ENGLISH LEVEL II

FOCUS IN GRAMMAR
LEVEL 2

THERE IS / THERE ARE

AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE
FULL FORMS SHORT FORMS FULL FORMS SHORT FORMS
SINGULAR There is There’s There is not There isn’t
PLURAL There are --------- There are not There aren’t

QUESTIONS SHORT ANSWERS

SINGULAR Is there…? Yes, there is. No, there isn’t.
PLURAL Are there…? Yes, there are. No, there aren’t.

There’s a statue in front of the library.

There are two art museums in this city.
Is there a post office near here?

PREPOSITIONS

PREPOSITIONS OF PLACE: The museum is next to the library, across the

Next to, in front of, across, between, behind, street from the post office.
in, on
PREPOSITIONS OF MOVEMENT: Jack is coming towards us.
Up, down, into, out of, towards, around,
through, from, to

OBJECT PERSONAL PRONOUNS

PERSONAL PRONOUNS
SUBJECT OBJECT
I Me
You You
He Him
She Her
It It
We Us
You You
They Them

- Personal pronouns replace nouns.

David is looking at Martha. He is looking at her.
Martha is looking at David. She is looking at him.
COUNTABLE AND UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS
COUNTABLE NOUNS
- We can count them.
- We can use a/an and numbers before them.
- They have singular and plural forms.
one orange five carrots a strawberry
UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS
- We cannot count them.
- We cannot use a/an or numbers before them.
- They have only singular forms.
rice water pasta

SOME / ANY / NO

- We use some + uncountable or plural countable nouns, in affirmative sentences and

offers.
There is some rice. There are some apples
Would you like some tea?
- We use any + uncountable or plural countable nouns, in questions and negative
sentences.
Is there any bread? There isn’t any bread.
Are there any onions? There aren’t any onions.
- We use no (= not any) + uncountable or plural countable nouns in affirmative
sentences.
There is no milk = There isn’t any milk.
There are no potatoes. = There aren’t any potatoes.

HOW MUCH? / HOW MANY?

- We use How much with uncountable nouns.

How much butter is there?
- We use How many with plural countable nouns.
How many cartons of milk do we need?

MUCH / MANY / A LOT OF / LOTS OF / A LITTLE / A FEW

- We use much with uncountable nouns.

We don’t have much apple juice.
- We use many with plural countable nouns.
There aren’t many students in my class.
- We use a lot of / lots of with uncountable and plural countable nouns.
There is a lot of orange juice in the refrigerator.
Drink lots of milk
- We use a little with uncountable nouns.
There is a little butter in the refrigerator.
- We use a few with plural countable nouns.
There are a few slices of bread on the table.

THIS / THAT / THESE / THOSE

SINGULAR PLURAL
This These
That Those

- We use this/these to show people, animals or things that are near.

- We use that/those to show people, animals or things that are far.
ONE / ONES
- We use one when we don’t want to repeat a singular countable noun.
Which coat is yours? The black one.
- We use ones when we don’t want to repeat a plural countable noun.
Which shoes do you like? The brown ones.

WHICH?
- We use which when we want to select one from a group of things or people.
Which dress do you like, the red one, the green one or the blue one?

TOO + ADJECTIVE – TOO VS VERY

We use very and too before adjectives. We use very to add emphasis. Too means more than
necessary and it has a negative meaning.
Sally is a very beautiful woman.
This coffee is too hot. I can’t drink it.

PAST SIMPLE

AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE
I I
He/She/It worked He/She/It Did not/didn’t work
We/You/They We/You/They

QUESTIONS
I
Did he/she/it work?
we/you/they

SHORT ANSWERS
I I
Yes, he/she/it did. No, he/she/it didn’t.
we/you/they we/you/they

FORMATION OF THE PAST SIMPLE OF REGULAR VERBS

- Most verbs take –ed.

start → started
- Verbs ending in –e take –d.
serve → served
- Verbs ending in consonant + y take –ied.
try → tried BUT play → played
- Verbs with one syllable ending in one vowel + one consonant double the consonant
before –ed.
stop → stopped
- Verbs with two or more syllables ending in a stressed vowel + one consonant double
the consonant before the –ed.
Prefer → preferred BUT answer → answered

IRREGULAR VERBS

Irregular verbs don’t take –ed in the Past Simple.

AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE
I I
He/She/It went He/She/It didn’t go
 We/You/They We/You/They

QUESTIONS
I
Did he/she/it go?
we/you/they

LIST OF COMMON IRREGULAR VERBS

INFINITIVE PAST PAST PARTICIPLE

BE → WAS / WERE → BEEN
BEAT → BEAT → BEATEN
BECOME → BECAME → BECOME
BREAK → BROKE → BROKEN
BURN → BURNED/BURNT → BURNED/BURNT
BUY → BOUGHT → BOUGHT
COME → CAME → COME
COST → COST → COST
CUT → CUT → CUT
DO → DID → DONE
DRIVE → DROVE → DRIVEN
EAT → ATE → EATEN
FALL → FELL → FALLEN
FEEL → FELT → FELT
FIND → FOUND → FOUND
FLY → FLEW → FLOWN
FORGET → FORGOT → FORGOTTEN
GET → GOT → GOTTEN/GOT
GIVE → GAVE → GIVEN
GO → WENT → GONE
HAVE → HAD → HAD
HEAR → HEARD → HEARD
HIT → HIT → HIT
HURT → HURT → HURT
LEARN → LEANED/LEARNT → LEARNED/LEARNT
LEAVE → LEFT → LEFT
LOSE → LOST → LOST
MAKE → MADE → MADE
MEET → MET → MET
PUT → PUT → PUT
READ → READ → READ
RIDE → RODE → RIDDEN
RUN → RAN → RUN
SAY → SAID → SAID
SEE → SAW → SEEN
SEND → SENT → SENT
SING → SANG → SUNG
SIT → SAT → SAT
SPEND → SPENT → SPENT
SWIM → SWAM → SWUM
TAKE → TOOK→ TAKEN
TEACH → TAUGHT → TAUGHT
THINK → THOUGHT → THOUGHT
TELL → TOLD → TOLD
THROW → THREW → THROWN
WIN → WON → WON
WRITE → WROTE → WRITTEN
PAST SIMPLE OF BE

NEGATIVE
AFFIRMATIVE
FULL FORMS SHORT FORMS
I was I was not I wasn’t
You were You were not You weren’t
He was He was not He wasn’t
She was She was not She wasn’t
It was It was not It wasn’t
We were We were not We weren’t
You were You were not You weren’t
They were They were not They weren’t

QUESTIONS SHORT ANSWERS

Was I? Yes, I was. No, I wasn’t.
Were you? Yes, you were. No, you weren’t.
Was he? Yes, he was. No, he wasn’t.
Was she? Yes, she was. No, she wasn’t.
Was it? Yes, it was. No, it wasn’t.
Were we? Yes, we were. No, we weren’t.
Were you? Yes, you were. No, you weren’t.
Were they? Yes, they were. No, they weren’t.

THE VERB COULD

AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE
I I
could not
He/She/It could drive He/She/It drive
couldn’t
We/You/They We/You/They

QUESTIONS
I
Could he/she/it drive?
we/you/they

SHORT ANSWERS
I I
Yes, he/she/it could. No, he/she/it couldn’t.
we/you/they we/you/they

- We use could to talk about ability in the past.

My sister could play the violin when she was seven.

ADVERBS OF MANNER

- Adverbs of manner describe how something happens.

Most adjectives take –ly.

quiet → quietly
Adjectives ending in consonant + y take –ily.
easy → easily
Irregular adverbs
good → well fast → fast hard → hard
late → late early → early