Sie sind auf Seite 1von 44

NOTES ON SINGAPORE GEOLOGY

Naing Maw Than


naingmawthan@gmail.com
December, 2010

1
Content

I) The Geological Formations in Singapore

II) A Brief Description of Formation

III) Stratigraphy
3.1.Stratigraphy of the Paleozoic Geology in Singapore
(542 – 251 m.y)
3.2.Stratigraphy of the Mesozoic Geology in Singapore
(251 – 65 m.y)
3.3.Stratigraphy of the Cenozoic Geology in Singapore
(65 m.y- Present)

IV) Tectonic History and Structures

References

2
I) The Geological Formations in Singapore

Ten separate formations are recognized in Singapore.

1) Sajahat Formation (S) Lower Paleozoic


(Upper Paleozoic/Triassic ?)
2) Gombak Norite (GN) Lower Paleozoic
3) The Paleozoic Volcanics (PV) as Same age of (S)
4) Bukit Timah Granite (BT) Lower to Middle Triassic
5) The Jurong Formation (Upper Triassic to Lr-Mid Jurassic)
6) Fort Canning Boulder Bed FCBB (Late Cretaceous Age)
7) The Older Alluvium (late Tertiary to early Mid-Pleistocene)
8) The Huat Choe Formation (HC) Early to Mid Plieistocene
9) The Tekong Formation (T) Mid Holocenc
10) The Kallang formation (K) Late Pleistocene (1.5 m.a) to
Present
Marine Member (Km)
Alluvial Member (Ka)
Littoral Member (Kl)
Transitional Member (Kt)
Reef Member (Kr)

3
Geography of Singapore (NEA)

Geology of Singapore (NEA)

4
Geology of Singapore (NTU)

Generalized Cross section of the Central to East of Singapore


(Approximate Scale)

Jurong Fm.

Kallang Fm. 195 m

FORT CANNING
BUKIT TIMAH GRANITE
BOULDER OLD ALLUVIUM

0 10 Km
0

Sajahat Fm

Data from Geology of Singapore (2009)

5
II) A Brief Description of Formation

Paleozoic
1. Sajahat Formation (S) Lower Paleozoic (Upper
Paleozoic/Triassic ?)
Variable metamorphosed sedimentary rock, quartz,
sandstone, and argillite found on Pulau Sajahat and Sajahat
Kachil, north of Pulau Tekong.

2. Gombak Norite (GN) Lower Paleozoic


Noritic and gabbroic rock in central Singapore and as part of
the Ophiolite suite of the Lr Pz geosyncline. But, it could be
younger if GN is interpreted as basic differentiate of Triassic
magma.

3. The Paleozoic Volcanics (PV) as Same age of (S)


Partially metamorphosed volcanic agglomerates unit of
andesitic fragments, ash and tuff in eastern Singapore,
Pulau Tekong.

6
II) A Brief Description of Formation
Mesozoic
4. Bukit Timah Granite (BT) Lower to Middle Triassic
Granite, Granodiorite, Norite, adamalite
The BT was emplaced by two phases that can be grouped
Older acid group assumed to be a cooling phase and
slightly younger basic group seem cutting the older Acid
dykes. Both groups cut older formations.
5. The Jurong Formation (Upper Triassic to Lr-Mid Jurassic)
Sandstone, Silts, Mudstones, conglomerate and
Limestone with various metamorphism (Shale, Slate,
Marble).
It overlies the granite though contact is never seen that
can be divided seven facies deposited in terrestrial,
transitional and shallow marine.
Facies : (Queens Town, Jong, Ayer Chawan,Pandan,
Rimau, St.John, Tengah)
Volcanics of tuff, spilitic lava, dykes are contemporaneous
with the formations.
The Murai schist is a product of dynamic metamorphism
within the formation found as a zone of well developed
cleavage in rocks at Pasir Laba ridge and within Jong
facies.
6. Fort Canning Boulder Bed FCBB (Late Cretaceous Age)
(known as S 3, Boulder Clay or Boulder bed)
Small Colluvial deposits of boulders in soil matrix (hard,
Silty Clay & weathered rocks derived from the Jurong Fm.)
lied on the Juorng Fm. at central districts and downtown
of Singapore.
It could have probably deposited when the Jurong
formation was deposited and deformed during late 7
Triassic to late Tertiary.
II) A Brief Description of Formation
Cenozoic
7. The Older Alluvium (late Tertiary to early Mid-Pleistocene)
The OA is composed of Fluvio-Deltaic sediments. The
upper section is completely weathered CLAY and Lower
section is Silty to Clayey Sand, coarse, angular, poorly
lithified, quartzo feldspathic with some layers of pebbles.
Block faulting and renewed movement along the pre-
existing faults resulted downwarp occurred and trough was
back filled with fluvial sediments with some embayment
sediments. It lies unconformably on older rock units or in
fault contact with them.
8. The Huat Choe Formation (HC) Early to Mid Plieistocene
The kaolin –rich clay in fault controlled depression formed
as small lacustrine deposits unconformably on the Jurong
Fm.
9. The Tekong Formation (T) Mid Holocenc
Coastal terrace deposits with marine and littoral area,
unconsolidated sand with some cobbles.
Its upper surface is lying at elevations ranged (3.6 to 6.5m)
above present sea level.
10. The Kallang formation (K) Late Pleistocene (1.5 m.a) to
Present
It consists of both marine and terrestrial deposits that is
found in onshore incised river valleys, offshore and coastal
areas.
The Kallang Formation
Marine Member (Km)
Alluvial Member (Ka)
Littoral Member (Kl)
Transitional Member (Kt) 8
Reef Member (Kr)
II) A Brief Description of Formation
10.1. Marine Member (Km)*
Dominantly blue grey, clayey Mud, Sandstone, peat
Unconsolidated but slightly consolidated beds occur
10.2. Alluvial Member (Ka) *
A variable terrestrial sediments ranged from pebbles beds
through Sand, muddy Sand and Clayey to Peat. It is
usually unconsolidated to consolidated.
F 1 granular Sand, F2 non-granular Silty Clay
10.3. Littoral Member (Kl) *
Well sorted unconsolidated beach Sand and near-shore
quartz Sand with minor lateritic, shell and lithic fragments,
iron-cemented beach rock
10.4. Transitional Member (Kt)
Unconsolidated black to bluish grey estuarine mud,
muddy Sand or Sand withsome high organic content and
peat layers
10.5. Reef Member (Kr)
Coral, unconsolidated calcareous Sand and lesser quartz,
ferruginous and lithic sand
(*possibly part of other members and Tekong Fm.)

9
III) Stratigraphy
In this context, presents with distributions, age, geological
setting and occurrences, collected samples on site and core
samples, some available cross-sections and developments.

3.1) Stratigraphy of the Paleozoic Geology in Singapore


(542 – 251 m.y)

Distribution of Singapore’s Paleozoic Rocks (K.W. Lee, 2010)

10
3.1.1 ) The Sajahat Formation and Paleozoic Volcanics
Geological setting of the Sajahat and Paleozoic Volcanic rocks in
Singapore (K.W. Lee,2010)

3.1.2) The Gombak Norite


Geological setting of the Gombak Norite in Singapore (K.W. Lee,2010)

Microgranite Dolerite
Dykes Dykes

Ophiolitics
Noritic
Gabbro

Small Basic Intrusions

Roots of
Basic
Intrusions

11
B

Bukit Gombak Norite in closed view B as later intrusion


(courtesy of Dr.Kyi Khin)

C
Granodiorite intruded by Norite (C, drak colour) and Jointed
Granodiorite D in Bukit Gombak (courtesy of Dr.Kyi Khin)

12
3.2) Stratigraphy of the Mesozoic Geology in Singapore
(251-65 m.y.)

(K.W. Lee, 2010).

13
3.2.1) Bukit Timah Granite
Bukit Timah Granite and Sakudu Granite rocks in Singapore
(K.W. Lee, 2010).

Bukit Timah Hill natural reserve and old Quarry


14
Poorly jointed massive Sakudu granite at Pulau U Bin
(Courtesy by U Kyaw Htin Khine)

Sakudu_Eastern Granite outcrops showing spheroidal


weathering at Pulau Ubin island

Granite from the Bartley & Kim Chuan Road (After Ong, Moe
Sein & et al., 2003).
15
3.2.2) The Jurong Formation
Facies Distribution of the Jurong Formation in Singapore
(k.W. Lee, 2010).

A
B

Brecciated Fault plane A and Conglomeratic Sandstone B of


Jurong Fm. at Kent Ridge road (Courtesy of Dr.Kyi Khin)

16
B
A

Tuffaceous Sandstone A and Jointed, thin bedded Siltstone B of Jurong


Fm. at Kent Ridge road (Courtesy of Dr.Kyi Khin & U Khin Latt)

E
D

Pebbly Gritty Sandstone D with fining upward cycle and med to thick
bedded Sst with mud drapes E shown a break of sedimentation of
Jurong Fm. at Labradore park (Courtesy of Dr.Kyi Khin & U Khin Latt)

F
H
G

Gritty Sandstone F altered with Sst G and bidirectional X stratification H


of Jurong Fm. at Labradore park (Courtesy of Dr.Kyi Khin &U Khin Latt)
17
Stratigraphy of the Jurong Formation (After Redding & et al,
1999).

Facies Distribution of the Jurong Formation changes from SW to


NE in Singapore (Lee, 2010).

18
Locations of the Pandan Limestone in Singapore (K.W. Lee, 2010).

Cross Section along East Jurong Fairway(Chiam et al., 2003)

19
Pandan Limestone in Singapore is generally light to dark grey,
yellowish to Brownish with purplish stains (Chiam et al., 2003).

20
Basin development of the Jurong Formation (After Redding & et
al, 1999).

21
3.2.3) Fort Canning Boulder Bed

Fort Canning Boulder Bed underlying the Jurong Fm.At along the
Fort Canning Rise Depth marked from BGL(RL 121.07m).(Shirlaw
& et. al. 2003)

Collected Fort Canning Boulders and In-situ outcrop (Shirlaw


& et. al. 2003)

22
A cross section of Fort Canning Boulder bed and associated rocks
from Raffles City toRaffles Quay showing upper and lower
boundaries of FCBB (Shirlaw & et. al. 2003)

23
3.3) Stratigraphy of the Cenozoic Geology in Singapore
(65 m.y – Present) (k.W. Lee, 2010).

24
3.3.1) The Old Alluvium

OA Clay wedged by Esturarine Deposits, Bartley Road Deep Excavation

. Cross Bedded Sand with Scour and filled structure, Bartley Rd.

Upper OA wedged by puplish Shale, Punggol area


(Courtesy of U Sai Maw Kham) 25
C

A B

Gullies as ridges and furrows in upper OA Clays A and Cross bedded fine
Sand B stacked by another Channel with Coarse Sand C at Bartley Rd.

Thinly laminate Sand layers A and a boulder sit on the bed B at just east
of Changi airport run way.

26
Collected OA Samples : Silt. Clayey SAND, Silty SAND

Clayey Gravelly Sand


Silt Silty Sand
Sand

Depositional Variations From Bartley Rd. To Marina South

Batley Deport

Marina South

27
Correlation of Soil Profile from Bartley Road to Marina South
Scale

Mud Silt F Description


M C
PC
m OA Clay
Fill

15

20 U MC

F1
PC Kallan
25 Silty to F2 g
Clayey SAND Fm.

L MC
30
F1
PC
35 F2
OA Clay
Silty to Clayey, SAND
40 Old
SILT
Alluviu
m
Silty to Clayey, SAND
45

SILT

50
Silty to gravelly
SAND

55 OA Clay

Silty to Clayey, SAND


60

Silty to Clayey, SAND


65

70 OA Clay

43
Depositional Variations of the Old Alluvium & Kallang Fm.
Bartley Rd
RL 120m Estuarine

12 Km OA Clay
NE

Marina South,
RL 101m

KL Fm.

Bay Line
OA Mcpherson & Up
>45m Payaleber Rd

Shelf Area

Naing Maw Than (2010)

Key points of the OA development


The OA was probably dominant by fluvial condition with subordinate
marine sediments during Pliocene to Mid-Pleistocene (correlated with
Lower Pleistocene Low eustatic sea level).
The Kallang river was main channel characterized by low–sinuous
braided channels at earlier and hi-sinuous at later stage caused
aggradation, multi-stacked channel deposits.
Deposited in faulted trough with repeated vertical movement and
small block faulting.
A bay line (Place where ceased fluvial dominance ) is probably
passed at the junction of Upper Payaleber road way and Mac
Pherson road.
Shore Line : Contact between Coastal Plain and Sea
Shelf : Part of the Continental margin between the Shoreline and
Continental slope
29
floodplain high sinuosity One example is the
progression that results
from a relative sea level
rise
High gradient, low
sinuosity streams occupy
incised valleys at a
lowstand
Stream gradient decreases
tidal sediments
and sinuosity increases
during transgression,
forming amalgamated
channel deposits

channel
The highstand succession
deposits consists of channel
deposits from low gradient,
high sinuosity streams
isolated within floodplain
sediments

high gradient,
low sinuosity

(after Shanley and McCabe 1993)) 30


Granites found under the Old Alluvium (After Ong, Moe Sein &
et al., 2003).

Granite Core runs at the Loyang Ave. (After Ong, Moe Sein & et al., 2003).

31
3.3.2) The Huat Choe Formation
During the period of early Pleistocene faulting, the kaolin–
rich clay in fault controlled depression formed as small
isolated ponds and lacustrine deposits unconformably on the
Jurong Fm.
,

32
3.3.3) The Kallang Formation
Distribution of Quaternary sediments in Singapore with
bathymetric levels (Bird & et. al. 2003)

Marine Clay Peaty Clay F2 : Silty CLAy F1: SAND

33
Stratigraphic relationship of Quarternary sediments in Singapore
(Bird & et. al. 2003)

Deposition of the Kallang Formation Members (Lee. 2010)


34
Development of The Kallang Formation
(Upper Quaternary)
It consists of both marine and terrestrial deposits that is
found in onshore incised river valleys, offshore and coastal
areas.
The Kallang Formation
Marine Member (Km)
Alluvial Member (Ka)
Littoral Member (Kl)
Transitional Member (Kt)
Reef Member (Kr)
These deposits covers much of the coastal plane The most
important unit is Marine Member that covers one quarter of
Singapore with variable thickness with a maximum record of
35m.
It comprises upper and lower part. The Marine Clay is pale
grey to dark blue in colour, soft, silty, kaolinite-rich and shell
fragments.
The low sea levels associated with the penultimate glacial
(Riss) stage. Rivers downcut their valleys to at least –55m.
As sea level rose following glacial Riss stage about 14,000
BP, the lower member was deposited (Bird et al. 2003).
The transitional member (Kt) and the Littoral memebr (kl)
were deposited near the shore line and the Alluvial member
was deposited in river valleys on shore. 35
When the sea level stood at – 120m during the last Glacial
Max at about 20,000 BP stiff, reddish brown clay F2 was
developed at the top of the lower member. vegetation
grown on F2 layer and became Peat layer E that was in turn
capped with sandy, shallow water deposits F1 Sand.
At the end of the last Glacial Max (during the closing phase
of the last glacial Wurn stage), sea level rose rapidly and
Singapore was flooded when it was about –25m at about
10,000 BP.
The Transitional (Kt) and Littoral (Kl) members were
deposited repeatedly near advancing shoreline with similar
facies of Tekong formation.
Further offshore, the Upper Marine Member was deposited
over the Transitional and Littoral Member, and onshore,the
Alluvial Member was deposited.
The sea level stand at about 2 to 2.5m above present sea
level at 6,000 BP allowed the deposition of Tekong
Formation.
Since 6000, sea level declined steadily to the present and
Upper Marine Member was overlain by the Alluvial Member
and transitional Member.

36
IV) Tectonic History and Structures
The Paleozoic sedimentary structures indicate a longer and more
complex tectonic history. The intrusion and uplift of the granite
presumably started in the Upper Paleozoic and become strongly
evident in the Triassic time.

The Triassic sediments were laid down in a mobile N_W


trending trough bounded on either side by rising granitic hills
(coarse clasts in sedimentary rocks suggests the bulk of the
granite was buried at the same time).

The rate of uplift of the main range granite in the SW of trough


appears to have been more rapid. This lopsided uplift caused
the trough and tilt NE and gave way sediments against the uplift
of Bukit Timah granite.

The dynamic metamorphism that gave rise to Murai schist


accompanied with this sliding and assumed that Malay penisular
was raised above sea level from that time.

Alternatively, the Triassic sediments of Jurong Formation could


have been uplifted, tilted, dislocated, piled on top of one
another in late Cretaceous when the Wyola continental fragment
collided with the east Malaysia block that may caused the Fort
Canning Boulder Bed.

37
IV) Tectonic History and Structures
That was also widespread shallow thrust faulting, shallow folded
and metamorphism such as slates, phyllites, and schistose
sandstone at many locations away from Murai Schist.

Tectonic activity recommended the late Tertiary with block


faulting and warping.

The Old Alluvium and Huat Choe Formation were deposited in


the depression that had formed. After the cessation of warping,
river valleys were cut in the Old Alluvium and older rocks.

The valleys and coastal areas are subsequently backfilled with


sediments of the Kallang Formation during late Pleistocene and
Holocene.

During mid-Holocene, coastal area were covered with Tekong


Formation and The Kallang Formation continue to be deposited
except the Lower Marine member in present day.

38
SE Asia Basins & Tectonic Framework

Faults alignments in Singapore


(From K.W. Lee, 2010)
Tg.
Gadong

Nee Soon

Seletar
Nanyang

Pasir
Pajang
Tg.
Lokos
Wrench Faulting in Singapore during Late Cretaceous (From K.W. Lee, 2010)

40
A
B

Parallel A and oblique B joint sets in eastern granite at Pulau U Bin


(Courtesy of U Kyaw Htin Khine)

Quartz vein along with syn sedimentary fault (?) at Labrador park
(Courtesy of Dr.Kyi Khin, U Khin Latt)

41
Geological Evolution of SE ASIA, C.S. Hutchison (1996), Pg 61

The lines shown are real trend


lines, mostly representing the
regional strike of regional folds or
strike of beds.
The regional pattern swings
southeastwards through Singapore
and then due east from Billiton.
This bending can be achieved only
by slippage on each vertical plane.
There are therefore many right-
lateral wrench faults. Rotations and
trans-extension and trans-pression
follow.

42
References:
1. Bird M.J., J.N.Shirlaw & et.al. The Age and Origin of quaternary
Sediments of Singapore with emphasis on the Marine Clay,
Proceeding of Underground Singapore 2003, Engineering Geology
Workshop
2. Chiam.S.L., K.S. Wong & et.at., The Old Alluvium , Proceeding of
Underground Singapore 2003, Engineering Geology Workshop
3. DSTA, Geology of Singapore (2nd Ed, 2009)
4. Lee K.W. & et.at Limestones of the Jurong Formation, Proceeding of
Underground Singapore 2003, Engineering Geology Workshop,
5. J.J. Lambiase. Lecture Notes on Reservoir Sedimentology (Universiti
Brunei, 2005)
6. K.S.Wong & et al. Old Alluvium Engineering Properties and Braced
Excavation Performance, Proceedings of Underground Singapore 2001
7. Lee kim Woon, SRMEG_GEOSS Workshop on Geology of Singapore
5th April 2010
8. Moe Sein, J.C.W. Ong & et al. Buried Granite Ridges in Old Alluvium
Proceeding of Underground Singapore 2003, Engineering Geology
Workshop
9. Naing Maw Than,The Occurrences of Old Alluvium, Singapore
(presented at MGSS 1st technical Seminar, June 2010)
10.Shirlaw J.N. & et.at., Fort Canning Boulder Bed, Proceeding of
Underground Singapore 2003, Engineering Geology Workshop

43
Thank You !
• Sincere thanks to MGS personnel to arrange this
presentation and other social networks for Myanmar
Geology Society.

• This presentation is a comprehensive note dedicated to


persons who resume to understand on neighborhood
geology of SE Asia and resume to work with Singapore.

• It is based on previous works and just a jig-saw work of


scattered data of (Bartley Rd. Viaduct, KPE, Marina
South) and knowledge shared by colleagues that still
need additional findings.

Best Regards,
Naing Maw Than
naingmawthan@gmail.com

44

Das könnte Ihnen auch gefallen