c


 

u
    
   

     

 
 

Ȉ A family of radio Dzproductsdz to be implemented using a common

platform architecture, allowing new products to be more quickly
introduced into the market.

Ȉ Software to be reused across radio "products", reducing

development costs dramatically.

Ȉ Over-the-air or other remote reprogramming, allowing "bug fixes"

to occur while a radio is in service, thus reducing the time and costs
associated with operation and maintenance.

u
 


 

Ȉ New features and capabilities to be added to existing infrastructure

without requiring major new capital expenditures, allowing service
providers to quasi-future proof their networks.

Ȉ The use of a common radio platform for multiple markets,

significantly reducing logistical support and operating expenditures.

Ȉ Remote software downloads, through which capacity can be

increased, capability upgrades can be activated and new revenue
generating features can be inserted.

u
   
  
    

    
    

   

Ȉ Reduce costs in providing end-users with access to ubiquitous

wireless communications Ȃ enabling them to communicate with
 whomever they need, whenever they need to and in whatever
manner is appropriate.

c 





Very Small Aperture Terminal (VSAT) Network provides Point

to Point or Point to Multi Point data connectivity using Geostationary
Satellite as repeater location. As satellite is being used as repeating
stations, the data originating and terminating point can be anywhere
on the earth. VSAT networks are typically used for Video
Surveillance, Video Conferencing, Consumer Internet, Point of Sale,
Distance Education, Industrial ERP, Internet Kiosk etc. Ô
 


 
  to provide data connectivity between various goods
terminals and CRIS as well as for video conferencing applications. It
shall also be used for Accident Site Communication for voice, data
and video transmission.


 


a) The network works in Star as well as Mesh architecture and

consists of

i) Hub Earth Station

ii) Remote Earth Station

iii) Satellite Transponder & Space Link

iv) Network Control Centre

v) Interface Equipment
 `!   "

# 
 ! "

 
"
  

"
.
 b) At Data level, the Network uses TCP/IP for Data
transmission. The Architecture of VSAT Network under development
for Railways is shown later. As can be seen all external Data Devices
interact with interface units only both at Remote as well as Hub End
thus making the VSAT Network system transparent to external
systems. i.e. PC, Telephone through IP interface interacts with the
interface unit i.e. DW 7700 at remote end. Similarly on Hub end, all
external data devices interacts with Enterprise LAN level only thus
making the VSAT Network transparent to external systems.

c) At RF level, the Networks operate in 3 bands i.e. C Band, XC

Band and Ku Band. Railway is using Ku band System. Ku Band system
operates on up link frequency of 14.25 to 14.5 GHz and Down Link
Frequency of 11.45 to 12.75 GHz. Up link frequencies is the carrier
frequency on which Hub or remote earth station transmits the Signal
to Satellite. Down Link Frequency is the Carrier frequency on which
Satellite transmits the Signal to Hub or remote earth station.

c  $%"`!

This station is Heart of the entire Network. The communication

between remotes or remote to external networks is established
through Hub Earth Station only. It is responsible for collecting the
data from enterprise LANǯs, Address Translation, converting data
into IF and RF Signals and transmitting them to Satellite and further
to remote earth stations, maintaining the integrity checks for all
remote earth stations, time synchronization for all remote earth
stations, tracking of Satellite, converting the RF received from
Remote to Data Signals in appropriate format to be delivered at
Enterprise level etc.
!
%"`!   


   
  It consists of 9 meter (or above) Cassegrain
feed, parabolic reflector, Sub Reflector, Low Noise Amplifiers and its
integration modules like Cables, Wave Guides, Connectors,
Dehydrators, Tracking Mechanisms etc. This system should have
clear line of sight availability towards the satellite. The Antenna
Control system can position the Antenna anywhere in vertical and
horizontal plane thus taking care of Satellite drifts as well as change
of Satellite.

Ô  

  It converts the IF Signals of 70 MHz typically to RF
frequency signals suitable for Satellite transmission. It also amplifies
the Signal for transmission to Satellite.


  The Modulated base band signals are first converted
to IF Signals and also amplified here before they are fed to RF Sub
Systems.

    
 
: This sub system consists of elements for
interacting with interface devices, time synchronization, modulating
the data signals for transmission, demodulating the signals received,
address translation, interacting with Network Monitoring Systems.
All sub systems here work on proprietary software. Few Sub systems
work on proprietary hardware also. Therefore, these equipments are
highly Vendor specific.


 


  
  It is a high end Server. This
equipment also works on proprietary software. The network is
managed as well as configured using this system only. All history and
configuration data is kept in Open End RDBMS. In Railway Network,
they are kept in Oracle Enterprise. The system also provides SNMP
(Simple Network Management Protocols) traps for all the devices
working on IP. These traps can be used by Open End Software like
HPOV etc which can generate many configurable reports for
management purposes.

   
  
  !
  %" 

 
"
 

HUB LAN would consists of Following

1. DNCC: BA Allocation

2. IPGW: Packet Switching

3. Packet shaper: Monitor and Control

4. Gatekeeper: Call Setup

5. Audio Codec With phone: Test Call

6. Cisco L3: Route Traffic towards Central Site

 
&




The VSAT communication depends entirely on Satellite. A

satellite is a nothing but a microwave repeater in Geo synchronous
orbit above the earth. All Hub and Remote Earth Equipment
communicates via Satellite.

A typical Block Diagram of Satellite is shown below.

Satellites are of different types namely

i) Communications Satellites (Used for VSAT Network)

ii) Weather Satellites

iii) Remote Sensing Satellites

iv) Science Research Satellites

v) GPS Satellites

Two elements which are common to all the four types of satellites are
PAYLOAD - Equipment a satellite needs to do its job. Include
antennas, cameras, radar and electronics. Payload is different for
every satellite. For Example, payload for a weather satellite includes
cameras, while payload for a communication satellite includes
antennas.

BUS - Part of the satellite that carries the payload and its equipment
into space. It holds all the satellite parts together and provides
electrical power, computers, and propulsion to the spacecraft. It also
contains equipment that allows the satellite to communicate with
earth.

Satellites rotate around earth in orbits. The different types of

orbits are Equatorial Orbit, Polar Orbit, Inclined Orbit and Elliptical
Orbit. The time of travel around earth is dependent on the distance of
Satellite from earth. At altitude of 22300 miles, the Satellite takes
exactly 24 hours to circle around earth. All orbits at this altitude are
called Geosynchronous Orbits. If the Satellite is in Equatorial Orbit at
the altitude of 22300 miles and is rotating in the same direction as of
earth, it will be stationary with respect to earth. All communication
Satellite use geosynchronous orbits only to avoid the need for
realigning the Antenna.

Three geo synchronous satellites can be used for full earth

coverage. The transmission of a signal up to the satellite and back
down is called a hop. Transmission delay for one hop is between
240msec. and 270msec.

One geo synchronous satellite can transmit to approximately

42% of the earthǯs surface. North and South poles cannot receive
signals from a geo synchronous satellite. The area covered by a single
satellite antenna is called a Dzfootprintdz. Figure below gives you the
footprint of one of the Satellites.
 



' 

The Satellite position changes due to solar and lunar

gravitational pull. The Satellite owner needs to monitor the position
of satellite at all times and correct for satellite drift. The tracking
mechanisms are therefore provided in the Hub equipment Antenna
Sub Systems to take care of this drift.

The Satellite uses different types of beams for communicating

with Earth Stations. The beams used are - GLOBAL BEAM: covering
42% of earth surface. Beam width 18degree, DUAL SPOT BEAMS,-
MULTIPLE SPOT BEAMS,- DUAL POLARIZED SPOT BEAMS

Polarization of Electro Magnetic waves is used by Satellites to

increase the channel capacity as multiple signals can be transmitted
at same frequency. The Polarization used by Satellites is linear or
Circular. Every Earth Station has to be configured to work on the
Polarization being used by Satellites.

The Uplink and Dnlink Frequencies which are in use in

different bands are as under

 Railways is using Ku Band for their VSAT Network which will

work on INSAT 4C-R

The transponders provide the frequency space on Satellite.

Each transponder is of 36 MHz Different Satellites carry different
number of transponders. A fraction of transponder can be used.
Railway is hiring 9 MHz frequency space on INSAT 4C-R for their
VSAT Network.

VSAT Network operator has to divide the hired transponder

space into Transmit and Receive Segment. As the transmission power
of remote earth station is limited, their requirement of frequency
spectrum is limited but higher number of smaller bands are required
to cater for large number of remote stations. While one bigger band is
required at transponder for signal transmitted from Hub as it is high
power signal and contains data for all remotes.

To adjudge the availability of Satellite communication, a link

budget calculation is done taking the least available Satellite Power,
Antenna Size, transponder sizing for receive and transmit segments
etc.

All transponder space is allocated by Department of Space.



`!

 
    

i) A Parabolic Antenna 1.2 or 1.8 Meters of Size for Ku band system

and 3.2 to 3.8 meter size for C and XC band system with Feed for
transmit Signals.

ii) An outdoor unit called ODU and Low Noise Amplifier for received
signal.

iii) Indoor Unit

iv) Power Supply Arrangements

v) Protection and Earthing Arrangements

Indoor Unit interact with the Antenna System as well as

external data devices through Ethernet LAN ports. A typical remote
earth installation over Railway has been shown below.
 All remote installations require feeding of latitude and
longitude information which determines its location with respect to
Satellite as well as Hub Earth Station.

The supported rates for data transmission in up-to 1 MBPS as

per the guidelines of DOT.

The protocol and encryption used for transmission of Data

between Hub and Remote station is usually proprietary items and
therefore, the Hub and Remote devices have to be of same Vendor. As
these are proprietary devices, the features supported by them differ
from make to make. The features supported by the remote installed
on Railway System are given below .

àÊ Inbound HIS 512Kbps /1Mbps

àÊ MPLS QoS

àÊ DHCP server and relay support

àÊ IGMPv2 for multicast to LAN

àÊ VLAN Tagging

àÊ ICMP support (pings, etc.)

àÊ Embedded web server for remote status query and

configuration

àÊ NAT/PAT

àÊ RIP V2

àÊ DNS caching and preload

àÊ Inroute IP header compression

àÊ RTP header compression

àÊ PEP and inroute prioritization

àÊ PEP and TCP payload compression

àÊ Secondary satellite frequency support

àÊ CBR support for real-time applications

 àÊ VADB

As these devices use proprietary protocol as well as encryption, the

communication is highly secure.


 
`# 


The VSAT Network is interfaced with the external data devices

by using Router or Router Switch combinations at Hub Earth
Stations. At Remote Station, Ethernet LAN output is provided as
standard interface. This can directly be connected to any device
having Ethernet interface.

The applications Servers like FOIS Server of Railway, IP Exchange for

Voice Networks and MPEG Server for Video Streaming applications
and Web Servers for providing Internet application have to be
interfaced with VSAT network through a router switch combination
only.






Network Control Center is responsible for administering and

managing the whole of the VSAT Network as well as each of the
application working on the Network. This is carried out through
Network Management System specific to Network as well as using
other tools mostly SNMP based.

This Center also generates various analysis reports not only for
Network part but for day to day operation of each of application
running on the Network.

One of the most important parameters is analyzing the traffic

flow and taking corrective actions for optimum working of all
applications. This has been described in detail in Bandwidth
Management para.

This Center also tracks the performance of all the remote sites
connected and get them attended in case of any fault.

ü!(



Management of Bandwidth is a very important parameter on

VSAT networks as the cost of Bandwidth on Satellite is very high.

C and XC Band VSAT Networks worked on principles of

dedicated bandwidth allotment for each application. The utilization
of bandwidth in such systems was poor as most of the data devices
remain dormant for considerable period.

Ku Band VSAT Networks work on Shared bandwidth

principles. Here only priorities and grouping of traffic can be defined.
Priorities can be defined for a group consisting of Data Transmitting
device, Data Receiving Device etc. Within the group each member will
have an equal right for the bandwidth. Therefore as more and more
member of the group become active, each one will get lesser
bandwidth. As more and more member become dormant, the
available bandwidth for the remaining members will be higher.
Priorities can be set for different groups based on sensitivity of
applications. Therefore a high priority group will get precedence for
bandwidth allocation than a lower priority group. This results in a
very effective utilization of Bandwidth.

Packet Shaper Software is used for management of bandwidth

in transmit path. While it can be managed using Network
Management System tool in receive path.

 

The performance of VSAT equipment both at Hub Earth Station

and Remote Earth Station is affected by ambient conditions.

Hub Equipment generates a very high amount of heat.

Continuous heat dissipation and marinating Normal temperature is
an extremely important consideration for proper functioning of VSAT
Hub Equipment.

Some of the important items which are considered necessary

for proper functioning of Remote Earth Station are as given below

i) Maintain the Room Temperature.

ii) Use On line UPS.

iii) Good Quality Earthing to be maintained.

iv) Dust free environment to be maintained

v) Sufficient air circulation & access to Indoor Unit be there

vi) Switch on the VSAT first and then switch on other

accessories

vii) Follow the Switch on Sequence strictly

viii) Report any Problem related to any equipments to Hub

ix) While doing so report full Problems and complete

observations to Hub

x) Use the Computer only for Intended applications

xi) Make sure your Computers are Virus FREE

 xii) Log all activities related to equipment failures & Engineer
visits in a Log Book

xiii) Allow authorized and Trained People only to operate the

system.

xiv) Do not switch on the VSAT immediately after switch off.

xv) Do not Move the Indoor Unit after installation.

xvi) Do not keep any article on Indoor Unit.

xvii) Do not obstruct the air vents in front of the Indoor Unit.

xviii) Do not Use air cooler (water) for cooling.

xix) Do not Bend IFL cable

xx) Do not use the PC for any other application

xxi) Do not do any local servicing of the equipments

xxii) Do not shift the equipments from one place to another in

absence of trained persons

xxiii) Do not load any software programs on the PC except the

application




! 
)



!!




!Ê Non versatile system, whenever there is a requirement for

enhancement in the modulation techniques or security features of
the system it is not a simple task to do. Total hardware must be
changed, due to usage of outdated techniques in system design.

!Ê Huge initial cost

!Ê A huge maintenance cost, if at all changes has to be done.

!Ê &
, The speed of light being what it is, and the fact that the
satellites are 23,000 miles above the equator; it takes the signal
approximately 0.26 seconds to get to the satellite and back. This bit of
delay can play havoc with certain types of applications. Some
interactive applications (such as dumb terminal with remote echo)
can be nearly unusable unless appropriate measures are taken. There
are also non WAN-friendly applications out there (including ones
that purport to be WAN-friendly) that require an inordinate number
of data exchanges for even the most trivial of functions: It should be
pointed out that these applications are typically poor candidates for
any WAN application - be they terrestrial or otherwise.

!Ê Occasional outages due to the sun, lasting a few minutes occurring

once or twice a year where the Sun moves directly in line with the
satellite. The Sun, being a very powerful source of radio signals,
temporarily jams the satellite signal. These outages can be predicted
very precisely and last only a short time. (Most users can tolerate
"scheduled" outages - it is those "unscheduled" ones that cause the
most problem...)

!Ê Occasional outages due to weather. Occasionally, v ery heavy

precipitation will block the signal for short periods. These outages
are fairly rare and don't normally last for more than a few minutes.
Another possibility is that of snow building up in a dish, but proper
system design (e.g. installation of covers, heaters, and occasional
vigilance and, in a worst-case scenario, the use of a broom) can
prevent such outages from ever happening in the first place.

!Ê Failure of the Satellite itself. Fortunately, this is extremely rare.

Satellites are some of the most reliable pieces of equipment made -
 and they are loaded with redundant systems. Even in the event of a
failure, it is practical to restore service simply by pointing the
antenna at a different satellite.

! 
)

* 

ü 

Ê Ê



èu
 ü  !




 Ê
 
 

a

 

 è  



èu
%"ü  Ê


 

 a



 è

Ê




èu
'ü!

 
! 
)+

(
!
ü 

!Ê èu
 shows the block diagram of entire satellite communication

system in Indian Railways.

1.Ê Geosynchronous Satellite

2.Ê Teleport

3.Ê NOC

4.Ê Satellite hub

5.Ê Costumer location

6.Ê Satellite modem & Router

7.Ê Networked workstations

!Ê èu
shows the block diagram of VSAT hub station.

 8.Ê SDR using matlab

9.Ê ADC

10. Ê DAC

11. Ê Satellite DishAntenna

!Ê èu
 shows the block diagram of ground station

12. Ê SDR using matlab

13. Ê ADC

14. Ê DAC

15. Ê Satellite DishAntenna



! 
,-


  ü 

- $.
!



A satelliteǯs orbit around the earth repeats time to time over points on the
earth, lies over the equator, circular, and direction of the satellite is same as
the earth then such a satellite is called as Ǯ.
!

ǯ. And
the orbit of such a satellite is called as .
!
"/.
0".

Geosynchronous satellites are majorly used for communication. Like video

conferencing, distance calling, direct to home televisions etc. today
communication between corners of the earth has become possible due to
this Geosynchronous satellite network. This had made international calls
also cheaper. There are approximately 300 operational geosynchronous
satellites dedicated for communication.
Geostationary satellites appear to be fixed over one spot above the equator.
Receiving and transmitting antennas on the earth do not need to track such
a satellite. These antennas can be fixed in place and are much less
expensive than tracking antennas. These satellites have revolutionized
global communications, television broadcasting and weather forecasting,
and have a number of important defense and inte lligence applications.

One disadvantage of geostationary satellites is a result of their high

altitude: radio signals take approximately 0.25 of a second to reach and
return from the satellite, resulting in a small but significant signal delay.
This delay increases the difficulty of telephone conversation and reduces
the performance of common network protocols such as TCP/IP, but does
not present a problem with non-interactive systems such as television
broadcasts.

- c



Teleport is the one which transfers data very fast from one place to
another.
 Ê

Unlike VSATǯs these are big in size. Itǯs a terminal used for data transfer
between geosynchronous satellite and Hub station.

-
0

A Network Operations Center (NOC) and its uses vary from provider to
provider, but most provide a number of services to both customers and
non-customers alike.

Most NOCs are the front line for customer support, for a wide range of
issues, including emergency support for folks encountering Denial of
Service attacks, loss of connectivity, and security issues.

Some companies have Customer Service centers that escalate internally to

their NOC for outages that affect more than one customer. An example may
be if your T1 is down and it is delivered to your provider via a CT3 and the
entire CT3 is down the NOC would work on the single DS3/CT3 outage
instead of the 28 individual customer outages.

Some companies reserve their NOC for inter-company and intra-company

communications and do not speak directly to customers except in the rare
case that they require additional information and their Customer Service
Center fails to collect the information or lacks the technical skills to
properly collect the information.
When contacting another NOC, Identify yourself, the company you
represent and clearly describe the problem you are having. Do not contact
a NOC if you are a customer of the company unless that is your direct
support mechanism. This can lead to the lack of tracking of your problem
and inability to obtain credits under your SLA or other support problems.

One should also not become abusive when talking to NOC staff. Their jobs
can be extremely stressful especially during late-night shifts where staffing
tends to be minimal. (00:00-8:30 local time to your NOC)

- 

!"

Satellite hub or hub earth station, more about this has been discussed in
section 2.4.1.

- + 
12

Costumer location can be anywhere on the earth, might be in the middle of

a see also, communication will be establish ed as the same on entire earth.

VSATǯs are used in the costumer location.

VSAT stands for "Very Small Aperture Terminal;" it refers to

receive/transmit terminals, installed at dispersed sites and connecting to a
central hub via satellite using small diameter antenna dishes (0.6 to 3.8
meter).

ÊVSAT technology represents a cost effective solution for users seeking an

independent communications network connecting a large number of
geographically dispersed sites. VSAT networks offer value-added satellite-
based services capable of supporting the Internet, data, LAN, and voice/fax
communications, and can provide powerful, dependable private and public
network communications solutions.
0

 
! 

The most common VSAT configuration is the TDM/TDMA star network.

These have a high bit rate outbound carrier (TDM) from the hub to the
remote earth stations, and one or more low or medium bit rate Time
Division Multiple Access (TDMA) inbound carriers.

With its star configuration network architecture, interactive VSAT

technology is appropriate for any organization with centralized
management and data processing.

This configuration has been developed to minimize overall lifetime costs

for the complete network including satellite transmission costs. The use of
a single high performance hub allows the use of low cost remote VSAT
terminals and optimizes use of satellite capacity. Even so, in most VSAT
networks, the cost of the VSAT terminals usually far exceeds the cost of the
hub (typically a VSAT terminal is 0.1 to 0.2% of the price of the hub).

In a typical VSAT network, remote user sites have a number of personal

computers, dumb terminals and printers connected to the VSAT terminal
which connects them to a centralized host computer either at the
organizationǯs head office or data processing centre. Data sent to the VSAT
terminal from the DTEs is buffered and transmitted to the hub in packets.

0 è
  !


This is how a star data, TDM/TDMA VSAT network works using a hub
station, usually six meters or more in size and small VSAT antennas
(between 75 centimeters and 2.4 meters). All the channels are shared and
the remote terminals are online, offering fast response times.
 Ê

However, mesh networks which use capacity on a demand assigned

multiple access (DAMA) basis take a different approach. The master control
station merely acts as a controller and facilitator rather than a hub through
which traffic passes as in a star network. However, these connections take a
little time to set-up and thus, mesh/DAMA systems are often equated to a
terrestrial dial-up connection.
There are also mesh systems which use a TDMA access scheme where
all of the terminals in a network receive and transmit to the same channel,
selecting different time slots because each terminal is aware of what the
others have reserved. In the past this type of system has been costly and
therefore, reserved for large scale trunking applications, but, more
recently, costs have come down considerably and now they can be cost
competitive with SCPC/DAMA systems for thin route applications as well.
Ê
Ê
Ê
Ê
Ê

Ê
Ê
Ê
ÊÊÊÊÊÊÊÊÊÊÊ Point-to-point SCPC (single channel per carrier) links are the
satellite equivalent of a terrestrial leased line connection. They are usually
set-up on a permanent, 24 hour basis and are thus more costly in satellite
capacity and less efficient if not used all the time. However, they do support
high bandwidths (typically from 9.6 kbps to 2 Mbps) and can easily be used
to carry data, voice and even video traffic.
All other systems are usually a variation on one of the themes
described above, either in a star, mesh or hybrid (star and mesh)
configuration. Most of the TDM/TDMA manufacturers also offer a mesh
product which can be deployed in a hybrid-ized configuration, sharing
common components such as antennas and RF units, at a remote site.

- -


3


They are used for establishing data transfer between communication

satellites and networked workstations.

In the conventional system a satellite modem is used to modulate and

demodulate the radio signals in to binary format and vice versa. This can be
replaced by the software defined radio developed using matlab. All the data
modulations and demodulations are done in the software only.

A Router is used to redirect the data from the modem to the requested
workstations with a specific IP address.

- 4



This might be any LAN network inside a firm.

In Indian railways this will be the Computers connected in LAN inside the
individual railway stations. The data from the router will be connected to
the requested computer.

- 5 


 (&ü 

By using '   (6   


technique we developed software defined radio for VSAT network in Indian
railways.


- 5 $7.8

The AWGN Channel block adds white Gaussian noise to a real or complex
input signal. When the input signal is real, this block adds real Gaussian
noise and produces a real output signal. When the input signal is complex,
this block adds complex Gaussian noise and produces a complex output
signal. This block inherits its sample time from the input signal.

This block uses the Signal Processing Blockset̻ Random Source block to
generate the noise. Random numbers are generated using the Ziggurat
method. The Initial seed parameter in this block initializes the noise
generator. Initial seed can be either a scalar or a vector whose length
matches the number of channels in the input signal. For details on Initial
seed, see the Random Source block reference page in the Signal Processing
Blockset documentation set.

This block accepts a scalar-valued, vector, or matrix input signal with a data
type of type single or double. The output signal inherits port data types
from the signals that drive the block.

Note: All values of power assume a nominal impedance of 1 ohm.

 *
  

This block can process multichannel signals. When you set the Input
Processing parameter to Columns as channels (frame based), the block
accepts an M-by-N input signal. M specifies the number of samples per
channel and N specifies the number of channels. Both M and N can be equal
to 1. The block adds frames of length-M Gaussian noise to each of the N
channels, using a distinct random distribution per channel.

'ü*


8

  


Specify how the block processes the input signal. You can set this
parameter to one of the following options:

!Ê Columns as channels (frame based) Ȅ When you select this

option, the block treats each column of the input as a separate
channel.


The Inherited (this choice will be removed - see release
notes) option will be removed in a future release. See Frame-
Based Processing in the º   " !0 
for more information.



The seed for the Gaussian noise generator.

 
(

The mode by which you specify the noise variance: Signal to noise
ratio (Eb/No), Signal to noise ratio (Es/No), Signal to noise
ratio (SNR), Variance from mask, or Variance from port.

`"/1ü2

The ratio of bit energy per symbol to noise power spectral density, in
decibels. This field appears only if (
is set to Eb/No.

"
 "
"

The number of bits in each input symbol. This field appears only if
(
is set to Eb/No.

   
9



$!12
 The mean square power of the input symbols (if (
is Eb/No or
Es/No) or input samples (if (
is SNR), in watts. This field appears
only if (
is set to Eb/No, Es/No, or SNR.


"
12

The duration of a channel symbol, in seconds. This field appears only

if (
is set to Eb/No or Es/No.



The variance of the white Gaussian noise. This field appears only if
(
is set to Variance from mask.

- 5 c
"
$

2Êü
ü.


The Bernoulli Binary Generator block generates random binary
numbers using a Bernoulli distribution. The Bernoulli
distribution with parameter p produces zero with probability p
and one with probability 1-p. The Bernoulli distribution has
mean value 1-p and variance p(1-p). The Probability of a zero
parameter specifies p, and can be any real number between
zero and one.

"
 0  

The output signal can be a frame-based matrix, a sample-based

row or column vector, or a sample-based one-dimensional
array. These attributes are controlled by the Frame-based
outputs, Samples per frame, and Interpret vector parameters
as 1-D parameters. See Signal Attribute Parameters for
Random Sources in Communications Blockset User's Guide for
more details.

The number of elements in the Initial seed and Probability of a

zero parameters becomes the number of columns in a frame-
based output or the number of elements in a sample -based
vector output. Also, the shape (row or column) of the Initial
seed and Probability of a zero parameters becomes the shape
of a sample-based two-dimensional output signal.


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The probability with which a zero output occurs.






The initial seed value for the random number generator.

The seed can be either a vector of the same length as the
Probability of a zero parameter, or a scalar.

 



The period of each sample-based vector or each row of a

frame-based matrix.
    



Determines whether the output is frame-based or

sample-based. This box is active only if Interpret vector
parameters as 1-D are unchecked.

  

The number of samples in each column of a frame -

based output signal. This field is active only if Frame -based
outputs is checked.



!
  
 " #

If this box is checked, then the output is a one-

dimensional signal. Otherwise, the output is a two-dimensional
signal. This box is active only if Frame-based outputs is
unchecked.

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The output type of the block can be specified as a

boolean, int8, uint8, int16, uint16, int32, uint32, single, or
double. By default, the block sets this to double. Single outputs
may lead to different results when compared with double
outputs for the same set of parameters.

"2Ê(6(

The MSK Modulator Baseband block modulates using the
minimum shift keying method. The output is a baseband
representation of the modulated signal.

This block accepts a scalar-valued or column vector input

signal. For a column vector input signal, the width of the output
equals the product of the number of symbols and the value for
the  

" parameter.



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When you set the   

parameter to Integer, then the
block accepts values of 1 and -1.

When you set the   

parameter to Bit, then the block
accepts values of 0 and 1.

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8





Indicates whether the input consists of bipolar or

binary values.

 
% &

The initial phase of the output waveform,

measured in radians.
   

The number of output samples that the block

produces for each integer or binary word in the input,
which must be a positive integer. For all non-binary
schemes, as defined by the pulse shapes, this value must
be greater than 1.

0 

Specify the block output data type as double and single. By default, the
block sets this to double.

'

 "8
 

'

 (8

- 5



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The MSK Demodulator Baseband block demodulates a signal

that was modulated using the minimum shift keying method. The
input signal is a baseband representation of the modulated signal.
The Phase offset parameter represents the initial phase of the
modulated waveform.



)
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This block accepts a scalar-valued or column vector input

signal with a data type of single or double. If you set the Output type
parameter to Integer, then the block produces values of 1 and -1. If
you set the Output type parameter to Bit, then the block produces
values of 0 and 1

'"*




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Determines whether the output consists of bipolar or binary

values.

 
% &

The initial phase of the modulated waveform.

   

The number of input samples that represent each modulated

symbol, which must be a positive integer. For more
information, see Upsampled Signals and Rate Changes in
º   " !
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Select the rate processing method for the block.

Enforce single-rate processing Ȅ When you select this Ê