori Subi eWira... xolo
Tavze spilenZis muzaradebi exuraT. muzaradebze iyo spilenZisgan
nakeTebi xaris yurebi da rqebi; aqve iyo bibiloc. muxlebze naWre-
bi hqondaT Semoxveuli. mosxebs Tavze xis muzaradebi exuraT da pa-
tara farebi da Subebi hqondaT. laSqrobdnen tibarenebi, makronebi da
mosi­nikebi... maTTan erTad iyvnen kolxebic... eseni xmeleTze molaSqre
xalxebi iyvnen.~

4. ratom aRmoCndnen qarTveluri tomebi sparselTa armiis

SemadgenlobaSi?
5. armiis romel nawilSi Sediodnen isini?
6. gaixsene, rom imperiaSi sxva tomebTan SedarebiT kolxebs
gansxvavebuli mdgomareoba ekavaT, Tumca omSi danarCe­neb­
Tan erTad monawileobdnen. Seecade, axsna amis mizezi.

berZnuli armia
berZnuli armia, sparselebisgan gansxvavebiT, mxolod
berZnebiT iyo dakompleqtebuli.
berZnul samyaroSi cxenosnoba ganviTarebuli ar iyo,
radgan mTagorian qveyanaSi cxenebis mosaSeneblad xelsayreli
bunebrivi pirobebi TiTqmis ar arsebobda.
berZnuli armiis mTavar Zalas mZimed SeiaraRebuli qvei­
Tebi _ hoplitebi Seadgendnen. muzaradi, abjari, wvivsafrebi,
fari, mokle xmali da ori Subi _ ai, aseTi iyo hoplitebis stan-
dartuli iaraR-saWurveli, romelic daaxloebiT 30 kilograms
iwonida.