VALVES

Introduction:

Valves are the components in a fluid flow or pressure system which regulate
either the flow the pressure of the fluid.

The valves are used for:

 Starting and stopping the flow

 Controlling the flow the rate

 Diverting flow

 Preventing the backflow

 Controlling the pressure

 Relieving pressure

This may be done manually or automatically, Manual operation includes the

operation of the valves by means of manually control power operator.
Automatically operated valves prevents backflow and relieving pressure.

Definition:

A valve is a piping component which influence the fluid flow in the system
comprising of pipes, apparatus and machines by opening and closing,
diverting or partially obstructing the passage through it self.

Different types of valves are there, Some of them are explained as follows:
 Gate valve

 Globe valve

 Non-return valve
  Plug and ball valve

 Butterfly valve

 Diaphragm(pinch)valve

 Three way pressure gauge valve

Gate valve:

Gate valves are the most commonly used shut-off valves in the industry.
They are used where minimum pressure drop and bi-directional on-off
services is required. Normally gate valve are not designed for throttling
service.
Gate valves are available with wedge configuration of solid and flexible
type. Gate valves are normally operated in two ways:

 Hand wheel operated

 Remote operation.

Globe valve:

Globe valve are used very frequently. They can also be used for throttling
purpose with a specific profile on the disc. It is generally confined to
applications where the valve is normally closed and pressure drop is not
important when the valve is open. Normally Globe valve are installed with
flow under the disc.

Non Return Valve:

Non Return Valve of swing check type provided with a forced closing
mechanism. They are installed in bearing extraction lines. The purpose of
these valves is to prevent the backflow during the turbine trip.

Materials used:
 Formed steel
  Cast steel

Plug and Ball valve:

Valve in which the closure device rotate about an axis at right angles to the
direction of flow and in the open position the flow passes through it.

Butterfly valve:

Valve in which the closure device rotate about an axis at right angles to the
direction of flow and in the open position the flow passes around it.

Diaphragm (pinch) valve:

Valve in which the closure device is provided by the deformation of a

flexible diaphragm or tube.

Three way pressure gauge valve:

Used to isolate the pressure gauge from the system, when not required and
also eliminates the sudden pressure surges transmitted to the pressure gauge
and it can be mostly used in the water, oil, steam, air and all non-corrosive
media
Used in pressure gauge lines(just before the pressure gauge )
Material used: stainless steel.

Valves can be generally categorized as linear (multi- turn) and rotary

(quarter-turn)

Linear valves Rotary valves

Gate valve
Ball valve
Globe valve
Plug valve
General purpose Diaphragm valve
butterfly valves
High
performance
Pinch butterfly valves

Basic valves design:

 Valve sizing and material used

 Flow parameter pressure, temperature and flow quality for maximum,

normal and minimum conditions.

 closing mechanism of medium/minimum pressure.

 Allowable pressure drop

 Valve matching pipe size

 The disc-arm assembly is made as light as possible for ensuring

maximum lift.

 We should use spindles together with bushings made of super nickron

in lower stresses, less wear and longer life.

 A valve without actuator is provided in series along a valve with

actuator to enhance reliability.

A valve selected correctly for the application should last at least the life of
the plant, with the minimum of maintenance
Valve can cause the biggest headache on a plant

Example:

 Wrongly selected

 Poorly designed
  Material poor quality

Material Construction:

A wide range of material is available to meet the severest service condition.

the material most frequently used or values construction includes cast iron,
bronze, nickel alloy, copper alloy, steel, stainless steel, and to a lesser extent,
aluminum and titanium.
Cast iron and bronze are generally used for applications involving
comparatively low temperature, i.e. up to approximately 200-260 C (392-
500T}
Carbon steels or alloy steels are employed for higher temperature. Various
alloys steels for sub zero temperature down to around -196C.
All plastic valves are being specified increasingly as an alter native to
stainless steel or alloy valves.

Valve Integrity:

The valve body is the main pressure containing element and serves as the
basic element for all the other components. It must be strong enough to with
stand the pressure and temperature of the process during inside the system
and the load generated by the piping connections and the actuator on the out
side.

Full Port Or Reduced Port:

Certain categories of the valves notably ball valves can be designed with a
full port or reduced port through the valve.
Full port is the term used to describe the port diameter that is similar to the
adjacent paper work and valve of this design used for low pressure drops.
Reduced port valves are designed with a port diameter usually reduced to the
next pipe diameter down and are used to save weight, material and cost
The reduced port increase the pressure drop in piping system.