Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Zeff = Z – σ
P H Y S I C A L P R O P E RT I E S
Property Explanation
Zeff increases across a period. The number of protons, and thus Z,
Atomic radii decrease
increases, while σ remains approximately constant as the number
across a period
of fully filled inner principle quantum shells remain the same
Zeff decreases descending a group. The number of protons, and
Atomic radii increase
thus Z, increases, while σ increases as the number of fully filled
descending a group
inner principle quantum shells increases
From Na to Al, the
The Zeff increases from Na to Al as the cation has one less shell of
size of the cation is
electrons, Consequently, the nucleus exerts a greater attractive
always smaller than
force on the valence electrons in the cation.
the parent atom
From P to Cl, the size Both the anion and its parent atom have the same number of
of the anion is always protons, making Z identical. The anion however, has more
larger than the electrons that its parent atom, making the nucleus attract the
parent atom valence electron less strongly in the anion
Size of isoelectronic σ remains constant as the have the same number of inner
ions decrease across electrons. Z increases, and thus the nucleus attracts the valence
a period electrons more strongly
For more information about ionization energy, refer to the atomic structure cheatsheet
1st IE decreases Zeff decreases descending a group. Z increases descending a
descending a group group while σ increases as well, but more significantly
Electrons are removed from an ions with increasing positive
2nd IE > 1st IE always charges, increasing the Zeff and attracting electrons more strongly
to the nucleus
Electronegativity Zeff increases across a period. Z increases while σ remains
increases across a approximately constant. The ability of an atom in a molecule to
period attract bonding electrons thus increases.
Electronegativity Zeff decreases across a period. While Z increases, σ increases
decreases more significantly. Thus, the ability of an atom in a molecule to
descending a group attract bonding electrons decreases.
Period 2 Li Be B C* N O F Ne
Period 3 Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar
Type Metal Metalloid Non-metal
Structure Metallic Giant Molecular Simple Molecular
Strong metallic bonds Weak VDW forces
Bonding Depends on no. of valence e- Strong covalent bonds Depends on the size of e-
Na < Mg < Al P4 < S8 >> Cl2 > Ar
mp/bp High Very High Low
Electrical Good conductors Poor conductors
conductivi Depends on no. of valence e- Insulators
*Graphite is a slightly better
– No mobile valence e-
ty Na < Mg < Al
conductor: mobile valence e-
http://education.helixated.com
An Open Source Education Project
C H E M I C A L P R O P E RT I E S
Reaction with
Reaction with dry dry pH in
Reaction with water
oxygen and heat chlorine and water
heat
P4 + 3O2 P4O6
P4 + 6Cl2 4PCl3
Gp V
S8 + 4Cl2
S + O2 SO2
4S2Cl2
Gp VI
S 2SO2 + O2 No reaction 7
S2Cl2 + Cl2
2SO3
2SCl2
Slow
Slow
oxidisingStrongly
2Cl2 + 7O2
Gp VII
http://education.helixated.com
An Open Source Education Project
OX I D E S + P R O P E RT I E S
P4O6 SO2 Cl2O (ClO2)
Oxide Na2O MgO Al2O3 SiO2
P4O10 SO3 Cl2O7
Oxidation +1 +2 +3 +4 +3, +5 +4, +6 +1, +4. +7
number Always positive: Oxygen is more electronegative
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
No. of valence e- Multiple oxidation numbers. Atoms have unoccupied, low-lying
Oxidation number equal number of valence e -
3d orbitals that can be used to expand their octet
Bonding Ionic Covalent
Structure Giant ionic lattices Giant covalent Simple molecular
Solid Gas, (liquid)
State at 20°C Gas, solid Gas, liquid
High bp due to large amount of energy required to break ionic bonds in the liquid
lattice (Na, Mg, Al) or giant covalent structure (Si) Weak VDW forces
Molten electrical Good Very poor No conductivity
No charged
conductivity Mobile ions present in molten state
particles
No mobile ions in liquid state
http://education.helixated.com
An Open Source Education Project
Oxide
acid-base
behaviour
&hydroxide
2NaCl(aq) + H2O(l)Na2O(s) + 2HCl(aq)
http://education.helixated.com
NaCl(aq) + H2ONaOH(aq) + HCl(aq)
Solubility in
Dissolves Dissolves to evolve HCl fumes
water
pH 7 6.5 3 2
Slightly acidic Strongly acidic Strongly acidic
http://education.helixated.com
An Open Source Education Project
Equations
-
http://education.helixated.com
An Open Source Education Project
MgCl2(s) + 6H2O(l) [Mg(H2O)6]2+(aq) + 2Cl-(aq)