Electric Power Systems Research, 13 (1987) 119 - 127
The Effects of Unbalanced Networks on Synchronous and Asynchronous
Machine Transient Stability
RONALD G. HARLEY, ELHAM B. MAKRAM and EDWIN G. DURAN
Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634-0915 (U.S.A.)
(Received August 13, 1987)
s UMMARY
Untransposed lines and feeders, together
with single-phase loads, impose permanent
unbalanced conditions on the rest o f the
p o w e r system. Unbalanced phase voltages at
the terminals o f a machine can be represented
as balanced sets o f positive-, negative- and
zero-sequence voltages. The negative-sequence
voltage gives rise to negative-sequence current
which creates excessive heating, particularly
in the rotor circuits. Much attention has
been paid to the heating aspect, and protec-
tion provided against this, by limiting the
levels o f negative-sequence current; however,
p o w e r system stability studies, in particular
for multimachine systems, have until n o w
ignored the imbalance and its effects upon
the dynamic response o f the rotor speed o f
each machine. This paper reconsiders the
transient stability o f a single synchronous
generator connected to an infinite bus and
evaluates the significance o f the error in-
curred by representing the unbalanced line
and shunt load by an equivalent balanced
system. The paper also reconsiders the tran-
sient stability o f a multimachine system
containing a synchronous generator and an
induction m o t o r when subjected to different
types and degrees o f imbalance and finds
that significant errors are incurred under
certain conditions.
I NTRODUCTION
Stability studies of i n t e r c o n n e c t e d AC
machines can n o t assume constant speed
for each machine but have to solve the
transient response of the system to some
disturbance by numerical integration of
0378-7796/87/$3.50
119
differential equations. Finding the initial
conditions for voltages and currents in a
large power system requires a load flow
study which, t oget her with the numerical
integration process, soon becomes cumber-
some and time consuming if the system is
anything but modestly small.
Consequently, t he numbers of n e t w o r k
elements and differential equations per
machine in such a multimachine system are
usually kept to a m i ni m um by making vari-
ous simplifying assumptions. These simplifi-
cations can be divided into t w o broad cate-
gories: firstly those which affect t he details
of machine modeling, and secondly those
which concern the network. Of all these the
most i m p o r t a n t simplifications probably
are the assumption that the system is bal-
anced in the steady state prior to the dis-
turbance, that the disturbance itself is bal-
anced, and t hat the disturbed system remains
symmetrical or balanced. This means that
only a positive-sequence representation of
the entire system is necessary. Very few, if
any, stability programs allow the entire
system to be unbalanced prior to the dis-
turbance and also allow an unbalanced
disturbance such as a line-to-line short-circuit
somewhere in the network.
Imbalance in a simple n e t w o r k consisting
of an infinite bus and one machine can
conveniently be evaluated by representing
the system o f machine and n e t w o r k by an
equivalent positive-sequence n e t w o r k as well
as an equivalent negative-sequence n e t w o r k
and a zero-sequence n e t w o r k [1]. Such a
machine model consisting o f sequence net-
works nevertheless cannot represent any
electrical transients or 't ransform er voltage'
terms associated with the rate o f change
o f current, and are therefore n o t useful in
© Elsevier Sequoia/Printed in The Netherlands
120
cases where even the simple network contains
series or shunt capacitors [ 2].
In the early days stability calculations
were carried out for generators with fixed
excitation, assuming the field flux linkages
to be constant [3] and having a second-
order nonlinear differential equation for the
mechanical motion (the well-known 'equal
area criterion'). Damping could be allowed
for by a damping coefficient multiplied by
slip. Such a mathematical model did not
represent the electrical transients in a ma-
chine's windings.
Later methods [4, 5] were developed to
allow for changing field flux linkage in
order to represent the effects of voltage
regulators and from this grew the need not
only to represent the transient field current,
but also the transients in the stator three-
phase windings ABC. However, the non-
linear differential equations describing the
ABC phase currents contain the products
of variables as well as time-varying induc-
tances which are functions of rotor position.
Then Park [6] proved that the ABC equations
can be transformed into so-called two-axis
or d,q equations with constant inductances,
moreover, if the speed is assumed constant,
d,q equations are linear and analytical solu-
tions are possible.
Studies on synchronous machine transient
behavior can be divided into two broad
categories. In the first category fall all those
which assume the machine speed to remain
constant, and in the second are those which
allow the speed to be a variable. The first
category, or constant-speed studies, include
those investigating electromagnetic transients
such as fault currents for different types of
fault configurations, and load flow solutions
for initial conditions. Only those investiga-
tions which allow speed to vary are truly
stability evaluations; however, even within
this category one often finds that linearized
models are used for purposes of simplifica-
tion and analytical solution. While unbal-
anced network conditions are analyzed by
studies in the first category, such as asym-
metrical fault current patterns for example,
they are rarely included in stability studies.
We must clearly distinguish between tem-
porary imbalance such as that caused by
asymmetrical faults, and permanent imbal-
ance due to untransposed lines, unbalanced
single-phase shunt loads, and unbalanced sets
of voltages.
Unbalanced voltages at machine terminals
create negative-sequence rotor currents which
increase the losses and affect the dynamic
behavior, but, more importantly, give rise
to unexpected temperature rises. Until now,
most designers and protection engineers
have been concerned with limiting negative-
sequence currents in the stator in order to
limit the negative-sequence currents in the
rotor [7]. Very few, if any, studies have,
however, been concerned with the effect of
the negative-sequence braking torque upon
the machine dynamics.
In a complex multimachine unbalanced
network it becomes impractical to represent
the entire system as three equivalent sequence
network systems; moreover, a load flow study
has to be performed for each of the three
phases. Owing to these complications, multi-
machine stability studies have until now
avoided consideration of imbalance in the
network and in single-phase shunt loads.
Most, if not all, present-day stability programs
for power systems therefore assume balanced
network conditions ,in order to keep the
number of equations to a manageable size.
This paper reports on an investigation
into the effects of an unbalanced power
system network on the dynamic behavior
of a synchronous machine as illustrated in
Fig. 1, with and without the induction motor.
Attention is paid to the imbalance caused
by an untransposed asymmetrical line con-
figuration, and to unbalanced single-phase
shunt loads when the system is subjected
to a temporary three-phase short-circuit at
the infinite bus. The paper then extends
the investigations and combines both types
of machines into a multimachine system by
adding the induction motor into Fig. 1.
The network is analyzed in terms of its
ABC phase variables, but at the terminals
@
o
I Zabc
labc
Vabcl
I labcL
Vabc2
Fig. 1. M u l t i m a c h i n e p o w e r system.

of each machine a transformation converts
these to zero-, positive- and negative- (012)
sequence variables for use in the sequence
networks which represent each machine.
This allows network configurations to be
easily changed and single-phase shunt loads
to be applied simply by reading in the ABC
data pertaining to each case. Results are
presented of the system responding to the
induction m o t o r in Fig. 1 starting up, and to
a subsequent three-phase short-circuit at the
infinite bus. They show that the imbalance
can create an initial generator negative-
sequence current of as much as 15%, b u t
which decreases once the balanced induction
m o t o r load is switched onto the generator
terminals. The negative-sequence torques in
both generator and m o t o r have no significant
effect on either generator or m o t o r dynamic
behavior for the particular system considered
in this paper. However, ignoring the shunt
load does introduce a significant error. Fur-
ther work is necessary on field tests for
negative-sequence parameters and more ac-
curate modeling of the machines.
THEORY
S y n c h r o n o u s machine equations
The synchronous machine is simulated b y
its positive- and negative-sequence AC equiv-
alent circuits shown in Fig. 2. During steady
pre-fault conditions, the positive-sequence
circuit in Fig. 2(a) represents the machine by
the excitation voltage E0 in series with the
synchronous impedance. However, E' is also
VIII
I Similarly, the following expressions apply
0 to the negative-sequence circuit:
(a)
g
(b)
Fig. 2. S y n c h r o n o u s machine AC equivalent circuits:
(a) positive-sequence circuit; (b) negative-sequence
circuit.
121
calculated as the 'voltage behind transient
reactance' and during a disturbance the
magnitude of E' is considered to remain
constant. For the purpose of this investiga-
tion the effects of saliency and transient
saliency, as well as of damper windings, are
neglected.
Unbalanced ABC terminal voltages are
transformed into the sequence components
Vtp and Vtn before applying them to Fig. 2.
In the negative-sequence circuit, the circuit
elements are those associated with a counter-
rotating MMF; hence, Xn is taken to be the
subtransient reactance (X~ + X~)/2; however,
Ra ~-R2n/2 can be obtained b y a measure-
ment. Reference 1 lists values for Ra + R2~/2
varying from 0.011 to 0.6 p.u. depending
upon the type of material used in the damper
bars.
The sequence c o m p o n e n t voltages are
obtained from the node 2 phase voltages
V a b c 2 in Fig. 1 as follows:
(1)
Vtn a2 a LVc=J
or Vtopn = A ~ b o 2 where a is the complex
operator, a = 1 / 1 2 0 °= - - 0 . 5 + j0.866. Values
of Vabc2 a r e given by eqn. (13). The current
Igp is given by
Igp -----( E ' - - Y t p ) / ( R a + jX~) (2)
and the positive-sequence power developed
by the generator is
Igp = Re{E'Igp*} (3)
The torque associated with this is
Tgp = Pgp toz/ to~ (4)
where toz is the synchronous speed in rad
s- I , tog the instantaneous speed in tad s-1.
Ign = -- Ytg/(Ra + R2n/2 + jXn) (5)
Tgn = [Ign[:R2n/2 (6)
The equation for the motion of the rotor
is given by
Ptog = (Tpm -- Tap -- Tgn)/(2Hg/toz) (7)
where Hg is the inertia constant in seconds
and Tpg the prime mover driving torque.
122

For the purpose of this investigation t h e the load torque in p.u., and com the shaft
prime mover output power Ppm is assumed speed in rad s-i.
to remain constant (at its pre-disturbance For the purpose of this paper the motor
value) during disturbances, hence load is assumed to be a p u m p or a fan with
Tpm = Ppmcoz/cog (8) a typical characteristic of

Voltage regulator and governor action are T L = A + Bcom 2 (15)

omitted. where A sets the initial zero-speed load
Finally, the load angle 6 is found by in- torque and B sets the final equilibrium
tegrating speed where motor torque is equal to load
p5 = cog -- coz torque.
Equations (1)- (15) represent a nonlinear
system and they can only be solved by a
Induction machine equations numerical step-by-step integration process
The induction motor in Fig. 1 is simulated on a digital computer.
by its positive- and negative-sequence AC
equivalent circuits in Fig. 3. The current I2p Network equations
in Fig. 3(a) is given by The ABC voltage vector at node 2 in Fig.
I2p = (Vtp/Zp)[Zmp/(Zmp + Z2p)] (10) 1 is given by

where Zp is the input impedance, Zmp and ~abc2 = Vabcl + Zabclabc

Z2p are the positive-sequence magnetizing = ~abcl + Zabc[Iabcg - - IabcL - - / a b c m ] (16)
and rotor impedances. This gives the positive-
sequence torque labcL = YabcL ~bc2 (17)
Tep = [I2pl2R2p/S (11) /abcg = Yabcg[ ~abcg - - Vabc2] (18)

In a similar way, the following expressions labcm = Yabcm Vabc2 (19)

are found for the negative-sequence circuit: where Zabc represents the transmission line
I2n = ( V t n / Z n ) [ Z m n / ( Z r n n + Z2n)] (12) impedance matrix, and Y~bcL, Yabcg and
Yabcm represent the admittance matrices of
Ten = [12nl 2R2n/(2 -- S) (13) the shunt load, the generator and the induc-
The equation for motion of the rotor is tion motor respectively. ~bcg represents the
given by A B C voltages of the generator internally
induced sequence voltages in which the zero-
PCOm = (Tep -- Ten -- TL)(2/-/m/COz) (14) and negative-sequence components are zero,
where Hm is the inertia constant in seconds, and the positive-sequence component is
coz the synchronous speed in rad s-1, TL equal to E'.
Combining eqns. (16)- (19) to eliminate
the currents yields
~abc2 = F-l[~abcl + ZabcYabcg ~abcg] (20)
R2p
s
where
F = U + Zabc[Yabcg + YabcL + Yabcm] (21)
(a) and U is the identity matrix. All the variables
on the right-hand side of eqn. (14) are known
tRrnn~|2n R2n
at the instant a disturbance occurs. This
allows Vabc2 to be computed and used in
-

2-s eqn. (1) to find Vt0pn which in turn is used

to calculate generator and motor torques
(b) and accelerations.
Fig. 3. Induction motor AC equivalent circuit: (a) A small time step At of integration then
positive-sequence circuit; (b) negative-sequence cir- finds the new values of generator rotor
cuit. angle 6 and motor speed. This new 5 is then
 123

used to calculate the new angle of E 1. Note, Equations ( 2 6 ) - ( 3 3 ) are in ~2/unit length
the magnitude of E' never changes during the and Dsa = Dsb = Dsc = Ds = conductor self
disturbance. geometric mean distance in ft. De is a func-
The matrix Yaucg for the generator is given tion o f both earth resistivity p (taken to be
by 100 ~2 m) and the frequency f, and is defined
by the relation
Yabcg-- AYopn A-I (22)
De = 2160 ( p / f ) l / 2 = 2790 ft
and Yabcmfor the m o t o r is given by
for f = 6 0 Hz, and rd = 1 . 5 8 8 X 1 0 -3 f
Yabcm = AYopn A-1 (23) mile -1 .
where Y0 = 0 for an ungrounded stator neu- The constant mh is 0.12134 when the unit
-tral or a delta stator winding, of length is in miles and ¢0 = 21r × 60.
The result of the above eqns. (26)- (33)
Yp = 1/Zp (24)
leads to the ~rimitive 4 × 4 impedance matrix
Y, = 1/Z, (25)
Z'ab Zae Z.g
Zp and Z , for the generator and the m o t o r ' '1 !

are the input impedances to the circuits in

Figs. 2 and 3 respectively. '
Zea '
gee ' IZ
gee L _:
The shunt load matrix YabcL is a diagonal Zga Zgb Zgc iZggJ
-- I I I I

matrix where each diagonal element repre-

Reducing this matrix by partitioning, we
sents the load of t h a t particular phase. For a
compute the Zabc matrix for the feeder as
balanced load, the three diagonal elements
are equal and for no shunt load they are all Z=~ Z~b Z~¢
three equal to zero.
Zab e = Zba Zbb Zbc (35)
Transmission line i m p e d a n c e e q u a t i o n Zea gee Zec
The impedance matrix of a three-phase
line can be obtained in general for any con-
figuration such as the one in Fig. 4 for ex- RESULTS
ample:
?
Zaa = r~ + rd + jmk l n ( D J D s ) (26) Synchronous machine only
In order to evaluate the effects of imbal-
= Zbb = Zcc = Zgg ance on the synchronous machine system in
Z'ab = rd + j m k In(De/Dab) = Z'ba (27) Fig. 1 (without the induction motor), it was
subjected to a temporary three-phase short-
Z~c = rd + j m h ln(De/Dbc) = Z'cb (28) circuit of 100 ms at the infinite bus. The
Z'ca = ra + j m k ln(De/Dca) = Z'ac (29) generator parameters were (all in p.u.)

Zag = rd + j m h ln(De/D~g) (30) Ra = 0.0 f = 60 Hz

Z~g = rd + j m h l n ( D J D b g ) (31) Xd = 2.0 Ra + R 2 n / 2 = 0.1

Zcg = rd
I
+ jcoh ln(De/Dcg) (32) X~ = 0.3 Xn = 0.2

where X~ = 0.2 Hg = 5 s

r . = rb =re (33) Two types of line configuration were

considered: firstly a balanced triangular
spacing of 5.33 ft between phases, and sec-
I=Dab = 2,t~L Dbc=61t =1
ondly with dimensions shown in Fig. 4 and
referred to in this paper as the u n b a l a n c e d
a b o c
line. This yielded a line Z=bc matrix with
the same diagonal but different off-diagonal
© values for two types of line. For each of the
g transient tests the pre-fault initial conditions
Fig. 4. General line configuration. were taken to be a balanced three-phase
124
infinite bus voltage of 1 p.u. on each phase
and a unit power factor load of 0.8 p.u. per
phase at the infinite bus. The unbalahced
line and load were temporarily replaced by
an equivalent balanced system to find the
initial values of rotor angle 50 and the voltage
E' in Fig. 2, which were then used as initial
conditions, together with unit balanced infi-
nite bus voltages, in the equations of the un-
balanced system to redefine the initial values
of unbalanced current and voltage in the
network.
Base case: balanced line, balanced s h u n t
load
The length of line was chosen such that
its positive-sequence impedance was equal
to (0.222 +j0.545) p.u. This gives an initial
rotor angle 50 of 60 ° between generator rotor
and infinite bus phase A voltage.
Curves D1 and D2 in Fig. 5 show the swing
in rotor angle after the fault for a balanced
line, firstly without a shunt load (D1) and
then with a balanced load (D2). The shunt
load obviously increases the initial pre-fault
value of the rotor angle delta (5). In order
to compare the different dynamic responses
of curves like D1 and D2, which have dif-
BO D2
,~,.'~ -..~..
,N
5o ~ ~
DI - ~ I . A ~ E I ~ LINE, NO s l t l ~ r LOAD
~ , ~ t ~ LOAD
D3 - [~r~,LANC[DLINE, LOAD
D4 - UNBAK.~J~CED
LINE,
NO ~11JNT
21% SHUNT LOAD ~d PHASE A
40
0.0 "0," '0.'2 "0/3 "0.'4 '0.5 '0.6 '0.'7 '0/8 '0.'9 '1.'0
TIME. S[C
Fig. 5. R o t o r angle curves after a t e m p o r a r y three-
p h a s e short-circuit.
DD4 DD2
~ o
N -5
~ ~ ~ .
-16 DD4 - UNBALANCED LINE, 212 SHUNT LOAD ON PHASE A
0.T0 0.tl 0.t2 l 0.t3 ' 0.14 ' 0.15 0.'6 r
TIME, SEC
Fig. 6. Change ( d e v i a t i o n ) in r o t o r angle after a tem-
p o r a r y t h r e e - p h a s e short-circuit.
ferent initial conditions, only the change in
rotor angle, labeled as DDEL, is shown in
Fig. 6.
Unbalanced line and unbalanced s h u n t
load
The post-fault swing curve for an unbal-
anced line without any shunt load is curve
D3 in Fig. 5, and if a 21% single-phase shunt
load on phase A is added at the generator
terminals it becomes curve D4. The corre-
sponding changes in 5 appear as curves DD3
and DD4 in Fig. 6.
The first peak of the DD3 curve is less than
that of DD1 due to the negative-sequence
braking torque which slows down the gen-
erator's acceleration and therefore has a
damping effect. Currently available stability
programs assume that an unbalanced feeder
and unbalanced load can be simulated by an
equivalent balanced system. The consequence
of this assumption is illustrated by the dif-
ference between curves D2 and D4 in Fig. 5
and between DD2 and DD4 in Fig. 6; on the
first peak of these curves the error amounts
to about 1.5 ° or 2%, which is not really sig-
nificant. However, the magnitude of the
error depends upon the negative-sequence
braking torque which in turn depends on the
value of the effective negative-sequence resis-
tance; this resistance is a function of the
geometry of the rotor solid iron parts and
the damper cage, as well as the resistivity of
the material used in both the iron parts and
the damper bars. Relatively little seems to
have been published on field measurements
of negative-sequence resistance for m o d e m
generators, although Crary [3] quotes values
varying from 0.01 to 0.6 p.u. For the purpose
of this paper an average value of 0.1 was used,
but no doubt the braking effect would be
greater if a higher value such as 0.6 had been
used.
/
In any case, the results in Figs. 5 and 6
show that neglecting imbalance leads to a
larger first peak in the swing curve, thus
indicating a smaller margin of stability than
.d/"
that which actually exists and therefore 'falls
to safety'.
"
-c..-:~.-" Of equal interest during the unbalanced
0.'7 ' 0.18 ' 0.t9 ' 1.10 operation is the difference in generator
armature current and terminal voltage per
phase. The currents in Fig. 7 and the voltages
in Fig. 8 compare the results of the balanced
 125

1.8 R2p = R2n = 0.057 X2p = X 2, = 0.132

_ Ib3
1.6 I- I lal Ib[ I c - BALANCEDLINE
~ a3 , , 1

-1.4 lal ' Ibl ' Icl la3 ' Ib3 ' Ic3 -UNBALANCED LINE
f = 60 Hz Hm = 0.128 s
z

c~
1.2
1.0
I~ Ic3
~ ~ I b 3 /+
The m o t o r ' s mechanical load parameters
(see eqn. (15)) were A = 0.1 p.u. and B =
~m 0.8 0.6 p.u., which give a final steady-state
~0.6 m o t o r t o r q u e of about 0.64 p.u.
0.4 T he balanced and unbalanced lines con-
0.0.... 0.1 O. i . 0.3
. . . .0.4. . . 0.5
. 0.6 O. ~ . 0.8
. . . 0.9
. . 1.0 sidered above for the synchronous machine
TIME, SEC
system were used again.
Fig. 7. Armature phase currents after a temporary
three-phase short-circuit.
Base case: balanced line, balanced shunt
load
1.35
v(~...... ~v~
................................ Curves D1 and D2 in Fig. 9 show the swing
1.30
1.25
I~_ : Val ' V b l ~ . .". . . . .-. . . . . ... . . . ._. . . . . ._
. . . . . . .. _ _ in r o t o r angle delta (5) as the m o t o r starts
~- 1.20 up through a balanced line, firstly w i t h o u t
< 1.15
1.10
rc3 Yal Vbl Vcl - L CED LINE a shunt load (D1) and then with a balanced

l load (D2). In order to compare the different

1.05 ~ilVb3' Vc3 - UNBALANCED LINE
--z< 1.00
dynam i c responses of curves like D1 and D2,
0.95
0.90 which have slightly different initial condi-
0.85 tions, only the change (deviation) in r o t o r
0.10 r , '012 ' [ ' , ' , ' .I ' l '018 ' , ' l
0.1 0.3 0.4 0,.5 06 0.7 0.9 1. 0 angle (labeled DDEL) is redrawn in Fig. 10
TIME, SEC
as curves DD1 and DD2 respectively.
Fig. 8. Armature phase voltages after a temporary When the induction m o t o r starts up, it
three-phase short-circuit.
takes a b o u t half of its power from the local
synchronous generator and the rest through
and unbalanced line systems, bot h w i t h o u t the line f r o m the infinite bus. Adding a local
a shunt load. Prior t o the fault the steady-
state value o f the negative-sequence generator D2 - BALANCED LINE, BALANCED 7% SHUNT LOAD
1°°
8O D3 -- ALA CEDLINLINE,
UNBALANCED ' NONO SHUNT
DAOL LOAD ~-%.
current is 8% and during the fault it increases D4 - UNBALANCED LINE, 21Z SHUNT LOAD ON PHASE A " "~,,
transiently up to as m uc h as 16%. Adding
~" +-~ W-+''*'~'*'~ 2 ~'\
a 21% shunt load t o each of the three phases 8o 1 - - B~Z ~"-~:" .DA I \~,"
in turn increases these percentages to as high = 1 Bl" "%~'.: // ,~,
<~ 40 "~ ",
as 11% and 19% respectively. These results
also show t h a t a relatively small a m o u n t o f 20 ",'t, "' Z"
voltage imbalance (or negative-sequence volt-
age) on the terminals causes a m uc h larger r ' l , 1 , r , r
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0
a m o u n t o f current imbalance (or negative-
TIME, SEC
sequence current) due to the different imped-
Fig. 9. R o t o r angle curves when the m o t o r starts
ances o f the positive- and negative-sequence up.
equivalent circuits o f the generator.

DDI BALADCEDLIME, I ~ SHDIIT LOAD

Multimachine s y s t e m 30
DO2 BALANCI~L l n , B A ~ 7~ $1P.m'rLOAD "",
Z~3~ U N B A ~ LINE, ~0 S ~ IOA9 N
In order to evaluate the effects of imbal- 15 DD~ L ~ B ~ LINE, 21Z ~ LOADON PIIADEA ~ , /f \ ~

ance on the multimachine system in Fig. 1, ,

the m o t o r was started up with the generator .-,5 DDI" \\ I." %
steadily supplying power to t he unbalanced
shunt load and across the unbalanced line -30
/
t o an infinite bus. -45 "N .~/
The m o t o r parameters used were (all in -60
DD2~DD3
p.u.) i ~ I i r
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0
TIME, SEC
Rip = R I . = 0.021 Xlp ---- Xln - 0.049
Fig. i0. Change (deviation) in rotor angle curves
Rmp = Rmn = 0.0 Xmp = Xmn = 3.038 when the motor starts up.
126

shunt load to the m o t o r therefore explains 14

I
2
-
-
BALAtICED LINE, NO SHUNT LOAD
BALANCED LINE, 7Z SHUNT LOAD/PHASE
why the generator's rotor angle curves D2 o'~ 12
3
4
-
-
UNBALANCED LINE, NO SHUNT LOAD
UNBALANCED LINE, 21Z SHUNT LOAD ON PHASE A
and DD2 (with shunt load) exhibit a larger ~" 10
-
-
UNBALANCED LINE, 21~ SHUNT LOAD ON PHASE B /i
UNBALANCED LINE, 21X SHUNT LOAD ON PHASE C /
\
\
rise during the first 0.6 s than curves D1 and
DD1 (without a local shunt load). This sig-
nificant difference of about 15% which I- ...... > . "~.-:"" "N~, V/7 \ ,,///~\
persists throughout subsequent swings, shows
that a system with a local shunt load is
transiently less stable than without such a 0 / ,/"~
load. In other words, if such a load were 0 . 0r 0.'5 '
1.0 1.'5 2.0'

present in practice, but we failed to simulate TIME, SEC

it, we would predict smaller swings in rotor Fig. 1 3 . Motor negative-sequence currents during
start-up.
angle than that which would actually occur
in the field; or predictions would yield opti-
mistic results which do not 'fail to safety'. the difference between D2 and D4 (due to
line and load imbalance) is also small.
Unbalanced line and unbalanced shunt The presence of a local balanced source
load of power in the form of the local synchro-
The corresponding swing curves for an nous generator smooths out the effects of
unbalanced line without a shunt load (D3 line and shunt load imbalance on motor
in Fig. 9) and with an unbalanced shunt starting performance, as illustrated by the
load (D4 in Fig. 9) illustrate the effects of closeness of the results in Fig. 11. These
imbalance upon generator response when results would be less close if the induction
the induction m o t o r starts up. Changes in motor were n o t directly coupled to the
rotor angle DD3 and DD4 appear in Fig. 10. generator terminals but instead was supplied
The difference between D1 and D3 (due to by an interconnecting feeder.
line imbalance) is only about 2%. Similarly, However, the difference between balanced
and unbalanced system response depends on
1.8 HI - MOTOR: BALANCED LINE two factors. The first one is the value of im-
M3 - MOTOR: UNBALANCED LINE i-*'÷,
Gl - GENERATOR: BALANCED LINE ,/
~. 1.4 G3 - GENERATOR: UNBALANCED LINE f,", / Gl---~ pedance used in the generator circuits, com-
pared to that of the line, since this determines
1.0 _$.~**w.m.j ~- *'+" ~ ~ : G3 *, the transient change in line and shunt load
0.6 """ ' *-+-+ ~ " + ' + + + + +- +- +-+ "~"+ ~" + * + + +
currents. The second factor concerns the
r .... / ,,, ; value of the negative-sequence resistance used
,.-i 0.2 : ~,
',**,Y
" ',~, +,,'
,' in the models of both machines, but more
-0.2
particularly in the generator model. This
0.0 ' i
0 5 '
1.0 1. '5 2,0
indicates a need for the use of more accurate
TIME, SEC
machine models and further evaluations of
Fig. 1 1 . E l e c t r i c t o r q u e o f t h e g e n e r a t o r a n d t h e r o t o r the effects of negative-sequence param-
when the motor starts up, without any other local eters.
shunt load. Of equal importance during unbalanced
operation is the difference in phase currents
16
5"G
I
2
-
-
BALANCED LINE, NO SHUNT LOAD
BALANCED LINE, 7% SHUNT LOAD/PHASE
of the individual machines. The results in
I
I
3
4
-
-
UNBALANCED LINE, NO SHHNT LOAD
UNBALANCED LINE, 21% SHUNT LOAD ON PHASE A
Figs. 12 and 13 show the transient variation
v~ 12 I 5 - UNBALANCED LINE, 21~ SHUNT LOAD ON PHASE B
in negative-sequence current of the two ma-
I 6- UNBALANCED LINE, 21% SHUNTLOAD ON PHASE C
3,4~ / ~ ~,, chines for four different combinations of
,::, 8
N line and shunt load imbalance. They illustrate
co that moving the 21% local shunt load from
~ 4
, - " " O,<W/ \WI., " ", C phase A to B and then to C makes a signifi-
./L2 - -Xl -,." cant difference in negative-sequence currents.
0
0.0 0 .~5 1,0
' 1.5
' 2 . '0
Having this single-phase load on the center
TIME, SEC
phase B clearly creates a worst case.
Figures 11 and 13 show that, although
Fig. 12. Generator negative-sequence current when
the motor starts u p . the m o t o r has completed its run-up after

about 1 s, it subsequently still experiences
large fluctuations in negative-sequence current
due to the generator rotor which continues
to swing for some time. The generator and
prime mover inertia is usually far greater than
that of a m o t o r and its load; generator rotor
dynamics are therefore slower than m o t o r
rotor dynamics. The generator keeps on
swinging against the infinite bus long after
the m o t o r has reached a steady state; this
p h e n o m e n o n is true of any multimachine
system and is n o t only due to system imbal-
ance.
CONCLUSIONS
This paper has investigated the stability
of a synchronous generator connected by an
unbalanced power system to an infinite bus
supply. Results of several case studies have
been used to evaluate the effect of untrans-
posed lines and unbalanced single-phase
loads upon the transient response following
a three-phase short-circuit at the infinite bus,
and to compare t h e m with the usual assump-
tion of simulating the unbalanced system by
an equivalent balanced system. The errors
incurred in rotor angle predictions due to
these simplifications are less than 2% for the
cases studied in this paper, but need further
appraisal since the braking torque due to
negative-sequence currents depends on the
negative-sequence resistance which in turn is
proportional to the resistivity of the damper
cage material. Crary [3] lists a range for the
negative-sequence resistance values, from
0.011 to 0.6 p.u., and a value of 0.1 was used
for this study. Higher values of this param-
eter will obviously lead to larger errors. Never-
theless, the values of negative-sequence
current are of interest for protection moni-
toring purposes.
The investigation has also been extended to
the transient stability of a synchronous gen-
erator and induction m o t o r in an unbalanced
multimachine network connected to an infi-
nite bus. Results of several case studies have
127
been used to evaluate the effects of untrans-
posed lines and unbalanced single-phase loads
upon the system's transient response when
an induction m o t o r starts up, and to compare
the error due to these effects with the usual
simplifying assumptions of simulating the un-
balanced system by an equivalent balanced
system.
The errors incurred in generator rotor
angle and m o t o r speed predictions seem not
to be significant for the cases studied in this
paper, but need further consideration since
the generator's negative-sequence braking
torque depends on its negative-sequence
resistance which can vary over a wide range;
precise Values for this parameter have n o t
been well documented for modern synchro-
nous generators. The errors also depend on
machine modeling and on the particular
network considered, in particular whether
the generator and m o t o r are electrically
closely connected. The purpose of this paper
was to point out the direction of the errors
incurred and to gain some experience of their
significance.
REFERENCES
1 J. M. Undrill and T. E. Kostyniak, Advanced
power system fault analysis method, IEEE Tran&,
PAS-94 (1975) 2141 - 2148.
2 A. A. Mahmoud, T. H. Ortmeyer, R. G. Harley
and C. Calabrese, Effects of reactive compensa-
tion on induction m o t o r dynamic performance,
IEEE Trans., PAS-99 (1980) 841 - 846.
3 S. B. Crary, Power System Stability, Vol. 2,
Chapman and Hall, London, 1947.
4 C. Concordia, Steady state stability of synchro-
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characteristics, AIEE Trans., 63 (1944) 2 1 5 -
220.
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