00 WCDMA RNP Fundamental

Internal
OWJ100001 WCDMA
RNP Fundamental
ISSUE 1.0 www.huawei.com
HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved

l Upon completion of this course, you will be able to:
[ Get familiar with principles of radio wave
propagation, and theoretically prepare for the
subsequent link budget.
[ Introduce the knowledge about antennas and the
meanings of typical indices.
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Chapter 1 Radio Wave Introduction
Chapter 2 Antenna
Chapter 3 RF Basics
Chapter 4 Symbol Explanation

1.1 Basic principles of radio wave
1.2 Propagation features of radio wave
1.3 Propagation model of radio wave
1.4 Correction of propagation model of radio wave

Radio Wave Spectrum
Frequency Classification Designation
3-30Hz
30-300Hz Extremely Low ELF
Frequency
300-3000Hz Voice Frequency VF
3-30KHz Very-low Frequency VLF
30-300KHz Low Frequency LF
300-3000KHz Medium Frequency MF
3-30MHz High Frequency HF
30-300MHz Very High Frequency VHF
300-3000MHz Ultra High Frequency UHF
3-30GHz Super High Frequency SHF
30-300GHz Extremely High EHF
Frequency
300-3000GHz
The frequencies in each specific band present unique propagation features.

Propagation of Electromagnetic Wave
l When the radio wave propagates in the air, the electric field direction
changes regularly. If the electric field direction of radio wave is vertical to the
ground, the radio wave is vertical polarization wave.
[ If the electric field direction of radio wave is parallel with the ground, the
radio wave is horizontal polarization wave
Dipole
Magnetic Field Magnetic Field
Electric Field Electric Field Electric Field

electric wave transmission direction

Propagation Path
Perpendicular incidence wave Troposphere reflection wave

and ground refraction wave (the propagation is very random)
(most common propagation modes)
Ionosphere refraction wave

Mountain diffraction wave (beyond-the-horizon communication path)
(shadow area signal source)

Propagation Path
①Building reflection wave

②Diffraction wave
③ Direct wave
④Ground reflection wave

Radio Propagation Environment
l Radio wave propagation is affected by topographic structure and

man-made environment. The radio propagation environment directly
decides the selection of propagation models. Main factors that affect
environment are:
[ Natural landform (mountain, hill, plains, water area)
[ Quantity, layout and material features of man-made buildings
[ Natural and man-made electromagnetic noise conditions
[ Weather conditions
[ Vegetation features of the region

Landform Categories
Quasi-smooth landform T
The landform with a slightly rugged surface and R
the surface height difference is less than 20m
Irregular landform
The landforms apart from quasi-smooth landform
T
are divided to: hill landform, isolated hills, slant R
landform, and land & water combined landform.

Signal Fading
Receiving power (dBm)
-20
fast fading
slow fading
-40
-60
10 20 30 distance (m)

Signal Diversity
Measures against fast fading--Diversity
l Time diversity
[ Symbol interleaving, error check, error correction code, RAKE receiver
technology.
l Space diversity
[ Signals are received by means of main antenna and diversity antenna. The
receiving signals of the main/diversity antenna do not have the feature of
simultaneous fading. The BTS receiver’s capability of balancing the signals of
different delays in a certain time range is also a mode of space diversity.
l Frequency diversity
[ GSM adopts frequency hop technology
[ CDMA adopts frequency-spreading technology

Radio Wave Delay Extension
l Deriving from reflection, it refers to the co-frequency interference caused
by the time difference in the space transmission of main signals and
other multi-path signals received by the receiver.
l The transmitting signals come from the objects far away from the
receiving antenna.
Solution RAKE
RAKEtechnology
technology

Diffraction Loss
l The electromagnetic wave diffuses around

at the diffraction point.
l The diffraction wave covers all directions
except the obstacle.
l The diffusion loss is most severe
l The calculation formula is complicated, and

varies with different diffraction constants. T
R

Diffraction Loss
l The electromagnetic wave diffuses

around at the diffraction point.
l The diffraction wave covers all
directions except the obstacle.
l The diffusion loss is most severe
T
l The calculation formula is complicated,
and varies with different diffraction R
constants.

Penetration Loss
l Penetration loss caused by obstructions:
[ Wall obstruction ：5－20dB

[ Floor obstruction ：＞20dB，
[ Indoor loss value is the function of the
floor number ，-1.9dB/floor
[ Obstruction of furniture and other
obstacles: ： 2－15dB
T
[ Thick glass ： 6－10dB
[ Penetration loss of train carriage is ： R
15－30dB
[ Penetration loss of lift is ： 30dB
[ Dense tree leaves loss ：10dB


Propagation model
l Propagation model is used for predicting the medium value of path loss. The formula
can be simplified under if the height of UE and base station are given
PathLoss = f (d , f )
where: d is the distance between UE and base station, and f is the frequency
l Propagation environment affect the model, and the main factors are :
[ Natural terrain, such as mountain, hill, plain, water land, etc…;
[ Man-made building (height, distribution and material);
[ Vegetation;
[ Weather;
[ External noise

Free Air Space Model
Lo=91.48+20lgd, for f=900MHz

Lo=97.98+20lgd, for f=1900MHz
Lo=99+20lgd, for f=2100MHz
l Free space propagation model is applicable to the wireless

environment with isotropic propagation media (e.g., vacuum),
and is a theoretic model.
l This environment does not exist in real life

Flat Landform Propagation Model
Ploss = L0+10lgd -20lghb - 20lghm

=4 Path loss gradient
T
hb：BTS antenna height
R
hm： mobile station height
L0：parameters related to frequency
Once the BTS antenna height is doubled, the path loss will be
compensated for by 6dB.

Okumura-Hata Model
Application Scope
l Frequency range f:150~1500MHz

l BTS antenna height Hb:30~200m
l Mobile station height Hm:1~10m
l Distance d:1~20km
Characteristic
l Macro cell model
l The BTS antenna is taller than the surrounding buildings
l Predication is not applicable in 1km
l Not applicable to the circumstance where the frequency is above

1500MHz

COST 231-Hata Model
Application Scope
l Frequency range f:1505~2000MHz

l BTS antenna height Hb:30~200m
l Mobile station height Hm:1~10m
l Distance d:1~20km
Characteristic
l Macro cell model
l The BTS antenna is taller than the surrounding buildings
l Predication is not applicable in 1km
l Not applicable to the circumstance where the frequency is above

2000MHz or below 1500MHz

COST 231-Hata Model
Experimental formula
PL(dB)= 46.3 + 33.9*log(f) - 13.82*log(Hb) - a(Hm)

+ [44.9 - 6.55*log(Hb)]*log(d) + Cm
Cm Value
l Medium city and suburban central areas:
[ Cm = 0 dB
l Big cities:
[ Cm = 3 dB
l Rural areas (quasi open area) :
[ Lrqo (dB) = Lu-4.78*[log(f)]2 + 18.33*log(f)-35.94

COST 231 Walfish-Ikegami Model
Application Scope
l Frequency range : 800~2000MHz

l BTS antenna height Hbase : 4~50m
l Mobile station height Hmobile : 1~3m
l Distance d : 0.02~5km
Characteristic
l Urban environment, macro cell or micro cell
l Not applicable to suburban or rural environment

Standard Propagation
Experimental formula
PathLoss = K1 + K 2 log(D ) + K 3 log(H Txeff ) + K 4 × Diffraction loss

+ K 5 log(D ) × log(H Txeff ) + K 6 (H Rxeff ) + K clutter f (clutter )
Explanation
K1： Propagation path loss constant value；
K2： log(d) correction factor；
D： Distatnce between receiver and transmitter (m);
K3： log(HTxeff) correction factor;
HTxeff ：Transmitter antenna height (m);
K4： Diffraction loss correction factor;
K5： log(HTxeff)log(D) correction factor;
K6： H Rxeff Correction factor;
H Rxeff ：Receiver antenna height (m);
Kclutter:：clutter correction factor;


Basic Principles and Procedures
Target propagation environment Selected propagated environment
CW data collection parameter setting
Measured propagation path loss Forecast propagation path loss
Comparison
Error compliant with

requirements?
End

Site Selection
l Criteria for selecting a site:
[ The antenna height is greater than 20m.

[ The antenna is at least 5m taller than the nearest obstacle
[ “Obstacle” here means the tallest building on the roof of the antenna. The
building serving as a site should be taller than the average height of the
surrounding buildings
5m
Test Platform
lTransmitting subsystems
transmitting antenna, feeder, high-frequency signal source, antenna bracket
Omni-Antenna
Antenna
bracket
Feeder
Transmitter

Test Platform
lReceiving subsystem
Test receiver, GPS receiver, test software, portable
GPS-Antenna Antenna
PositioningReceiver
System
Data Acquisition System

Test Path
l Rules of selecting a test path:
[ Landform: the test path must consider all main landforms in the region.
[ Height: If the landform is very rugged, the test path must consider the
landforms of different heights in the region.
[ Distance: The test path must consider the positions differently away
from the site in the region.
[ Direction: The test points on the lengthways path must be identical with
that on the widthways path.
[ Length: The total length of the distance in one CW test should be

greater than 60km.
[ Number of test points: The more the test points are, the better (>10000
points, >4 hours as a minimum)

Test Path
lRules of selecting a test path:
[Overlaying: The test path of different

test sites can be preferably overlapped to
increase the reliability of the model
[Obstacles: When the antenna signals

are obstructed by one side of the building,
do not run to the shadow area behind this
side of building

Drive Test
l The sampling law is meets the Richard Law :40 wavelengths, 50
sampling points
l Upper limit of drive speed: Vmax=0.8λ/Tsample
l The test results obtained in exceptional circumstances must be
removed from the sampling data.
[ Sampling point with too high fading (more than 30dB) ;
[ In a tunnel
[ Under a viaduct
l If using a directional antenna for CW test, the test path is selected
from the main lobe coverage area.

Test Data Processing
l The test data needs to be processed before being

able to be identified by the planning software. The
processing procedure is :
[ Data filtering
[ Data dispersion
[ Geographic averaging
[ Format conversion

Questions
l Which band of radio wave is used for the mobile communication system?
l What are the two modes of signal fading in the radio propagation
environment? What are their characteristics and reasons of generation?

Summary
l This chapter deals with radio wave. The learning points

include:
[ Propagation path of radio wave
[ Loss and dispersion characteristics of radio wave,
and main compensation solutions
[ Typical radio wave models, main parameters
involved
[ Methods of correcting radio propagation models

Chapter 2 Antenna
Chapter 3 RF Basics

Positions and Functions of Antenna
Antenna adjustment bracket
BTS antenna & feeder system diagram
radio mast (φ50~114mm)
3-connector seal component

insulation sealing tape, PVC
insulation tape
GSM/CDMA
plate-shape
antenna Grounding device
main feeder
(7/8“)
Indoor super
flexible feeder
Outdoor
feeder
Lightning protection
Cabling
Feeder device
rack
clip
Feeder cabling main device
window of BTS

Working Principles of Mobile Antenna
Dipole
Dipole
Feed network Feed network

Feed network
Antenna Antenna
Connector Connector
Directional antenna omni antenna

Categories of Antenna
Categorize by emission direction
Directional antenna omni antenna

Categorize by appearance
Plate-shape antenna Cap-shape antenna
Whip-shape Paraboloid antenna

Categorize by polarization mode
Uni-polarization Dual polarization

Omni antenna
Directional antenna Directional antenna

Smart antenna
Smart directional antenna Smart directional antenna Smart omni-antenna

Electric down tilt Antenna
Electrical down tilt Antenna

Electric Indices of Antenna

Antenna Direction Diagram
Symmetric half-wave dipole
Top view side view
omni antenna direction diagram

directional antenna direction diagram

Antenna Gain
2.15dB
dBi与dBd

Antenna Pattern
Antenna pattern

Antenna Vertical Pattern
l Beam width,
front/back
Zero point filling
suppression ratio,
Side lobe
zero point filling,
Main lobe
upper side lobe
Back lobe
Max value suppression
Zero point filling
Vertical pattern

Antenna Horizontal Pattern
l Beam width, front/back

suppression ratio, zero
point filling, upper side
lobe suppression
Front to back
horizontal
ratio
half-power angles
Horizontal pattern

Mechanical Down Tilt and Electric Down Tilt
Mechanical down tilt
Electric down tilt

Questions
l How are antennas categorized by emission direction, and by appearance?
l What are electric indices of antenna?
l What are mechanical indices of antenna?
l Into which types does the distributed antenna system break down?
l What are main differences between intelligent antenna and dynamic multi-
beam antenna?

Summary
l Working principles of antenna

l Categories of antenna
l Electric indices of antenna
l Mechanical indices of antenna
l New technologies of antenna

Chapter 2 Antenna
Chapter 3 RF Basics

Introduction to Power Unit
l Absolute power(dBm)
The absolute power of RF signals is notated by dBm and dBW. Their
conversion relationships with mW and W are: e.g., the signal power is x W,
its size notated by dBm is:
 PW *1000mw 
p (dBm) = 10 lg 
 1mw 
For example, 1W=30dBm=0dBW.
l Relative power(dB)
It is the logarithmic notation of the ratio of any two powers
 P mw 
p ( dB ) = 10 lg  1 
 2
P mW 
For example：If P1 = 2 w , P2 = 1w so P1 is 3dB greater than P2

Noise-related Concepts
l Noise
[ Noise means the unpredictable interference signal that occur during the
signal processing (the point frequency interference is not counted as noise) 。
l Noise figure
[ Noise figure is used for measuring the processing capability of the RF

component for small signals, and is usually defined as: output SNR divided
by unit input SNR.
Si
Ni
NF
So
No

Noise-related Concepts
l Noise figure formula of cascaded network
G1、NF1 G2、NF2 Gn、NFn
NF 2 1 NF n 1
NF 总 NF 1 ...
G1 G1 . G2 . ... . Gn 1

Receiving sensitivity
l Receiving sensitivity
Expressed with power: Smin=10log(KTB)+ Ft +(S/N), unit: dBm

K is a Boltzmann constant, unit: J/K (joule /K)
K = 1.38066 % 10−19 J/K

T represents absolute temperature, unit: °K
B represents signal bandwidth, unit: Hz
Ft represents noise figure, unit: dB
(S/N) represents required signal-to-noise ratio, unit: dB
If B=1Hz, 10log(KTB)=-174dBm/Hz

RF components
l Duplexer
[ Sharing antenna for receiving

and transmitting
[ Sharing antenna for multi-
system
l Spliter
[ Split power with same output

value, and used for indoor

RF components
l Tower Mounted Amplifier
[ Enlarge uplink signal, but it’s a loss for

downlink
[ For uplink, the gain is around 13dB
[ For downlink, the loss is around 0.3dB
l Coupler
[ Split power with different output value

Distribution system
Splitter
Splitter
Splitter
Coupler
Trunk
Trunk
Tx/Rx
Splitter
Splitter
Splitter
Coupler
Trunk
Splitter
Coupler
Splitter
Summary
Summary l Definition about dBm, dB

l Noise-related Concepts
l Receiving sensitivity
l RF components

Chapter 1 Radio wave introduction
Chapter 2 Antenna
Chapter 3 RF basic knowledge
Chapter 4 Symbol explanation

Symbol Explanation
l Ec
[ Average energy per Chip
[ Not considered individually, but used for Ec/Io
[ Pilot Ec is measured by the UE (for HO) or the Pilot scanner, in the form
of Received Signal Code Power (RSCP)
[ For CPICH Ec:
− Depends on power and path loss.
− Constant for a given power and path loss. Ec is not dependent on

load
[ For DPCH Ec:
− Depends on power and path loss

Symbol Explanation
l Eb
[ Average energy per information bit for the PCCPCH, SCCPCH, and DPCH, at the
UE antenna connector.
[ Typically not considered individually, but used for Eb/Nt
[ Depends on channel power (can be variable), path loss, and spreading gain (Gp)
[ Constant for a given bit rate, channel power, and path loss
[ Can be estimated form Ec and processing gain
− Speech 12.2kbps example
− Ec = -80 dBm
− 12.2kbps data rate => Processing gain = 24.98 dB
− Eb~ -80 + 24.98 = -55.02 dBm

Symbol Explanation
l Io
[ The total received power spectral density, including signal and

interference, as measured at the UE antenna connector.
[ Similar to UTRA carrier Receive Strength Signal Indicator (RSSI), at

least for practical consideration (SC scanner)
− RSSI in W or dBm
− Io in W/Hz or dBm/Hz
[ Measured by the UE (for HO) or Pilot scanner in the form of RSSI
[ Depends on All channel power, All cells, and path loss
[ Depends on same-cell and other cell loading
[ Depends on external interferences

Symbol Explanation
l No common RF definition
[ Thermal noise density
[ Typically not considered individually, but used for Eb/No
[ Can be calculated
− No = kT
▪ K is the Bolzman constant, 1.38*10^-23
▪ T is the temperature, 290 K
− No = 174 dBm/Hz under typical conditions
[ Typically the bandwidth noise and the receiver noise figure are also considered
− kTBNF, where NF is noise figure
[ To avoid confusion, Nth should be used when referring to thermal noise

Symbol Explanation
l No for WCDMA system
[ Total one-sided noise power spectral density due to all noise sources
[ Typically not considered individually, but used for Eb/No
[ Defined this way, No and Io are substituted for one another:
− On the uplink the substitution is valid
− One the downlink, differentiating between Noise and Interference is more

challenging

Symbol Explanation
l RTWP
[ Received Total Wide Bandwidth power
[ To describe uplink interference level
[ When uplink load increase 50%, RTWP value will increase 3dB
l RSSI
[ Received Signal Strength Indicator
[ To describe downlink interference level at UE side

Symbol Explanation
l RSCP
[ Revived Signal Code Power (Ec)
[ Ec/Io = RSCP/RSSI, to describe downlink CPICH quality
l ISCP
[ Interference Signal Code Power; can be estimated by:
− ISCP = RSSI – RSCP

Summary
Summary
l Ec, Eb, Io and No
l RTWP, RSSI, RSCP and ISCP

Thank You
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ISSUE 1.0 www.huawei.com

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Chapter 4 Symbol Explanation

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1.1 Basic principles of radio wave

1.2 Propagation features of radio wave

1.3 Propagation model of radio wave

1.4 Correction of propagation model of radio wave

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Electric Field Electric Field Electric Field

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Perpendicular incidence wave Troposphere reflection wave

Ionosphere refraction wave

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①Building reflection wave

1.1 Basic principles of radio wave

1.2 Propagation features of radio wave

1.3 Propagation model of radio wave

1.4 Correction of propagation model of radio wave

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l Radio wave propagation is affected by topographic structure and

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l The electromagnetic wave diffuses around

l The calculation formula is complicated, and

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l The electromagnetic wave diffuses

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l Penetration loss caused by obstructions:

[ Wall obstruction ：5－20dB

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1.1 Basic principles of radio wave

1.2 Propagation features of radio wave

1.3 Propagation model of radio wave

1.4 Correction of propagation model of radio wave

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Lo=91.48+20lgd, for f=900MHz

l Free space propagation model is applicable to the wireless

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Ploss = L0+10lgd -20lghb - 20lghm

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l Frequency range f:150~1500MHz

l Macro cell model

l The BTS antenna is taller than the surrounding buildings

l Predication is not applicable in 1km

l Not applicable to the circumstance where the frequency is above

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l Frequency range f:1505~2000MHz

l Macro cell model

l The BTS antenna is taller than the surrounding buildings

l Predication is not applicable in 1km

l Not applicable to the circumstance where the frequency is above

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PL(dB)= 46.3 + 33.9*log(f) - 13.82*log(Hb) - a(Hm)

l Medium city and suburban central areas:

[ Lrqo (dB) = Lu-4.78*[log(f)]2 + 18.33*log(f)-35.94

PL(dB)= 46.3 + 33.9log(f) - 13.82log(Hb) - a(Hm)

[ Lrqo (dB) = Lu-4.78[log(f)]2 + 18.33log(f)-35.94