Shekhar Singh et al.
/ (IJAEST) INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ADVANCED ENGINEERING SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGIES
Breast Cancer detection and Classification using
Neural Network
Shekhar Singh1, Dr P. R. Gupta2
1
C-DAC, NOIDA, INDIA
1
shekharsinghsengar@gmail.com
2
C-DAC, NOIDA, INDIA
2
poonamgupta@cdacnoida.in
Abstract— Breast cancer detection, classification, scoring and
grading of histopathological images is the standard clinical
practice for the diagnosis and prognosis of breast cancer. In a
large hospital, a pathologist typically handles number of cancer
detection cases per day. It is, therefore, a very difficult and time-
consuming task. This paper proposes a method for automatic
Breast cancer detection, classification, scoring and grading to
assist pathologists by providing second opinions and reducing
their workload. A computer-aided Breast cancer detection,
classification, scoring and grading system for tissue cell nuclei in
histological image is introduced and validated as part of the
Biopsy Analysis System. Cancer cell nuclei are selectively stained
with monoclonal antibodies, such as the ant estrogen receptor
antibodies, which are widely used as part of assessing patient
ES
prognosis in breast cancer. This paper also presents the
classification of micro cancer object of breast tumor based on
feed forward back propagation Neural Network (FNN). Twenty
six hundred sets of cell nuclei characteristics obtained by
applying image analysis techniques to microscopic slides. The
dataset consist of eight features which represent the input layer
to the FNN. The FNN will classify the input features into type4,
type3, type2 and type1 cancer affected objects. The sensitivity,
specificity and accuracy were found to be equal 99.10%, 95.70%
and 98.60% respectively. It can be concluded that FNN gives fast
and accurate classification and it works as promising tool for
classification of breast cell nuclei.
A
Keywords- color conversion, Adaptive histogram equalization,
Adaptive thresholding based segmentation, Watershed
segmentation
I. INTRODUCTION
The number of research works conducted in the area of breast
IJ
cancer detection, classification, scoring and grading. Many
university centers, research centers and commercial
institutions are focused on this issue because of the fact that
breast cancer is becoming the most common form of cancer
disease of today’s female population. Thus, the construction
of a fully automatic cancer detection system supporting a
human expert has become a challenging and difficult task.
Nowadays many camera-based automatic breast cancer
detection systems have to face the problem of cells and their
nuclei separation from the rest of the image content (Lee and
Street, 2000; Pena-Reyes and Sipper, 1998; Setiono, 1996;
Wolberg et al., 1993) [4]- [15]. Nuclei separation process is
very important because the nucleus of the cell is the place
where breast cancer malignancy can be observed. Thus, much
ISSN: 2230-7818 @ 2011 http://www.ijaest.iserp.org. All rights Reserved.
Vol No. 6, Issue No. 1, 004 - 009
attention in the construction of the expert supporting diagnosis
system has to be paid to the segmentation or Breast Cancer
detection stage. The main difficulty of the segmentation
process is due to the incompleteness and uncertainty of the
information contained in the histopathological image. The
imperfection of the data acquisition process in the form of
noise, chromatic distortion and deformity of histopathological
T
material caused by its preparation additionally increases the
problem complexity. The nature of image acquisition (3D to
2D transformation) and the method of scene illumination also
affect the image luminance and sharpness and quality [13]-
[15]. Until now many segmentation methods have been
proposed (Carlotto, 1987; Chen et al., 1998; Kass et al., 1987;
Otsu, 1979; Su and Chou, 2001; Vincent and Soille, 1991)
but, unfortunately, each of them introduces numerous
additional problems and usually works in practice under given
assumptions and/or needs the end-user’s interaction/co-
operation (Lee and Street, 2000; Street, 2000; Wolberg et al.,
1993; Zhou and Pycock, 1997) [19]-[21].Since nowadays
many histopathological projects assume full automation and
real-time operation with a high degree of efficiency, a method
free of drawbacks of the already known approaches has to be
constructed. Breast cancer detection, classification, scoring
and grading of histopathological images is the standard
clinical practice for the diagnosis and prognosis of breast
cancer. Pathologists perform cancer detection manually under
a microscope. Their experience directly influences the
accuracy of cancer detection. Variability among pathologists
has been observed in clinical practice [4]-[6]. In a large
hospital, a pathologist typically handles number of cancer
detection cases per day. It is, therefore, a very difficult and
time-consuming task. A Computer system that performs
automatic cancer detection can assist the pathologists by
providing second opinions, reducing their workload and
alerting them to cases that require closer attention, allowing
them to focus on diagnosis and prognosis. This paper presents
a multi-segmentation method for breast cancer detection and
neural network for classification. In this paper a group of
modified versions of histopathological image segmentation
methods adopted for fine needle biopsy images are presented,
that is, the adaptive thresholding based segmentation and
watershed algorithm. One can also find here a description of
denoising and contrast enhancement techniques, pre-
segmentation and fully automatic nuclei localization
mechanism used in our approach. Cancer detection and
Page 4
 Shekhar Singh et al. / (IJAEST) INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ADVANCED ENGINEERING SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGIES
classification systems, however, although dedicated, do not
use the manual approach of counting individual cancer cell
nuclei, but rather work with specific areas of stained nuclei
[10]–[13]. This is because the identification of individual
cancer cell nuclei makes the accumulation of a reasonable
sample size tedious and time consuming, since it is difficult to
decide automatically or by visual inspection, whether cancer
cell nuclei touch or are partially overlapping [14]-[20]. To
overcome these difficulties methods based on assessment of
areas of interest (e.g. specifically stained nuclei) have been
developed, which do not rely on identifying individual nuclei.
Additionally, methods depending on adaptive thresholds to
distinguish between stained tissue (specific staining) and
background (nonspecific staining), are based on the
assumption that local variations due to preparation or imaging
do not significantly influence the measurements [10]–[14].
Furthermore, one of the main objectives of computer-aided
biopsy analysis is to minimize some of the variability’s that
occur as a consequence of the manual microscopically
inspection of stained slides. In addition, computer-aided
nuclei analysis also has to be efficient, since pathologists are
unlikely to spend more time on evaluating a specimen than
that required for the routine manual assessments. As already
mentioned, in the manual assessment of biopsy slides one
strategy has been to utilize a semi-quantitative scheme to
make the assessment more accurate and more objective. To
ES
the best of our knowledge no systems as yet exist which
attempt to aid the expert in the detection, counting, and
classification of individual nuclei using the semi-quantitative
scheme.
II. BREAST CANCER DETECTION ALGORITHM
Our breast cancer detection system adopts a adaptive
histogram equalization and multi-segmentation approach.
First, a low-resolution global image of the whole histological
slide is reconstructed by scaling frames. These frames are
A
captured at 40× magnification from a patient’s histological
sample stained with H&E marker. Typically, down and tiling
high-resolution micro-image many image frames are
generated from a patient’s sample.
A. Preprocessing & Color Conversion
IJ
In Gray Scale conversion process converts the true color
image RGB to the grayscale intensity image. Gray Scale
conversion process converts RGB images to grayscale by
eliminating the hue and saturation information while retaining
the luminance.
Algorithm: Gray Scale conversion process converts RGB
values to grayscale values by forming a weighted sum of the
R, G, and B components: 0.2989 * R + 0.5870 * G + 0.1140 *
B.
B. Adjust Image Intensity value
In Adjust Image Intensity value process maps the intensity
values in grayscale image to new values in such that 1% of
ISSN: 2230-7818 @ 2011 http://www.ijaest.iserp.org. All rights Reserved.
Vol No. 6, Issue No. 1, 004 - 009
data is saturated at low and high intensities of Image. This
increases the contrast of the output image.
C. Contrast limited Adaptive histogram equalization
process
Contrast-limited adaptive histogram equalization (CLAHE)
enhances the contrast of the grayscale image by transforming
the values using contrast-limited adaptive histogram
equalization (CLAHE).CLAHE operates on small regions in
the image, called tiles, rather than the entire image. Each tile's
contrast is enhanced, so that the histogram of the output
region approximately matches the histogram specified by the
'Distribution' parameter. The neighboring tiles are then
combined using bilinear interpolation to eliminate artificially
induced boundaries. The contrast, especially in homogeneous
areas, can be limited to avoid amplifying any noise that might
be present in the image.
T
D. Adaptive Thresholding based Segmentation
Adaptive Thresholding based Segmentation process operates
on small regions in the image, called tiles, rather than the
entire image. For each region computes a threshold (level) that
can be used to convert an intensity image to a binary image.
Level is a normalized intensity value that lies in the range [0,
1]. For each region uses Otsu's method, this chooses the
threshold to minimize the intra class variance of the black and
white pixels. Multidimensional arrays are converted
automatically to 2-D arrays using reshape. The Adaptive
Thresholding function ignores any nonzero imaginary part of
Image. Adaptive Thresholding returns the effectiveness
metric, EM, as the second output argument. The effectiveness
metric is a value in the range [0 1] that indicates the
effectiveness of the thresholding of the input image. The
lower bound is attainable only by images having a single gray
level, and the upper bound is attainable only by two-valued
images.
After finding threshold value converts the grayscale image to
a binary image. The output image replaces all pixels in the
input image with luminance greater than level with the value 1
(white) and replaces all other pixels with the value 0 (black).
Level specify in the range [0, 1], regardless of the class of the
input image. The Adaptive Thresholding function can be used
to compute the level argument automatically. Use these level
segments the Biopsy Image. The original image is divided into
an array of overlapping sub-images. A gray-level distribution
histogram is produced for each sub-image, and the optimal
threshold for that sub-image is calculated based on this
histogram. Since the sub-images overlap, it is then possible to
produce a threshold for each individual pixel by interpolating
the thresholds of the sub-images. An alternative approach is to
statistically examine the intensity values of the local
neighborhood of each pixel. The first problem facing us when
choosing this method is the choice of statistic by which the
measurement is made. The appropriate statistic may vary from
Page 5
 Shekhar Singh et al. / (IJAEST) INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ADVANCED ENGINEERING SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGIES
one image to another, and is largely dependent on the nature
of the image.
E. Morphological Operation after adaptive thresholding
based segmentation
Morphological operation dilation, erosion, bottom-hat
filtering, opening, closing, top-hat filtering and filling holes
used after adaptive thresholding based segmentation.
F. Watershed Segmentation
The watershed segmentation algorithm is inspired by natural
observations, such as a rainy day in the mountains (Gonzalez
and Woods, 2002; Pratt, 2001; Russ, 1999). A given image
can be defined as a terrain on which nuclei correspond to
valleys (upside down the terrain modeled in previous steps).
The terrain is flooded by rainwater and arising puddles start to
turn into basins. When the water from one basin begins to
pour away to another, a separating watershed is created. The
flooding operation has to be stopped when the water level
reaches a given threshold θ. The threshold should preferably
be placed somewhere in the middle between the background
and a nucleus localization point.
In my approach used the distance transformation function for
ES
segmentation. The areas where the cells are located are
analyzed by dilating the region maximum of the distance
transforms for each cell nucleus. To visualize the individual
mountain peaks, markers are applied to every peak. The
watershed function starts at the peaks expands in every
direction until it reaches an edge from another peak or the
edge of the picture. The watershed division lines are applied
to the segmented image to make a clear separation of the
touching cell nuclei. The watershed lines superimposed to the
segmented image and in the other picture, the lines are
removed leaving segmented cell nuclei only.
Segmenting the cells in the manner described above not only
A
improves the accuracy of the cell count, but also the accuracy
of the cell nucleus area statistics. In order to make statistics
with regards to cell nucleus area even more accurate, we
remove any cell nuclei that are touching the border, since
most of those cells are more likely to be incomplete cells.
Again, after the average nucleus size is calculated, excluding
the incomplete border nuclei, it is possible to estimate the
IJ
equivalent total number of border cell nuclei by adding all
partial cell nucleus areas to be divided by the Average size, if
the border cell count is needed in analyzing different types of
tissue sample. It is also possible to double count the projected
overlapping nuclei area (intersection) to improve the accuracy
of the cell nucleus area statistics.
G. Morphological Operation after watershed segmentation
Clearing Border object:
Clearing Border object process, suppresses structures that are
lighter than their surroundings and that are connected to the
ISSN: 2230-7818 @ 2011 http://www.ijaest.iserp.org. All rights Reserved.
Vol No. 6, Issue No. 1, 004 - 009
image border. The output image is grayscale or binary,
respectively. The connectivity is 8 for two dimensions.
Removing small objects: Objects removes from a binary
image all connected components (objects) that have fewer
than P pixels, producing another binary image. The
connectivity is 8 for two dimensions.
Perimeter of objects: this process returns a binary image
containing only the perimeter pixels of objects in the input
image. A pixel is part of the perimeter if it is nonzero and it is
connected to at least one zero-valued pixel.
Blob labeling: Blob labeling process returns a matrix, of the
same size as Binary image, containing labels for the connected
objects in Binary image. The elements of matrix are integer
values greater than or equal to 0. The pixels labeled 0 are the
background. The pixels labeled 1 make up one object; the
pixels labeled 2 make up a second object, and so on.
III. CLASSIFICATION ALGORITHM
T
In the present work, the neural networks are used for cancer
affected micro object classification purposes. The neural
networks derive their power due to their massively parallel
structure, and an ability to learn from experience. Neural
network can be used for fairly accurate classification of input
data into categories, provided they are previously trained to do
so. The accuracy of the classification depends on the
efficiency of training. The knowledge gained by the learning
experience is stored in the form of connection weights, which
are used to make decisions on fresh input.
Three issues need to be settled in designing an ANN for a
specific application:
• Topology of the network;
• Training algorithm;
• Neuron activation functions.
In our topology, the number of neurons in the input layer is 8
neurons for the ANN classifier. The output layer was
determined by the number of classes desired. The outputs are
type4, type3, type2, type1 micro object therefore; the output
layer consists of 4 neurons. The hidden layer consists of 20
neurons. Before the training process is started, all the weights
are initialized to small random numbers. This ensured that the
classifier network was not saturated by large values of the
weights. In this experiment, the training set was formed by
choosing 390 data sets for the testing process.
Cancer object (nucleus) is classified into one of four type
object (nucleus) using the feed forward back propagation
neural network classifier. After the classification of each
cancer objects (nucleus), score and grade are computed. The
classifier was trained and tested on the images created by one
of the experts. The main steps of the classification algorithm
are summarized as follows:
Extract Features for Each Nucleus (micro object): The
following local and global features are extracted: Area,
Diameter, Solidity, Eccentricity, Extent, Perimeter,
Roundness, and Compactness.
Page 6
 Shekhar Singh et al. / (IJAEST) INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ADVANCED ENGINEERING SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGIES
Vol No. 6, Issue No. 1, 004 - 009

Classify Each Cancer objects: A Cancer objects (nucleus) is

classified into one of four type cancer objects using the feed
forward back propagation neural network classifier.
IV. TRAINING AND TESTING
The proposed network was trained with all 1820 Micro
objects (tumor) data cases. These 1820 cases are fed to the
FNN with 8 input neurons, one hidden layer of 20 neurons and
four outputs neuron. MATLAB software package version 8 is
used to implement the software in the current work. When the
training process is completed for the training data (1820
cases), the last weights of the network were saved to be ready
for the testing procedure. The time needed to train the training
datasets was approximately 1.80 second.
The testing process is done for 390 cases. These 390 cases are
fed to the proposed network and their output is recorded for
calculation of the sensitivity, specificity and accuracy of
VI. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Figure 1 shows a sample high-resolution original image.
Figure 2 illustrates detected cancer cells for nuclear scoring.
Nevertheless, scoring is still reliable as long as enough type-2
and type-3 cells are detected. This is analogous to clinical
practice in which a pathologist just performs a quick scan of at
most 5 image frames to pick up enough type-2 and type-3
cells to make an assessment. Table II compares the grading
results of the algorithm and a pathologist. It can be seen the
system’s scores are very close to the pathologist’s scores. The
system’s scores tend to be slightly lower than the pathologist’s
scores. This could be due to the slightly more stringent criteria
taken by the system. Given these encouraging results, we are
confident that an automatic breast cancer detection and
grading system can be developed to assist the pathologists by
providing second opinions and alerting them to cases that
require further attention. Nevertheless, more comprehensive

prediction.
V. BIOPSY SCORING AND GRADING
Scoring according to positive cells: The scoring of the cancer
detected biopsy image was evaluated by computing the
percentages of positive cancer cells, the respective definitions
are as follows:
T
tests are needed to provide better evaluation of the algorithm’s
performance. The performance of the classification algorithm
was evaluated by computing the percentages of Sensitivity
(SE), Specificity (SP) and Accuracy (AC), the respective
definitions are as follows:
SE=TP/ (TP+FN)*100 (1)

% of cells positive Score

ES SP=TN/ (TN+TP)*100 (2)

0 0 AC= (TP+TN)/ (TN+TP+FN+FP)*100 (3)

1-25% 1
26-50% 2 Where TP is the number of true positives, TN is the number of
51-75% 3 true negatives; FN is the number of false negatives, and FP is
>=76% 4 the number of false positives. Since it is interesting to estimate
the performance of classifier based on the classification of
Scoring based on the micro objects: benign and malignant breast cell nuclei, the true positives
All the detected cells (micro object) in the high resolution (TP), false positives (FP), true negatives (TN), and false
A
images are classified into one of the four type’s micro objects. negatives (FN) are defined appropriately as shown below:
Based on the type of object scoring perform.
Overall Grading: The overall grade of the patient is defined in FP: Predicts benign as malignant.
terms of the total. Then, the overall grade is assigned as TP: Predicts malignant as malignant.
follows: FN: Predicts malignant as benign
• Grade I (low grade): G = 3, 4, 5 TN: Predicts benign as begin.
IJ

• Grade II (intermediate grade): G = 6, 7, 8

• Grade III (high grade): G = 9, 10, 11 Sensitivity, specificity and accuracy of prediction have been
calculated according to the above formals for all of the testing
TABLE II data (390 micro object cases). Table 1 shows the resulted SE,
GRADE. P: PATHOLOGIST, S: SYSTEM. SP and AC for testing data of the proposed networks.
Patient Image Grade TABLE III THE RESULTS AFTER TRAINING OF THE NETWORK
Patient Image1 P 3
Patient Image1 S 3
Patient Image2 P 2 No Sensitivity Specificity Accuracy
Patient Image2 S 2 of
Patient Image3 P 3 cases
Patient Image3 S 2 390 99.10% 95.70% 98.60%
Patient Image4 P 2
Patient Image4 S 1
Patient Image5 P 1
Patient Image5 S 1

ISSN: 2230-7818 @ 2011 http://www.ijaest.iserp.org. All rights Reserved. Page 7

 Shekhar Singh et al. / (IJAEST) INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ADVANCED ENGINEERING SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGIES
VII. CONCLUSION
This paper presented a multi-segmentation method for
automatic breast cancer detection and grading of
histopathological images. The individual cells are detected
and classified in the high-resolution image frames. They are
then scored according to the three criteria of the Nottingham
system. Given the encouraging test results, we are confident
that an automatic grading system can be developed to assist
the pathologists by providing second opinions and alerting
them to cases that require further attention. FNN has been
implemented for classification of micro object of breast cancer
tumor. Twenty six hundred sets of cell nuclei characteristics
obtained by applying image analysis techniques to
microscopic slides of H & E stained samples of breast biopsy
have been used in the current work. MATLAB software
package version 8 is used to implement the software in the
current work. These feature vectors which consist of eight
image analysis features each were carried out to generate
training and testing of the proposed NN. The accuracy is
calculated to evaluate its effectiveness of the proposed
network.
The obtained accuracy of the network was 98.60% whereas
the sensitivity and specificity were found to be equal 99.10%
and 95.70% respectively. We conclude that that the proposed
ES
system gives fast and accurate classification of breast tumors.
A
Figure1 Biopsy Image
IJ
Figure2 Cancer Detected Image
ISSN: 2230-7818 @ 2011 http://www.ijaest.iserp.org. All rights Reserved.
Vol No. 6, Issue No. 1, 004 - 009
Figure3 Classified Cancer Detected Image
Red, Magenta, Blue, Green Objects are type4, type3, type2, type1 Objects.
REFERENCES
[1] Ajay Nagesh Baravanhalty, Shridar Gancean, Shannan Agner, James
T
Peter Monaco, “Coputerised image based detection and grading of
lymphocytic infiltration in HER2 breast cancer histopathology”,IEEE
Transactions on biomedical engineering vol 57,no-3 march -2010.
[2] Jean Roman Dalle, Wee Kheng Leow, Daniel Recoeanis, Adima
Eunice Tatac, Thomas C.Putti, “Automatic breast cancer grading of
histopathological images”, 30th annual international IEEE EMBS
conference van couver British Columbia, Canada, august , 2008.
[3]
[4]
Ali H. Al-Timemy, Fawzi M. Al-Naima ,Nebras H. Qaeeb,
“Probabilistic Neural Network for Breast Biopsy Classification”,
MASAUM Journal of Computing, Volume 1 Issue 2, September 2009 .
F. Schnorrenberg , C.S. Pattichis , K. Kyriacou , M.Vassiliou , C.N.
Schizas , “Computer–aided classification of breast cancer nuclei” ,
Accepted for publication in the journal Technology & HealthCare,
Elsevier Science B.V.,Amsterdam, Netherlands, 1996.
[5] Spiros Kostopoulos, Dionisis Cavouras, Antonis Daskalakis, Panagiotis
Bougioukos, Pantelis Georgiadis, George C. Kagadis, Ioannis Kalatzis,
Panagiota Ravazoula, George Nikiforidis, “Colour-Texture based
image analysis method for assessing the Hormone Receptors status in
Breast tissue sections”, Proceedings of the 29th Annual International
Conference of the IEEE EMBS Cité International, Lyon, France
August 23-26,2007.
[6] Sokol Petushi, Fernando U Garcia, Marian M Haber,Constantine
Katsinis and Aydin Tozeren, “Large-scale computations on histology
images reveal grade-differentiating parameters for breast cancer”,
BMC Medical Imaging 2006, 6:14 doi:10.1186/1471-2342-6-14.
[7] Tao Shi , David Seligson, Arie S Belldegrun, Aarno Palotie and Steve
Horvath ,” Tumor classification by tissue microarray profiling: random
forest clustering applied to renal cell carcinoma”, Modern
Pathology (2005) 18, 547–557.
[8] Anthony McCabe , Marisa Dolled-Filhart , Robert L. Camp , David L.
Rimm,” Automated Quantitative Analysis (AQUA) of In Situ Protein
Expression, Antibody Concentration,and Prognosis”, Journal of the
National Cancer Institute, Vol. 97, No. 24, December 21, 2005.
[9] James W. Bacus,2 Charles W. Boone, James V. Bacus,Michele Follen,
Gary J. Kelloff, Valery Kagan, and Scott M. Lippman,” Image
Morphometric Nuclear Grading of Intraepithelial Neoplastic Lesions
with Applications to Cancer Chemoprevention Trials”, Cancer
Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention Vol. 8, 1087–1094,
December 1999
[10] Hussain Fatakdawala, Jun Xu, Ajay Basavanhally, Gyan Bhanot,
Shridar Ganesan, Michael Feldman, John E. Tomaszewski, and Anant
Madabhushi,” Expectation Maximization driven Geodesic Active
Contour with Overlap Resolution (EMaGACOR): Application to
Lymphocyte Segmentation on Breast Cancer Histopathology”, IEEE
TRANSACTIONS ON BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING, VOL. -,
ISSUE. -,DECEMBER 2009.
Page 8
 Shekhar Singh et al. / (IJAEST) INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ADVANCED ENGINEERING SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGIES
Vol No. 6, Issue No. 1, 004 - 009

[11] Scarff RW, Torloni H: Histological typing of breast tumors.

International histological classification of tumors. World Health
Organization 1968, 2(2):13-20.
[12] Elston CW, Ellis IO: Pathological prognostic factors in breast cancer.
The value of histological grade in breast cancer: experience from a
large study with long-term follow-up. Histopathology 1991, 19:403-
410.
[13] C. Demir and B.Yener, “Automated cancer diagnosis based on
histopathological images: a systematic survey,” Rensselaer Polytechnic
Institute, Tech. Rep., 2005.
[14] A. Tutac, D. Racoceanu, T. Putti, W. Xong, W.-K. Leow, and V.
Cretu, “Knowledge-guided semantic indexing of breast cancer
histopathology images,” in Proc. Int. Conf. on Biomedical Engineering
and Informatics, 2008.
[15] S. Petushi, F. U. Garcia, M. M. Haber, C. Katsinis, and A. Tozeren,
“Large-scale computations on histology images reveal
gradedifferentiating parameters for breast cancer,” BMC Medical
Imaging, vol. 6, no. 14, 2006.
[16] S. Doyle, M. Hwang, M. Feldman, and J. Tomaszeweski, “Automated
grading of prostate cancer using architectural and textural image
features,” in Proc. of 4th IEEE Int. Symp. on Biomedical Imaging,
2007, pp. 1284 – 1287.
[17] H. Soltanian-Zadeh and K. Jafari-Khouzani, “Multiwavelet grading of
prostate pathological images,” IEEE Trans. on Biomedical

T
Engineering, vol. 50, pp. 697–704, 2003.
[18] A. Nedzved, S. Ablameyko, and I.Pitas, “Morphological segmentation
of histology cell images,” in Proc. Int. Conf. Pattern Recognition,
2000, pp. 1500–1503.
[19] H. Jeong, T.-Y. Kim, H.-G. Hwang, and H.-J. Choi, “Comparison of
thresholding methods for breast tumor cell segmentation,” in Proc. of
7th Int. Workshop on Enterprise networking and Computing in
Healthcare Industry, 2005, pp. 392–395.
[20]

[21]
ES
F. Schnorrenberg, “Comparison of manual and computer-aided breast
cancer biopsy grading,” in Proc. of IEEE EMBS, 1996.
M. E. Adawi, Z. Shehab, H. Keshk, and M. E. Shourbagy, “A fast
algorithm for segmentation of microscopic cell images,” in Proc. Of
4th Int. conf. on Information & Communications Technology, 2006.
[22] Latson L, Sebek B, Powell KA: Automated cell nuclear segmentation
in color images of hematoxylin and eosin-stained breast biopsy.
Analytical and Quantitative Cytology and Histology 2003, 25(6):321-
331.
[23] Schnorrenberg F, Pattichis C, Kyriacou K,Schizas C: Computer-
Aided Detection of Breast Cancer Nuclei. IEEE Trans on Information
Tech in Biomedicine 1997, 1(2):128-140.
[24] Schupp S, Elmoataz A, Herlin P, Bloyet D: Mathematical
morphologicsegmentation deticated to quantitative
A
immunohistochemistry. Analytical and Quantitative Cytology and
Histology 2001, 23(4):257-267.
[25] Bacus JW, Boone Charles W, Bacus James V, Michele Follen, Kelloff
Gary J, Valery Kagan, Scott Lippman M: Image Morphometric
Nuclear Grading of Intraepithelial Neoplastic Lesions with
Applications to Cancer Chemoprevention Trials. Cancer Epidemiol
Biomarkers Prev 1999, 8:1087-1094.
[26] Hoque A, Lippman Scott M, Boiko Iouri V, Atkinson Edward N, Nour
IJ

Sneige, Aysegul Sahin, Weber Diane M, Seymon Risin, Lagios

Michael D, Roland Schwarting, Colburn William J, Kapil Dhingra,
Michele Follen, Kelloff Gary J, Boone Charles W, Hittelman Walter N:
Quantitative Nuclear Morphometry by Image Analysis for Prediction
of Recurrence of Ductal Carcinoma in Situ of the Breast. Cancer
Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2001, 10:249-259.
[27] Wolberg WH, Street WN, Heisey DM, Mangasarian OL: Computer-
derived nuclear grade and breast cancer prognosis. Analytical
Quantitative Cytology Histology 1995, 17:257-64.
[28] Petushi S, Katsinis C, Coward C, Garcia F, Tozeren A: Automated
identification of microstructures on histology slides. IEEE International
Symposium on Biomedical Imaging: Macro to Nano 2004, 1:424-427

ISSN: 2230-7818 @ 2011 http://www.ijaest.iserp.org. All rights Reserved. Page 9