oncept 1: Common Features of All Cells

All cells, whether they are prokaryotic or eukaryotic, have some common features.

The common features of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells are:

1. DNA, the genetic material contained in one or more chromosomes and located in a
nonmembrane bound nucleoid region in prokaryotes and a membrane-bound nucleus in
eukaryotes

2. Plasma membrane, a phospholipid bilayer with proteins that separates the cell from
the surrounding environment and functions as a selective barrier for the import and
export of materials

3. Cytoplasm, the rest of the material of the cell within the plasma membrane, excluding
the nucleoid region or nucleus, that consists of a fluid portion called the cytosol and the
organelles and other particulates suspended in it

4. Ribosomes, the organelles on which protein synthesis takes place

Concept 2: Features of Prokaryotic Cells
Prokaryotes, which include all bacteria and archaea (archaebacteria), are the
simplest cellular organisms.
Prokaryotic cells are fundamentally different in their internal
organization from eukaryotic cells. Notably, prokaryotic cells lack a
nucleus and membranous organelles.

A generic drug (generic drugs, short: generics) is a drug which is produced and
distributed without patent protection. The generic drug may still have a patent on the
formulation but not on the active ingredient.
A generic must contain the same active ingredients as the original formulation. According
to the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) generic drugs are identical or
bioequivalent to the brand name counterpart with respect pharmacokinetic and
pharmacodynamic properties. By extension, therefore, generics are identical in dose,
strength, route of administration, safety, efficacy, and intended use [1]. In most cases,
generic products are available once the patent protections afforded to the original
developer have expired. When generic products become available, the market
competition often leads to substantially lower prices for both the original brand name
product and the generic forms. The time it takes a generic drug to appear on the market
varies. In the US, drug patents give twenty years of protection, but they are applied for
before clinical trials begin, so the effective life of a drug patent tends to be between seven
and twelve years.

KALINGA GANGSA

gangsa are handmade by the

Kalinga tribe of the Northern Philippines
(in the Cordillera mountain range)
they are used in traditional dances
and used to summon the gods for good fortune