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III) Stratigraphy
3.1.Stratigraphy of the Paleozoic Geology in Singapore
(542 – 251 m.y)
3.2.Stratigraphy of the Mesozoic Geology in Singapore
(251 – 65 m.y)
3.3.Stratigraphy of the Cenozoic Geology in Singapore
(65 m.y- Present)
References
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I) The Geological Formations in Singapore
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Geography of Singapore (NEA)
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Geology of Singapore (NTU)
Jurong Fm.
FORT CANNING
BUKIT TIMAH GRANITE
BOULDER OLD ALLUVIUM
0 10 Km
0
Sajahat Fm
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II) A Brief Description of Formation
Paleozoic
1. Sajahat Formation (S) Lower Paleozoic (Upper
Paleozoic/Triassic ?)
Variable metamorphosed sedimentary rock, quartz,
sandstone, and argillite found on Pulau Sajahat and Sajahat
Kachil, north of Pulau Tekong.
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II) A Brief Description of Formation
Mesozoic
4. Bukit Timah Granite (BT) Lower to Middle Triassic
Granite, Granodiorite, Norite, adamalite
The BT was emplaced by two phases that can be grouped
Older acid group assumed to be a cooling phase and
slightly younger basic group seem cutting the older Acid
dykes. Both groups cut older formations.
5. The Jurong Formation (Upper Triassic to Lr-Mid Jurassic)
Sandstone, Silts, Mudstones, conglomerate and
Limestone with various metamorphism (Shale, Slate,
Marble).
It overlies the granite though contact is never seen that
can be divided seven facies deposited in terrestrial,
transitional and shallow marine.
Facies : (Queens Town, Jong, Ayer Chawan,Pandan,
Rimau, St.John, Tengah)
Volcanics of tuff, spilitic lava, dykes are contemporaneous
with the formations.
The Murai schist is a product of dynamic metamorphism
within the formation found as a zone of well developed
cleavage in rocks at Pasir Laba ridge and within Jong
facies.
6. Fort Canning Boulder Bed FCBB (Late Cretaceous Age)
(known as S 3, Boulder Clay or Boulder bed)
Small Colluvial deposits of boulders in soil matrix (hard,
Silty Clay & weathered rocks derived from the Jurong Fm.)
lied on the Juorng Fm. at central districts and downtown
of Singapore.
It could have probably deposited when the Jurong
formation was deposited and deformed during late 7
Triassic to late Tertiary.
II) A Brief Description of Formation
Cenozoic
7. The Older Alluvium (late Tertiary to early Mid-Pleistocene)
The OA is composed of Fluvio-Deltaic sediments. The
upper section is completely weathered CLAY and Lower
section is Silty to Clayey Sand, coarse, angular, poorly
lithified, quartzo feldspathic with some layers of pebbles.
Block faulting and renewed movement along the pre-
existing faults resulted downwarp occurred and trough was
back filled with fluvial sediments with some embayment
sediments. It lies unconformably on older rock units or in
fault contact with them.
8. The Huat Choe Formation (HC) Early to Mid Plieistocene
The kaolin –rich clay in fault controlled depression formed
as small lacustrine deposits unconformably on the Jurong
Fm.
9. The Tekong Formation (T) Mid Holocenc
Coastal terrace deposits with marine and littoral area,
unconsolidated sand with some cobbles.
Its upper surface is lying at elevations ranged (3.6 to 6.5m)
above present sea level.
10. The Kallang formation (K) Late Pleistocene (1.5 m.a) to
Present
It consists of both marine and terrestrial deposits that is
found in onshore incised river valleys, offshore and coastal
areas.
The Kallang Formation
Marine Member (Km)
Alluvial Member (Ka)
Littoral Member (Kl)
Transitional Member (Kt) 8
Reef Member (Kr)
II) A Brief Description of Formation
10.1. Marine Member (Km)*
Dominantly blue grey, clayey Mud, Sandstone, peat
Unconsolidated but slightly consolidated beds occur
10.2. Alluvial Member (Ka) *
A variable terrestrial sediments ranged from pebbles beds
through Sand, muddy Sand and Clayey to Peat. It is
usually unconsolidated to consolidated.
F 1 granular Sand, F2 non-granular Silty Clay
10.3. Littoral Member (Kl) *
Well sorted unconsolidated beach Sand and near-shore
quartz Sand with minor lateritic, shell and lithic fragments,
iron-cemented beach rock
10.4. Transitional Member (Kt)
Unconsolidated black to bluish grey estuarine mud,
muddy Sand or Sand withsome high organic content and
peat layers
10.5. Reef Member (Kr)
Coral, unconsolidated calcareous Sand and lesser quartz,
ferruginous and lithic sand
(*possibly part of other members and Tekong Fm.)
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III) Stratigraphy
In this context, presents with distributions, age, geological
setting and occurrences, collected samples on site and core
samples, some available cross-sections and developments.
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3.1.1 ) The Sajahat Formation and Paleozoic Volcanics
Geological setting of the Sajahat and Paleozoic Volcanic rocks in
Singapore (K.W. Lee,2010)
Microgranite Dolerite
Dykes Dykes
Ophiolitics
Noritic
Gabbro
Roots of
Basic
Intrusions
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B
C
Granodiorite intruded by Norite (C, drak colour) and Jointed
Granodiorite D in Bukit Gombak (courtesy of Dr.Kyi Khin)
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3.2) Stratigraphy of the Mesozoic Geology in Singapore
(251-65 m.y.)
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3.2.1) Bukit Timah Granite
Bukit Timah Granite and Sakudu Granite rocks in Singapore
(K.W. Lee, 2010).
Granite from the Bartley & Kim Chuan Road (After Ong, Moe
Sein & et al., 2003).
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3.2.2) The Jurong Formation
Facies Distribution of the Jurong Formation in Singapore
(k.W. Lee, 2010).
A
B
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B
A
E
D
Pebbly Gritty Sandstone D with fining upward cycle and med to thick
bedded Sst with mud drapes E shown a break of sedimentation of
Jurong Fm. at Labradore park (Courtesy of Dr.Kyi Khin & U Khin Latt)
F
H
G
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Locations of the Pandan Limestone in Singapore (K.W. Lee, 2010).
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Pandan Limestone in Singapore is generally light to dark grey,
yellowish to Brownish with purplish stains (Chiam et al., 2003).
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Basin development of the Jurong Formation (After Redding & et
al, 1999).
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3.2.3) Fort Canning Boulder Bed
Fort Canning Boulder Bed underlying the Jurong Fm.At along the
Fort Canning Rise Depth marked from BGL(RL 121.07m).(Shirlaw
& et. al. 2003)
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A cross section of Fort Canning Boulder bed and associated rocks
from Raffles City toRaffles Quay showing upper and lower
boundaries of FCBB (Shirlaw & et. al. 2003)
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3.3) Stratigraphy of the Cenozoic Geology in Singapore
(65 m.y – Present) (k.W. Lee, 2010).
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3.3.1) The Old Alluvium
. Cross Bedded Sand with Scour and filled structure, Bartley Rd.
A B
Gullies as ridges and furrows in upper OA Clays A and Cross bedded fine
Sand B stacked by another Channel with Coarse Sand C at Bartley Rd.
Thinly laminate Sand layers A and a boulder sit on the bed B at just east
of Changi airport run way.
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Collected OA Samples : Silt. Clayey SAND, Silty SAND
Batley Deport
Marina South
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Correlation of Soil Profile from Bartley Road to Marina South
Scale
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20 U MC
F1
PC Kallan
25 Silty to F2 g
Clayey SAND Fm.
L MC
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F1
PC
35 F2
OA Clay
Silty to Clayey, SAND
40 Old
SILT
Alluviu
m
Silty to Clayey, SAND
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SILT
50
Silty to gravelly
SAND
55 OA Clay
70 OA Clay
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Depositional Variations of the Old Alluvium & Kallang Fm.
Bartley Rd
RL 120m Estuarine
12 Km OA Clay
NE
Marina South,
RL 101m
KL Fm.
Bay Line
OA Mcpherson & Up
>45m Payaleber Rd
Shelf Area
channel
The highstand succession
deposits consists of channel
deposits from low gradient,
high sinuosity streams
isolated within floodplain
sediments
high gradient,
low sinuosity
Granite Core runs at the Loyang Ave. (After Ong, Moe Sein & et al., 2003).
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3.3.2) The Huat Choe Formation
During the period of early Pleistocene faulting, the kaolin–
rich clay in fault controlled depression formed as small
isolated ponds and lacustrine deposits unconformably on the
Jurong Fm.
,
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3.3.3) The Kallang Formation
Distribution of Quaternary sediments in Singapore with
bathymetric levels (Bird & et. al. 2003)
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Stratigraphic relationship of Quarternary sediments in Singapore
(Bird & et. al. 2003)
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IV) Tectonic History and Structures
The Paleozoic sedimentary structures indicate a longer and more
complex tectonic history. The intrusion and uplift of the granite
presumably started in the Upper Paleozoic and become strongly
evident in the Triassic time.
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IV) Tectonic History and Structures
That was also widespread shallow thrust faulting, shallow folded
and metamorphism such as slates, phyllites, and schistose
sandstone at many locations away from Murai Schist.
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SE Asia Basins & Tectonic Framework
Nee Soon
Seletar
Nanyang
Pasir
Pajang
Tg.
Lokos
Wrench Faulting in Singapore during Late Cretaceous (From K.W. Lee, 2010)
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A
B
Quartz vein along with syn sedimentary fault (?) at Labrador park
(Courtesy of Dr.Kyi Khin, U Khin Latt)
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Geological Evolution of SE ASIA, C.S. Hutchison (1996), Pg 61
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References:
1. Bird M.J., J.N.Shirlaw & et.al. The Age and Origin of quaternary
Sediments of Singapore with emphasis on the Marine Clay,
Proceeding of Underground Singapore 2003, Engineering Geology
Workshop
2. Chiam.S.L., K.S. Wong & et.at., The Old Alluvium , Proceeding of
Underground Singapore 2003, Engineering Geology Workshop
3. DSTA, Geology of Singapore (2nd Ed, 2009)
4. Lee K.W. & et.at Limestones of the Jurong Formation, Proceeding of
Underground Singapore 2003, Engineering Geology Workshop,
5. J.J. Lambiase. Lecture Notes on Reservoir Sedimentology (Universiti
Brunei, 2005)
6. K.S.Wong & et al. Old Alluvium Engineering Properties and Braced
Excavation Performance, Proceedings of Underground Singapore 2001
7. Lee kim Woon, SRMEG_GEOSS Workshop on Geology of Singapore
5th April 2010
8. Moe Sein, J.C.W. Ong & et al. Buried Granite Ridges in Old Alluvium
Proceeding of Underground Singapore 2003, Engineering Geology
Workshop
9. Naing Maw Than,The Occurrences of Old Alluvium, Singapore
(presented at MGSS 1st technical Seminar, June 2010)
10.Shirlaw J.N. & et.at., Fort Canning Boulder Bed, Proceeding of
Underground Singapore 2003, Engineering Geology Workshop
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Thank You !
• Sincere thanks to MGS personnel to arrange this
presentation and other social networks for Myanmar
Geology Society.
Best Regards,
Naing Maw Than
naingmawthan@gmail.com
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