Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
PHYSICS
Mechanical Energy
Study of the natural phenomena and the
properties of matter. Heat Energy
Light Energy
Solid Matter Energy
Wave Energy
Liquid states forms
Electrical Energy
Gas
Nuclear Energy
Chemical Energy
in the fields
1
Physics Module Form 4
Teacher’s Guide Chapter 1 : Introduction To Physics
_________________________________________________________________________________________
1.2 PHYSICAL QUANTITIES
Base quantity
1 any quantity that can be measured by a scientific instrument.
A physical quantity is ……………………………………………………………………..
2 stopwatch, metre rule balance,thermometer,ammeter
Examples of scientific instruments :………………………………………………………
etc.
3 A base quantity is a physical quantity which cannot be defined in terms of other physical
quantities.
4 Study the following picture and list the physical quantities that can be measured.
6 Two quantities that have also identified as basic quantity. There are :
i) …………………………..unit ………….. ii) ………………………. unit
…………….. Light intensity candela Amount of substance mol
2
Physics Module Form 4
Teacher’s Guide Chapter 1 : Introduction To Physics
_________________________________________________________________________________________
Standard Form
3. piko to Mega
5456 pA to MA unit
5456 pA = 5.456 x 10 3 + (-12) pA
= 5.456
4. Some physical quantities have extremely large magnitudes. These x 10 -9large
extremely pA and
small values can be written in standard form or using standard
= prefixes.
5.456 x 10Write
-9 –(6) the
MA
quantities in standard prefixes:
9.1 x 10 1MHz
= 5.456 x 10 -15 MA
a. Frequency of radio wave = 91 000 000 Hz = ………………………………………….
12.8 Mm = 1.28 x 10 1 Mm
b. Diameter of the earth = 12 800 000 m = ………………………………………………
383 Mm = 3.83 x 10 2 Mm
6.0 x 10 12 Tm
3
Physics Module Form 4
Teacher’s Guide Chapter 1 : Introduction To Physics
_________________________________________________________________________________________
c. Distance between the moon and the earth = 383 000 000 m = ………………………
d. Mass of the earth = 6 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 kg = ………………………
Derived quantities
Derived Name of
Formula Derived unit
quantity derived unit
area area = length x width m x m = m2 –
volume volume = length x width x height m x m x m = m3 –
mass kg
density density kg m 3 –
volume m3
displacement m
velocity velocity m s 1 –
time s
momentum momentum = mass x velocity kg m s-1 –
m s 1
change in velocity m s -1 s 1
Acceleration acceleration s –
time
m s 2
4
Physics Module Form 4
Teacher’s Guide Chapter 1 : Introduction To Physics
_________________________________________________________________________________________
Derived Name of
Formula Derived unit
quantity derived unit
voltage
resistance resistance v A-1 Ohm (Ω)
current
Note that the physical quantities such as width, thickness, height, distance, displacement,
perimeter, radius and diameter are equivalent to length.
Quantity which has only magnitude or size
1.3 Mass,VECTOR
SCALAR AND Length, Speed, volume
QUANTITIES
Quantity which has magnitude or size and direction.
1 Scalar quantities are ………………………………………………………………………
Velocity, Force, Displacement, Acceleration
Examples : …………………………………………………………………………………
2 Vector quantities are………………………………………………………………………...
Examples : …………………………………………………………………………………
3 Study the following description of events carefully and then decide which events require
magnitude, direction or both to specify them.
Ý
Description of events Magnitude Direction
0
1. The temperature in the room is 25 C Ý Ý
2. The location of Ayer Hitam is 60 km to the north-
west of Johor Bahru Ý
3. The power of the electric bulb is 80 W
4. A car is travelling at 80 km h-1 from Johor Bahru Ý Ý
to Kuala Lumpur
1.4 MEASUREMENTS
5
is use to measure electric current
Physics Module Form 4
Teacher’s Guide Chapter 1 : Introduction To Physics
_________________________________________________________________________________________
Vernier caliper
Micrometer screw gauge
is use to determine the volume of liquid.
4 Sample of measuring instruments :
4.1 Ammeter : ……………………………………………………………………………..
incorret reading 1 2 3 correct
1 2 3
0 4 reading
0 4
pointer mirror
pointer mirror
Pointer’s image can be seen Pointer’s image is behind the pointer
is use to determine the length
4.2 Measuring cylinder : ……………………………………………………....................
wrong position of eye
Right position of eye (eye are in a line perpendicular to the plane
of the scale)
wrong position of eye
water
c. ………………………………………………d. ………………………………………….
inside jaws
cmVernier
0 scale1 2 3 4 Main scale
SKALA
UTAMA
0
outside jaws
5 10
6
Physics Module Form 4
Teacher’s Guide Chapter 1 : Introduction To Physics
_________________________________________________________________________________________
Main scale in cm
0.9 cm
Length of vernier scale = ……… 0 1
0 1
cm
0 1
0.15
0 5 10 Vernier calliper reading = ……………. cm
4.5 Micrometer screw gauge.
A micrometer screw gauge is used to measure :
objects that are small in size
a. ………………………………………………
diameter of a wire
b. ………………………………………….
diameter of small spheres such as ball bearings
c. ………………………………………………
Example :
2.0 mm
Sleeve scale : ……………
0.22 mm
Thimble scale : ………….
2.22 mm
Total reading : …………...
7
Physics Module Form 4
Teacher’s Guide Chapter 1 : Introduction To Physics
_________________________________________________________________________________________
Measuring tape
………………………. measuring cylinder
…………………….. beaker
………………
Hands-on activity 1.1 on page 1 of the practical book to learn more about choosing
appropriate instruments.
Exercise: Vernier Callipers And Micrometer Screw Gauge
(b) 4
A B
5
(c)
6 7
Answer: ……6.28 cm………..
0 5 1
0
(d)
0 1 Answer: …0.02 cm…………..
0 5 10
Physics Module Form 4
Teacher’s Guide Chapter 1 : Introduction To Physics
_________________________________________________________________________________________
2. (a) The following diagram shows the scale of a vernier calliper when the jaws are closed.
0 1
0 5 10
5 6
0 5 10
3. Write down the readings shown by the following micrometer screw gauges.
(a) (b)
40 0 35
0 5 5 10
35 30
(c) (d)
0
25 0 5 20
20 15
Answer:………………………… Answer:…………………….
9
Physics Module Form 4
Teacher’s Guide Chapter 1 : Introduction To Physics
_________________________________________________________________________________________
4. (a) Determine the readings of the following micrometer screw gauges.
0 0 5
0
45
0
5 0 5 20
0
0
15
5. Write down the readings shown by the following micrometer screw gauges.
(a) (b)
40 0 35
0 5 5 10
35 30
20 15
0 0 5
0
45
0
10
Physics Module Form 4
Teacher’s Guide Chapter 1 : Introduction To Physics
_________________________________________________________________________________________
5 0 5 20
0
0
15
consistent
target but inaccurate consistent and accurate inaccurate and not consistent
………………………… ……………………… ……………………………..
Accurate
target but not consistentof approximation
inaccurate but consistent
only. inaccurate but not consistent
…………………….. …………………………….. ………………………………
how close the measurement is to the actual value.
Hands-on activity 1.2 on page 2 of the practical book to determine the sensitivity of
error exist in all measurements.
some measuring instruments.
Systematic errors
Errors in measurements
1. All measurements are values ………………………………………………………………
2. In other word,a itweakness of the
is a matter instrument
of ……………………………………………………………
the……………………………………………………………………………
3. This is because difference between reaction time of the brain and the action.
zerooferror
4. Two main types is when the pointer is not at zero when not in use.
errors:
wrong
0 1 cm
0 1 cm
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Zero error =
Zero error =
Horizontal Horizontal
reference 3 divisions
referenceabove
2 divisions below
horizontal reference
horizontal reference
12
+ 0.02 mm 0.03 mm
Physics Module Form 4
Teacher’s Guide Chapter 1 : Introduction To Physics
_________________________________________________________________________________________
Random error
4.2 ……………………………………………..
Occurs due to
carelessness in making the measurement.
a) ………………………………………………………………………………………
parallex error , incorrect positioning of the eye when taking the
b) ……………………………………………………………………………………… readings.
sudden change of ambient factors
c) ………………………………………………………………………………………such as temperature or air circulation.
Example :
Readings are close to the actual value but they are not consistent.
a) …………………………………………………………………………………..…
Can be minimized by consistently repeating the measurement at different places in
b) ……………………………………………………………………………………..
an identical manner.
.....................................................................................................................
Steps Explanation
Conducting
5
experiments
Retort stand
protractor
ll
bo
b
14
Physics Module Form 4
Teacher’s Guide Chapter 1 : Introduction To Physics
_________________________________________________________________________________________
8 Tabulate the Length,l
Length,l / Time for 10 oscillations / s Period/ s
data cm 1 2 Average (T = t10/10)
9 Analyse the
T/s Graf of period, T vs
data pendulum’s
1.4 length, l
1.2
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 l / cm
10 Discussion Precautions :
1. Oscillation time is measured when the pendulum attained a
steady state.
2. Time for 10 oscillations is repeated twice to increase accuracy.
3. Discussion (refer to given questions)
11 Conclusion
The period increases when the length of the pendulum increases.
Hypothesis accepted.
Reinforcement Chapter 1
15
Physics Module Form 4
Teacher’s Guide Chapter 1 : Introduction To Physics
_________________________________________________________________________________________
unit? A mili, senti, mikro, desi
A Newton B kilogram B mikro, mili, senti, desi
C ampere D second C mili, mikro, desi, senti
D desi, mikro, mili, senti
4. Which of the following quantities
cannot be derived? 12. Velocity, density, force and energy are
A Electric current B Power A basic quantities
C Momentum D Force B scalar quantities
C derived quantities
5. Which of the following quantities is D vector quantities
not derived from the basic physical
quantity of length? 13. Which of the following shows the
A Electric charge B Density correct conversion of units?
C Velocity D Volume A 24 mm3 =2.4 x 10-6 m3
B 300 mm3=3.0 x 10-7 m3
6. Initial velocity u, final velocity v, C 800 mm3=8.0 x 10-2 m3
time t and another physical quantity k D 1 000 mm3=1.0 x 10-4 m3
is related by the equation v - u = kt.
The unit for k is 14. Which of the following measurements
A m s-1 B m-1 s is the shortest ?
-2
C ms D m2 s-2 A 3.45 x 103 m
B 3.45 x 104 cm
7. Which of the following has the C 3.45 x 107 mm
smallest magnitude? D 3.45 x 1012 m
A megametre B centimetre
C kilometre D mikrometre 15. The Hitz FM channel broadcasts radio
waves at a frequency of 92.8 MHz in
8. 4 328 000 000 mm in standard form is the north region. What is the frequency
A 4.328 x 10-9 m B 4.328 x 10-6 m of the radio wave in Hz?
C 4.328 x 106 m D 4.328 x 109 m A 9.28 x 104 B 9.28 x 105
C 9.28 x 107 D 9.28 x 1010
9. Which of the following measurements
is the longest? 16. An object moves along a straight line
A 1.2 x 10-5 cm B 120 x 10-4 dm for time, t. The length of the line, s is
C 0.12 mm D 1.2 x 10-11 km 1 2
given by the equation s gt . The
2
10. The diameter of a particle is 250 m. SI unit of g is
What is its diameter in cm? A m2 s2 B m s-2
-1
A 2.5 x 10-2 B 2.5 x 10-4 C s D s-2 m
C 2.5 x 10-6 D 2.5 x 10-8 Part B : Structure Question
16
Physics Module Form 4
Teacher’s Guide Chapter 1 : Introduction To Physics
_________________________________________________________________________________________
Figure 1
(a) (i) Based on the statements given, state two basic quantities and their respective
SI units.
Distance : m and time : s
………………………………………………………………………………………
(ii) State a derived quantity and its SI unit.
Speed – m s-1
………………………………………………………………………………………
(b) Convert the value 1 . m to standard form.
5 x 10-3
= 0.2 x 103 m
= 2.0 x 102 m
10-9
10-6
106
109
Table 1
(d) Power is defined as the rate of change of work done. Derive the unit for power in
terms of its basic units.
work Force displacement kgms 2 m
Power = = Unit = = kg m2 s-
time time s
3
(e) Calculate the volume of a wooden block with dimension of 7 cm, 5 cm breadth and 12
cm height in m3 and convert its value in standard form.
17
Physics Module Form 4
Teacher’s Guide Chapter 1 : Introduction To Physics
_________________________________________________________________________________________
Figure 2
Mirror
(a) (i) Name component X. ………………………………………………………………...
To avoid parallax error
(ii) What is the function of X? ………………………………………………………….
(b) Table 2 shows three current readings obtained by three students.
Table 2
No
(i) Did all the students use the ammeter in Figure2? ..………………………………….
(ii) Explain your answer in (b)(i).
3rd readings obtained by student 2 and 3 are out of the meter range.
………………………………………………………………………………………
3. Figure 3 shows the meniscus of water in a measuring cylinder K, L, and M are three eye
positions while measuring the volume of the water.
…….
……………………………………
Figure 3
………………………………………………………………………………………
18