A Technical seminar report

On

PROTECTION OF TRANSMISSION SYSTEM USING GLOBAL

POSITIONING SYSTEM

Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirement for the award of degree of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

By

V.GANESH
07R11A0254

GEETHANJALI COLLEGE OF ENGG &TECH

Cheeryal, Keesara, R.R.District

2011

CONTENTS
1 Introduction
2 Transmission System

3 How gps works

4 Basic principle and relay design

4.1 Basic principle

4.2 Relay design

5 Fault generated transients and associated protection techniques

6 Characteristics of high frequency current signals

7 Modeling and simulation

Conclusion
References

Abstract

This is a new technique for the protection of

transmission systems by using the global

positioning system (GPS) and fault generated

transients. In this scheme the relay contains a

fault transient detection system together with a

communication unit, which is connected to the
power line through the high voltage coupling
capacitors of the CVT. Relays are installed at
each bus bar in a transmission network. These
detect the fault generated high frequency
voltage transient signals and record the time
instant corresponding to when the initial
traveling wave generated by the fault arrives at
the bus bar. The decision to trip is based on the
components as they propagate through the
system. extensive simulation studies of the
technique were carried out to examine the
response to different power system and fault
condition. The communication unit is used to
transmit and receive coded digital signals of the
local information to and from the associated
relays in the system. At each substation , the
relay determine the location of the fault by
comparing the GPS time stay measured locally
with those received from the adjacent
substations, extensive simulation studies
presented here demonstrate feasibility of the
scheme
1. INTRODUCTION
A century has passed since
the application of the first electro
chemical over current relays in power
system protection. The majority of
protection principles where developed
with in the first three decades of
century .a rough guide to there
development is shown in fig1
Distance protection has played an
important role in power line protection
since it was first introduced in the early
part of the century. it has many advantages
over the power line protection techniques
and can be adopted for fault location and
back up protection. however , like other
power frequency based protection
techniques it suffers from limitation due to
power system frequency wave form , fault
path resistance , line loading and source
parameter variations. In particular , the
response speed of the relay cannot meet the increase the speed of relay response .in
reqirements when very high speed fault the late 70’s this led to the
clearance is required . development of “ultra high speed
protection “ based on the use of
With the continuous development of
traveling waves and super imposed
modern technology, protection relays have
components these relays offered the
advanced with the development of
advantage of fast response ,
electromechanical, semiconductor,
directionality , and where not affected
integrated circuits and microprocessor
by power swing and CT saturation.
technologies. Al tough decades of research
However many distinct advantages of
have been put in to the continued
the conventional protection techniques
development and perfection of the relay
where not retained for eg. Inherent
technology , many of the basic relaying
back up protection.
principles of protection have not been
changed and are still playing a dominant In recent years, there is a
role today. the introduction of computer growing interest in the use of fault
technology have been an important generated transients for protection
milestone in the history of power system purposes and extensive research work
protection .since the concept was first has been conducted to develop new
raised in the late 60’s relay technology has relaying principles and techniques
gone through rapid development. digital based on there detection.. this led to
techniques for transmission line protection the new concept of “transient based
have been quickly developed and have protection “(TBP). Among these the
included various digital and numeric “positional protection” offers
impedance algorithm for distance attractive solutions for power line
protection. protection.

Modern development for This technique is based on the

power system network , the demand detection of fault generated high
for fast fault clearance to improve frequency transient signals and
system stability and the need for determine the actual portion of the
alternative protection principles have fault on the line by measuring the
resulted in the search for methods to traveling time of the high frequency
transient voltage or current signals transient program(EMPT) software
along the line . in contrast to the has been used to simulate a model
conventional traveling wave based EHV transmission system in order to
protection techniques, this technique examine the response of the
concentrates on the fault generated protection scheme to a variety of
signals during arcing and their different system and fault condition.
associated high frequency signals. Results demonstrate that the proposed
With this approach not only the close technique offer a very fast relay
in faults can be detected , but also the response and high accuracy in fault
problem of low fault inception angle , location. It has also been shown that
voltage zero faults is effectively the scheme is immune to power
overcome since the faults arc signals frequency phenomena which can
vary little with the inception angle. effect established types of relaying.

The positional protection uses

its associated GPS scheme to
determine the instant when it detects
the fault generated high frequency
transient signals and uses the power
line communication system to 2. TRANSMISSION SYSTEM

communicate this information to the GENERATION TRANSMISSION DISTRIBUTION

relays at the other substations. By
comparing the arrival time of the
transient at different points in the
network , relay is able to identify
where the fault is on the system and
pin point its location . the system can
also respond to the high frequency
transient generated by switch gear Electric power transmission, a process in
operation, which provides an the delivery of electricity to consumers, is the
immediate opportunity for bulk transfer of electrical power. Typically,
comprehensive self testing and power transmission is between the power plant
calibration checking. Electro magnetic and a substation near a populated
area.Electricity distribution is the delivery from
the substation to the consumers.Electric power
transmission allows distant energy sources (such
as hydroelectric power plants) to be connected
to consumers in population centers, and may
allow exploitation of low-grade fuel resources
that would otherwise be too costly to transport
to generating facilities. Due to the large amount
of power involved, transmission normally takes
place at high voltage (110 kV or above).
Electricity is usually transmitted over long
distance through overhead power transmission
lines. Underground power transmission is used
only in densely populated areas due to its high
cost of installation and maintenance, and
because the high reactive power produces large
charging currents and difficulties in voltage
management.A power transmission system is
sometimes referred to colloquially as a "grid";
however, for reasons of economy, the network
is not a mathematical grid.Redundant paths and
lines are provided so that power can be routed
from any power plant to any load center,
through a variety of routes, based on the
economics of the transmission path and the cost
of power. Much analysis is done by
transmission companies to determine the
maximum reliable capacity of each line, which,
due to system stability considerations, may be
less than the physical or thermal limit of the
line.
HOW GPS WORKS?
GPS satellites circle the earth twice a day in a
very precise orbit and transmit signal
information to earth. GPS receivers take this
information and use triangulation to calculate
the user's exact location. Essentially, the GPS
receiver compares the time a signal was
transmitted by a satellite with the time it was
received. The time difference tells the GPS
receiver how far away the satellite is. Now, with
distance measurements from a few more
satellites, the receiver can determine the user's
position and display it on the unit's electronic
map. By knowing the distance from another
satellite, the possible positions of the location
are narrowed down to two points (Two
intersecting circles have two points in
common). A GPS receiver must be locked on to
the signal of at least three satellites to calculate
a 2D position (latitude and longitude) and track
movement. With four or more satellites in view,
the receiver can determine the user's 3D
position (latitude, longitude and altitude). Once
the user's position has been determined, the
GPS unit can calculate other information, such
as speed, bearing, track, trip distance, distance t
4. BASIC PRINCIPLES AND RELAY
DESIGN
 A short circuit fault on a
power transmission line generates
voltages and current signals over a
wide frequency range. These signals
propagate away from the fault point in
both directions along the transmission
system with velocity close to the speed
of light. It has been long recognized
that the actual faulted position could
be determined on line if the transient
signals could time tagged at key points
on the power system network. The
global positioning system , with its
ability to provide synchronization with
an accuracy of microsecond over the
wide area, provides an ideal tool for
performing this time tagging of the
receipt of fault generated transients.
4.1 Basic Principle
The basic principle of the
technique can be demonstrated by
referring to the 400Kv,
transmission network, shown in figure.
Relays are installed at the bus bars
P,Q,R and S and are responsible for
the protection of the network . for this
paper , the study has
concentrated on the protection of the
network PQR and tripping of the
breakers associated with that network,
high frequency signals are generated at
the fault point and travel outward from
that point along the network
conductors. In time they will reach the
monitored bus bar and be detected by
the relays connected to them. each
relay record the arrival instant of the
signal generated by the fault.
The relays then code this
time information with details of their
identification.. and transmit this to
their neighbouring relays. All relays
are continuously ready to receive the
coded massages send by other devices.
Data protocols are used to avoid
conflict between information sent by
different devices along the same line.
following an event , the relays
compare the fault transient arrival time
recorded at its sight with those send by
other relays .from this they determine
whether the fault is with in the
protected zone. appropriate tripping
EHV
instructions are then send to the
relevant local circuit breakers. The
actual location where the fault occurs
can be clearly identified at each relay
location by this method.
been
 recording the time tag obtained from
the GPS clock.

The transmitter circuit sends

this time tag corresponding to the
instant when the transient is captured,
to the receivers of the other relays
installed involved in the network
scheme.

Previous research has

investigated the use of digital filters to
detect the high frequency signals
generated by the fault and had shown
that the accuracy of fault location was
a function of the sampling rate used to
digitalize the measured signal. the
4.2 Relay Design
accuracy was directly related to the
A simplified block diagram of
sampling rate and higher the sampling
the relay unit is shown in fig.. the
rate , the more accurate the
transient detector uni5t is connected to
measurement. in this system it was
the line using three phase CVTs . these
therefore proposed to use continuous
are able to detect the fault generated
sampling. Ie an analog system and a
high frequency voltage signals. The
pass band filter tuned to operate
communication unit, containing a
between 40 and 80 KHz. The
transmitter and a receiver circuits ,
protection technique is therefore
also uses the CVTs together with a
divorced from the power system
hybrid unit to separate the transmitted
frequency.
and received transmitted signal.

The transient detector is

responsible for detecting the fault
The communication link used
generated fast transient signals and
in the scheme modeled and shown in
fig. Used power line carrier
techniques. Although this has several
advantages , other communication
system could be used, such as pilot
wire , optical fibre or microwave.
The decision to trip the local
breaker depends on the comparison
between the times measured by the
GPS system at that location and those
measured by other relays. Unlike the
convectional protection scheme ,
where each relay associates with one
circuit breaker on that line section, the
proposed relaying scheme will be
responsible for protection of several
lines connected to the bus bar where it
is installed. For eg as shown in fig the
relay at bus bar “R” responsible for
the protection of both line section ,
connected to the busbar, by controlling
both circuit breakers CB-RP and CB-
RQ. Therefore the technique offers a
network protection scheme rather than
than one which concentrates on
specific units of plant. This provides
several technical advantages over
conventional relaying.
5. FAULT GENERATED TRANSIENTS
AND ASSOSIATED PROTECTION
TECHNIQUES
A comparison of different protection
techniques in the frequency domain is
shown in fig . a power system fault
indicates a variety of additional transient
components in additional components
contain extensive information about the
fault and are spread through out the
spectrum ranging from Dc to may kilohertz
and even mega hertz.
In conventional protection
scheme , the high frequency signals
are considered to be noise and filtered
out and as a result, considerable
research has been spent on the
designing of the filters , protection
schemes based on detection of fault
generated transient, such as the “ ultra
high speed protection ” schemes are
generally limited by the band width of
transducers used.

It is accepted however that
the fault generated high frequency
transient components contain a wealth
of information about the fault type,
location , its directions and duration .
the use of these high frequency
transient signals enables the realization
of new protection principles that could
not be implemented using only power
frequency signals . this has led to the
development of the “transient based
protection “ and the “ transient
identification” shown in fig 2.
The transient based protection
technique operate by extracting the
fault generated high frequency signals
through specially designed detection
devices and their associated
algorithms. The high frequency
current signal are directly extracted
from the CT out puts . although
conventional iron cored CT’s
alternate the high frequency signals,
their characteristics are such that
sufficient signals can be detected for
relaying measurement and several
researches are studying there use for
high frequency relaying. Following
initial analogue filtering, fast signal
processing algorithms are then applied
to the measured signals for fault
identification.
6. CHARECTERSTICS OF HIGH
FREQUENCY CURRENT SIGNALS.
The theoretical aspects of the
characteristics of the propagation of high
frequency signals on transmission lines
have been well documented.
6.1 Detection of fault position and
fault generated current transients
When a fault occurs on a
transmission line , wide band voltages
and current signals propagate away
from the fault point along the power
conductors. In time, these signals
reach discontinuities on the
transmission line and some of the
signals is reflected back towards the
fault point. The characteristics of
these waves are dependent on several
factors including , the fault position
on the line , fault path resistance and
the characteristics impedance of the
power conductors .this propagation
can be shown graphically.
Here relays are located at all
of the substations in the power system
and independently monitor the power
system. The frequency range of
interest for monitoring these fault
generated high frequency signals is
between 40-80 KHz and the signal
processing is designed as to determine
the arrival of high frequency transient
characteristics of those generated by a
fault. at these frequencies , bus bars
are dominated by their capacitive
elements , and as a result, the
incoming high frequency current
signal is both inverted and reflected . a
resistive fault in their frequency range
will also reflect a current wave of the
opposite polarity.
6.2 Fault current transient detector
The proposed scheme uses a
specially designed transient current
detector fed from the primary CTs .
This extracts are high frequency
signals associated with the fault
generated current transients. A
simplified block diagram of the
detector arrangement is shown in the
figure . the circuit comprises of an
analogue input circuit for signal
conditioning and a digital circuit for
determining the transients. Particular
emphasis has been placed on the
development of digital circuit.
The detector is designed to
interrogate signals in the range of
frequencies from 40-80KHz. analog
circuit acts as a band pass filter which
extracts the band of fault generated
transient current signal from the line.
as a result , the response of the scheme
is not affected by the power frequency
short circuit band at the busbar or the
presise configration of the source side
networks.
6.3 Signal Processing Unit
Model transformation is
employed to decouple the signal in to
their respective aerial modes. The
signal mixing circuit receive the
signal from the 3 phase CTs and
continue these to form mode2 and
mode3 signals. There are filters to
remove any spurious noise. The
 outputs of the analog circuit are then
passed to the digital circuit.

The sampling frequency of

the analog to digital A/D converter is 1
Mz and the speed of propagation of
the high frequency transient is similar
to the speed of light. The digital
The response of the complete
processing includes filters sequence
system was evaluated by modeling the
recording, amplitude comparison,
transmission line system together with
counters and decision logic.
the relays in the scheme using the
EMTP simulation program. EMTP is a
general purpose computer program for
simulating high speed transient effects
in electric power systems. The EMTP
program features an extremely wide
variety of modeling capabilities
encompassing electromagnetic and
electro mechanical oscillations ranging
in duration from micro seconds. Its
main application includes switching
and lightning surge analysis, insulation
co-ordinations, shaft torsional
oscillations ferro resonance and
HVDC converter control and
operations.

7. MODELLING AND SIMULATION The EMTP simulation studies include

7.1 System Modeling 1. Simulation of line and

transformer energization, load
rejection and fault clearing
which are done to help
 determine the required
transformer , circuit breaker and
other equipment characteristics.
2. Additional simulations
used to develop recommended
procedure for line
transformer energization.
3. Comparison of several
recorded waveforms with the
result of EMTP simulation of
same events.
7.2 Simulation Studies
The configuration of
transmission line network used in the
studies is shown in the fig. The line
lengths , source capacities and fault
position studies are shown 9in fig. CB-
PQ, CB-PR,CB-RQ are circuit
breakers responsible for isolating the
different line sections.
Fig 3(a) shows the primary
system voltage at the bus
experienced during “a” earth fault at
the point F1 in the fig.as expected , the
seviarity of the fault depends on the
impedance of the line connecting the
busbar and the fault point. It is evident
that the high frequency components
are produced at the faulted and
unfaulted phases.
Fig 3(b) shows the
corresponding transient voltage
signals captured by the relays at P,Q
and R. it can be seen that the
magnitude of the captured transient
signal decreases with increasing
and
distance between the relay and the
fault point. Upon detecting the arrival
of the transient signal , each relay time
tag the signal and details of the time
are send to other relay locations.
The time taken for the
communication will depend on the
a communication system used. in this
study a high speed communication
system has been modeled. the time
taken for the communication is the
system overload, which will be added
to the processing time required in the
decision making unit.
Determining which is the
faulted section is reduced to a
bars comparison of time tags recorded
when the fault transients where
detected at the relaying points through
out the network .each relay compares
the time instant of the first wave to
arrive at the location with those
recorded at the other location. .a time
difference smaller than the time taken
to travel through the corresponding
line length indicates that the fault is
with in the corresponding section .the
actual fault location can be determined
with an accuracy of with in 300
meters using the difference between
time measurements taken at the end of
the faulted line.

The relationship between the tag times and

determining which feeder is faulted and
hence which breaker need to be tripped is
given by

Tp-Tq < Lpq/V

Tp - arrival time of the

transient wave as bus bar P

Tq - arrival time of the

transient wave as bus bar Q
 Lpq - length of the line and therefore the fault is onside the
between busbar P and Q area considered in the study.

V - wave velocity on the Tp - Tq = Lpq/V

line. Tp - Tr = Lpr/V
From the response shown in The relays therefore restrain
fig indicates that the fault occurs on the circuit breakers associated with
the line section PQ. Since this a sections PQR from tripping.
TEED feeder , the trip decision will be
made up by the relays at locations P,Q
and R respectively and subsequently
these relays trip their associated circuit
breakers, as shown in fig 5(b). for this
fault , the relays at P and R are able to
discriminate between the TEED feeder
PQR and line PQR and line PR by
considering their response and that
from the relay at Q.
The relay installed at bus bar
The distance we to the
fault is calculated at both terminals ‘S’ will detect the time tag the fault
generated transient wave together with
line section between bus bar P and Q.
the time tag data and the measured the time tag data received from the
relay at bus bar ‘P’ section is SP and
fault location are given in the table1.
The tripping signals shown assume a trip the corresponding breaker. The
relay located on the bus bar P will
high speed communication system.
respond in a similar manner.
Fig 4 shows the
Fig 5 shows the relay
corresponding responses for an ‘a’
phase to ground fault occurring at the response for a ‘b’ phase to ground
fault occurring near a voltage zero at
point F2 in fig. In this case , the time
difference between Tp and Tq , Tp and point F3. as expected although the
magnitude of the transient signal has
Tr correspond to the wave travel time
from P to Q and P to R respectively, been reduced as compared to those
 shown in fig 3 & 4 , relays able to communication system.
make correct decision based on the
signals detected . details of the relays
response is shown in table 1.

Again although the

magnitude of the signal s captured are
relatively lower due to increase in
fault path resistance , the result
clearly shows that the scheme is still
able to operate.

Fig 6 shows an ‘a’ to ‘b’

fault at point F5 on the TEED feeder
PQR . the high frequency transients
are readily detected at the relay
location and summary of results are
shown in table 1.

Switching operations at any

substation will also generate high frequency
transients, which will be detected by the relays.
However the time difference between the time
tags will correspond to the transient time along
the feeders and the protection will diagnose
that the disturbance is not on the protected
feeders . the response of the system to those of
the system to these switching operations offers
the opportunity for a comprehensive self-
testing of the fault detection GPS and the
 The GPS clock has an transient signals. In the complete
accuracy of 1 microseconds roughly scheme , the direction a fault as
corresponds to an accuracy in fault determined at a bus bar also be
location of 300 meters. This assumes transmitted to the adjacent relays
that the transients travel at the speed of using the communication link.
light in vacuum, where as their speed
will be less along the power
conductors.
8. CONCLUSION

A new technique for the

protection of a transmission line
network is presented in this paper. this
uses a dedicated fault detector to
extract the fault generated high
frequency voltage transient signal and
GPS system to time tag these signals.
The traveling time of the transient
high frequency signal from the point
of fault to the adjacent substation is
used to determine the fault positions.

Simulations studies have

been carried out the operation of the
Error in the time tagging to
system when applied to an EHV
introduce an uncertainity for faults
transmission network containing both
occurring close to a bus bar . to for a
plain and TEED feeders. Results show
complete protection scheme which
that the proposed scheme is able to
covers, faults on any part of the
identify the faulted section of a
transmission line system, the technique
transmission network and issue the trip
need to be complemented by a high
command to the circuit breaker
speed directional relaying technique .
associated with the faulted section.
such relays could be provided by
The protection is inherently high speed
measuring either current or voltage,
 but is dictated by the data Protective relays application
communication system used. guide: ALSTOM T & D protection and

Studies show that the control ltd

proposed technique is able to offer a

high accuracy in fault location. Since
the accuracy of fault location is
proportional to digital sampling was
chosen, ie an analog fault detector.

Unlike traditional protection

schemes , this technique offers a new
concept in network protection. The
protection inherently monitors the
network to which it is connected and is
not limited to individual units of plant.

7. REFERENCES

o Zhiqian Q Bo Weller, Tom

Lomas and Miles A, Redfern “Positional
Protection of Transmission system Using
global Positioning System” IEEE Trans.
On Power delivery, vol 15 no 4 oct 2000

o Z Q Bo G Weller F.T Dai

and M A redfern “Positional technique for
power transmission lines” in IPEC 99
proceedings of the international power
engg conference