The partial pressure of a gas is its mole

GASES fraction times its total pressure

Deviation from ideality occurs under The mole fraction is given by ngas/ntotal
 High pressure – intermolecular
STEREOISOMERISM
distances become less negligible
 Low temperature – molecules move Carbons that are definitely not chiral
more slowly, IMF becomes less negligible sp3 hybridized: triple bonded
 When a gas has strong intermolecular sp2 hybridized: double bonded or
forces e.g. h-bonding in NH3 part of a benzene ring
 When a gas molecule has a large size
e.g. Cl2 n chiral centres give 2n optical isomers

For memorizers, deviation as follows:

Cl2>NH3>HCl>CO2>O2>N2>H2>H

Please at least know

pV=nRT ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
p n = C – ½(H + X – N)
V +1
R
Note the difference between benzyl and
Pa
phenyl
m3
 Phenyl is just a —C6H5 group
8
.31  Benzyl has a —CH2 group attached to
J C6H5

at  A cyclic ester may form from a hydroxy-

m acid
dm
3
ARENES
0
.08 Reactivity of attached groups and how they
2 direct.
Activiating More
reactive
Amine -NH2 2,4 Directing
Hydroxy -OH
Alkyl (CH2)nCH3
Aryl C6H5
Note the density of a gas is given by reference! H
ρ = m/V Halogen -Cl, -Br, -I
Aldehyde -CHO
Gas Graphs Ester -COO-
3 directing

Carboxylic -COOH
acid
Ketone -CO-
Nitrile -CN
Nitrite -NO2
Deactivatin Less
g reactive

DISTINGUISHING TESTS
Remember to give the following
1. Reagents and conditions
2. Observations
3. Equations

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 MECHANISM DRAWING
1. Name the mechanism
e.g. “electrophilic addition”
2. Show the polarization of atoms
e.g. Brδ—Brδ-
3. Draw arrows showing flow of electrons
4. Label slow/fast steps
Except in FRS and SN2
5. Number your steps

CHEMICAL BONDING
Strong covalent bonds
 Have multiple bonds
 Have short bond length and more
effective orbital overlap (small
molecular size)
 Are more polar – have ionic character
Strong ionic bonds
 Have high lattice energy
o Large charges
o Small radii

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