Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
By:
e-mail: artur.krueger@gmail.com
e-mail: f.pouponnot@petroval.com
Presented at:
ABSTRACT
Heat exchanger tube inserts have been used for many years as reliable means for
heat transfer enhancement and fouling mitigation in petroleum refineries and chemical
plants. In this paper, we will present several new application examples for optimization of
heat exchangers and related equipment, resulting in enhancement of the function of such
equipment and improvement of on-line availability of the plant.
a. SPIRELF
The Spirelf system falls within the category of "on-line mechanical cleaning
devices". The principle is based on the insertion of flexible metal devices, in spiral form, into
the tubes of "shell and tube type" heat exchangers. The devices are stretched over the
length of each heat exchanger tube and are held in place by straight wires at each end
(inlet and outlet).
OPERATING PRINCIPLE
After installation the insert stays under tension. Under the effect of the circulating
flow, it enters into vibrations, radially and axially. The repeated contact between the loops
of the devices and the inner tube wall has two effects:
b. TURBOTAL
The Turbotal system falls within the category of "on-line mechanical cleaning
devices". The main aim of Turbotal is the control of fouling in heat exchangers. The
principle is based on the insertion of rotating metal devices, in rigid helicoidal form, into the
tubes of "shell and tube type" heat exchangers.
HELICOIDAL DEVICE ROTATING
BY THE FLUID FLOW
OPERATING PRINCIPLE
Turbotal is a system, which is held at the inlet of tubes by a fixing device allowing
the mobile to rotate around its axis by means of the fluid flow.
This rotation causes a high turbulence in the flow and improves thus the internal
heat transfer coefficient. As the boundary layer is continuously renewed, the wall
temperature is lowered and fouling is slower. Combined with the mechanical effect of the
rotation, TURBOTAL has a preventive effect against fouling with this two effects:
The TURBOTAL is extremely versatile. The rotation speed can adapt itself
according to the operating conditions. The TURBOTAL is able to cope with :
The fixing device of the coil is placed at the outside of the tube. The design of the
coil itself is adapted for each case to the geometry of the tubes and the process conditions.
As a consequence, the mechanical effect of the Turbotal system reduces fouling build-up
inside heat exchanger tubes and the turbulent effect achieves an improvement of the heat
transfer rate (the internal heat transfer coefficient is multiplied by 1.8). Overall the sum of
these two effects results in a reduction of the apparent fouling factor by as much as three-
quarters.
Due to the operation principle, Turbotal and Spirelf devices can be used in all multi-
tubular heat exchangers with straight tubes, where deposits within the tubes are found.
d. FIXOTAL
FIXOTAL is a fixed device, which has been developed by TOTAL. Its function is
primarily to increase the thermal efficiency of tubular heat exchangers and also to reduce
the tubes fouling rate.
FIXOTAL consists of a wire coil, which is inserted inside every tube, with the wire in
firm contact with the inside tube wall. Once in place, the device has no possibility of the
slightest displacement (no vibration, no rotation, and no translation), the device can be
easily removed if necessary.
The main effect of the wire is to create a turbulence effect, thus decreasing the
boundary layer at the wall. The result is a significant increase of the tube side heat transfer
coefficient, resulting in of a moderate increase of pressure drop through the tube. This has
two major consequences :
Spirelf, Turbotal and Fixotal are especially well adapted to the use in crude oil
units, where the main fouling layer is composed by asphaltenes. In this application, the aim
is primarily energy efficiency but also to improve maintenance management through
extension of exchanger run times which at the same time results in improved throughput
capacity.
Other units that can be equipped by Spirelf, Turbotal and Fixotal are
desulphurisation units, hydrotreaters, with the condition of liquid phase tube side of the
exchangers. Application on Naphtha, Kerosene, Gas Oil Light Crude Oil have been
developed for several years successfully.
Spirelf, Turbotal and Fixotal installation and use do not require any modification of
the heat exchanger.
• Delta-P caused by Spirelf, Turbotal and Fixotal devices = between 1 and 3 psi
or 0.1 and 0.2 bar per pass (depending on tube dimensions, crude type, flow velocity)
Delta-P for two-pass exchanger = 3 psi or 0.2 bar (average value at 1 m/s flow velocity)
• Delta-P caused by fouling to be considered for comparison
• Higher Delta-P resulting in increased flow turbulence (inner heat ~ transfer
coefficient X 1.8)
Cleaning frequency before a tube Service time of tube inserts or new cleaning
inserts equipment frequency if chemical cleanings are not used
6 months (Turbotal, Spirelf and Fixotal) 1 year to 1 ,5 year
1 year (Turbotal, Spirelf and Fixotal) 2 years to 3 years
18 months (Spirelf and Fixotal) 3 years and more
d. Typical installations
• crude preheat train (with crude flow tube side) last exchangers before furnace,
pumparound/reflux lines, product lines to storage
• Retrofit installation
• New exchangers to be equipped to improve exchanger performance/extend
anticipated run time.
In order to be able to run for longer time, there is possibility to perform some
chemical cleaning on line with Spirelf and Fixotal in place. Tube inserts are used in order to
keep high heat transfer efficiency and the chemical cleaning at regular period is a solution
to recover the initial efficiency during an extended service time.
120.0
110.0
100.0
90.0
80.0
70.0
Without Spirelf Spirelf Effect
60.0
50.0
SOR+1
SOR+21
SOR+41
SOR+61
SOR+81
SOR+101
SOR+121
SOR+141
SOR+161
SOR+181
SOR+201
SOR+221
SOR+241
SOR+261
SOR+281
SOR+301
SOR+321
SOR+341
Fig. 6
III. INDUSTRIAL RESULTS : THE TURBOTAL SYSTEM - EFFICIENCY
COMPARISON IN A CRUDE UNIT
a. Unit description
In November 2003, Turbotal has been installed in CDU 1 heat exchangers 8ABEF.
In order to evaluate the efficiency of the Turbotal in these heat exchangers, a comparison
study has been performed between the 2 branches of the pre heat train (one equipped
8AB, one unequipped 8EF, see fig below).
Heater
E8B E8A
E8F E8E
Fig. 7
b. Heat exchanger characteristics (tube side) (Used for expected for study/real)
The working conditions since the installation have been stabilized and generally
match with the expected working conditions in tube side.
100%
90% % U increase Eq/Uneq-1
80%
eU
70%
s
a
60%
re
50%
% c
in
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
11/11/2003 11/01/2004 11/03/2004 11/05/2004 11/07/2004 11/09/2004 11/11/2004
Fig. 8
Explanation of the evolution:
According to the flow sheet, the shell side product is atmospheric residue which is
usually a fouling product which strongly influences the global duty of the heat exchanger
and against tube insert cannot work. The equipped heat exchangers are now running with
50% improvement for the duty compared than without. The fouling in tube side would be a
very substancial limitation of the global heat transfer in these heat exchangers.
The Delta T (Outlet – Inlet) evolution between both branches has been quite
significativelly improved due to Turbotal:
Average value for the first year inlet outlet Delta T DT after 1 year
Flow rate value in 8AB (°C, tube side) 203 242 39 37
Flow rate value in 8EF (°C, tube side) 212 242 30 27
Tube inserts installation in heat exchanger 8AB increased the average DT during
the first year by 9°C. A conservation of 9°C is possibly observed at the furnace inlet by
using tube insert during this period. The final monitored Delta T is still +10°C
The interest of Turbotal installation is both cleaning effect and turbulent effect in
tube side by mechanical action. As it has been observed in this heat exchanger, it brings
some better heat transfer performance which help to keep higher outlet temperature of the
heat exchanger and when it is installed into the most strategic heat exchanger, this thermal
improvement can bring some money savings due to energy savings among others.
With Turbotal, it has been calculated during the 6 first months of last run that an
improvement of 9°C is a realistic improvement in these heat exchangers.
Global energy savings over 1 year : Euro 591 300 during the first year
This estimate is based on energy savings during one year. Then the 18 additional
months would generate only purely energy savings. Usually Turbotal installation generates
also production loss savings and maintenance savings (if in between shutdown can be
avoided).
• The heat transfer improvement (“U” value) was at start of run around + 50%
with an average value during the 6 first months around + 30 % and a final stabilization at +
20%. During the second semester, the duty increased from 20 % up to 50%. The increased
was especially visible during a stabilized period between end of August and November
2004.
• This improvement results into higher outlet temperature of +10°C for equipped
branch. And the average improvement is around +9°C.
• Energy savings are then better then initially expected
• Pay back time in less than 6 months.
Fig 9.
General working conditions for this heat exchangers are:
• 800 tubes and 2 passes on tube side (for each bundle),
• Flow rate: 249 t/h (Fluid velocity:1.2 m/s),
• Desalted crude is flowing tube side and Top pump around is in shell side,
• Straight tubes 6,096 mm / OD 19,05 mm / BWG 14.
• Cleaning frequency of 1.5 years, when the hydraulic limit is reached.
• 0.3 bar SOR and 1.8 bar EOR
• Heat exchanger situated just after the desalter
• Strong fouling deposit has been observed at the cleaning time.
After Spirelf installation, the fouling factor had been reduced to the minimal value
and kept under optimal value and optimized working conditions. Since it is
installed, the fouling factor is stabilized to a low value and no excessive extra DP
had been observed.
V. INDUSTRIAL RESULTS : THE TURBOTAL SYSTEM –
Fig. 10
Since November 2002, this 2 heat exchangers are equipped with Spirelf with the
idea to run and to perform some chemical cleaning every years.
Installation problematics
Before installation, the heat exchanger was 6 passes with a strong problem of
efficiency due to:
• Strong fouling even with high fluid velocity (around 2.2 m/s)
• Short residence time (compared with the effective heat transfer coefficient
with fouling)
Observed results and production constraints:
Decided modifications:
Expected results:
Observed results :
5
0
15
30
45
60
75
90
10
12
13
15
16
18
19
21
22
Days
Fig. 11
Conclusion:
• Good thermal efficiency due to pass number reduction and Fixotal installation
• Good fouling mitigation due to Fixotal. Comparable fouling evolution whereas
it should have been 3 times more severe and bring quite strong problem of the service time
and production enhancement.
Chemical cleaning every 6 months in order to recover the initial efficiency but
without removing Fixotal. A replacement is expected every 4years.
Generally reboilers are heated on shell side by steam, and the organic product
flews tube side.
In terms of heat transfer, there is a big difference between the outside and the
inner heat transfer coefficients, and this last one constitutes the main resistance for the
heat transfer. This characteristic is even more pronounced in case of fouling coming from
the organic product. Consequently, any increase of the inner coefficient (IHTC) translates
to about the same improvement on the overall heat transfer coefficient (OHTC).
Slug flow
Bubbly flow
Fig. 12
Generally fouling grows on the tube surface, and a source of fouling on the organic
product side, comes from the high temperature of the wall, heated by medium pressure
steam (around 200° C – 400° F). After forming of the first layer of deposit on the wall, the
tube surface becomes rough which makes for easier formation of new deposits on it. As at
the same time, the wall temperature becomes higher due to the resistance of the fouling
layer, organic compounds are transformed into coke. It is important, in order to prevent
later severe fouling, to reduce the start-up the fouling formation from the beginning.
Without to take into account the mechanical effect of the Spirelf springs through
their contact with the wall, the increase of turbulence itself reduces the “laminar layer”
thickness, reducing the wall temperature and consequently fouling phenomena from the
beginning.
• Natural thermosiphon
• 1 heat exchanger of 80 tubes and 1 pass on tube side,
• Flow rate: between 15 and 30 t/h,
• Boiling organic is flowing tube side,
• Straight tubes 1,500 mm / OD 27.45 mm / internal diameter 21.4 mm.
Solution description
Due to the low velocity in single liquid phase, the implementation of Spirelf in this
reboiler was proposed in order to generate a turbulent effect in this part of the tubes. This
effect was expected to increase the convection coefficient of the liquid and accelerate the
gas formation.
Observed results
Initial evaluation after the first installation in February 2004 after 3 months
installation the Spirelf was still in service and the 6 months service time without water
cleaning was expected at the time of the evaluation. Observed results are a strong
mitigation of the fouling deposition. Observed U value in equipped situation is now
stabilised at higher U value than the expected stabilisation (around 200). As additional
result, it is more than twice higher than the stabilisation without Spirelf.
Thermosiphon Reboiler, Spirelf effect
2003 (Without Spirelf)
2004 (With Spirelf)
500 Cleaning by
450 water injection
400
350
U value 300
250
200
150
100
50
0
0 20 40 days 60 80 100
Fig. 13
There are 4 reboilers in the unit, and 2 of them were in bottleneck situation
because of fouling. After this test, the chemical plant decided to equip both critical reboilers
in order to be able to run 1 year with water injection every month.
List of Publications
Frequency of cleanings :
chemical cleaning : ....................
mechanical cleaning : ....................
Fouling resistance :
beginning of the run : .................... (m2. K/W)
end of the run : .................... (m2. K/W)
Note: Please send a PFD of the preheat train, or a sketch of the exchanger
arrangement).
Please return this questionnaire to : P E T R O V A L
9 rue de l’Eglise - BP 66
Les Trois Pierres
76430 ST-ROMAIN DE COLBOSC/ FRANCE
: (33) 02 35 31 00 00 Fax: (33) 02 35 31 35 35 e-mail : petroval@petroval.com
Copy to:
US representative: Artur W. Krueger, P.O.Box 19686, Houston, TX 77224-9686
Tel: 001 713 464 8711; Fax: 001 713 464 8798; e-mail : artur.krueger@gmail.com
Page : 1/2
QUESTIONNAIRE
SPIRELF/TURBOTAL/FIXOTAL EVALUATION AND DESIGN
Frequency of cleanings :
chemical cleaning : ....................
mechanical cleaning : ....................
Fouling resistance :
beginning of the run : .................... (m2. K/W)
end of the run : .................... (m2. K/W)
Note: Please send a PFD of the preheat train, or a sketch of the exchanger
arrangement).
Please return this questionnaire to : P E T R O V A L
9 rue de l’Eglise - BP 66
Les Trois Pierres
76430 ST-ROMAIN DE COLBOSC/ FRANCE
: (33) 02 35 31 00 00 Fax: (33) 02 35 31 35 35 e-mail : petroval@petroval.com
Copy to:
US representative: Artur W. Krueger, P.O.Box 19686, Houston, TX 77224-9686
Tel: 001 713 464 8711; Fax: 001 713 464 8798; e-mail : artur.krueger@gmail.com