Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Outline
A. Nature of Ultrasound
1. Definition of sound
a. propagation of vibration
(1) compression
(2) rarefaction
1. Definition of terms
2. Relationships
1. Amplitude
2. Pressure
3. Power
4. Intensity
D. Decibels
1. Definition
a. related to intensity
b. related to amplitude
2. Numerical examples
E. Physical Units
1. Scientific notation
3. Common units
F. Measurement Dimensions
1. Distance
a. Linear
b. Circumference
2. Area
3. Volume
A. Speed of Sound
a. air
d. bone
B. Reflection
b. dependence on angle
c. dependence on acoustic impedance
mismatch
3. Scattering
a. definition of scattering
d. contrast media
e. harmonics
C. Refraction
1. Definition of refraction
2. Dependence of angle
4. Numerical example
D. Attenuation
a. Scattering
b. Absorption
1. heat
2. Measurement
c. Reflection
4. Effects on images
1. Numerical values
2. Tradeoff: penetration vs. spatial resolution
3. Other
2. Curie point
3. Piezoelectric materials
a. Crystal thickness
a. Bandwidth
1. Quality factor
2. Effect of damping
b. Multi-Hertz
1. Harmonics
4. Damping
C. Sound Beam Formation - Near Field and Far Field (Fresnel and
Fraunhofer Zones)
1. Interference phenomena
a. Huygen's principle
b. diffraction (divergence)
c. Bandwidth
a. Beam width
b. Natural focus
D. Axial Resolution
2. Numerical example
3. Effect of damping
5. Bandwidth
E. Lateral Resolution
2. Frequency
4. Range
3. Frequency
4. Lateral and axial resolution relationship
G. Focusing
1. Methods of focusing
1. Maximum intensity
a. Linear array
b. Curved array
c. Annular array
d. Multi-dimensional array
a. Sequenced
b. Phased
c. Annular
d. Vector
e. Multi-dimensional
4. Beam Steering
a. Time delays
d. Apodization
e. Subdicing
f. Dynamic aperture
B. Pulsing Characteristics
3. Pulse duration
5. Duty factor
C. Transmitter (Output)
D. Receiver
d. Harmonic processing
3. Compression
a. Dynamic range
1. Definition
a. Compare to
other system
components
4. Demodulation
a. Rectification
b. Smoothing (enveloping)
5. Rejection
2. Positioning of echoes
3. Harmonics
a. Pulsing characteristics
1. Image storage
2. Scan Conversion
B. Digital Devices
1. Binary system
a. Analog-to-digital converter
b. Digital memory
1. Spatial resolution
a. pixels
b. matrix
c. Field of
view
2. Contrast resolution
a. Size of
memory
c. Digital-to-analog converter
d. Display devices
1. Definition
2. Preprocessing functions
b. Logarithmic compression
c. write magnification
3. Postprocessing function
a. Freeze frame
b. Black/white inversion
c. Read magnification
d. Contrast variation
a. Persistence
b. Frame averaging
c. Edge enhancement
d. Smoothing
e. Fill-in interpolation
D. Display devices
1. TV monitors
c. Contrast
d. Frame rate
1. Video Format
a. Display (monitors)
1. Photographic film
2. Emulsion film
c. Recorders
1. Fiber-optic
2. Videotape cassette
d. Printer
1. Thermal
2. Laser
2. Digital format
VII. Hemodynamic, Doppler, Color Flow, and Color Power Imaging (10%-14%)
A. Hemodynamics
1. Energy gradient
2. Effects of viscosity, friction, inertia
3. Pressure/flow relationships
4. Velocity
8. Venous resistance
9. Hydrostatic pressure
1. Doppler Effect
b. Doppler equation
C. Doppler Instruments
a. Differences
2. Range ambiguity
c. Instrumentation
1. Receiver
2. Demodulater
4. Directional devices
3. Spectral analysis
a. Purpose
1. Direction
2. Velocity
3. Duration
4. Character
5. Magnitude
1. Basic Principles
a. Sampling methods
1. Reflector direction
2. Average velocity
3. Velocity variance
a. Autocorrelation
2. Line density
3. Maximum depth
1. Hue
2. Saturation
3. Luminance (significance,
brightness, intensity)
1. Displayed information
A. Definition of Artifacts
2. Missing echoes
2. Mechanisms of Production
3. Appearance
1. Definitions
2. Mechanisms of Production
3. Appearance
1. Definitions
2. Mechanisms of Production
3. Appearance
1. Definitions
2. Mechanisms of Production
3. Appearance
1. Definitions
2. Mechanisms of Production
3. Appearance
1. Test objects
C. Parameters to Be Evaluated
1. Test object
a. Dead zone
d. TGC characteristics
e. Uniformity
f. System sensitivity
a. Dead zone
e. TGC characteristics
f. System sensitivity
g. Dynamic range
h. Contrast resolution
i. Lesion detection
a. Maximum depth
b. Pulsed Doppler sample volume
alignment (gate position accuracy)
c. Velocity accuracy
D. Preventive Maintenance
1. Standard precautions
a. Equipment
1. Cleaning
2. Disinfecting
3. Sterilization
E. Record Keeping
F. Statistical Indices
1. Sensitivity/specificity
3. Accuracy
1. Pressure
2. Power
a. Units (mW)
b. Methods of determining power
(radiation force, hydrophone)
3. Intensity
e. Common intensities
(1) SATA
(2) SPTA
(3) SPPA
(4) SPTP
1. Thermal index
a. TIS
b. TIB
c. TIC
2. Mechanical index
C. Acoustic Exposure
1. Animal studies
2. In vitro studies
3. Epidemiologic studies
a. Limitations